Guide for Assessment

of Concrete Structures
before Rehabilitation
Reported by ACI Committee 364
ACI 364.1R-19
 First Printing
April 2019
ISBN: 978-1-64195-058-9

Guide for Assessment of Concrete Structures before Rehabilitation

Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material
may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other
distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.

The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid
ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI
documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one
interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of
ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at http://concrete.org/Publications/
DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most
up-to-date revisions.

ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the
significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for
the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all
risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.

All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or
implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular
purpose or non-infringement.

ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental,
or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result
from the use of this publication.

It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate
to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard
to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of
all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and
regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) health and safety standards.

Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in
the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the
standards that it develops.

Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, through electronic subscription,
or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.

Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised the ACI
Collection of Concrete Codes, Specifications, and Practices.

American Concrete Institute

38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Phone: +1.248.848.3700
Fax: +1.248.848.3701
www.concrete.org
 ACI 364.1R-19

Guide for Assessment of Concrete Structures before

Rehabilitation
Reported by ACI Committee 364
Ashok M. Kakade, Chair Paul E. Gaudette, Secretary

Randal M. Beard Fred R. Goodwin Liying Jiang Murat B. Seyidoglu

Benoit Bissonnette Pawan R. Gupta Keith E. Kesner K. Nam Shiu
Ryan Alexander Carris Ann Harrer John S. Lund Kyle D. Stanish
Larry D. Church John L. Hausfeld Marjorie M. Lynch David A. VanOcker
Bruce A. Collins Robert L. Henry Surendra K. Manjrekar David W. Whitmore
Timothy R. W. Gillespie Charles J. Hookham James E. McDonald

Consulting Members
Robert V. Gevecker Emory L. Kemp Dela Tharmabala Alexander M. Vaysburd
Stephen A. Johanson Weilan Song Robert Tracy William F. Wescott

This guide presents general procedures for assessment of concrete 3.3—Preliminary assessment, p. 4
structures before rehabilitation. Among the subjects covered are 3.4—Detailed assessment, p. 4
preliminary assessment, detailed assessment, review of documenta-
tion, field observation and condition survey, sampling and material CHAPTER 4—DOCUMENT REVIEW, p. 4
testing, evaluation, and final report. Evaluation to identify seismic
4.1—Introduction, p. 4
or building code deficiencies is beyond the scope of this guide.
4.2—Design information, p. 5
Keywords: assessment; condition survey; deterioration; distress; investiga- 4.3—Materials information, p. 5
tion; rehabilitation; sampling; testing. 4.4—Construction information, p. 5
4.5—Service history, p. 6
CONTENTS 4.6—Project documents, p. 6

CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 2 CHAPTER 5—FIELD INVESTIGATION, p. 6

1.1—Introduction, p. 2
1.2—Scope, p. 2
CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS, p. 2
CHAPTER 3—INVESTIGATION, p. 3
3.1—Introduction, p. 3
3.2—Assessment: overview, p. 4
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are
intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and
inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use
of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance
and limitations of its content and recommendations and who
will accept responsibility for the application of the material it
contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and
all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall
not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract
documents. If items found in this document are desired by
the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents,
they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation
by the Architect/Engineer.
5.1—Introduction, p. 6
5.2—Preparation and planning, p. 6
5.3—Field verification of as-built construction, p. 7
5.4—Condition survey and visual inspection, p. 8
5.5—Exploratory openings, p. 9
5.6—Unsafe or potentially hazardous conditions, p. 10
CHAPTER 6—SAMPLING AND TESTING, p. 10
6.1—Introduction, p. 10
6.2—Determination of sampling and testing requirements,
p. 10
6.3—Testing and evaluation, p. 12
6.4—Test methods, p. 12
6.5—Sampling techniques, p. 13
6.6—Test reporting, p. 14
ACI 364.1R-19 supersedes ACI 364.1R-07 and was adopted and published April 2019.
Copyright © 2019, American Concrete Institute.
All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by
any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic
or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual
reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless
permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

1
2 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
CHAPTER 7—EVALUATION, p. 14
7.1—Introduction, p. 14
7.2—Determining causes, p. 14
7.3—Evaluating the consequences of damage, p. 15
7.4—Structural evaluation, p. 15
7.5—Evaluation of rehabilitation approaches, p. 16
CHAPTER 8—REPORT, p. 16
8.1—Introduction, p. 16
8.2—Purpose, objective, and scope of assessment, p. 17
8.3—Project, background, and history, p. 17
8.4—Documentation obtained to support assessment, p. 17
8.5—Field observations and condition survey, p. 17
8.6—Sampling and material testing results, p. 17
8.7—Evaluation, p. 17
8.8—Findings and recommendations, p. 17
CHAPTER 9—REFERENCES, p. 18
Authored documents, p. 19
CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
1.1—Introduction
The guide outlines the approach and general procedures
for the assessment of concrete structures before rehabilita-
tion. This guide should be used in conjunction with ACI
562. An assessment, prior to rehabilitation, is generally
performed for one or more of the following purposes:
a) Evaluate the current condition of a structure
b) Evaluate the extent of deterioration due to environmental
conditions
c) Evaluate structural damage or distress due to applied
loadings and support displacements
d) Verify the structural adequacy and integrity of a structure
or selected members within a structure
e) Assess the capacity of a structure to accommodate
increased loads
f) Determine the feasibility of changing the use of a structure
g) Modify or restore a structure
h) Change the appearance of a structure
i) Estimate the remaining service life of a structure (ACI
365.1R)
j) To assess the safety and structural capability of the struc-
ture to support the repair activities and to identify temporary
support requirements.
The objective of the condition assessment is to determine
the need, type, and extent of the rehabilitation, and to develop
the goals of the project. As the initial planning activity, the
assessment can also help identify operational and economic
requirements that impact the rehabilitation plan.
1.2—Scope
The purpose of this guide is to provide general procedures
for the assessment of concrete structures before rehabilita-
tion. Evaluation of structures other than concrete buildings
is beyond the scope of this guide, although the approach for
condition assessment for such structures may be similar to
those outlined in this guide.
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
This guide is general in character and intended to provide
an approach for assessment of a concrete structure to meet
one or more of the objectives listed in 1.1. The owner and
licensed design professional should understand and agree on
the objectives and goals of the assessment prior to the start
of the assessment.
The first step in the assessment is the investigation and
concludes with the evaluation, at either a preliminary or
detailed level, depending upon the project requirements.
After completion of the preliminary assessment, a detailed
assessment can proceed if deemed desirable or neces-
sary. Assessments generally involve four major tasks: 1)
reviewing available pertinent documents; 2) performing
field observations and condition assessments; 3) sampling
and material testing; and 4) evaluation and structural anal-
ysis. Based on results of the investigation, evaluation and
analysis can be performed and the results summarized in a
report. The flowchart in Fig. 1.2 identifies the methodology
and major tasks that are commonly undertaken in an assess-
ment conducted before rehabilitation.
CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS
Please refer to the latest version of ACI Concrete Termi-
nology for a comprehensive list of definitions. Definitions
provided herein complement that resource.
assessment—process of investigating by systematically
collecting information that affects the performance of an
existing structure; evaluating the collected information to
make informed decisions regarding the need for repair or
rehabilitation; detailing of findings as conclusions and
reporting recommendations for the examined structural
concrete work area (member, system, or structure).
damage—changes in capacity of an existing structure
resulting from events, such as loading and displacements.
deterioration—1) physical manifestation of failure of a
material; 2) decomposition of material either during testing
or exposure to service.
distress—physical manifestation of cracking and distor-
tion in a concrete structure as a result of stress, chemical
action, or both.
evaluation—process of determining and judging the
structural adequacy of a structure, member, or system for its
current intended use or performance objective.
investigation—collection and review of field data for the
structure, such as geometry, material properties, conditions,
symptoms of distress, extent of damage, measurement of
displacements, environmental factors, and reinforcement
sizes and placement. Also includes the collection of back-
ground data, such as plans, construction records, original
and current codes governing existing buildings, and histor-
ical events.
rehabilitation—repairing or modifying an existing struc-
ture to a desired useful condition.
repair—reconstruction or renewal of concrete parts of
an existing structure for the purpose of its maintenance or
to correct deterioration, damage, or faulty construction of
members or systems of a structure.
 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 3

Fig. 1.2—Assessment methodology.

CHAPTER 3—INVESTIGATION priate. If the original construction, condition of the struc-

3.1—Introduction
The goal of an investigation is to gather information
regarding the existing condition of a structure. An inves-
tigation should identify the type and extent of conditions
affecting the structure’s behavior, performance, or intended
function. The investigation should also provide the owner
information to assist in the assessment of the feasibility of
the required or intended rehabilitation.
Before beginning the investigation, the owner should be
consulted and project requirements considered to determine
whether a preliminary or detailed investigation is appro-
ture, or similar items are unknown or undocumented, a
preliminary investigation may be needed to determine the
scope of the investigation. Due to the nature of concrete
structures, as-built and existing conditions are frequently
hidden beneath the surfaces of the concrete members and
not fully known. As a result, the preliminary assessment
may not discover these conditions and may not provide suffi-
cient information to fully evaluate the concrete structure. To
better evaluate these conditions, a detailed assessment may
be needed. Findings of the preliminary and detailed assess-
ments are used in the assessment process, consideration of
the various rehabilitation options, and estimation of associ-
ated costs.

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

4 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
A scope of work agreed on between the owner and licensed
design professional to perform the assessment is recom-
mended, stating the objectives and extent of the assessment.
In some cases, the owner and licensed design professional
should meet with government agencies to confirm building
code(s) of record, historical preservation needs, timelines
for code official review of permit application and drawings,
anticipated materials of use (especially if newer materials
such as carbon fiber reinforcement are being contemplated),
and use of special inspections.
If significant distress is observed, the licensed design
professional should contact the owner regarding use of
the structure, need for an immediate repair, and temporary
shoring or stabilization of the observed component or struc-
ture experiencing distress. ACI 562 provides direction on
measures to be taken, recommendations to be issued, and
requirements.
3.2—Assessment: overview
The assessment should comply with code requirements
for concrete structures as described in ACI 562.
Preliminary and detailed assessments (Fig. 1.2) often
include:
(a) Document review
(b) Field investigation
(c) Sampling and material testing
(d) Evaluation and analysis
(e) Reporting
3.3—Preliminary assessment
The preliminary assessment helps to develop an initial
understanding of the concrete structure’s behavior, condition,
and existing performance in consideration of the established
objectives for performing the rehabilitation. A preliminary
assessment is typically limited to accessible components
that are visible or detectable without exploratory openings
or specialized equipment. Condition assessment below the
concrete surface or concealed components is generally not
included in the preliminary assessment. Although concrete
sampling (coring) and testing may be included, more often
they are deferred to be part of a detailed assessment.
Preliminary assessments are general in nature and may
extrapolate or estimate conditions and quantities based on
selective examinations in limited locations. The preliminary
assessment may provide recommendations for a detailed
assessment that includes more comprehensive examinations
to achieve the established objectives.
A preliminary assessment may include review of existing
construction documents and drawings, visual assessment of
the concrete components, obtaining a general understanding
of existing conditions, and evaluating the need and priority
for a detailed assessment. Localized sampling or testing may
also be performed (Chapters 3 through 6), but this is more
typically performed in the detailed assessment (Fig. 3.3).
A detailed assessment will not be necessary when
proposed usage changes involve the same or similar design
loads, where extensive documentation on the construction
and maintenance of the structure exists, or where minimal
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
Fig. 3.3—Localized sampling during a preliminary assess-
ment (photo courtesy of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates,
Inc.).
distress and no unusual conditions exist. In other cases, it
may not be needed to proceed with a further detailed assess-
ment, as in the case of significant damage where the structural
integrity cannot be economically restored, where it becomes
obvious that the owner’s objectives cannot be satisfactorily
met, or when there is sufficient information gathered in the
preliminary assessment to proceed with rehabilitation.
3.4—Detailed assessment
A detailed assessment is performed when the preliminary
assessment has identified a need for a more in-depth assess-
ment of the concrete structure’s behavior or condition to meet
the assessment objectives of 1.1. The detailed assessment
may include additional assessment of the concrete structure,
modification of the assessment strategy, and more compre-
hensive technical and cost analyses. A detailed assessment
may be required for the structure as a whole, or for a specific
component.
If the preliminary assessment results led to the need for a
detailed assessment, it is important to reevaluate the owner’s
objectives and goals before beginning the detailed assess-
ment. A supplemental scope of work stating the objectives
and extent of the detailed assessment is recommended.
CHAPTER 4—DOCUMENT REVIEW
4.1—Introduction
The first step in performing an assessment of a concrete
structure is to review available information related to the
construction, alterations, repair, and maintenance of the
structure. This review process allows the licensed design
professional to become familiar with the design of the struc-
ture and its evolution over time as part of the assessment,
and to minimize the assumptions required to properly eval-
uate the structure. Information gathered from the document
review should be verified during assessment of the structure.
The type of structure, type and extent of deterioration, scope
of the rehabilitation project, and availability of documenta-
 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
tion will dictate the nature and quantity of information that
should be reviewed. In some cases, documentation may not
be available and a detailed assessment (possibly including
nondestructive testing, material sampling, and laboratory
material studies) may be necessary.
4.2—Design information
4.2.1 Documents and other sources that may contain
useful information include:
a) Construction documents, including drawings, specifica-
tions, addenda, submittals, change orders, calculations, and
other project correspondence
b) Shop drawings for formwork, reinforcement, and concrete
placement
c) Quality control records and testing
d) As-built drawings, photographs, job field records, test
data, and correspondence
e) Construction documents for previous modifications or
alterations
f) Manufacturer’s technical information, descriptions of
construction materials, patents, and test data
g) Textbooks available at the time of design
h) Documentation of prior repairs and maintenance, prior
studies, or other history
i) Design and building codes in effect at the time of design
and construction of the structure and any modifications or
alterations
j) Interviews with owner, building manager, and building
engineer
k) Other potential sources for older structures, such as
historic handbooks, historic catalogs, standards, newspaper
clippings, photographs, and historic structures reports
Information regarding original construction or alterations
may be obtained from the owner, the architect or engineer
of record, local building departments or regulatory agencies
for the governmental entity in which the structure is located,
the general contractor, subcontractors, manufacturers, fabri-
cators, and suppliers. Local building department records
may be valuable in locating construction documents from
an alteration and other related records, such as inspection
reports or violation notices. Although gathering all the infor-
mation listed may not be required for typical assessment and
rehabilitation projects, it could be required for more complex
and unusual projects.
4.2.2 Historic structures—Buildings may be designated as
historic structures at several jurisdictional levels including
federal, state, or local, with each jurisdictional entity estab-
lishing its own standards and requirements for reviews
associated with preservation and rehabilitation. Often, the
governing standards have varying requirements and specific
definitions that need to be reviewed and considered for each
structure.
When working on older structures, it is important to relate
the structural system used in the project to the design and
construction practices existing at the time of construction.
Fortunately, for many older structural designs, there is a
substantial amount of available information about design
and construction practice in the era being considered.
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
5
Historic concrete structural systems were often developed
in a competitive commercial atmosphere. Therefore, there
were many proprietary reinforcement and forming systems,
including many reinforcing bar deformation patterns that
were protected by patents and illustrated in catalogs and by
trade organizations. Not only were design calculations often
presented in tabular form, but the strength of the system was
validated by load tests, and the results of tests included in
the catalogs. Early textbooks and handbooks, which also
include much of this information, are especially helpful.
Newspaper clippings and old photographs that describe or
illustrate the structural system, construction, or both, of a
structure may be helpful during the process of planning for
the preservation of historic structures. If a historic structures
report has been developed for the project structure, it may
contain additional helpful information about the structural
system and construction.
4.3—Materials information
Information on original construction and repair and main-
tenance materials may be available, especially for more
recently constructed structures, from the following sources:
(a) Original construction and repair project specifications
and drawings
(b) Submittals for concrete mixtures, components, and
quality control test results
(c) Submittals for reinforcing and prestressing steel
(d) Ready mixed concrete supplier historical data on specific
mixtures used
(e) Manufacturers’ technical information, installation
instructions, and description of construction materials at the
time of original construction
(f) Manufacturers’ technical information, installation
instructions, and description of repair materials and mainte-
nance materials used on the structure
4.4—Construction information
Construction documents and other records from original
construction may be helpful in understanding the construc-
tion methods, materials, basis of design, and difficulties
encountered during construction; however, it is important to
understand that the as-built conditions may vary from those
shown in original drawings and specifications. This infor-
mation is valuable in the assessment process. The following
records may be available:
a) Correspondence, including requests for information and
change orders, between members of the construction team,
design team, and owner or developer
b) Concrete batch tickets and truck tickets
c) Results of tests on fresh and hardened concrete
d) Quality control data and field inspection reports by a
testing agency or others
e) Drawings and specifications kept on the job, including
modifications and change orders
f) Diaries or journals kept by the construction team,
contractor daily field reports, or construction observation
reports from owner’s representative
g) Job progress photographs
6 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
h) As-built drawings
i) Survey notes and records
j) Inspection records
k) Material test reports for structural materials used
l) Information concerning the foundation and soil-bearing
capacity, including:
i. Geotechnical reports prepared before construction
ii. Allowable pressures and foundation type used in the
design
iii. Soil and foundation work, including backfill and
compaction conducted during construction
iv. Location of the water table during construction
Pile-driving records and pile cap modification drawings
may be helpful. The geotechnical and foundation records
may be useful when foundation loadings are to be increased
during the rehabilitation, or whenever evidence of founda-
tion movement has been noted. Local geotechnical engineers
may be aware of geotechnical and groundwater information
for recently built and adjacent structures.
Other possible sources of information regarding recently
constructed or repaired structures may be the construction
company and owner’s representative. More information is
often obtained through a personal interview with involved
personnel (for example, the construction superintendent).
Local newspaper and trade publications may also have
provided coverage of the original construction.
4.5—Service history
Documents that relate to the structure’s service history
should be reviewed to learn as much as possible about the
maintenance of the structure and distress, damage, deteriora-
tion, and subsequent repairs that have occurred.
The types of information that may be available include:
a) Records of current and former owners or users of the
structure
b) Maintenance, repair, and remodeling records
c) Reports from previous assessments or inspections
d) Reports maintained by owners of adjacent structures
e) Weather records during construction or storm
f) Interviews with operation and maintenance personnel
g) Logs of seismic activity or geologic activity
h) Insurance reports and records of damage to the structure
by fire, wind, snow, water intrusion and floods, overloads,
impact, earthquake, or fatigue
i) Information on operation, occupancy, instances of over-
loading, and load limits
j) Records from government or local building departments
or departments of licenses and inspection, including inspec-
tion reports and reports of violations
k) Photographs
l) Local newspapers and trade publications
m) Documented observed or previously assessed condition
4.6—Project documents
After the project documents are obtained, organizing and
cataloging them for present and future use is beneficial for
the licensed design professional, owner, contractor, and
future users of the building documents.
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
When original construction documents or repair project
documents are not available, the assessment should compen-
sate for the missing information, such as by recording
accurate dimensions for structural components, analyzing
materials, and locating reinforcing steel through use of
nondestructive testing or exploratory openings, as further
described in following chapters.
CHAPTER 5—FIELD INVESTIGATION
5.1—Introduction
The field investigation includes observations to verify the
accuracy of information obtained from the document review
(Chapter 4), together with a condition survey to assess the
existing physical condition of the as-built structure. The
field investigation is usually carried out by performing the
following three tasks:
a) Preparation and planning
b) Field verification of as-built construction
c) Condition survey of the structure
The scope of the field investigation is determined by the
project requirements and may need to be phased or refined to
meet available schedule and funding constraints. The extent
of each of these tasks should be based on existing condition
of the structure and the scope of the rehabilitation project.
In addition, also consider the type, size, complexity, age,
architectural or historic significance, as well as the intended
future use of the structure.
If the field evaluation is conducted after a natural disaster,
such as a catastrophic wind, seismic, snow, fire, or flood
event, review of applicable industry guides or standards
such as requirements, ATC-20-1, ATC-45, ASCE/SEI 31,
and local governing ordinances is recommended.
5.2—Preparation and planning
Planning for the initial investigation usually begins with a
meeting with the owner. The planning meeting can include
a discussion of the structure’s history, known conditions, as
well as prior and current maintenance protocols. The owner
can describe access to the facility and express their expec-
tations and concerns. The licensed design professional can
then explain in detail the scope of the assessment and antici-
pated impact of the survey on the structure.
Access and safety during the work for users of the facility,
passers-by, as well as those conducting the field investiga-
tion and testing should be discussed during preparation and
planning. Use of building space or vehicular traffic may have
to be barricaded or cordoned off temporarily to accommo-
date survey and testing operations. Pedestrian or vehicular
protections may need to be temporarily installed.
Some structures or portions of structures may be consid-
ered confined spaces or require specialized equipment for
access. Preliminary planning should also include a review
of the site to establish general local conditions and deter-
mine if special access equipment or permits are required,
if any finishes have to be removed for access, if services
of subcontractors are required to provide the appropriate
means of access, or if specialized inspection services such as
 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
swing stage suspended scaffolding, individual rope access,
or underwater inspection are required. The known presence
of any hazardous materials should be discussed during plan-
ning as well.
The scope of the field investigation should provide infor-
mation consistent with project goals, including general
confirmation of as-built conditions, modifications or repairs
previously completed, and current condition of members
and components. Before a detailed field investigation and
survey is undertaken, the findings and conclusions of the
preliminary assessment should be reviewed to determine the
type and extent of information that needs to be obtained or
verified during the detailed field assessment. If the structure
is considered historic, review of existing documentation,
local and national preservation ordinances, and preserva-
tion guidelines (Gaudette and Slaton 2007; Slaton 2005) is
recommended, as additional information regarding the struc-
ture may need to be determined as part of the field investiga-
tion. In planning these tasks, procedures and forms, back-
ground plans and elevations, or schematic drawings should
be developed to document information obtained in the field.
5.3—Field verification of as-built construction
5.3.1 Geometry and structural materials—Spans and
cross sections of the selected structural components and
members should be measured, particularly at critical loca-
tions, to verify information provided on available drawings.
Differences and variations between drawings and as-built
construction may be due to subsequent design modifica-
tions or field changes. Previous repairs or modifications
made after original construction may also have modified
the structural system. Of particular concern are unrecorded
alterations that may result in reduced strength of, or addi-
tional demand on, the structure. It is important that location
and size of openings or holes performed post-construction
in structures be documented and considered. Recommen-
dations for further assessment and subsequent repair may
be required to fully understand any changes to the original
design of the structure.
If the original construction drawings or original shop
drawings are available, nondestructive testing methods can
be used to verify original construction or repair information
such as member thickness (ACI 228.2R; ICRI 210.4; Carino
and Malhotra 2004). When original shop drawing and
construction details are not available, nondestructive testing
methods may be used to establish existing conditions, such
as reinforcing steel size and spacing at critical sections. An
adequate number of tests at selected locations establishes
a reliable estimate (ACI 562; ASTM E122; ACI 228.2R).
To confirm the nondestructive testing, the results should be
verified with field measurements by removal of concrete or
exploratory openings at selected locations, as discussed in
Chapter 6.
5.3.2 Loads and environment—The loads, soil pressures,
and environmental conditions acting on a structure could
be different from those assumed during the original design,
especially in historic or older structures. During the field
survey, it may be necessary to determine the structure’s load
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
7
Fig. 5.3.2.3—Distress adjacent to a leaking drain and drain
line resulting in distress to the concrete slab and reinforce-
ment bars (photo courtesy of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associ-
ates, Inc.).
history or tenant usages, relying on any available documents
such as those for previous renovations. A comparison can be
made between loadings acting at the time of the survey and
those stated on record documents. The survey should note
any changes that can affect the load-carrying capacity of the
structure. The exposure to thermal changes, moisture, or other
environmental conditions acting on a structure may also be
different from those assumed during the original design. The
survey should note changes and variations in environmental
conditions from place-to-place within the structure.
5.3.2.1 Dead loads—Differences between design and
actual dead loads may arise from variations in the dimen-
sions of the structure, use and modification of the struc-
ture, load redistribution resulting from physical changes
in structural components (for example, change in density
and moisture content of the construction materials that can
affect stiffness), deterioration or distress, previous repair, or
deformation including support displacements. Alteration of
architectural aspects, such as the addition of partition walls,
recladding or changes in facade construction, or addition of
nonstructural members or penetrations, can also affect the
dead loads.
5.3.2.2 Imposed loads—Because the imposed loads
depend on occupancy use, a description of current and
proposed uses should be obtained from the owner. The
imposed loads acting at the time of the field observation
should be documented. Both static and dynamic effects of
the imposed loads should be considered in the evaluation;
therefore, the field observation should also note conditions
that can affect dynamic response. A partial list of imposed
loads, which is not comprehensive but, rather, intended as an
example of additional loadings, is offered for consideration:
(a) Warehouse and storage loads
(b) Equipment and machinery-operating loads
(c) Wind loads
(d) Snow and ice loads, including effects of drifting
(e) Thermal loads and differential thermal effect
(f) Seismic loads
8 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
Fig. 5.4a—An example of severe reinforcement corrosion and
concrete spalling (photo courtesy of Concrete Science, Inc.).
Fig. 5.4b—Area of concrete delamination and spalling
(photo courtesy of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.).
(g) Pedestrian or vehicular and equipment loading (including
impact of rolling heavy vehicles)
(h) Impulse/impact loads (for example, effects of traveling
cranes)
(i) Time-related loss of prestressing steel tension
5.3.2.3 Environmental conditions—Environmental condi-
tions affect the long-term performance of the structure and
can impact the nature of the rehabilitation program, particu-
larly the need for protective systems. Environmental condi-
tions such as exposure or shelter from water, salt, wind, and
sunlight should be noted (Fig. 5.3.2.3).
5.4—Condition survey and visual inspection
The condition survey should be performed by, or under
the direction of, a licensed design professional with experi-
ence in the evaluation of concrete structures. The condition
survey should include visual observations combined with
various nondestructive testing such as sounding (ASTM
D4580/D4580M) and exploratory openings. Additional
information on condition surveys and visual inspection can
be found in ASCE/SEI 11 and ACI 201.1R. Additional infor-
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
Fig. 5.4.1a—Facade of structure with spalling and delami-
nation as observed from ground. Up-close access is neces-
sary to observe and document conditions (photo courtesy of
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.).
Fig. 5.4.1b—An example of severe cracking and spalling in
a concrete beam (photo courtesy of Concrete Science, Inc.).
mation on nondestructive testing can be found in Chapter 6
of this guide and ACI 228.2R.
The condition survey should document the approximate
extent and severity of distress or deterioration, especially
that which could adversely affect the strength, durability, or
service life of the structure (Fig. 5.4a). Previously repaired
or modified portions of the structure and their condition
should also be included in the condition survey. The condi-
tion survey documentation should be supplemented with
appropriate sketches, photographs, and videos. Condi-
tions listed as follows should be identified, measured, and
recorded using the guidelines in ASCE/SEI 11, ACI 201.1R,
and The Concrete Society (1989, 1992, 2001):
a) Crack width, depth, length, location, and type. Cracks
should be examined to determine if they are likely the result
of structural behavior, concrete shrinkage, thermal changes,
material behavior, combination of these, or are of unknown
origin. Cracks occurring as a result of structural behavior can
be identified as flexure, shear, torsion, or direct tension. Note
crack patterns and determine whether the crack is actively
 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
moving or dormant. Refer to ACI 224R, 224.1R, and 224.2R
for further information
b) Surface defects such as scaling, popouts, and
honeycombing
c) Spalling or delamination due to distress or corrosion of
embedded reinforcing steel (Fig. 5.4b)
d) Corrosion of reinforcement, including the extent and
amount of reduced cross section
e) Delamination or debonding (including coatings, repairs,
and overlays) (ICRI 210.3R)
f) Suspected concrete material problems, such as alkali-
aggregate reaction or scaling
g) Evidence of physical or chemical deterioration due to
chemical or environmental attack, including exposure to
potential chemical or environmental attack (for example, use
of deicing salts on the structure or exposure to contaminated
soils)
h) Surface erosion of concrete matrix
i) Water problems, such as leakage and areas of poor drainage
or ponding
j) Staining, efflorescence, leaching, or other evidence of
water intrusion
k) Exposed or erupted tendons in post-tensioned or
prestressed concrete members
l) Loose, corroded, or otherwise defective connectors for
precast concrete elements, or ties to architectural elements
or cladding
m) Permanent or transient deformations, out-of-plumb
columns, uneven or deflected slabs, and other misalignments
n) Signs of foundation settlement or heave and related distress
5.4.1 Visible deterioration—It is generally difficult to clas-
sify and quantify the visible deterioration because it depends
on proximity to area, subjective criteria, and experience. For
example, concrete delaminations on a facade are difficult to
detect unless viewed up-close, from several angles, or both
(Fig. 5.4.1a). In addition, deterioration that is acceptable in one
circumstance may not be acceptable in another. For example,
spalls may be objectionable aesthetically, but they may have
no significant impact on structural load-carrying capacity;
thus, their ratings may vary based on the criteria used for
judgement. Therefore, the licensed design professional should
define terms such as severe, moderate, and minor deteriora-
tion to establish a consistent representation and understanding
of the significance of the damage irrespective of the individual
conducting the evaluation (Fig. 5.4.1b).
Following are examples of survey descriptions that may
be used:
(a) Unsafe or potentially hazardous
(b) Severe distress or deterioration
(c) Moderate distress or deterioration
(d) Minor distress or deterioration
(e) Acceptable or good condition
Sketches, photographs, videos, measurements, and brief
descriptions should supplement the condition survey. Note
the extent and severity of deteriorated areas with respect to
the entire structure being surveyed. For example, if spalling
of a concrete beam is observed, it is important to note the
location, size, and depth of the spall. Also, note the condition
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
9
of the beam in unspalled regions, as well as the location of
the beam within the structure.
5.4.2 Visible deviations and deformations—Measure
and record visible deviations of components or members
from the intended position and size. Appraisals of devia-
tions are often guided by comparisons with neighboring
or adjacent structures, or components or members thereof.
For example, unintended deviations from the vertical or
horizontal (excluding roof members that may be sloped for
drainage) plane more than approximately L/240 are likely
to be noticed, where L represents the span length. For hori-
zontal components, a slope exceeding L/50 (1/4 in./ft [20
mm/m]) will generally be noticeable, as will a deflection of
more than approximately L/240. Whenever visible deforma-
tions are noticeable on the structure, further monitoring and
more detailed evaluation might be appropriate. For construc-
tion tolerances, refer to ACI 117.
5.4.3 Foundation movement—The field investigation of
foundation movement should include floor level surveys,
and documentation of the separations of structural members
and cracks that result from differential settlement or heave.
The installation of displacement monitoring devices and
periodic floor level surveys may be necessary to document
ongoing movement. The existing foundation construction
drawings should be reviewed for the type of foundations,
types of soils, design water table, surrounding terrain, site
drainage, and adjacent structures.
The field investigation should note changes in the water
table, any signs of erosion and scour, and the addition of
structures or other construction, such as underground storm
sewers, in the vicinity. If signs of differential settlement are
present, it may be necessary to carry out a more detailed
geotechnical assessment to fully consider the impact of the
observed conditions.
5.5—Exploratory openings
Exploratory openings may be necessary to verify as-built
conditions, reveal hidden conditions, obtain insight to
causes of deterioration, and provide information regarding
constructability of repair work (Fig. 5.5). For example, an
exploratory opening can be performed to verify the size and
location of a concealed void or region of honeycombing
identified through nondestructive testing methods. Typically,
exploratory openings into a structure are generally small and
should be done in such a way to minimize their impact on
structural performance. If a large exploratory opening or
removal and replacement of portions of a structure is to be
performed, it could necessitate the installation of temporary
shoring and repair.
Laboratory studies of concrete cores or samples removed
from the structure often assist in the evaluation of concrete.
Determine the locations for concrete samples or concrete
core removal during the field investigation to represent the
various conditions observed over the structure.
5.6—Unsafe or potentially hazardous conditions
When conditions that appear to be unsafe or potentially
hazardous are discovered during the field investigation,
10 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
Fig. 5.5—An exploratory opening to observe as-built condi-
tion of reinforcement to document its size and measure the
clear cover (photo courtesy of Concrete Science, Inc.).
immediately notify the owner of potential consequences
of these conditions. An appropriate jurisdictional authority
may need to be notified. Temporary evacuation, temporary
shoring or stabilization measures, or other emergency safety
measures may need to be implemented. The identification
of unsafe or potentially hazardous conditions may require
further assessment and the required increase of scope should
be discussed with the owner.
CHAPTER 6—SAMPLING AND TESTING
6.1—Introduction
This chapter contains information on practices and methods
to investigate the condition and properties of materials that
govern the behavior of a concrete structure (for example,
existing concrete compressive strength) and assess the
expected performance of the structure as a whole (for example,
analysis, load testing, or both). These practices and methods
include field-based nondestructive and destructive tests, and
field sampling coupled with laboratory-based tests. The latter
methods typically involve removal of small samples of the
structure for laboratory-based material physical property
testing and examination for degradation (for example, petrog-
raphy to assess alkali-aggregate reactions). Destructive field
tests and sampling generally must be followed by local repair
actions. The objective of the testing program and the impact
of the information to be gathered in the rehabilitation program
should be evaluated prior to performing testing.
6.2—Determination of sampling and testing
requirements
The need and requirements for sampling and field/labora-
tory testing depend on the findings of the assessment of the
structure (Chapter 3), the review of available engineering
documents related to the structure (Chapter 4), findings of
the field investigation (Chapter 5), and the establishment of
rehabilitation plans. There may be no need for sampling/
testing where the available documentation is sufficient
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
to complete the assessment of a structure with reasonable
confidence. This may also be the case when a structure is
observed to be in sound condition, without visible defects,
and with field-measured dimensions and configuration
consistent with record documents. However, requirements
for testing arise where:
a) There is inadequate information about the materials in a
structure
b) Deterioration or defective construction or materials are
observed or suspected
c) The load-carrying capacity or serviceability behavior are
uncertain
d) Requirements on the structure (for example, increased
load demands, enhanced life safety goals, modified use)
have changed
e) Planned rehabilitation will alter the performance of the
structure
Many analytical and testing tools can be used in the evalu-
ation of concrete structures. The selected method should be
appropriate for the intended use and have the reliability to
yield the required data. In addition, supplemental testing
required as a result of the structure’s exposure to aggres-
sive environments or natural hazards should be included.
The actual sampling and testing plan should be developed
based on the judgement of the licensed design professional
performing the assessment.
Tests can yield the actual strength of existing concrete and
reinforcement and can locate and quantify damage/defects in
concrete structures (Table 6.2). The selection of appropriate
test methods requires definition of what data and relative
accuracy are needed, and assessment of the type and number
of tests needed to produce a statistically valid sample size.
A common need is to determine the in-place compres-
sive strength of existing concrete. Strength testing of core
samples removed from the structure is typically performed
in the laboratory per ASTM C42/C42M procedures. The
results from such testing can also be correlated with addi-
tional nondestructive testing results to reduce the size and
number of destructive samples required (Sezen et al. 2011).
The selection of the suitable destructive and nondestruc-
tive test methods (ACI 228.1R; ACI 228.2R; ASCE/SEI 11)
and determination of the number of tests and their locations
typically depend on:
(a) Variation in material properties within the structure
(b) Variations in exposure, loading, and use
(c) Access to critical locations, such as connections and
lateral load transfer areas
(d) Availability of sampling/testing equipment and qualified
test personnel
(e) Extent of the member or structure over which a specific
property is measured or extrapolated
ACI 437R, ICRI 210.4, and ASCE/SEI 11 provide insight
into the selection of test methods and locations where inves-
tigation of the strength and deformation properties of a
structure, its members, or components is needed. If concrete
sampling and laboratory studies are to be used, the sample
location(s) should be selected to be representative of the
structure, primary reinforcing steel should not be damaged,
 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
Table 6.2—Test methods to assess hardened concrete in existing structures
(adopted from ACI 228.2R and ASCE/SEI 11)
Property/ condition
Compressive strength
Relative compressive strength
Tensile strength
Flexural strength
Density
Moisture content
Static modulus of elasticity
Dynamic modulus of elasticity
Shrinkage/ expansion
Resistance to chloride penetration
Air content; cement content and degree
of hydration; aggregate characteristics
(alkali-aggregate reactivity; freezing-
and-thawing susceptibility); cement
paste microstructure characteristics and
condition
Alkali-silica reactivity (ASR)
Carbonation, pH
Fire damage
Freezing-and-
thawing damage
Chloride ion content
Air permeability
Electrical resistance of concrete
Internal voids, delaminations
Possible test methods
Primary
Cores for compression testing (ASTM C42/
C42M; ASTM C39/C39M; ACI 214R)
Rebound number (ASTM C805/C805M);
ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) (ASTM C597)
Splitting tensile strength of cores (ASTM C496/
C496M)
Sampling and testing of sawed beams (ASTM
C42/C42M)
Specific gravity of samples (ASTM C642)
Moisture meters (ASTM D6938; ASTM D4263;
ASTM F1869; ASTM F2170; ASTM F2420;
ASTM F2659)
Compression test of cores (ASTM C469/C469M)
Resonant frequency testing of sawed specimens
(ASTM C215)
Length change of drilled or sawed specimens
(ASTM C157/C157M; ASTM C341/C341M)
Coefficient of chloride diffusion of cementitious
materials (ASTM C1556)
Petrographic examination of concrete samples
removed from structure (ASTM C856 and C457/
C457M); cement content
Petrographic examination of concrete samples
removed from structure (ASTM C856 and C457/
C457M)
Phenolphthalein (qualitative indication); pH meter
Petrographic examination of cores (ASTM C856),
compressive strength tests (ASTM C39/C39M),
splitting tensile strength tests (ASTM C496/
C496M), rebound number (ASTM C805/C805M)
Petrographic examination of cores
(ASTM C856), compressive strength tests
(ASTM C39/C39M), splitting tensile strength
tests (ASTM C496/C496M)
Acid-soluble (ASTM C1152/C1152M) and water-
soluble (ASTM C1218/C1218M)
SHRP surface airflow method Figg Technique
(SHRP S-329)
AC resistance using four-probe resistance meter
Acoustic impact (ASTM D4580/D4580M),
impulse response impact-echo,
infrared thermography, UPV, radar
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
Secondary
Penetration resistance (ASTM C803/
C803M); drilled in pullout testing
(ASTM C900)
— surface properties; UPV gives average
—
Break-off test (Carino and Malhotra
2004)
— Special technique requiring calibration curve
— —
— —
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (ASTM
C597); impact-echo; spectral
analysis of surface waves (SASW)
— Measure of residual length change
Electrical indication of concrete’s
ability to resist chloride-ion
penetration (ASTM C1202;
AASHTO T 259)
—
Cornell/SHRP rapid test (SHRP
C-315)
Petrographic examination, pH
indicators (for example, litmus
paper)
SASW; UPV; impact-echo;
impulse-response
SASW; UPV; impact echo;
impulse-response
Specific ion probe (SHRP S-328)
SHRP surface resistance test (SHRP
S-327)
Gamma radiography
11
Comment
Strength of in-place concrete; comparison
of strength at different locations by drilled
in pullout test per ASTM C900
Rebound number influenced by near-
result through the thickness
Determine approximate tensile strength
of concrete
Limitations posed by aggregate size and
nonhomogeneity
Requires knowledge of density and
Poisson’s ratio (except ASTM C215);
dynamic modulus is typically greater than
static elastic modulus
Establish relative susceptibility of
concrete to chloride-ion intrusion;
determine effectiveness of chemical
sealers, membranes, and overlays
Assist in determination of nature and
degree of damage; cause(s) of distress;
quality of concrete when originally cast
and current
Establish if observed deterioration in field
is due to ASR
Evaluate corrosion protection value of
concrete with depth and susceptibility of
steel reinforcement to corrosion; depth of
carbonation
Rebound number (ASTM C805/C805M)
permits demarcation of damaged surface
Freezing and thawing can cause internal
cracking in concrete; splitting tensile
strength is useful in estimating the tensile
strength of concrete
Chloride ingress increases susceptibility
of steel reinforcement to corrosion
Measures in-place permeability index
of the near-surface concrete 0.60 in.
(15 mm); results vary depending on the
moisture content of concrete
AC resistance useful for assessing
effectiveness of admixtures and
cementitious additions; SHRP method
useful for assessing effectiveness of
sealers
Success dependent on test procedure,
equipment, and personnel, as well as void
geometry
12 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)

and samples should be protected from damage during
recovery. If samples are being removed from an architec-
tural or historic structure, sampling should be performed
in less visible location and a suitable repair procedure used
to restore the structure’s appearance satisfactorily after
sampling. In the absence of testing, some properties may
be based on the approximate construction date, historical
values for concrete compressive strength and yield strength
of reinforcing steel are presented in ASCE/SEI 41 and ACI
562. These values are typically conservative and can be used
for analysis in place of testing.
6.3—Testing and evaluation
Evaluation of existing concrete should be based on existing
conditions, strength, serviceability, and properties of the
concrete as derived from field tests or laboratory studies on
samples removed from the concrete structure (ACI 228.1R;
ACI 214R; ACI 437R; NRMCA 1999; The Concrete Society
1989) (Fig. 6.3). Guidance on the type, frequency, and loca-
tion of the testing is discussed in ACI 437R, ICRI 210.4,
and ASCE/SEI 11. Data collection and subsequent evalua-
tion should provide an understanding of the ability of the
structure to sustain the loads and environmental conditions
to which it is subjected (Mather 1985; Hookham 1994).
6.3.1 Test procedures for concrete—Table 6.2 shows a
summary of typical test methods used to test concrete prop-
erties. Before proceeding with a given test method, its appli-
cability, availability of equipment and qualified personnel,
accuracy, and possible outcomes should be evaluated to
verify whether it is appropriate for the assessment.
6.3.2 Test procedures for steel reinforcement—The test
methods, as tabulated in Table 6.3.2, should be considered
in assessing the embedded steel reinforcement. As methods
used to define properties require destructive removal of
the cover concrete and sampling of in-place reinforcement
for laboratory testing, the need for this testing should be
confirmed based on availability of documentation and struc-
tural condition. Experienced personnel should be used for
conducting the sampling and the laboratory testing.

Fig. 6.3—Use of ground-penetrating radar, a nondestruc-
tive test procedure, to locate existing reinforcement bars and
embedded members within a concrete slab (photo courtesy
of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.).
6.4—Test methods
In Tables 6.2 and 6.3.2, material properties of interest for
a concrete structure are presented together with test methods
(primary and secondary), with an explanation of their require-
ments, advantages, and limitations (Thornton and Alexander
1987; Mathey and Clifton 1988; Carino and Malhotra 2004;

Table 6.3.2—Test methods to determine structural properties and determine condition of reinforcing steel
(partially adopted from ACI 228.2R and ASCE/SEI 11)
Possible test method
Property/condition Primary Secondary Comment
Expose reinforcement for measurement,
X-ray and γ-ray Steel location and distribution; concrete cover; bar
Reinforcement location pachometer; ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
radiography size estimation
(ASTM D4748, D6432)
Observe and measure reduction in steel;
Expose reinforcement and measure observe corrosion of embedded post-tensioning
Reinforcement cross- Intrusive probing;
diameter; using calipers, ultrasonic thickness components; verify location and extent of
sectional area reduction radiography
gauge (requires direct contact with steel) deterioration; provide more certainty in structural
capacity calculations
Identification and mapping of active reinforcement
Corrosion potentials Half-cell potential (ASTM C876) —
corrosion
Electrochemical Corrosion rate of embedded steel; rate influenced
Corrosion rate Linear polarization (SHRP S-324 and S-330)
impedance by environmental conditions
Tension testing of metallic materials (ASTM
Tensile testing — Tension testing of removed samples
A370 and ASTM E8/E8M)
Needed for determining weldability or to confirm
Chemical analysis Laboratory test on sample (ASTM A751) —
bar grade
Remaining coating thickness on exposed
Protective coating thickness surfaces (ASTM E376; ASTM D7091; — Requires calibrated test equipment
ASTM G14; ASTM G20)
Note: Other mechanical property testing of metal components, such as hardness and impact, are described in ASTM A370 and ASTM E8/E8M.

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
ACI 228.2R; ASCE/SEI 11). In general, it is preferred that
nondestructive tests be used to measure material proper-
ties where possible and to minimize sampling and repair
needs (Fig. 6.3). Based on findings of the field investigation,
sampling and laboratory studies can also be used to determine
the causes of existing distress or deterioration, for example,
with laboratory petrographic analysis (ASTM C856).
Where supplemental information is needed regarding
in-place structural behavior or extent of distress, a field
load test (ACI 318; ACI 437.1R; ACI 437.2) involving
components or the full-scale structure may be carried out.
However, the feasibility of such tests is often limited by the
magnitude of the structure and the difficulty of delivering
accurate test loading to assess overall performance of the
structure. The controlling failure mechanism may also affect
the viability of load testing. For example, if the member is
flexure-controlled, it is easier to test than a shear-controlled
member that has an inherently brittle failure mechanism
(ACI 437R).
6.5—Sampling techniques
6.5.1 Concrete—Concrete samples can be retrieved in the
field and tested in the laboratory to determine strength as
well as many other physical and chemical properties. The
samples should be obtained, handled, identified (labeled),
and stored properly in accordance with ASTM standards to
prevent contamination (Stowe and Thornton 1984).
Guidance on developing an appropriate sampling plan
is provided by ASTM C823/C823M. Samples are usually
taken to obtain overall statistical information about the prop-
erties of concrete in the structure, or to characterize some
unusual or extreme conditions in specific components (for
example, slabs, beams). Initially, sample locations should
be randomly distributed throughout the structure. The type,
size, and number of samples (for example, cores) extracted
from the structure depend on the nature and condition of the
structure to be assessed, the laboratory tests to be performed,
and their extent.
Based on the field investigation, data needed, and defi-
ciencies identified, a sampling and testing plan should be
developed. Where information about a specific concrete
property is needed and that property is believed to be consis-
tent, sampling locations should be distributed randomly
throughout the area of interest, and all data treated as one
group (ACI 562). Otherwise, the study area should be subdi-
vided into regions of the structure believed to be relatively
consistent, with each region sampled and analyzed sepa-
rately. As an example, the sampling frequency and method-
ology required to determine concrete compressive strength
in a simple floor on metal deck will be different from the
one needed in a moment frame, where a structural analysis
may be needed to identify where samples can be extracted
without affecting the overall safety of the structure.
For tests intended to measure the average value of a
concrete property, such as compressive strength, elastic
modulus, or air content, the number of samples should be
determined in accordance with ASTM E122, ASTM C42/
C42M, and ACI 214.4R. For example, a large structure with
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
13
little or no distress or deterioration may warrant few, if any,
core samples, especially where design documents are avail-
able, and no change of usage is planned for the structure.
Alternatively, a structure exhibiting a wide range of distress
or deterioration in different components and areas may
warrant numerous samples to adequately assess the targeted
property and its degree of variation.
Selection of test method(s) to diagnose the nature and
extent of distress/deterioration should consider the likely
cause(s) or source(s) (for example, corrosion of reinforcing,
alkali-aggregate reaction), the accessibility, and the struc-
ture configuration/geometry, among other factors. Struc-
tural distress caused by prior loading events (for example,
seismic, wind, gravity overload) may require more focused
and rigorous testing/assessment to determine appropriate
corrective action, including rehabilitation and repair.
Concrete is not an isotropic material and properties may
vary depending on the location or direction along which
samples are taken. Particular attention should be given to
vertical concrete components or members, such as columns,
walls, and deep beams, because concrete properties can
vary due to the placement operations, owing for instance
of nonuniform compaction, or the occurrence of significant
segregation or bleeding.
6.5.1.1 Core sampling—The procedures for properly
removing concrete samples by core drilling are given in
ASTM C42/C42M and Sezen et al. (2011). The number,
size, and location of core samples should be selected such
that required laboratory tests can be performed satisfacto-
rily. It is recommended that separate core samples be used
for each different test to avoid cross-contamination of test
results. The average concrete strength from core specimens
should only be used to verify the in-place concrete strength.
The measured average concrete strength should not be used
in calculating the existing load-carrying capacity. Appro-
priate adjustment is needed before the measured strength can
be used as the in-place compressive strength. At least three
cores should be removed at each location in the structure
and the strength value should be taken as the average of the
three cores (ACI 318; ACI 562). Refer to ACI 214.4R for
discussions of interpreting variations in core test strengths.
For determining compressive strength or static or dynamic
modulus of elasticity, the diameter of the core should be in
accordance with the applicable standard (ASTM or other).
6.5.1.2 Sampling of concrete with sawed beams—Where
appropriate, sampling by sawing beam sections in accor-
dance with ASTM C42/C42M may be used as an alternative
to drilled core sampling. Refer to ACI 214.4R and ASCE/
SEI 11 for additional information on variations that may be
encountered when using both cores and sawed beam samples
to assess the actual in-place concrete strength.
6.5.1.3 Random sampling of broken concrete—Sampling
of broken concrete generally should not be used where a
strength property of concrete is in question; however, such
samples can be used to assess chemical or physical deteriora-
tion using petrographic or other laboratory analyses, partic-
ularly when a failure plane is involved. When performing
14 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
tests on a broken concrete sample, effects of the damage
source should be considered.
6.5.2 Steel reinforcement—Samples of reinforcement can
be tested to determine physical or chemical properties of the
reinforcing steel. The sampling characteristics, selection,
and preparation are discussed in ASTM A370. Some general
considerations related to conventional reinforcement are:
a) Specimens should be removed at locations of minimum
stress in the reinforcement. Not more than one specimen
should be removed from the same cross section of a struc-
tural component or element.
b) Specimen locations should be separated by at least the
development length of the reinforcement to avoid excessive
weakening of the component.
c) For structural members, being investigated, having a span
of less than 25 ft (7.5 m) or a loaded area of less than 625 ft2
(60 m2), at least one specimen should be taken from the main
longitudinal reinforcement (not stirrups or ties) (ACI 437R).
d) For longer spans or larger areas, more specimens should
be taken from locations well distributed through the portion
being investigated to determine whether the same strength of
steel was used throughout the structure.
e) Information from grade marks and mill marks from rein-
forcing bars should be collected when possible and used as
appropriate in guiding sample collection.
f) Newer conventional reinforcing steel typically exhibits
low variability in material properties across a structure.
As a result, less sampling may be needed to gain reason-
able confidence in in-place mechanical properties. For older
structures, where smooth, square, or iron-based reinforce-
ment was used, additional sampling may be needed.
g) The minimum gauge length for testing mechanical properties
should be in accordance with ASTM A370. Shorter samples
may still be useful. Coupons for testing may be obtained from
samples with a length of at least 4 in. (100 mm), which will
provide some information on physical and chemical properties.
Sampling of prestressed reinforcement for laboratory
testing should be undertaken with care using appropriate
safety procedures. When the anchorages of unbonded
tendons are accessible, a visual examination can be carried
out and lift-off tests conducted to measure the prestress force
(ACI 546R; Gupta 2003). Sampling of unbonded tendons
and wires is generally not recommended unless corrosion is
observed, cracking has occurred, or the structural capacity is
in question (PTI DC80.3/ICRI 320.6).
6.6—Test reporting
The findings and results from testing performed on a
concrete structure should be documented in a written report
as described in Chapter 8. The sampling and testing portion
of the report should include the following information:
(a) Scope of sampling and testing completed
(b) Lab certification information
(c) Date of testing and names/qualifications of personnel
involved
(d) Equipment used and accuracy/calibration information
(e) Alignment of sampling/test performed with plan
document
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
(f) Test execution observations and results
(g) Data recovered, sorted by specific tests completed and
data type (for example, strength and chloride content)
(h) Assessment of test results and extrapolation of such rela-
tive to the concrete structure as a whole
(i) Recommendations for additional testing or other action
CHAPTER 7—EVALUATION
7.1—Introduction
Evaluation is the process of determining and judging the
structural adequacy of a structure, member, or system for
its current intended use or performance. Deficiencies are
identified during this process, such as distress or deteriora-
tion. Older structures may be found deficient with respect
to original or current code provisions. The physical condi-
tion of the structure, completeness of information gathered
in the investigation, the strength and quality of the existing
construction materials, and other factors will influence the
level of evaluation. Some concepts common to many proj-
ects are discussed in this chapter. These should be applied
with the judgment of the licensed design professional as
appropriate to the specific situation.
Rehabilitation programs that change the use of a structure
may require different considerations, including the struc-
tural and architectural impact of the proposed modifica-
tions. Effects of modifications can range from the relatively
obvious (for example, higher live loading requirements) to
more subtle aspects (for example, alteration of a shadow
line on a facade as a result of a change in slab thickness).
In addition to the impact on the structural requirements
of the sections that are being modified, it is also neces-
sary to consider what structural or architectural changes
are mandated by the governing code or regulations when
extensive rehabilitation is being performed. When modifica-
tions are sufficiently extensive, it may become necessary to
upgrade existing construction to satisfy current code require-
ments including conformance with current accessibility or
seismic upgrade requirements. Refer to the local jurisdic-
tion, International Existing Building Code (IEBC 2018), and
to ACI 562 for guidance.
7.2—Determining causes
When distress or deterioration is encountered, it is impor-
tant to establish their causes during the evaluation process. It
is also important to consider whether the conditions are wide-
spread or isolated. For example, where a similar cracking
pattern is observed throughout the structure, the cause may
be related to the design or a construction technique. Where
cracking is isolated to one location, the cause may be related
to an isolated construction defect, localized deterioration,
or exposure to overloading. Another example is corrosion-
induced spalling that may occur at only a portion of the
structure or be widespread throughout the structure. If the
identified distress or deterioration is isolated to one location,
consider what makes that area different than the remainder
of the structure. The effectiveness of an appropriate reha-
bilitation technique is a function of whether the cause of the
 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19) 15

Fig. 7.2—Strengthening of concrete beam with fiber-rein-

forced polymer (photo courtesy of Klein and Hoffman). Fig. 7.3a—Temporary shoring of concrete structure (photo
courtesy of Klein and Hoffman).
initial condition has been removed or remediated. Failure to
do so often results in repeated failure of the repair.
Observed distress may be a result of original construction
deficiencies, modifications or change of use, imposed loads,
material characteristics (for example, reactive aggregates),
environmental effects or weathering, or other considerations.
This determination will inform the selection of approaches
to rehabilitation. Structural issues typically require strength-
ening, which can be costly and invasive (Fig. 7.2). Remedia-
tion to address durability-related issues may be less intrusive
and only require use of a protective system.

7.3—Evaluating the consequences of damage

In addition to causes of distress or deterioration, it is
important to consider the consequences of the damage. Most
deterioration of concrete structures is the result of a progres-
sive mechanism that gets worse with time. Depending on
the progress of the deterioration, different rehabilitation
approaches may be feasible or required. Delaying the imple-
mentation of repair or rehabilitation usually allows the dete-
rioration to spread, possibly to the point where a more exten-
sive repair is necessary, or repair is no longer feasible, but
rather replacement (of a member or section of the structure)
in whole or in part is necessary.
Damage may result in an unstable or unsafe condition Fig. 7.3b—Temporary installation of mesh of area over
that requires immediate intervention to address the risk or concrete deterioration (photo courtesy of Klein and Hoffman).
hazard. Measures such as temporary shoring (Fig. 7.3a) may
be needed, or portions of the structure may be closed using design professional to report hazardous conditions to the
protective barriers to keep occupants away from danger. In jurisdictional authority.
the case of building facades, it is common to perform local-
ized removal of spalled or fractured portions of concrete, or to 7.4—Structural evaluation
install mesh or netting (Fig. 7.3b) to reduce the risk of sudden Depending on the project objectives and the observed
failure. Depending on the size and location of the removal, conditions, it may be necessary to assess the current struc-
temporary enclosures may be necessary, often to preclude tural capacity of all or a portion of the structure. This can
moisture penetration or leakage into a building facade. be done by structural analysis following generally-accepted
When distress has progressed to the point that an immi- structural principles (such as ACI 318), by load testing, or
nently hazardous condition has developed, the licensed both. The choice of approach depends on the nature of the
design professional should report this condition to the owner structure or element being assessed and the amount of infor-
as described in ACI 562. If the owner does not adequately mation that is available.
address the condition, it may be necessary for the licensed

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

16 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
The required loading needs to be defined based on the
anticipated function of the structure or element, and obser-
vations of existing conditions. Both gravity (for example,
dead, live and snow) and lateral loads (for example, wind
and seismic) should be considered. Depending on the design
basis code, loads may be established based on the load
requirements at time of original design, or by current load
requirements (IEBC 2018 and ACI 562). Structural anal-
ysis can either be performed with the design information
obtained from original construction documents, or by using
material properties obtained by testing. If enough informa-
tion is gathered by testing, then it may be possible to use
adjusted strength reduction factors. This testing informa-
tion can be either from original construction if the detailed
records are available, or from testing performed during the
assessment. Guidance on necessary testing information and
appropriate strength-reduction factors is provided in ACI
562. ACI 562 also provides information on recommended
values for historic material properties if no other information
is available. The influence of any deterioration that has been
documented should be considered in analysis.
Load testing (Fig. 7.4) is typically performed when: a)
there is insufficient information available to perform a struc-
tural analysis; b) when the complexity of the design or lack
of experience with the structural system; or c) the extent or
nature of existing deterioration makes structural analysis unre-
liable. Load testing should be performed in accordance with
the recommendations of ACI 437.1R. Load testing is typically
supplemented with structural calculations or modeling.
7.5—Evaluation of rehabilitation approaches
The licensed design professional should consider the
various rehabilitation approaches that will fulfill the require-
ments and establish a list of final recommended approaches.
In evaluating alternative approaches, the following criteria
should be considered:
a) Probability of success
b) Achievable service life
c) Initial costs and future maintenance costs
d) Relative risks and uncertainties
e) Disruption to operations
The owner’s input should be sought in weighing each
of these, leading to the identification of a final preferred
approach for the rehabilitation. Costs should be expected
to vary among rehabilitation approaches. The licensed
design professional should provide guidance to the owner
on expected future maintenance costs, as lower initial costs
may have considerably higher long-term maintenance costs.
Differing service lives and maintenance requirements should
be discussed with the owner prior to selection of a rehabili-
tation approach. Note that ACI 562 recommends that the
licensed design professional establish the expected service
life of repairs and advise owners of future maintenance
needs of the rehabilitated structure.
Recommended rehabilitation approaches will be depen-
dent on not only the cause of the observed distress, but also
the extent of distress. Distress that is more widespread or
more severe and affecting more portions of the structure
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
Fig. 7.4—Load being applied to top of concrete slab as part
of load testing (photo courtesy of Walker Consultants).
may require more invasive rehabilitation approaches. For
example, if chloride-contaminated concrete has contributed
to widespread corrosion of reinforcement, a more significant
and invasive repair approach may be necessary over that of
corrosion not yet started; mitigation of water intrusion to
reduce the corrosion may be a minimally invasive rehabili-
tation approach.
Disruption to building operations can impact only a portion
of a facility or its entirety. Phasing alternatives should be
considered to keep the building occupied and operations in
service while the rehabilitation progresses. Suitable protec-
tive measures to safely maintain operations may have a
significant impact on the final program costs.
7.5.1 Historic structures—Buildings and structures desig-
nated as historic landmarks by governing jurisdictions or
contributing to the historic fabric of the local area may have
unique attributes that need to be considered during the eval-
uation of the repair rehabilitation approach. These require-
ments should be identified during the document review
(Chapter 4). Consultation with local historic commissions,
boards, or authorities is often necessary to understand their
interpretation of governing laws and how they may view
various rehabilitation measures.
CHAPTER 8—REPORT
8.1—Introduction
The results of the assessment should be presented in a
report that can be brief or detailed, depending on the scope of
the assessment or rehabilitation. The report is an important
document for summarizing findings and recommendations,
and for use as the basis for decisions regarding the scope of
the rehabilitation. This report should include a description of
the following:
(a) Purpose, objective, and scope of work
(b) Project, background, and history
(c) Documentation obtained to support assessment
(d) Field observations and condition survey results
(e) Sampling and material testing results
(f) Evaluation process and results
(g) Findings and recommendations
 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
8.2—Purpose, objective, and scope of assessment
This section of the report should describe the purpose,
objective, and scope of the assessment as agreed upon with
the owner or other party who requested the assessment. The
report should also note any modifications made to the scope
of services during the course of the assessment, significant
assumptions, and applicable building codes and standards. The
level of assessment undertaken, from preliminary or detailed
assessment, including testing, should be clearly stated.
8.3—Project, background, and history
The report should contain the project description, signifi-
cant assumptions, background information, description, and
history of the structure. The history should include a descrip-
tion of structure alterations, previous repair projects, extent
of work, applicable building codes and standards, and other
items that are pertinent to the assessment.
8.4—Documentation obtained to support
assessment
The results of the document review should be summarized
and supplemented by plans, photographs, copies of draw-
ings, and any other pertinent information as applicable.
The summary should include available information on the
existing structure, including its location, size, architectural
and structural descriptions, history, historic significance (if
any), current uses(s), architectural or structural modifica-
tions, and past repair and maintenance programs. A list of
the documents reviewed or referenced, and their sources
should be included.
8.5—Field observations and condition survey
Results of the field observations and condition survey
included in the scope of the work should be presented to
include a description of the portions of the structure that are
to be rehabilitated or altered for change of use or appear-
ance. As-built construction, including verification of compo-
nents, deviations, and deficiencies, should be documented
as part of the scope of the assessment. Components of the
structure included in the scope of the assessment that could
not be evaluated, or could only be partially evaluated, should
be noted in the report.
Existing conditions, including deterioration or distress
for investigated components, with inspection methods and
equipment used, should be described with photographs,
sketches, drawings, and other pertinent information prepared
during the inspection and field survey operations.
8.6—Sampling and material testing results
The locations, methods, and results of the nondestructive
and destructive testing performed during the assessment,
as well as test results obtained from laboratory analysis,
should be summarized. The summary may be supplemented
with photographs and copies of laboratory test reports as
appropriate. This section can include a description of how
the testing results demonstrate the in-place properties of
the concrete in terms of physical condition, strength, and
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
17
projected future performance of the concrete materials and
components tested.
8.7—Evaluation
The report should summarize the significance of the
observed condition of the various components of the struc-
ture, as well as the results of material testing and analysis
that may have been performed as part of the assessment.
The assumptions made, and methods used in the assess-
ment process, should be documented including, if appli-
cable, building codes, loads, modeling approaches, and
computer tools. If required, a brief description of rehabilita-
tion approaches or strengthening methods considered should
be included. In addition, if included in the agreed scope of
the detailed assessment, the various approaches and methods
can incorporate sketches or drawings showing typical details,
cost estimates, and the impact of the proposed rehabilita-
tion method(s) on the structure and its users. In situations
where strengthening or structural rehabilitation is needed,
the report should indicate the extent to which it is neces-
sitated by code-mandated provisions (upgrades) along with
any special conditions that exist (for example, rehabilitation
procedures for historic buildings). The assessment results
should also identify any follow-up recommendations for the
structure, such as:
(a) Immediate remedial actions needed from a safety or
serviceability perspective
(b) Additional testing or analysis that could be used to
confirm or refine report conclusions
(c) Monitoring of specific components
(d) Long-term maintenance program to warrant adequate
condition and performance
(e) Seismic retrofit, as required by code
8.8—Findings and recommendations
The findings from each preceding task should be summa-
rized in this section of the report. It should include a discus-
sion of the current conditions of the structure (or components
of the structures identified in the scope of assessment), the
identified causes of deterioration and distress, the expected
future performance of the structure (or components), and the
feasibility of the rehabilitation under proposed programs and
options. The recommendations may address the following
topics: action plan; cost estimates; and additional consider-
ations such as scheduling, constraints, and feasibility.
8.8.1 Action plan—The recommendations should iden-
tify a course of action for the structure or components of the
structure, such as:
(a) Regular maintenance and inspection
(b) Correct identified deficiencies (deterioration, distress, or
performance concerns)
(c) Conduct additional testing, assessment, monitoring, or
all three
(d) Change the use
(e) Phase out of service
(f) Close immediately or provide suitable protection against
failure such as shoring
18 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
The course of action that will best satisfy the owner’s
objectives should be considered, and an appropriate and cost-
effective solution for the rehabilitation, as required, should
be developed. The plan for the structure should address what
action(s) should be taken and how it should best be accom-
plished. Where budget constraints exist, it may be prac-
tical to assign priorities to the various rehabilitation works
required and to stage the program over a certain period
of time. Feasible alternatives to the recommended plan of
action should be identified, including estimated costs.
8.8.2 Cost estimates—Cost estimates should address the
recommended repair work, including options and alter-
nates. The cost estimate can also cover phasing, engineering
services, testing services, construction period services,
effects on owner’s operations, contingencies, and other
items. Depending on the scope of the assessment, the service
life expectancy of various alternate rehabilitation schemes
and the life-cycle performance of the entire structure may be
evaluated (ACI 365.1R).
8.8.3 Scheduling—The project schedule is primarily
determined by the extent, type, and urgency of the reha-
bilitation project along with the phasing, weather, ongoing
operations, and other construction conditions. If the project
schedule is part of the report, it should consider the lead time
for engineering, preparing construction documents, permit-
ting, contractor selection, and mobilization. Rehabilitation
projects often involve discovery of hidden or unexpected
conditions, so additional time should be considered in the
schedule to account for possible modifications and required
extra engineering services during the construction phase.
CHAPTER 9—REFERENCES
ACI committee documents and documents published by
other organizations are listed first by document number, full
title, and year of publication followed by authored docu-
ments listed alphabetically.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials
AASHTO T 259-2002(R2012)—Method of Test for
Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration
American Concrete Institute
ACI 117-10(15)—Specification for Tolerances for
Concrete Construction and Materials and Commentary
ACI 201.1R-08—Guide for Conducting a Visual Inspec-
tion of Concrete in Service
ACI 214R-11—Guide to Evaluation of Strength Test
Results of Concrete
ACI 214.4R-10(16)—Guide for Obtaining Cores and
Interpreting Compressive Strength Results
ACI 224R-01(08)—Control of Cracking in Concrete
Structures
ACI 224.1R-07—Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of
Cracks in Concrete Structures
ACI 224.2R-92(04)—Cracking of Concrete Members in
Direct Tension
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
ACI 228.1R-19—Report on Methods for Estimating
In-Place Concrete Strength
ACI 228.2R-13—Report on Nondestructive Test Methods
for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures
ACI 318-14—Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary
ACI 365.1R-17—Report on Service-Life Prediction
ACI 437R-03—Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete
Buildings
ACI 437.1R-07—Load Tests of Concrete Structures:
Methods, Magnitude, Protocols, and Acceptance Criteria
ACI 437.2-13—Code Requirements for Load Testing of
Existing Concrete Structures and Commentary
ACI 546R-14—Guide to Concrete Repair
ACI 562-16—Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair,
and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures and
Commentary
American Society of Civil Engineers
ASCE/SEI 11-99—Guideline for Structural Condition
Assessment of Existing Buildings
ASCE/SEI 31-03—Seismic Evaluation of Existing
Buildings
ASCE/SEI 41-17—Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of
Existing Buildings
Applied Technology Council
ATC-20-1-15—Field Manual: Postearthquake Safety
Evaluation of Building, Bhutan Edition
ATC-45-04—Field Manual: Safety Evaluation of Build-
ings after Windstorms and Floods
ASTM International
ASTM A370-18—Standard Test Methods and Definitions
for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
ASTM A751-14—Standard Test Methods, Practices, and
Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
ASTM C39/C39M-18—Standard Test Method for
Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens—
E Learning Course
ASTM C42/C42M-18—Standard Test Method for
Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of
Concrete
ASTM C157/C157M-17—Standard Test Method for
Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and
Concrete
ASTM C215-14—Standard Test Method for Fundamental
Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequen-
cies of Concrete Specimens
ASTM C341/C341M-18—Standard Practice for Prepara-
tion and Conditioning of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens
of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete Used for Length
Change Measurements
ASTM C457/C457M-16—Standard Test Method for
Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void
System in Hardened Concrete
 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
ASTM C469/C469M-14—Standard Test Method for
Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete
in Compression
ASTM C496/C496M-17—Standard Test Method for
Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
ASTM C597-16—Standard Test Method for Pulse
Velocity Through Concrete
ASTM C642-13—Standard Test Method for Density,
Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete
ASTM C803/C803M-18—Standard Test Method for
Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete
ASTM C805/C805M-18—Standard Test Method for
Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete
ASTM C823/C823M-12(2017)—Standard Practice
for Examination and Sampling of Hardened Concrete in
Constructions
ASTM C856-18—Standard Practice for Petrographic
Examination of Hardened Concrete
ASTM C876-15—Standard Test Method for Corrosion
Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete
ASTM C900-15—Standard Test Method for Pullout
Strength of Hardened Concrete
ASTM C1152/C1152M-04(2012)—Standard Test Method
for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete
ASTM C1202-18—Standard Test Method for Electrical
Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion
Penetration
ASTM C1218/C1218M-17—Standard Test Method for
Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete
ASTM C1556-11(2016)—Standard Test Method for
Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of
Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk Diffusion
ASTM D4263-83(2018)—Standard Test Method for Indi-
cating Moisture in Concrete by the Plastic Sheet Method
ASTM D4580/D4580M-12(2018)—Standard Practice
for Measuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks by
Sounding
ASTM D4748-10(2015)—Standard Test Method for
Determining the Thickness of Bound Pavement Layers
Using Short-Pulse Radar
ASTM D6432-11—Guide for Using the Surface Ground
Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation
ASTM D6938-17—Standard Test Methods for In-Place
Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by
Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
ASTM D7091-13—Standard Practice for Nondestructive
Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coat-
ings Applied to Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic Noncon-
ductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
ASTM E8/E8M-16—Standard Test Methods for Tension
Testing of Metallic Materials
ASTM E122-17—Standard Practice for Calculating
Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the
Average for Characteristic of a Lot or Process
ASTM E376-17—Standard Practice for Measuring
Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current
(Electromagnetic) Testing Methods
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
19
ASTM F1869-16—Standard Test Method for Measuring
Moisture Vapor Emission Rate of Concrete Subfloor Using
Anhydrous Calcium Chloride
ASTM F2170-18—Standard Test Method for Deter-
mining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in
situ Probes
ASTM F2420-05—Standard Test Method for Deter-
mining Relative Humidity on the Surface of Concrete Floor
Slabs Using Relative Humidity Probe Measurement and
Insulated Hood
ASTM F2659-10(2015)—Standard Guide for Preliminary
Evaluation of Comparative Moisture Condition of Concrete,
Gypsum Cement and other Floor Slabs and Screeds Using a
Non-Destructive Electronic Moisture Meter
ASTM G14-04(2018)—Standard Test Method for Impact
Resistance of Pipeline Coatings (Falling Weight Test)
ASTM G20-10(2015)—Standard Test Method for Chem-
ical Resistance of Pipeline Coatings
International Code Council
IEBC 2018—International Existing Building Code
International Concrete Repair Institute
ICRI 210.3R-13—Guide for Using In-Situ Tensile Pull-
Off Tests to Evaluate Bond of Concrete Surface Materials
ICRI 210.4-09—Guide for Nondestructive Evaluation
Methods for Condition Assessment, Repair, and Perfor-
mance Monitoring of Concrete Structures
Post-Tensioning Institute
PTI DC80.3/ICRI 320.6-12—Guide for Evaluation and
Repair of Unbonded Post-Tensioned Concrete Structures
Strategic Highway Research Program
SHRP C-315:1991—Handbook for the Identification of
Alkali-Silica Reactivity in Highway Structures
SHRP S-324:1993—Condition Evaluation of Concrete
Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 2:
Method for Measuring the Corrosion Rate of Reinforcing
Steel
SHRP S-327:1992—Condition Evaluation of Concrete
Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 5:
Methods for Evaluating Effectiveness of Penetrating Sealers
SHRP S-328:1992—Condition Evaluation of Concrete
Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 6:
Method for Field Determination of Total Chloride Content
SHRP S-329:2002—Condition Evaluation of Concrete
Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 7:
Method for Field Measurement of Concrete Permeability
SHRP S-330:1992—Condition Evaluation of Concrete
Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion. Volume 8:
Procedure Manual
Authored documents
Carino, N., and Malhotra, V., 2004, Handbook on Nonde-
structive Testing of Concrete, second edition, Auerbach
Publishing, 392 pp.
20 GUIDE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BEFORE REHABILITATION (ACI 364.1R-19)
Gaudette, P., and Slaton, D., 2007, “Preservation of
Historic Concrete,” Preservation Brief 15, Heritage Preser-
vation Services, National Park Service, U.S. Department of
the Interior, Washington, DC, 16 pp.
Gupta, P., 2003, “Field Evaluation of the Prestressing
Force in Unbonded Tendons,” PTI Journal, V. 1, No. 2,
Aug., pp. 9-14.
Hookham, C., 1994, “Damage Tolerance Analysis in
Structural Rehabilitation,” Proceedings, ASCE Structures
Congress, Reston, VA.
Mather, K., 1985, “Preservation Technology: Evaluating
Concrete in Structures,” Concrete International, V. 7, No.
10, Oct., pp. 33-41.
Mathey, R. G., and Clifton, J. R., 1988, “Review of Nonde-
structive Evaluation Methods Applicable to Construction
Materials and Structures,” NBS Technical Note 1247, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
NRMCA, 1999, “In-Place Concrete Strength Evaluation—
A Recommended Practice,” Committee on Research Engi-
neering and Standards, Publication No. 133-99, National
Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, MD.
Sezen, H.; Hookham, C.; Elwood, K.; Bartlett, F.; and
Moore, M., 2011, “Core Testing Requirements for Seismic
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org
Evaluation of Existing Structures,” Concrete International,
V. 33, No. 11, Nov., pp. 43-48.
Slaton, D., 2005, “The Preparation and Use of Historic
Structure Reports,” Preservation Brief 43, Heritage Preser-
vation Services, National Park Service, U.S. Department of
the Interior, Washington, DC, 16 pp.
Stowe, R. L., and Thornton, H. T., 1984, “Engineering
Condition Survey of Concrete in Service,” Technical Report
REMR-CS-1, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
The Concrete Society, 1989, “Analysis of Hardened
Concrete,” Technical Report No. 32, Surrey, UK.
The Concrete Society, 1992, “Nonstructural Cracks in
Concrete,” Technical Report No. 22, Surrey, UK.
The Concrete Society, 2001, “Diagnosis of Deterioration of
Concrete Structures,” Technical Report No. 54, Surrey, UK.
Thornton Jr., H. T., and Alexander, A. M., 1987, “Develop-
ment of Nondestructive Testing Systems for In Situ Evalua-
tion of Concrete Structures,” Technical Report REMR-CS-
10, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment
Station, Vicksburg, MS.
As ACI begins its second century of advancing concrete knowledge, its original chartered purpose
remains “to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work of all kinds and in
spreading knowledge.” In keeping with this purpose, ACI supports the following activities:

· Technical committees that produce consensus reports, guides, specifications, and codes.

· Spring and fall conventions to facilitate the work of its committees.

· Educational seminars that disseminate reliable information on concrete.

· Certification programs for personnel employed within the concrete industry.

· Student programs such as scholarships, internships, and competitions.

· Sponsoring and co-sponsoring international conferences and symposia.

· Formal coordination with several international concrete related societies.

· Periodicals: the ACI Structural Journal, Materials Journal, and Concrete International.

Benefits of membership include a subscription to Concrete International and to an ACI Journal. ACI
members receive discounts of up to 40% on all ACI products and services, including documents, seminars
and convention registration fees.

As a member of ACI, you join thousands of practitioners and professionals worldwide who share
a commitment to maintain the highest industry standards for concrete technology, construction,
and practices. In addition, ACI chapters provide opportunities for interaction of professionals and
practitioners at a local level to discuss and share concrete knowledge and fellowship.

American Concrete Institute

38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Phone: +1.248.848.3700
Fax: +1.248.848.3701
www.concrete.org
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331 USA
+1.248.848.3700
www.concrete.org

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is a leading authority and resource

worldwide for the development and distribution of consensus-based
standards and technical resources, educational programs, and certifications
for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design, construction,
and materials, who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete.

Individuals interested in the activities of ACI are encouraged to explore the

ACI website for membership opportunities, committee activities, and a wide
variety of concrete resources. As a volunteer member-driven organization,
ACI invites partnerships and welcomes all concrete professionals who wish to
be part of a respected, connected, social group that provides an opportunity
for professional growth, networking and enjoyment.

9 781641 950589