Review Notes - Structural Terminologies

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Review Notes: Structural

Terminologies
 OCTOBER 31, 2017  ARKIREVIEW NOTES , CIVIL ENGINEERING Enrollmen
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I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or structure.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such

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that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load
combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress
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design).
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ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in construction or

occupancy.
APPROVED as to materials and type of construction, refers to approval by the building

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official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the building official, or by
reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized authorities, technical or scientific
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organizations.
BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or
occupancy.
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code, or one for
which a legal building permit has been issued.
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BUILDING OFFICIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged with the Like Us
administration and enforcement of this code, or the building official’s duly authorized
representative.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of

proportioning structural elements using load and resistance factors such that no Like
applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load
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combinations. The term “LRFD” is used in the design of steel and wood structures.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such

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that the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations
do not exceed the factored element strength. The term “strength design” is used in the 8 5
design of concrete and masonry structures.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or

any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some
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definite manner.
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special qualification in the

practice of Structural Engineering as recognized by the Board of Civil Engineering of the Follow
Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Followers

through the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
II. GRADING AND EARTHWORK
APPROVAL shall mean that the proposed work or completed work conforms to this
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section in the opinion of the building official.
AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading.
BEDROCK is in-place solid rock.
BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be
placed.
BORROW is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use on grading on a
site.
CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the field of civil

engineering.
CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the knowledge of the forces of nature,

principles of mechanics and the properties of materials to the evaluation, design and
construction of civil works.
COMPACTION is the densification of a fill by mechanical means.
EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST is a licensed geologist experienced and knowledgeable in

engineering geology. Follow
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY is the application of geologic knowledge and principles in

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the investigation and evaluation of naturally occurring rock and soil for use in the design
of civil works.
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EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of
wind, water or ice.
EXCAVATION is the mechanical removal of earth material.

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FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER is an engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the

practice of geotechnical engineering. 2months wh
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is the application of the principles of soil and rock

mechanics in the investigation, evaluation and design of civil works involving the use of
earth materials and the inspection or testing of the construction thereof.
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GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface.
GRADE, EXISTING, is the grade prior to grading.

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GRADE, FINISH, is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan.
GRADE, ROUGH, is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the
approved plan.
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GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof.

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KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth material beneath
the toe of a proposed fill slope.
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PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION is the inspection required by this code be performed by August 21

the civil engineer, geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. Such inspections June 2019
include that performed by persons supervised by such engineers or geologists and shall May 2019
be sufficient to form an opinion relating to conduct of the work. March 201

January 2
August 20
SITE is any lot or parcel of land or contiguous combination thereof, under the same
ownership, where grading is performed or permitted. July 2018

June 2018
SLOPE is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a ratio of April 2018
February
vertical distance to horizontal distance.
January 2
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SOIL is naturally occurring superficial deposits overlying bedrock.
October 2
Septembe
SOILS ENGINEER. See Geotechnical Engineer
August 20
July 2017
SOILS ENGINEERING. See Geotechnical Engineering June 2017
May 2017
TERRACE is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope surface for
drainage and maintenance purposes.
III. GENERAL
ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on pedestals

to provide an under-floor space for the installations of mechanical, electrical,
communications or similar systems to serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm implements, hay,

grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural products. The structure shall not be a place
of human habitation or a place of employment where agricultural products are
processed, treated or packaged, nor shall it be a place used by the public.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural

elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress
load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress
design).
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering together of

50 or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, education, instruction, worship,
entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining, or awaiting transportation.
AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a building.

BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and

supported by that structure, with no additional independent supports.
DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated
into the building or other structure.
DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an

adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other structures that are intended to remain
operational in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes.
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or

combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept.
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90 sq. m. in

area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building on the premises
are kept or stored.
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no

longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength
limit state).
LIVE LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building
materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects, differential
movements, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in
which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable
loads.
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the building

and projecting over public property.
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used or intended to
be used.
WALLS
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications:
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 KN per linear meter of
superimposed load.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN per linear meter
superimposed loads, or any such wall supporting its own weight for more than one story.
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or group of members,
that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that has a slope of 60
degrees or greater with the horizontal plane.
NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall
PARAPET WALL is the part of any wall entirely above the roof line.
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of soil or other
materials.
IV. WIND LOAD
BASIC WIND SPEED, V is a 3-second gust speed at 10 meters above the ground in
Exposure C and associated with an annual probability of 0.02 of being equaled or
exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval).
BUILDING, ENCLOSED, is a building that does not comply with the requirements for
open or partially enclosed buildings.
BUILDING, OPEN, is a structure having all walls at least 80% open.
BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that complies with both of the

following conditions:
1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure
exceeds the sum of the areas of the openings in the balance of the building envelope
(walls and roof) by more than 10% and
exceeds 0.5 sq. m. or 1% of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the
percentage of openings in the balance of the building envelope does not exceed 20%.
BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or partially enclosed building which complies

with the following conditions:
1. Mean roof height, h, less than or equal to 18 meters.
2. Mean roof height, h, does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
COMPONENTS AND CLADDING are elements that do not qualify as part of the main
wind-force resisting system.
DESIGN FORCE, F, is the equivalent static force to be used in the determination of wind
loads for open buildings and other structures.
DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the

determination of wind loads for buildings.
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA is the area used to determined GCp. For cladding fasteners,
the effective wind area shall not be greater than the area that is tributary to an individual
fastener.
FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES are slender buildings and other
structures that have a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz. Included are
buildings and other structures that have a height, h, exceeding four times the least
horizontal dimension.
IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I, is a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human
life and damage to property.
MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is an assemblage of structural elements

assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure. The system generally
receives wind loading from more than one surface.
RECOGNIZED LITERATURE are published research findings and technical papers that
are approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
V. EARTHQUAKE
BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the
structure or the level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported.
BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the structure.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete vertical load-

carrying space frame.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at the edges or openings or at perimeters of

shear walls or diaphragms.
BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric

type that is provided to resist lateral forces.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that provides

support for gravity loads.
CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column element provided to transfer lateral-

force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and has minimal moment
capacity at the top, with lateral forces applied essentially at the top.
COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a portion of

a structure top vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system.
COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electrical, mechanical or

structural system.
COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component or element that is

part of a mechanical and/or electrical system.
COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having a

fundamental period greater than 0.06 second.
COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental

period less than or equal to 0.06 second.
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are

subjected primarily to axial forces.
DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10% chance of
being exceeded in 50 years as by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be determined
by a hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories with dynamic properties
representative of site characteristics shall be used to represent this ground motion. The
dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design
Response Spectrum.
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum of 5% equivalent

viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground
Motion for the design of structures. This response spectrum may be either a site-specific
spectrum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil characteristics associated
with a specific site or may be a spectrum.
DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total strength design base shear, factored
and distributed.
DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces

to the vertical-resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing
systems.
DIAPHRAGM OR SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary element of a diaphragm or

shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam.
DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to
the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm parallel to the applied load that
collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical-resisting elements or distributes
loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or compression.
DRIFT. See “story drift”
DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced

frames.
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a steel-braced frame.
ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an

elastic dynamic analysis using an unreduced ground motion representation.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for emergency
operations subsequent to a natural disaster.
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral load is

significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system.
HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss system that serves the same
function as a diaphragm.
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) is a concrete frame.
LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system.
MOMENT-RESISTING SYSTEM is a frame in which members and joints are capable of

resisting forces primarily by flexure.
MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame especially

detailed to provide ductile behavior.
ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame or concrete-braced frame.
ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is a moment-resisting frame not

meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects on structural elements

common to the lateral-force-resisting systems along two orthogonal axes.
OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger

than the design strength. The degree of overstrength is material-and-system-dependent.
PD EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame
members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building system.
SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
(sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall).
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of shear walls and

frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities
considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all levels.
SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the
story above.
SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls,

composed of members interconnected so as to function as a complete self-contained
unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing systems.
SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a steel-braced frame.
SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is a moment-resisting frame specially

SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame specially

STORY is the space between levels.
STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or
below.
STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height.
STORY SHEAR, V, is the summation of design lateral forces above the story under
consideration.
STRENGTH is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored load.
STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads

and resist lateral forces. Structures may be categorized as building structures or
nonbuilding structures.
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and

transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.
VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to carry vertical

gravity loads.
WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the wall to the
diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required to develop the anchorage
forces, including subdiaphragms and continuous ties.
WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of the story above.
VI. CONCRETE
ADMIXTURE is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an

ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its
properties.
AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast-
furnace slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement
concrete or mortar.
AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT, is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120 kg/cu.m. or

less.
AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a lightweight concrete specimen cured for seven
days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 15deg.C to 27deg.C and dried for 21 days
in 50 +- 7 percent relative humidity at 23deg.C +- 1.1deg.C.
ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning is a device used to anchor tendons to

concrete member; in pretensioning, a device used to anchor tendons during hardening
of concrete.
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned members is the portion of the member through

which the concentrated prestressing force is transferred to the concrete and distributed
more uniformly across the section. Its extent is equal to the largest dimension of the
cross section. For intermediate anchorage devices, the anchorage zone includes the
disturbed regions ahead of and behind the anchorage devices.
BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with any

single 16mm or smaller diameter bar that satisfies the anchorage device requirements
of the Post-Tensioning Institute’s “Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons”.
BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with

multiple strands, bars or wires, or single bars larger than 16mm diameter, that satisfies
the bearing stress and minimum plate stiffness requirements of AASHTO Bridge
Specifications.
BONDED TENDON is a prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or

through grouting.
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials, which have cementing value when used in
concrete either by themselves, such as Portland cement, blended hydraulic cements
and expansive cement, or such materials in combination with fly ash, raw or other
calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
COLUMN is a member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimension of 3 or greater

used primarily to support axial compressive load.
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are concrete flexural members of

precast and cast-in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate
placements but so interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a unit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile

strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is less than or equal to the
compression-controlled strain limit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile strain at balanced

strain conditions.
CONCRETE is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine

aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, with or without admixtures.
CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (f’c) is the compressive

strength of concrete used in design and expressed in megapascals (Mpa).
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT, is concrete containing lightweight

aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight as determined by “Test Method for Unit Weight
of Structural Lightweight Concrete” (ASTM C 567) not exceeding 1840 kg/cu.m. In this
code, a lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed “all-lightweight concrete” and
lightweight concrete in which all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight sand is termed
“sand-lightweight concrete.”
CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to

create a weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the
dimensional change of different parts of the structure.
CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified

prestressing tendon profile.
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod mats,

deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric.
DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement required to

develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from extreme

compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all

losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.
EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a

critical section.
EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or nonprestressed) that

is the farthest from the extreme compression fiber.
ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining parts of a concrete structure,

usually a vertical plane, at a designed location such as to interfere least with
performance of the structure, yet such as to allow relative movement in three directions
and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and through which all or part of
the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.
JACKING FORCE is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into
prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete.
LOAD, DEAD, is the dead weight supported by a member.
LOAD, FACTORED, is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to

proportion members by the strength design method.
LOAD, LIVE, is the live load.
LOAD, SERVICE, is the load specified (without load factors).
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for

tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of strains due
to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature.
PEDESTAL is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to

average least lateral dimension not exceeding of 3.
PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less

reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete.
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement that does not conform to definition of

deformed reinforcement.
POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned after

concrete has hardened.
PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete element cast in other than its final
position in the structure.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural concrete in which internal stresses have

been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting fro loads.
PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before

concrete is placed.
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural concrete reinforced with no less than the

minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or nonprestressed reinforcement.
REINFORCEMENT is material excluding prestressing tendons unless specifically

included.
RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other structural member
after the original forms and shores have been removed from a larger area, thus
requiring the new slab or structural member to deflect and support its own weight and
existing construction loads applied prior to the installation of the reshores.
SHEATHING is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the

tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection, and to contain the
corrosion inhibiting coating.
SHORES are vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the weight of the
formwork, concrete and construction loads above.
SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device that satisfies the standard

acceptance tests of AASHTO “Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges”, Division II.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a

cylindrical helix.
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH (fct) is the tensile strength of concrete determined in

accordance with ASTM C 496 as described in “Specifications for Lightweight Aggregate
for Structural Concrete” (ASTM C 330).
STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural

member, typically bars, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L, U or
rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or at an angle longitudinal
reinforcement. (The term “stirrups” is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural
members and the term “ties” to those in compression members.)
STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal strength multiplied by a strength-reduction factor,

.
STRENGTH, NORMAL, is the strength of a member or cross section calculated in

accordance with provisions and assumptions of the strength design method before
application of any strength-reduction factors.
STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a member or cross section required to resist

factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such combinations.
STRESS is the intensity of force per unit area.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used for structural purposes, including plain
and reinforced concrete.
TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such
elements, used to impart prestress forces to concrete.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in

the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is greater than or equal to 0.005.
TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A

continuously wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle or other polygon shape
without re-entrant corners is acceptable.
TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or

pretensioning bed to concrete member.
UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is permanently prevented from bonding to the

concrete after stressing.
WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces.
WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, is friction caused by unintended deviation

of prestressing sheath or duct from its specified profile.
YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point of

reinforcement in megapascals (Mpa). Yield strength or yield point shall be determined in
tension according to applicable ASTM standards.
VII. SEISMIC DESIGN
BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which earthquake motions are assumed to be

imparted to a building. This level does not necessarily coincide with the ground level.
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS are portions along structural wall and structural diaphragm
edges strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
COLLECTOR ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit the inertial forces within
structural diaphragms to members of the lateral-force-resisting system.
CONFINED CORE is the area within the core defined by h.
CONNECTION is an element that joins two precast members or a precast member and
a cast-in-place member.
COUPLING BEAM is a horizontal element in plane with the connecting two shear walls.
CROSSTIE is a continuous reinforcing bar having a seismic hook at one end and a hook
not less than 90 degrees with at least six-diameter extension at the other end. The
hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. The 90-degree hooks of two
successive crosstie engaging the same longitudinal bars shall be alternated end for end.
DESIGN DISPLACEMENT is the total lateral displacement expected for the design-
basis earthquake, as required by the governing code for earthquake-resistant design.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A BAR WITH A STANDARD HOOK is the shortest

distance between the critical section (where the strength of the bar is to be developed)
and a tangent to the outer edge of the 90-degree hook.
DRY CONNECTION is a connection used between precast members, which do not

qualify as a wet connection.
HOOP is a close tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of several
reinforcing elements, each having seismic hooks at both ends. A continuously wound tie
shall have a seismic hook at both ends.
JOINT is the geometric volume common to intersecting members.
LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is that portion of the structure composed of

members proportioned to resist forces related to earthquake effects.
LIGHTWEIGHT-AGGREGATE CONCRETE is an all-lightweight or sand-lightweight

aggregate concrete made with lightweight aggregates.
MOMENT FRAME is a space frame in which members and joints resist forces through
flexure, shear, and axial force.
NONLINEAR ACTION LOCATION is the center of the region of yielding in flexure, shear
or axial action.
NONLINEAR ACTION REGION is where the member length over which nonlinear
action takes place. It shall be taken as extending a distance of no less than h/2 on either
side of the nonlinear action location.
SEISMIC HOOK is a hook on a stirrup, hoop or crosstie having a bend not less than 135
degrees, except that circular hoops shall have a bend of not less than 90 degrees.
Hooks shall have a six-diameter (but not less than 75mm), extension that engages the
longitudinal reinforcement and projects into the interior of the stirrup or hoop.
SHELL CONCRETE is the concrete outside the transverse reinforcement confining the
concrete.
SPECIFIED LATERAL FORCES are lateral forces corresponding to the appropriate

distribution of the design base shear force prescribed by the governing code for
earthquake-resistant design.
STRONG CONNECTION is a connection that remains elastic, while the designated

nonlinear action regions undergo inelastic response under the Design Basis Ground
Motion.
STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS are structural members, such as floor and roof slabs,
that transmit inertial forces to lateral force resisting members.
STRUCTURAL TRUSSES are assemblages of reinforced concrete members subjected

primarily to axial forces.
STRUCTURAL WALLS are walls proportioned to resist combinations of shears,

moment, and axial forces induced by earthquake motions.
STRUT is an element of a structural diaphragm used to provide continuity around an

opening in the diaphragm.
TIE ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit inertia forces and prevent
separation of building components such as footings and walls.
WALL PIER is a wall segment with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio between 2.5
and 6, and whose clear height is at least two times its horizontal length.
WET CONNECTION uses any of the splicing methods to connect precast members and
uses cast-in-place concrete or grout to fill the splicing closure.
VIII. GENERAL
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which all sheathing edges not occurring on

framing members are supported on an connected to blocking.
CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION is a type of construction whose

primary structural elements are formed by a system of repetitive wood-framing
members.

to the vertical resisting elements. When the term “diaphragm” is used, it includes
horizontal bracing systems.
FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers

(usually wood or crane) having a density of less than 497 kg/cu.m. but more than 160
kg/cu.m.
GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are structural elements, the section of which is

composed of built-up lumber, wood structural panels or wood structural panels in
combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesive.
GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in

accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.
HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers

consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 497
kg/cu.m.
NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size designation of width and depth, standard
sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net size of dressed lumber.
NORMAL LOADING is a design load that stressed a member or fastening to the full
allowable stress. This loading may be applied for approximately 10 years, either
continuously or cumulatively, and 90 percent of this load may be applied for the
remainder of the life of the member or fastening.
PARTICLE BOARD is a manufactured panel product consisting of particles of wood or

combinations of wood particles and wood fibers bonded together with synthetic resins or
other suitable bonding system by a bonding process, in accordance with approved
nationally recognized standard.
PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers.
ROTATION is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical axis.

TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an approved preservative under treating and
quality control procedures.
WOOD OR NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR TERMITES is the heartwood of

the species set forth below. Corner sapwood is permitted on 5% of the pieces provided
90% or more of the width of each side on which it occurs is heartwood. Recognized
species are:
Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, Tangile
Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong
WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel product composed primarily of

wood. Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood, composite panels containing
a combination of veneer and wood-based material, and mat0formed panel such as
oriented stranded board and waferboard.
IX. GENERAL
AREAS:
BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of a masonry unit, which is in contact with
mortar in place of the joint.
EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement

multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the reinforcement and the direction for
which effective area is to be determined.
GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a specified section.
NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area of ungrouted cores,
notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net area is the actual surface area of a cross
section of masonry.
TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one material to a second based on the
ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first material to the second.
BOND:
ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry units and mortar or grout.
REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion between steel reinforcement and mortar or

grout.
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry in which reinforcement is

embedded.
CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area greater than 967 sq. mm.
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of sufficient size and spacing
to allow the removal of debris.
COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space between wythes of masonry.
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural member in which both the

reinforcement and masonry resist compression.
COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical structural member whose horizontal

dimension measured at right angles to the thickness does not exceed three times the
thickness.
DIMENSIONS:
ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of s designed item. The actual
dimension shall not vary from the specified dimension by more than the amount allowed
in the appropriate standard of quality.
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to its specified dimensions plus the
thickness of the joint with which the unit is laid.
SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified by the manufacturer for

construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or any other component of a structure.
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total grout pour.
GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be grouted prior to the erection of
additional masonry. A grout pour will consist of one or more grout lifts.
GROUTED MASONRY:
GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in
which certain designated cells of hollow units are continuously filled with grout.
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in

which the space between the wythes is solidly or periodically filled with grout.
JOINTS:
BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the masonry units are placed.
HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a vertical transverse plane.
MASONRY JOINT is brick, tile, stone, and glass block or concrete block.
HOLLOW-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area (solid

area) in any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less
than 75% of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
SOLID-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area in any

plane parallel to the surface containing the cores or cells is at least 75% of the gross
cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or without grout used as a
test specimen for determining properties of the masonry.
REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry construction in which reinforcement

acting in conjunction with the masonry is used to resist forces.
SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in masonry.
WALLS:
BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which two or more wythes are bonded to act as a
structural unit.
CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space with a minimum width of 51mm
and a maximum width of 114mm between wythes, which are tied with metal ties.
WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener, which connects wythes of masonry to each
other or to other materials.
WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-masonry unit as placed in masonry.
I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or structure.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such

that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load
combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress
design).
ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in construction or

occupancy.
APPROVED as to materials and type of construction, refers to approval by the building

official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the building official, or by
reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized authorities, technical or scientific
organizations.
BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or
occupancy.
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code, or one for
which a legal building permit has been issued.
BUILDING OFFICIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged with the
administration and enforcement of this code, or the building official’s duly authorized
representative.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of

proportioning structural elements using load and resistance factors such that no
applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load
combinations. The term “LRFD” is used in the design of steel and wood structures.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such

that the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations
do not exceed the factored element strength. The term “strength design” is used in the
design of concrete and masonry structures.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or

any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some
definite manner.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special qualification in the

practice of Structural Engineering as recognized by the Board of Civil Engineering of the
Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
through the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
II. GRADING AND EARTHWORK
APPROVAL shall mean that the proposed work or completed work conforms to this
section in the opinion of the building official.
AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading.
BEDROCK is in-place solid rock.
BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be
placed.
BORROW is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use on grading on a
site.
CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the field of civil

engineering.
CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the knowledge of the forces of nature,

principles of mechanics and the properties of materials to the evaluation, design and
construction of civil works.
COMPACTION is the densification of a fill by mechanical means.
EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST is a licensed geologist experienced and knowledgeable in

engineering geology.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY is the application of geologic knowledge and principles in

the investigation and evaluation of naturally occurring rock and soil for use in the design
of civil works.
EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of
wind, water or ice.
EXCAVATION is the mechanical removal of earth material.
FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER is an engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the

practice of geotechnical engineering.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is the application of the principles of soil and rock

mechanics in the investigation, evaluation and design of civil works involving the use of
earth materials and the inspection or testing of the construction thereof.
GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface.
GRADE, EXISTING, is the grade prior to grading.
GRADE, FINISH, is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan.
GRADE, ROUGH, is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the
approved plan.
GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof.
KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth material beneath
the toe of a proposed fill slope.
PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION is the inspection required by this code be performed by

the civil engineer, geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. Such inspections
include that performed by persons supervised by such engineers or geologists and shall
be sufficient to form an opinion relating to conduct of the work.
SITE is any lot or parcel of land or contiguous combination thereof, under the same
ownership, where grading is performed or permitted.
SLOPE is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a ratio of

vertical distance to horizontal distance.
SOIL is naturally occurring superficial deposits overlying bedrock.
SOILS ENGINEER. See Geotechnical Engineer
SOILS ENGINEERING. See Geotechnical Engineering
TERRACE is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope surface for
drainage and maintenance purposes.
III. GENERAL
ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on pedestals

to provide an under-floor space for the installations of mechanical, electrical,
communications or similar systems to serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm implements, hay,

grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural products. The structure shall not be a place
of human habitation or a place of employment where agricultural products are
processed, treated or packaged, nor shall it be a place used by the public.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural

elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress
load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress
design).
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering together of

50 or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, education, instruction, worship,
entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining, or awaiting transportation.
AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a building.
BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and

supported by that structure, with no additional independent supports.
DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated
into the building or other structure.
DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an

adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other structures that are intended to remain
operational in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes.
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or

combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept.
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90 sq. m. in

area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building on the premises
are kept or stored.
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no

longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength
limit state).
LIVE LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building
materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects, differential
movements, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in
which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable
loads.
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the building

and projecting over public property.
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used or intended to
be used.
WALLS
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications:
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 KN per linear meter of
superimposed load.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN per linear meter
superimposed loads, or any such wall supporting its own weight for more than one story.
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or group of members,
that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that has a slope of 60
degrees or greater with the horizontal plane.
NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall
PARAPET WALL is the part of any wall entirely above the roof line.
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of soil or other
materials.
IV. WIND LOAD
BASIC WIND SPEED, V is a 3-second gust speed at 10 meters above the ground in
Exposure C and associated with an annual probability of 0.02 of being equaled or
exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval).
BUILDING, ENCLOSED, is a building that does not comply with the requirements for
open or partially enclosed buildings.
BUILDING, OPEN, is a structure having all walls at least 80% open.
BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that complies with both of the

following conditions:
exceeds the sum of the areas of the openings in the balance of the building envelope
(walls and roof) by more than 10% and
exceeds 0.5 sq. m. or 1% of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the
percentage of openings in the balance of the building envelope does not exceed 20%.
BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or partially enclosed building which complies

with the following conditions:
1. Mean roof height, h, less than or equal to 18 meters.
2. Mean roof height, h, does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
COMPONENTS AND CLADDING are elements that do not qualify as part of the main
wind-force resisting system.
DESIGN FORCE, F, is the equivalent static force to be used in the determination of wind
loads for open buildings and other structures.
DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the

determination of wind loads for buildings.
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA is the area used to determined GCp. For cladding fasteners,
the effective wind area shall not be greater than the area that is tributary to an individual
fastener.
FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES are slender buildings and other
structures that have a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz. Included are
buildings and other structures that have a height, h, exceeding four times the least
horizontal dimension.
IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I, is a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human
life and damage to property.
MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is an assemblage of structural elements

assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure. The system generally
receives wind loading from more than one surface.
RECOGNIZED LITERATURE are published research findings and technical papers that
are approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
V. EARTHQUAKE
BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the
structure or the level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported.
BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the structure.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete vertical load-

carrying space frame.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at the edges or openings or at perimeters of

shear walls or diaphragms.
BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric

type that is provided to resist lateral forces.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that provides

support for gravity loads.
CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column element provided to transfer lateral-

force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and has minimal moment
capacity at the top, with lateral forces applied essentially at the top.
COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a portion of

a structure top vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system.
COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electrical, mechanical or

structural system.
COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component or element that is

part of a mechanical and/or electrical system.
COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having a

fundamental period greater than 0.06 second.
COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental

period less than or equal to 0.06 second.
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are

subjected primarily to axial forces.
DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10% chance of
being exceeded in 50 years as by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be determined
by a hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories with dynamic properties
representative of site characteristics shall be used to represent this ground motion. The
dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design
Response Spectrum.
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum of 5% equivalent

viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground
Motion for the design of structures. This response spectrum may be either a site-specific
spectrum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil characteristics associated
with a specific site or may be a spectrum.
DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total strength design base shear, factored
and distributed.

to the vertical-resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing
systems.
DIAPHRAGM OR SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary element of a diaphragm or

shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam.
DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to
the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm parallel to the applied load that
collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical-resisting elements or distributes
loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or compression.
DRIFT. See “story drift”
DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced

frames.
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a steel-braced frame.
ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an

elastic dynamic analysis using an unreduced ground motion representation.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for emergency
operations subsequent to a natural disaster.
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral load is

significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system.
HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss system that serves the same
function as a diaphragm.
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) is a concrete frame.
LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system.
MOMENT-RESISTING SYSTEM is a frame in which members and joints are capable of

resisting forces primarily by flexure.
MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame especially

ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame or concrete-braced frame.
ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is a moment-resisting frame not

meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects on structural elements

common to the lateral-force-resisting systems along two orthogonal axes.
OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger

than the design strength. The degree of overstrength is material-and-system-dependent.
PD EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame
members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building system.
SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
(sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall).
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of shear walls and

frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities
considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all levels.
SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the
story above.
SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls,

composed of members interconnected so as to function as a complete self-contained
unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing systems.
SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a steel-braced frame.
SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is a moment-resisting frame specially
SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame specially

STORY is the space between levels.
STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or
below.
STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height.
STORY SHEAR, V, is the summation of design lateral forces above the story under
consideration.
STRENGTH is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored load.
STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads

and resist lateral forces. Structures may be categorized as building structures or
nonbuilding structures.

VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to carry vertical

gravity loads.
WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the wall to the
diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required to develop the anchorage
forces, including subdiaphragms and continuous ties.
WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of the story above.
VI. CONCRETE
ADMIXTURE is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an

ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its
properties.
AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast-
furnace slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement
concrete or mortar.
AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT, is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120 kg/cu.m. or

less.
AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a lightweight concrete specimen cured for seven
days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 15deg.C to 27deg.C and dried for 21 days
in 50 +- 7 percent relative humidity at 23deg.C +- 1.1deg.C.
ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning is a device used to anchor tendons to

concrete member; in pretensioning, a device used to anchor tendons during hardening
of concrete.
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned members is the portion of the member through

which the concentrated prestressing force is transferred to the concrete and distributed
more uniformly across the section. Its extent is equal to the largest dimension of the
cross section. For intermediate anchorage devices, the anchorage zone includes the
disturbed regions ahead of and behind the anchorage devices.
BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with any

single 16mm or smaller diameter bar that satisfies the anchorage device requirements
of the Post-Tensioning Institute’s “Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons”.
BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with

multiple strands, bars or wires, or single bars larger than 16mm diameter, that satisfies
the bearing stress and minimum plate stiffness requirements of AASHTO Bridge
Specifications.
BONDED TENDON is a prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or

through grouting.
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials, which have cementing value when used in
concrete either by themselves, such as Portland cement, blended hydraulic cements
and expansive cement, or such materials in combination with fly ash, raw or other
calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
COLUMN is a member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimension of 3 or greater

used primarily to support axial compressive load.
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are concrete flexural members of

precast and cast-in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate
placements but so interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a unit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile

strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is less than or equal to the
compression-controlled strain limit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile strain at balanced

strain conditions.
CONCRETE is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine

aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, with or without admixtures.
CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (f’c) is the compressive

strength of concrete used in design and expressed in megapascals (Mpa).
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT, is concrete containing lightweight

aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight as determined by “Test Method for Unit Weight
of Structural Lightweight Concrete” (ASTM C 567) not exceeding 1840 kg/cu.m. In this
code, a lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed “all-lightweight concrete” and
lightweight concrete in which all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight sand is termed
“sand-lightweight concrete.”
CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to

create a weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the
dimensional change of different parts of the structure.
CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified

prestressing tendon profile.
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod mats,

deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric.
DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement required to

develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from extreme

compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all

losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.
EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a

critical section.
EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or nonprestressed) that

is the farthest from the extreme compression fiber.
ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining parts of a concrete structure,

usually a vertical plane, at a designed location such as to interfere least with
performance of the structure, yet such as to allow relative movement in three directions
and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and through which all or part of
the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.
JACKING FORCE is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into
prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete.
LOAD, DEAD, is the dead weight supported by a member.
LOAD, FACTORED, is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to

proportion members by the strength design method.
LOAD, LIVE, is the live load.
LOAD, SERVICE, is the load specified (without load factors).
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for

tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of strains due
to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature.
PEDESTAL is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to

average least lateral dimension not exceeding of 3.
PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less

reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete.
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement that does not conform to definition of

deformed reinforcement.
POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned after

concrete has hardened.
PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete element cast in other than its final
position in the structure.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural concrete in which internal stresses have

been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting fro loads.
PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before

concrete is placed.
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural concrete reinforced with no less than the

minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or nonprestressed reinforcement.
REINFORCEMENT is material excluding prestressing tendons unless specifically

included.
RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other structural member
after the original forms and shores have been removed from a larger area, thus
requiring the new slab or structural member to deflect and support its own weight and
existing construction loads applied prior to the installation of the reshores.
SHEATHING is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the

tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection, and to contain the
corrosion inhibiting coating.
SHORES are vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the weight of the
formwork, concrete and construction loads above.
SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device that satisfies the standard

acceptance tests of AASHTO “Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges”, Division II.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a

cylindrical helix.
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH (fct) is the tensile strength of concrete determined in

accordance with ASTM C 496 as described in “Specifications for Lightweight Aggregate
for Structural Concrete” (ASTM C 330).
STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural

member, typically bars, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L, U or
rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or at an angle longitudinal
reinforcement. (The term “stirrups” is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural
members and the term “ties” to those in compression members.)
STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal strength multiplied by a strength-reduction factor,

.
STRENGTH, NORMAL, is the strength of a member or cross section calculated in

accordance with provisions and assumptions of the strength design method before
application of any strength-reduction factors.
STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a member or cross section required to resist

factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such combinations.
STRESS is the intensity of force per unit area.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used for structural purposes, including plain
and reinforced concrete.
TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such
elements, used to impart prestress forces to concrete.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in

the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is greater than or equal to 0.005.
TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A

continuously wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle or other polygon shape
without re-entrant corners is acceptable.
TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or

pretensioning bed to concrete member.
UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is permanently prevented from bonding to the

concrete after stressing.
WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces.
WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, is friction caused by unintended deviation

of prestressing sheath or duct from its specified profile.
YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point of

reinforcement in megapascals (Mpa). Yield strength or yield point shall be determined in

tension according to applicable ASTM standards.
VII. SEISMIC DESIGN
BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which earthquake motions are assumed to be

imparted to a building. This level does not necessarily coincide with the ground level.
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS are portions along structural wall and structural diaphragm
edges strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
COLLECTOR ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit the inertial forces within
structural diaphragms to members of the lateral-force-resisting system.
CONFINED CORE is the area within the core defined by h.
CONNECTION is an element that joins two precast members or a precast member and
a cast-in-place member.
COUPLING BEAM is a horizontal element in plane with the connecting two shear walls.
CROSSTIE is a continuous reinforcing bar having a seismic hook at one end and a hook
not less than 90 degrees with at least six-diameter extension at the other end. The
hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. The 90-degree hooks of two
successive crosstie engaging the same longitudinal bars shall be alternated end for end.
DESIGN DISPLACEMENT is the total lateral displacement expected for the design-
basis earthquake, as required by the governing code for earthquake-resistant design.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A BAR WITH A STANDARD HOOK is the shortest

distance between the critical section (where the strength of the bar is to be developed)
and a tangent to the outer edge of the 90-degree hook.
DRY CONNECTION is a connection used between precast members, which do not

qualify as a wet connection.
HOOP is a close tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of several
reinforcing elements, each having seismic hooks at both ends. A continuously wound tie
shall have a seismic hook at both ends.
JOINT is the geometric volume common to intersecting members.
LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is that portion of the structure composed of

members proportioned to resist forces related to earthquake effects.
LIGHTWEIGHT-AGGREGATE CONCRETE is an all-lightweight or sand-lightweight

aggregate concrete made with lightweight aggregates.
MOMENT FRAME is a space frame in which members and joints resist forces through
flexure, shear, and axial force.
NONLINEAR ACTION LOCATION is the center of the region of yielding in flexure, shear
or axial action.
NONLINEAR ACTION REGION is where the member length over which nonlinear
action takes place. It shall be taken as extending a distance of no less than h/2 on either
side of the nonlinear action location.
SEISMIC HOOK is a hook on a stirrup, hoop or crosstie having a bend not less than 135
degrees, except that circular hoops shall have a bend of not less than 90 degrees.
Hooks shall have a six-diameter (but not less than 75mm), extension that engages the
longitudinal reinforcement and projects into the interior of the stirrup or hoop.
SHELL CONCRETE is the concrete outside the transverse reinforcement confining the
concrete.
SPECIFIED LATERAL FORCES are lateral forces corresponding to the appropriate

distribution of the design base shear force prescribed by the governing code for
earthquake-resistant design.
STRONG CONNECTION is a connection that remains elastic, while the designated

nonlinear action regions undergo inelastic response under the Design Basis Ground
Motion.
STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS are structural members, such as floor and roof slabs,
that transmit inertial forces to lateral force resisting members.
STRUCTURAL TRUSSES are assemblages of reinforced concrete members subjected

primarily to axial forces.
STRUCTURAL WALLS are walls proportioned to resist combinations of shears,

moment, and axial forces induced by earthquake motions.
STRUT is an element of a structural diaphragm used to provide continuity around an

opening in the diaphragm.
TIE ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit inertia forces and prevent
separation of building components such as footings and walls.
WALL PIER is a wall segment with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio between 2.5
and 6, and whose clear height is at least two times its horizontal length.
WET CONNECTION uses any of the splicing methods to connect precast members and
uses cast-in-place concrete or grout to fill the splicing closure.
VIII. GENERAL
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which all sheathing edges not occurring on

framing members are supported on an connected to blocking.
CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION is a type of construction whose

primary structural elements are formed by a system of repetitive wood-framing
members.

to the vertical resisting elements. When the term “diaphragm” is used, it includes
horizontal bracing systems.
FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers

(usually wood or crane) having a density of less than 497 kg/cu.m. but more than 160
kg/cu.m.
GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are structural elements, the section of which is

composed of built-up lumber, wood structural panels or wood structural panels in
combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesive.
GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in

accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.
HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers

consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 497
kg/cu.m.
NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size designation of width and depth, standard
sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net size of dressed lumber.
NORMAL LOADING is a design load that stressed a member or fastening to the full
allowable stress. This loading may be applied for approximately 10 years, either
continuously or cumulatively, and 90 percent of this load may be applied for the
remainder of the life of the member or fastening.
PARTICLE BOARD is a manufactured panel product consisting of particles of wood or

combinations of wood particles and wood fibers bonded together with synthetic resins or
other suitable bonding system by a bonding process, in accordance with approved
nationally recognized standard.
PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers.
ROTATION is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical axis.

TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an approved preservative under treating and
quality control procedures.
WOOD OR NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR TERMITES is the heartwood of

the species set forth below. Corner sapwood is permitted on 5% of the pieces provided
90% or more of the width of each side on which it occurs is heartwood. Recognized
species are:
Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, Tangile
Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong
WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel product composed primarily of

wood. Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood, composite panels containing
a combination of veneer and wood-based material, and mat0formed panel such as
oriented stranded board and waferboard.
IX. GENERAL
AREAS:
BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of a masonry unit, which is in contact with
mortar in place of the joint.
EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement

multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the reinforcement and the direction for
which effective area is to be determined.
GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a specified section.
NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area of ungrouted cores,
notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net area is the actual surface area of a cross
section of masonry.
TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one material to a second based on the
ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first material to the second.
BOND:
ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry units and mortar or grout.
REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion between steel reinforcement and mortar or

grout.
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry in which reinforcement is

embedded.
CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area greater than 967 sq. mm.
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of sufficient size and spacing
to allow the removal of debris.
COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space between wythes of masonry.
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural member in which both the

reinforcement and masonry resist compression.
COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical structural member whose horizontal

dimension measured at right angles to the thickness does not exceed three times the
thickness.
DIMENSIONS:
ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of s designed item. The actual
dimension shall not vary from the specified dimension by more than the amount allowed
in the appropriate standard of quality.
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to its specified dimensions plus the
thickness of the joint with which the unit is laid.
SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified by the manufacturer for

construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or any other component of a structure.
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total grout pour.
GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be grouted prior to the erection of
additional masonry. A grout pour will consist of one or more grout lifts.
GROUTED MASONRY:
GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in
which certain designated cells of hollow units are continuously filled with grout.
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in

which the space between the wythes is solidly or periodically filled with grout.
JOINTS:
BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the masonry units are placed.
HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a vertical transverse plane.
MASONRY JOINT is brick, tile, stone, and glass block or concrete block.
HOLLOW-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area (solid

area) in any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less
than 75% of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
SOLID-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area in any

plane parallel to the surface containing the cores or cells is at least 75% of the gross
cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or without grout used as a
test specimen for determining properties of the masonry.
REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry construction in which reinforcement

acting in conjunction with the masonry is used to resist forces.
SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in masonry.
WALLS:
BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which two or more wythes are bonded to act as a
structural unit.
CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space with a minimum width of 51mm
and a maximum width of 114mm between wythes, which are tied with metal ties.
WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener, which connects wythes of masonry to each
other or to other materials.
WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-masonry unit as placed in masonry.
WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one masonry unit in thickness. A collar joint is
not considered a wythe.
WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one masonry unit in thickness. A collar joint is not
considered a wythe.
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Review Notes - Structural Terminologies

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6/25/2019 Review Notes: Structural Terminologies | ATLAS-CPED

Home / ArkiReview Notes / Civil Engineering / Review Notes: Structural Terminologies

Review Notes: Structural

ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or structure.

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such

ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in construction or

APPROVED as to materials and type of construction, refers to approval by the building

LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such

STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special qualification in the

Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Followers

II. GRADING AND EARTHWORK

AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading.

BEDROCK is in-place solid rock.

CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the field of civil

CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the knowledge of the forces of nature,

COMPACTION is the densification of a fill by mechanical means.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST is a licensed geologist experienced and knowledgeable in

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY is the application of geologic knowledge and principles in

EXCAVATION is the mechanical removal of earth material.

FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means.

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER is an engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is the application of the principles of soil and rock

GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface.

GRADE, EXISTING, is the grade prior to grading.

GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof.

PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION is the inspection required by this code be performed by August 21

be sufficient to form an opinion relating to conduct of the work. March 201

ownership, where grading is performed or permitted. July 2018

ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on pedestals

AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm implements, hay,

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural

ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering together of

AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a building.

BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and

DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an

GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or

GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90 sq. m. in

LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no

MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the building

IV. WIND LOAD

BUILDING, OPEN, is a structure having all walls at least 80% open.

BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that complies with both of the

BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or partially enclosed building which complies

DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the

MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is an assemblage of structural elements

BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete vertical load-

BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at the edges or openings or at perimeters of

BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric

BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that provides

CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column element provided to transfer lateral-

COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a portion of

COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electrical, mechanical or

COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component or element that is

COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having a

COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental

CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are

DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum of 5% equivalent

DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces

DIAPHRAGM OR SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary element of a diaphragm or

DRIFT. See “story drift”

DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced