a GARCIA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Kalibo, Aklan
Electrical Engineering Department

NOTES IN ENGINEERING COMPETENCE II (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SUBJECTS)

FAULTS

SYMMETRICAL 3-PHASE FAULT CALCULATIONS
The symmetrical fault occurs when all the three conductors of a 3-phase
lne are brought together simultaneously into a short circuit conditions.
This type of fault gives rise to symmetrical currents (i.e. equal currents
with 120° displacement). The symmetrical fault rarely occurs in practice
as majority of the faults are of unsymmetrical in nature. It is the most
severe fault and exposes more heavy duty on the circuit breaker.
STEPS IN SOLVING 3-PHASE FAULT CALCULATIONS
STEP 1: Draw a one-line diagram of the network indicating the rating
and and per unit impedance of each element of the network.
STEP 2: Choose a numerically convenient value of base power and
convert all per unit impedances to this base value.
𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒁𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒄
𝒁𝒑𝒖 =
𝑬𝟐𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
Problem 3. A 30-MVA alternator with 15% reactance is connected to a
bus bar. A second alternator rated 25-MVA with 10% reactance is also
connected through a 10% bus bar reactor to the same bus bar. Both of
these reactances are based on 25 MVA. If a feeder taken out from the
bus bars through a circuit breaker develops a 3-phase fault, what should
be the appropriate MVA rating of the circuit breaker?
(325 MVA)
Problem 4. The estimated short circuit MVA at the bus bars of a
generating station A is 1500 MVA and of another station B is 1200 MVA.
The generated voltage at each stations is 33 kV. If these stations are
interconnected through a line having a reactance of 1  and negligible
resistance, calculate the possible short circuit MVA at station B.
(1831 MVA)
Problem 5. At a certain point in an electrical network, the Thevenin’s
equivalent impedance is known to be 2%. Solve for the 3-phase fault
current if the base power is 10 MVA and the base voltage is 13.8 kV?
(20,918 A)

𝟐 Problem 6. Four identical alternators rated 10 MVA each has a per unit
𝑺 𝒏𝒆𝒘−𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆) 𝑬𝒐𝒍𝒅−𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆)
𝒁𝒑𝒖(𝒏𝒆𝒘) = 𝒁𝒑𝒖(𝒐𝒍𝒅) ( )( ) reactance of 0.20. These alternators are supplying power to a common
𝑺 𝒐𝒍𝒅−𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆) 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒘−𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆)
bus bar at 13.8 kV. Solve the 3-phase short circuit MVA at the bus bar.
(200 MVA)
STEP 3: In reference to the one-line diagram do the network, draw the
equivalent impedance diagram showing one phase of the system and
Problem 7. At a certain point in an electrical system, the 3-phase fault
the neutral. Indicate the per unit impedance on the base power in the
current is 10 pu. Determine the series reactance in pu to be inserted in
impedance diagram. Transformers are represented by a series per unit
the fault point in order to limit the short circuit current to 8 pu.
impedance in the idagram.
(0.025 pu)
STEP 4: Find the total per unit impedance Zt of the network up to the
Problem 8. The section bus bars A and B are linked together by a bus bar
point of fault using circuit analysis.
reactor rated 5 MVA with 10% reactance. On bus-bar A, there are two
generators connected each rated 10 MVA with 10% reactance and on B,
Zt = Thevenin’s equivalent impedance (3-phase fault is calculate using
two generators are connected each rated 8 MVA with 12% reactance.
Thevenin’s theorem)
Find the short circuit MVA fed into a 3-phase fault on bus bar B.
(173.3 MVA)
STEP 5: Find the base current Ibase corresponding to the selected base
power and the normal voltage at the fault point.
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = According to Fortescue’s Theorem, three unbalance phasors of a 3-
√𝟑𝑬𝒇𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒕 phase system can be resolved into three balanced systems of phasors
namely,
STEP 6: The various fault currents are then calculated
Positive sequence components consisting of three phasors of equal
𝟏 magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 and having the same
𝑰𝒇(𝒑𝒖) =
𝒁𝒕 phase sequence as the original phasors.

𝑰𝒇 = 𝑰𝒇(𝒑𝒖)  𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝒂𝟏 = 𝑰𝒂𝟏 ∠𝟎 = 𝑰𝒂𝟏

𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝒃𝟏 = 𝑰𝒂𝟏 ∠𝟐𝟒𝟎° = 𝒂𝟐 𝑰𝒂𝟏

𝑺𝒇 =
𝒁𝒕
𝑰𝒄𝟏 = 𝑰𝒂𝟏 ∠𝟏𝟐𝟎° = 𝒂𝑰𝒂𝟏
If = fault current
Sf = fault power 𝒂 = 𝟏∠𝟏𝟐𝟎°

Problem 1. Two alternators rated 15 MVA and 20 MVA have per unit 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏∠𝟐𝟒𝟎°
reactance of 0.30 and 0.50 respectively are connected to a common 12-
kV bus bar. Solve the fault current if a symmetrical 3-phase fault occurs 𝟏 + 𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟎
at the bus bar.
(4330 A) Negative sequence components consisting of three phasors of equal
magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 and having phase
Problem 2. A 5-MVA, 3-phase, 6.6 kV, alternator has an internal sequence opposite to that of the original phasors.
reactance of 6% based on its rating. Find the reactance per phase of the
limiting reactor if the steady apparent power (MVA) on short circuit is 𝑰𝒂𝟎 = 𝑰𝒃𝟎 = 𝑰𝒄𝟎
not to exceed 5 times the full load value.
(1.219  ) 𝑰𝒂 = 𝑰𝒂𝟎 + 𝑰𝒂𝟏 + 𝑰𝒂𝟐

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 𝑰𝒃 = 𝑰𝒃𝟎 + 𝑰𝒃𝟏 + 𝑰𝒃𝟐 → 𝑰𝒂𝟎 + 𝒂𝟐 𝑰𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝑰𝒂𝟐 b. Negative sequence impedance, Z2
c. Zero sequence impedance, Z0

Zero sequence components consisting of three phasors of equal SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF SOME POWER SYSTEM ELEMENTS
magnitude, and with zero displacement from each other. INVOLVED IN SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

𝑰𝒄 = 𝑰𝒄𝟎 + 𝑰𝒄𝟏 + 𝑰𝒄𝟐 → 𝑰𝒂𝟎 + 𝒂𝑰𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝑰𝒂𝟐 Synchronous Generators. The positive, negative, and zero sequence
impedances of rotating machines are generally different. The positive
𝟏 sequence of a synchronous generator is equal to the synchronous
𝑰𝒂𝟎 = (𝑰 + 𝑰𝒃 + 𝑰𝒄 )
𝟑 𝒂 impedance of the machine. The negative sequence is much less than the
positive sequence impedance. The zero sequence impedance is a
𝟏 variable item and if its value is not given, it may be assumed to be equal
𝑰𝒂𝟏 = (𝑰 + 𝒂𝑰𝒃 + 𝒂𝟐 𝑰𝒄 )
𝟑 𝒂 to the positive sequence impedance.
𝟏
𝑰𝒂𝟐 = (𝑰 + 𝒂𝟐 𝑰𝒃 + 𝒂𝑰𝒄 ) Transformers. Since transformers have the same impedance with
𝟑 𝒂 reversed phase rotation, their positive and negative sequence
impedance impedance are equal, this value being equal to the
impedance of the transformer. The zero sequence impedance depends
Problem 9. In symmetrical components, simplify the expression,
upon earth connection. If there is a circuit for earth current, zero
𝟏+𝒂
sequence impedance will be equal to positive sequence impedance,
𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 otherwise it will be infinite.
(-0.5 + j0.866)

Problem 10. The symmetrical components of a set of unbalanced 3-
phase currents are: 𝐼𝑎0 = 3∠ − 30°; 𝐼𝑎1 = 5∠90°; 𝐼𝑎2 = 4∠30°.
Determine the original unbalanced phasors.
𝑰𝒂 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟖𝟓∠𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟔° 𝑨; 𝑰𝒃 = 𝟒∠ − 𝟑𝟎° 𝑨; 𝑰𝒄 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟖𝟓∠ − 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟔° 𝑨
Problem 11. Solve the symmetrical components for the following set of
unbalanced voltages: 𝑉𝑎 = 300∠ − 120°; 𝑉𝑏 = 200∠90°; 𝑉𝑐 = 100∠ − 30°.
Determine the original unbalanced phasors.
𝑽𝒂𝟎 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟓∠ − 𝟏𝟐𝟎° 𝑽; 𝑽𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝟓∠ − 𝟏𝟑𝟓° 𝑽; 𝑽𝒂𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟗𝟒𝟕∠ − 𝟖𝟒. 𝟖𝟗𝟔° 𝑽
Transmission lines. The positive sequence impedance and negative
sequence impedance of a line are the same, this value being equal to the
normal impedance of the line. This is expected because the phase
rotation of the currents does not make any difference in the constants
of the line. The zero sequence impedance is usually much greater than
the positive or negative sequence impedance. It may be taken as equal
to three times the positive sequence impedance, if not given.
ANALYSIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS

NEUTRAL CURRENT IN A 3-PHASE, 4-WIRE SYSTEM In the analysis of unsymmetrical faults, the following conditions are
assumed:
a. The generated emf of the system is of positive sequence only.
Ia b. No current flows in the network other than due to the fault,
i.e. load currents are neglected.
a c. Phase a shall be taken as the reference phase.
Ib
SINGLE-LINE TO GROUND (SLG) FAULT
b
Any one of the three lines is accidentally connected to the ground.
Ic
𝟑𝑬𝒂
c 𝑰𝒇(𝑺𝑳𝑮) =
𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐 + 𝒁𝟎 + 𝟑𝒁𝒏
In
Z1 = positive sequence per unit impedance
n Z2 = negative sequence per unit impedance
Z0 = zero sequence per unit impedance
Zn = per unit impedance of reactor connected to ground
𝑰𝒏 = 𝟑𝑰𝒂𝒐 Ea = per unit positive sequence voltage of phase A (reference)

𝑰𝒂𝒐 = 𝑰𝒃𝒐 = 𝑰𝒄𝒐 Problem 16. A 3-phase, 11-kV, 25 MVA generator with X0 = 0.05 pu, X1 =
0.2 pu, X2 = 0.2 pu is grounded through a reactance of 0.3 Ω. Solve the
Problem 12. In a 3-phase system, phase a is on no-load and phase b and fault current for a single line to ground fault.
c are short-circuited to ground. The currents are given: 𝐼𝑏 = (6189.45 A)
91.65∠160.9° 𝐴; 𝐼𝑛 = 60∠90° 𝐴. Find the symmetrical components of
currents Ia0, Ia1, and Ia2. LINE TO LINE (LL) FAULT
𝑰𝒂𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎∠𝟗𝟎° 𝑨; 𝑰𝒂𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎∠ − 𝟗𝟎° 𝑨; 𝑰𝒂𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎∠𝟗𝟎° 𝑨
Any two line terminals are accidentally connected or shorted together.
Problem 13. In symmetrical components, “a – a2” is equal to ____.
(j1.732) √𝟑𝑬𝒂
𝑰𝒇(𝑳𝑳) =
𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐
Problem 14. The phase currents in a Y-connected unbalanced load are Ia
= 44 – j33, Ib = -32 – j24, and Ic = -40 + j25. Determine the negative
Problem 17. The positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of a 20
sequence component current of phase a.
MVA, 13.2 kV synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu
(12.52 – j13.476 A)
respectively. The generator is not loaded when a line to line fault occurs.
Determine the fault current.
Problem 15. The sequence component of phase b current are: Ib0 = 0.77 +
(3030 A)
j1.88, Ib1 = 14.788 – j9.169 and Ib2 = -4.717 + j0.148. What is the phase a
line current?
DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND (DLG) FAULT
(3.803 + j23.282 A)
Any two line terminals are accidentally connected or shorted together to
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES
the ground.
Each element of a power system will offer impedance to different phase 𝟑𝒁𝟐 𝑬𝒂
sequence components of current which may not be same. Thus, in 𝑰𝒇(𝑫𝑳𝑮) =
𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 + 𝒁𝟐 (𝒁𝟎 + 𝟑𝒁𝒏 ) + (𝒁𝟎 + 𝟑𝒁𝒏 )𝒁𝟏
unsymmetrical fault calculations, each piece of equipment will have
three values of impedance, one in each sequence current namely,
a. Positive sequence impedance, Z1
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Problem 18. A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and rated 50- b. -0.5 – j0.866 d. 0.5 – j0.866
MVA, 30 kV has positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of 25,
15, and 5% respectively. What reactance must be placed in the generator 5. Four identical alternators each rated for 20 MVA, 11 kV have
neutral to limit the fault current for a bolted double line to ground fault subtransient reactance of 16% are working in parallel. Determine the
to that for a bolted 3-phase fault? short circuit level at the bus bar.
(0.825 Ω) a. 500 MVA c. 400 MVA
b. 125 MVA d. 80 MVA
Problem 19. A 3-phase, 11 kV, 10 MVA alternator has sequence
reactances of X0 = 0.05 pu, X1 = 0.15 pu, X2 = 0.15 pu. If the generator is 6. A 3-phase, 13.8 kV, 50 MVA alternator has positive, negative, and zero
on no-load, find the ratio of fault currents for SLG fault to that when all sequence of 0.20, 0.20, and 0.05 pu. If the alternator is on no-load,
3-phases are dead short circuited. determine the fault current for a 3-phase fault.
(1.286) a. 12,200 A c. 15,200 A
b. 14,500 A d. 10,460 A
Problem 20. The positive, negative, and zero a 20 MVA, 13.2 kV
synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu respectively. The 7. The line to ground voltages on the high voltage side of a step-up
generator is solidly grounded and is not loaded. Neglect all resistances. transformer are 100 kV, 33 kV, and 38 kV on phases a, b, and c
Determine the fault current if a double line to ground fault occurs at the respectively. The voltage of phase a leads that of phase b by 100 and
generator terminals b and c. lags that of phase c by 176.5. Determine the symmetrical negative
(4771 A) phase sequence component of phase a.
a. 50.65 + j14.32 c. 18.79 – j10.06
Problem 21. A 25 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase alternator was subjected to the b. 45.32 + j25.12 d. 30.55 – j4.26
following faults: 3-phase fault = 1000 A; line to line fault = 1300 A; line to
ground fault = 2100 A. The generator is solidly grounded. Ignoring 8. A single line to ground fault occurs on an unbalanced generator in
resistances, determine the zero sequence reactance of the alternator. phase a. For this generator, X1 = X2 = 0.25 p.u. and X0 = 0.15 pu. The
(0.611 Ω) reacatnce connected in neutral is Xn = 0.05 pu. If the initial prefault
voltage is 1 pu, what is the magnitude of the fault current in pu?
SEQUENCE CONNECTION DIAGRAMS FOR 3-PHASE TRANSFORMER a. 1.25 pu c. 1.54 pu
BANKS b. 1.43 pu d. 3.75 pu

 Y-Y connection with primary neutral grounded 9. At a certain location in an electric system, the available fault MVA is
400 MVA. A 15 MVA, 34.5 kV/6.24 kV, 2.5% impedance transformer is
installed at that location. Determine the short circuit MVA at the
secondary side of the transformer.
 Y-Y connection with both neutrals grounded a. 200 MVA c. 240 MVA
b. 150 MVA d. 280 MVA

10. A 10 MVA, 6.9 kV alternator has a positive, negative, and zero

 Y-∆ connection with grounded neutral sequence per unit reactance components of 0.30, 0.25, and 0.05
respectively. If the neutral of the generator is grounded through a
reactor of 0.48 , determine the fault current during a single line to
ground fault.
 Y-∆ connection with isolated neutral a. 2789 A c. 2340 A
b. 2890 A d. 2560 A

11. A 30 MVA generator with 15% reactance is connected to a bus bar. A

 ∆-∆ connection 25 MVA transformer with 10% reactance is also connected through a
10% bus bar reactor to the same bus. Both of these reactance is based
Problem 22. An ac generator is connected to the primary side of a delta- on 25 MVA. If a feeder taken out from the bus bars through a circuit
wye grounded transformer bank. An SLG fault on the secondary side of breaker develops a 3-phase fault, what should be the appropriate rating
the bank is equivalent to what type of fault on the generator at the of the circuit breaker?
primary side of the transformer? a. 923 MVA c. 675 MVA
(line to line fault) b. 325 MVA d. 500 MVA

12. The sequence component of phase a currents are: Ia0 = 0 A; Ia1 = 10 +

PRACTICE PROBLEMS j5 A; Ia2 = 8 - j5 A. Determine current in phase c.
a. 17.74 cis 174.4 c. 15.34 cis 164.5
1. A system operates at 220 kVA and 11 kV. Using these quantities as b. 15.45 cis 134.3 d. 12.2 cis (-45.4)
base values, find the base impedance for the system.
a. 20  c. 550  13. The available fault current of a point in a certain electrical system is
b. 100  d. 34.64  9 pu. Determine the short circuit MVA using a base of 110 MVA.
a. 1222.2 MVA c. 12.2 MVA
2. A 60 Hz turbo generator is rated 100 MVA, 22 kV and solidly grounded b. 9.9 MVA d. 990 MVA
operating at rated voltage at no load. X1 = X2 = 0.20 p.u. and Xg0 = 0.05
pu. Determine the inductance reactance to be inserted in the neutral of 14. A generator is rated 10 MVA, 33 kV. It is Y-connected and solidly
the generator to limit the subtransient line current for a single line to grounded at its rated voltage at no load. Its reactances are X1 = 0.15 pu;
ground fault to that for a 3-phase fault. X2 = 0.15 pu; X0 = 0.05 pu. Determine the value of inductive reactance in
a. 0.333  c. 0.242  ohms to be inserted in the neutral to limit the subtransient current for a
b. 0.525  d. 0.375  single line to ground fault equal to that for a 3-phase fault.
a. 5.75 Ω c. 3.63 Ω
3. A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and rated 50-MVA, 30 b. 3.48 Ω d. 3.12 Ω
kV has positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of 25, 15, and 5
percent respectively. What reactance must be placed in the generator 15. Determine the zero sequence component of the following
neutral to limit the fault current for a line to ground fault to that for a 3- unbalanced system voltage: Va = 100 cis 30; Vb = 150 cis (-30); Vc =
phase fault? 120 cis (-120).
a. 1.6  c. 1.4  a. 62.257 cis (-38.28) c. 77.023 cis (-40.48)
b. 1.2  d. 1.8  b. 67.589 cis (-39.48) d. 68.589 cis (-29.88)

4. Evaluate (1 + a) / (1 + a2). 16. Evaluate: (a – a2)(a2 – a).

a. 0.5 + j0.866 c. -0.5 + j0.866 a. 3∠0° c. 3.464∠30°
Page 3 of 11
b. 3∠90° d. 3.464∠60° 2 MVA, 6.24 kV with 10% impedance is connected to the transformer
secondary bus bar. Determine the fault current delivered for a 3-phase
17. A generator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV. The positive, negative, and fault near the common bus bar.
zero sequence components of the generator are 0.20, 0.20, and 0.05 pu, a. 9,102 A c. 8,907 A
respectively. What is the ratio of the fault current for a single line to b. 8,500 A d. 10,105 A
ground fault to the fault current for a 3-phase fault?
a. 1.50 c. 1.33 29. A short 3-phase transmission line operating at 11 kV has an
b. 1.42 d. 1.25 impedance of 1.5 + j2 ohms per conductor and is connected through a
5000 kVA transformer having 5% reactance to 6.6 kV busbar to a
18. The available fault MVA of a point in a certain electrical system is generating station. Two generators are connected to the bus bars, each
600 MVA. Determine the Thevenin’s equivalent reactance using a base having a capacity of 10,000 kVA and 15% reactance. Calculate the short
of 15 MVA. circuit current if a symmetrical fault occurs at the far end of the
a. 0.40 pu c. 0.025 pu transmission line.
b. 40 pu d. 15 pu a. 1,490 A c. 1,450 A
b. 1,520 A d. 1,550 A
19. In a short circuit study, the positive, negative, and zero sequence
reactances are 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, and 0.30 pu respectively. The base MVA 30. What is the Thevenin’s equivalent reactance of a certain electric
is 100. Determine the fault current for a 3-phase fault at the 115 kV system rated 50 MVA at 34.5 kV if the available short circuit MVA is
level. 1000 MVA?
a. 2,204 A c. 2,008 A a. 0.025 pu c. 0.05 pu
b. 2,410 A d. 2,140 A b. 0.04 pu d. 0.0625 pu

20. The estimated short circuit MVA at the bus bars of a generation 31. When a single line-to-ground fault occurs, the current in the faulted
staton A is 1200 MVA and of another station B is 1000 MVA. The phase is 100 A. The zero sequence current in this case is
generated voltage at each station is 33 kV. If these station are a. 0 A c. 66.66 A
interconnected through a line having a reactance of 1.2 Ω and negligible b. 33.33 A d. 100 A
resistance, calculate the new short circuit MVA at station A.
a. 1517 MVA c. 1824 MVA 32. The sequence components of phase a current are: zero sequence =
b. 1676 MVA d. 2010 MVA 0.47 + j1.49; positive sequence = 18.4 cis (-31.6); negative sequence =
3.23 cis (168.2). Determine the phase c current.
21. A generator havinga solidly grounded neutral and rated 50 MVA, 30 a. 31.36 A c. 18.97 A
kV has a positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of 20, 20, and b. 22.51 A d. 25.25 A
5% respectively. What reactance must be placed in the generator
neutral to limit the fault current for a bolted single line to ground fault 33. A 10-MVA, 13.8 kV/440 V transformer has a subtransient reactance
to that for a bolted three phase fault? of 0.05 pu. This transformer is connected to a 13.8 kV line where the
a. 0.90 Ω c. 0.80 Ω Thevenin’s equivalent reactance is 0.3 Ω. A symmetrical 3-phase fault
b. 0.50 Ω d. 0.15 Ω occurs at the secondary side of the transformer. Solve the fault current
in the primary side of the transformer.
22. In a power system, the fault current at a point is 8.0 pu. What series a. 6,368 A c. 6,920 A
reactance must be included at the fault point to limit the short circuit b. 6,640 A d. 7,120 A
current to 5.0 pu?
a. 0.075 pu c. 0.065 pu 34. In a short circuit analysis, the bases chosen are: 34.5 kV and 100
b. 0.055 pu d. 0.045 pu MVA. What is the impedance base?
a. 11.9 Ω c. 23.8 Ω
23. A 3-phase, 20 MVA, 10 kV alternator has internal reactance of 5% b. 7.5 Ω d. 5 Ω
and negligible resistance. Find the external reactance per phase to be
connected in series with the alternator so that steady current on short 35. A station operating at 33 kV is divided into sections A and B. Section
circuit does not exceed 8 times the full load current? A consist of three generators 15 MVA each having a reactance of 15%
a. 0.125 Ω c. 0.265 Ω and section B is fed from the grid through a 75 MVA transformer of 8%
b. 0.375 Ω d. 0.075 Ω reactance. The circuit breaker have each a rupturing capacity of 750
MVA. Determine the reactance of the reactor to prevent the breakers
24. If symmetrical components of phase voltage Van are: positive seq. = from being overloaded if a symmetrical short circuit occurs on an
50; negative seq. = j20; zero seq. = -10 V. Determine the phase voltage outgoing feeder connected to A.
Vbn. a. 2.42 Ω c. 1.26 Ω
a. 40 + j20 c. -52.32 – j53.3 b. 1.31 Ω d. 2.88 Ω
b. -17.68 + j33.3 d. -22.63 – j17.2
36. A 3-phase, 22 kV, 100 MVA alternator has positive, negative, and
25. At a certain point of a power system network, the positvie, negative, zero sequence reactances of 0.3 pu, 0.3 pu, and 0.05 pu respectively.
and zero sequence impedances are 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, & 0.30 pu What is the negative sequence component for a line to line fault?
respectively. The base MVA is 100. The voltage level at the point is 34.5 a. 5,343 A c. 5,763 A
kV. Determine the current for a one line to ground fault. b. 4,374 A d. 6,632 A
a. 6275 A c. 9536 A
b. 8302 A d. 7845 A 37. Given the following line currents: Ia = 60 + j0 A; Ib = -36 – j48 A; Ic = -
48 + j36 A. Solve for the negative sequence component of Ia.
26. At 34.5 kV substation, the available fault current is 10 pu. What is a. 8.641 – j1.543 A c. 9.436 + j1.346 A
the available fault MVA if the base MVA is 50? b. 9.751 – j1.464 A d. 8.354 + j1.034 A
a. 500 MVA c. 50 MVA
b. 5 MVA d. 5000 MVA 38. At a certain point of a power system network, the positvie, negative,
and zero sequence impedances are 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, & 0.30 pu
27. A 3-phase, 4-wire system supplies loads which are unequally respectively. The base MVA is 100. The voltage level at the point is 34.5
distributed in the thee phase lines. An analysis of the circuit shows that kV. Determine the zero sequence current for a one line to ground fault.
the positive and the negative sequence components of the current in a. 3,045 A c. 2,480 A
line A are as follows: 𝐼𝑎1 = 48.02∠ − 87.6° 𝐴; 𝐼𝑎2 = 163.21∠ − b. 3,210 A d. 2,091 A
40.45° 𝐴; 𝐼𝑛 = 156.6∠112.7° 𝐴. Determine the line current at line A.
a. 150∠ − 45° A c. 100∠45° A 39. A station has a short circuit impedance at a given point of 0.21 pu
b. 160∠60° A d. 140∠50° A based on 100 MVA. Determine the interrupting capacity of the circuit
breaker needed.
28. A transformer 4.5 MVA, 13.8/6.24 kV with 5% impedance is tapped a. 21 MVA c. 476 MVA
to a 13.8 kV infinite bus with available fault MVA of 500. A generator of b. 2267 MVA d. 121 MVA

Page 4 of 11
 a. 7825 c. 8345
40. The computed values of positive, negative, and zero sequence b. 8011 d. 8513
reactances of a network at fault are: 0.15, 0.15, and 0.10 pu. Determine
the fault current if the fault is a double line-to-ground. 52. What is the Thevenin’s equivalent reactance of a certain electric
a. 6.23 pu c. 8.57 pu system rated 20 MVA at 34.5 kV if the available short circuit MVA is 950
b. 7.15 pu d. 9.11 pu MVA?
a. 1.24% c. 2.62%
41. A 3-phase, 15 MVA, 10 kV alternator has internal reactance of 6% b. 2.10% d. 1.32%
and negligible resistance. Find the external reactance per phase to be
connected in series with the alternator so that steady current of 3-phase 53. A 3-phase transmission line operating at 33 kV and having a
short circuit does not exceed 6 times the full load current. resistance and reactance of 6  and 24  respectively is connected to
a. 0.589 Ω c. 10.67 Ω the generating station bus bar through a 6 MVA step up transformer
b. 1.672 Ω d. 0.711 Ω which has a reactance of 6%. Connected to the bus-bar are two
synchronous generators, one 12 MVA having a 10% reactance and
42. A generator rated 600 kVA, 2400 V, 60 cycles, 3-phase, 6-poles and another 6 MVA having 7.5% reactance. Calculate the MVA at short
wye-connected has 10% synchronous reactance. If a 3-phase fault circuit fault between phases occuring at the high voltage terminals at
occurs, what will be the short circuit current? load end of the line.
a. 1,443 A c. 1,450 A a. 25.2 c. 26.7
b. 1,422 A d. 1,476 A b. 23.8 d. 24.6

43. A 3-phase, 375 kVA, 480 V, wye connected alternator has an equal 54. The positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of a 20 MVA,
positive and negative sequence reactance of 10%. Find the 13.2 kV synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu
unsymmetrical fault current, if a line to line occurs at the alternator respectively. The generator is solidly grounded and is not loaded.
terminals. Neglect all resistances. Determine the fault current if a double line to
a. 3906 A c. 2250 A ground fault occurs at the generator terminals b and c.
b. 4210 A d. 3820 A a. 5620 A c. 6250 A
b. 5180 A d. 4770 A
44. Evaluate : (1 – a)2 / (1 + a)2.
a.8∠ − 180° c. 1.5∠30° 55. In a power system with negligible resistance, the 3-phase fault
b. 1.5∠ − 30° d. 3∠180° current at a point is 8 pu. The series reactance to be inserted at the fault
point to limit the short circuit current to 5 pu is ___.
45. A 60 Hz turbo generator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV. It is Y-connected a. 0.125 pu c. 0.075 pu
and solidly grounded and is operating at rated voltage at no load. It is b. 0.333 pu d. 0.20 pu
disconnected from the rest of the system. Its reactances are X1 = X2 =
0.15 and X0 = 0.05 per unit. Find the ratio of the subtransient current for 56. A 20 MVA, 13.8 kV generator has sub-transient reactance of 0.25 pu.
a single line to ground fault to the subtransient current for a The negative and zero sequence reactances are respectively 0.35 and
symmetrical 3-phase fault. 0.10 pu. The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded. Determine the
a. 1.286 c. 1.333 fault current when a double line to ground fault occurs at the terminals
b. 1.125 d. 1.428 of the generator operated without load.
a. 5956 A c. 4872 A
46. A 3-phase 34.5 kV, 100 MVA alternator has positive, negative, and b. 6253 A d. 4017 A
zero sequence impedances of 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, and 0.30 pu respectively,
Determine the fault current for a line to line fault? 57. In a certain electrical system, the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance is
a. 5797 A c. 5804 A 0.02 per unit. What is the fault current if the base power is 50 MVA and
b. 5234 A d. 5932 A the base voltage is 34.5 kV?
a. 44,423 A c. 40,211 A
47. Three-phase unbalanced currents are Ia = 10 cis (-30) A; Ib = 0 A; Ic b. 45,422 A d. 41,837 A
= 10 cis 150 A. What is the phase b positive sequence component?
a. 5.77 cis 180 d. 5.77 cis 0 58. When a generator has terminal a open and the other two terminals
b. 5.77 cis 240 c. 5.77 cis 120 are connected to each other with a short circuit from the connection to
ground, typical values for the symmetrical components of current in
48. A 60-Hz turbo generator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV. It is Y-connected phase a are positive seq. = -j600 A; negative seq. = j250 A, and zero seq.
and solidly grounded and is operating at rated voltage at no load. It is = j350 A. Find the current into the ground.
disconnected from the rest of the system. Its reactances are X1 = X2 = a. j700 A c. j1050 A
15%, X0 = 5%. Find the ratio of the subtransient line current for a line to b. j920 A d. j1180 A
line fault to the subtransient current for a symmetrical 3-phase fault on
the generator. 59. The sequence component of phase b current are: Ib0 = 0.77 + j1.88;
a. 0.636 c. 0.86 Ib1 = 17.4 cis (-31.8); Ib2 = 4.72 cis (178.2). What is the phase a line
b. 0.577 d. 0.725 current?
a. 12.96 cis (-33.4) A c. 23.6 cis (80.7) A
49. A 30 MVA, 13.8 kV, 3-phase ac generator is grounded through a b. 22.45 cis (78.2) A d. 10.21 cis (59.3) A
reactance of 0.162 ohm has a positive, negative, and zero sequence
reactance of 0.2, 0.2, and 0.05 per unit respectively. Determine the 60. A 15 MVA, 34.5 kV/6.24 kV transformer is connected at an infinite
short circuit current for a single line to ground fault. bus. The percent impedance of the transformer is 2.5%. What is the
a. 6152 A c. 7390 A current at the 34.5 kV side for a 3-phase short at the 6.24 kV side?
b. 8736 A d. 7150 A a. 10,040 A c. 12,450 A
b. 10,120 A d. 11,240 A
50. The bus bars of each of the two alternators of 15% reactance each
are interconnected through the tie-bar reactors of 15% each. The 61. A 3-phase, 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, 60 Hz altenator has a positive, negative
equivalent impedance to fault current for a 3-phase fault in any and zero sequence reactance of 0.30, 0.30, and 0.15 respectively. The
alternator bus bar will be ___. generator is unloaded when a double line to ground fault occurs at lines
a. 8.75% c. 11.25% b and c. Determine the ground current.
b. 10% d. 15% a. 5120 A c. 4184 A
b. 4821 A d. 5518 A
51. A 15 MVA, 6.9 kV, Y-connected generator has X1 = X2 = 0.15 pu and
X0 = 0.05 pu. The neutral of the generator is grounded through a reactor 62. A 15 MVA, 6.6 kV, wye-connected generator has X1 = X2 = 0.2 and X0
is operating at rated voltage without load. Determine the fault current in = 0.1. The neutral of the generator is grounded through a reactor of 5%
the line for a. The fault current in the line for a single line-to-ground reactance based on the generator rating. A double line-to-ground fault
fault is __ A. occurs at terminals b and c. What is the current in the ground?
Page 5 of 11
a. 6268 A c. 5624 A 77. Which of the following circuit breakers has high reliability and
b. 6834 A d. 5435 A minimum maintenance?
a. air blast circuit breakers c. circuit breakers with SF6
63. The positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of a 20 MVA, b. vacuum circuit breakers d. oil circuit breakers
13.2 kV synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu
respectively. The generator is solidly grounded and is not loaded. A line 78. Large internal faults are protected by ___.
to ground fault occurs on phase a. Neglect all resistances, determine the a. Merz price percentage differential protection
fault current. b. mho and ohm relays
a. 8747 A c. 4374 A c. horn gaps and temperature relays
b. 9120 A d. 6214 A d. earth fault and positive sequence relays

64. Circuit breakers are essentially ___. 79. Directional relays are based on flow of ___.
a. current carrrying contacts called electrodes a. power c. current
b. arc extinguisher b. voltages d. all of these
c. circuit to break the system
d. transformers to isolate the two systems 80. Burden of a protective relay is the power ___.
a. absorbed by the circuit of relay
65. Magnetic circuit breaker has ___ trip action. b. required to operate the circuit
a. instantaneous c. both a and b c. developed by the relay circuit
b. delayed d. none of these d. monitored by the relay

66. Arc in a circuit behaves as ___. 81. An efficient and well designed protective relaying should have ___.
a. a capacitive reactance a. good selectivity and reliability c. economy and simplicity
b. an inductive reactance b. high speed and selectivity d. all of these
c. a resistance increasing with voltage rise across the arc
d. a resistance decreasing with voltage rise across the arc 82. DC shunt relays are made of ___.
a. many turns of thin wire c. many turns of thick wire
67. In a circuit breaker, the basic problem is to ___. b. few turns of thin wire d. few turns of thick wire
a. maintain the arc c. extinguish the arc
b. transmit large power d. emit the ionizing electrons 83. The line currents of a 3-phase Y-connected load are as follows: Ia =
10<-30; Ib = 12<215; and Ic = 15<82. Determine the positive
68. The voltage appearing across the contacts after opening of the sequence component of phase b.
circuit breaker is called __ voltage. a. 15.456<-184.944 A c. 18.704<251.209 A
a. recovery c. surge b. 12.274<-151.621 A d. 34.887<78.321 A
b. operating d. arc
84. The sequence components of the current in phase a are as follows:
69. The delay fuses are used for protection of ___. Ia0 = 1.56<72.5 A; Ia1 = 18.4<31.6 A; and Ia2 = 3.23<168.2 A.
a. motors c. power outlet circuits Determine the phase c current.
b. fluoresecent lamps d. light circuits a. 15.46<-14.44 A c. 18.54<137 A
b. 22.274<51.62 A d. 24.81<-98 A
70. Protective relays are devices that detect abnormal conditions in
electrical circuits by measuring ___. 85. A balanced delta-connected load is connected to a balanced 3-phase
a. current during abnormal conditions supply and the line currents are equal to 20 A in magnitude. If the fuse
b. voltage during abnormal conditions in line c melts, determine the symmetrical components of the current
c. constantly the electrical quantities which differ during normal and Ia1.
abnormal conditions a. 12.466<-98 A c. 11.547<-30 A
d. none of these b. 12.274<91 A d. 14.841<-45 A

71. Which of the following is the least expensive protection for 86. The per unit impedance value of an alternator corresponding to base
overcurrent in low voltage system? values 13.2 kV and 30 MVA is 0.2 per unit. The per unit value for the
a. re-wireable fuse c. isolator base values 13.8 kV and 50 MVA is
b. oil circuit breaker d. air break circuit breaker a. 0.331 pu c. 0.305 pu
b. 0.231 pu d. 0.245 pu
72. Which of the following is used in liquid fuses?
a. transformer oil c. sulphur hexafluoride 87. A 500 MVA, 22 kV, 3-phase generator has a per unit reactance of
b. distilled water d. carbon tetrachloride 0.12 based on its rating. What is the per unit reactance at 750 MVA, 25
kV base?
73. A fuse in a motor circuit provides protection against ___. a. 0.139 c. 0.239
a. overload only b. 0.158 d. 0.234
b. short circuit only
c. both short circuit and overload 88. Thermal circuit breaker has __.
d. open circuit, short circuit and overload a. delayed trip action c. both (a) and (b)
b. instantaneous trip action d. none of these
74. A fuse wire is never inserted in ___.
a. neutral wire c. negative dc line 89. A thermal protection switch can protect against __.
b. phase line d. positive dc line a. overload c. temperature
b. short circuit d. over voltage
75. The single phasing relay are used for protection of ___.
a. single phase motors only 90. Fault diverters are basically ___.
b. two phase motors only a. fast switches c. relays
c. two single phase motors running in parallel b. fuses d. circuit breakers
d. three phase motors
91. A differential relay measures the vector difference between ___.
76. The main factor in favor of the use of aluminum as bus bar material a. two currents c. current
is ___. b. two voltages d. none of these
a. its low melting point c. its high resistivity
b. its low cost d. its low density 92. Air blast circuit breaker is used for ___.
a. short duty c. repeated duty
b. intermittent duty d. instantaneous duty
Page 6 of 11
93. Thermal overload relays are used to protect the motor against a. voltage at the faulty point
overcurrent due to ___. b. total impedance up to the fault
a. heavy loads c. short circuit c. both A and B
b. grounds d. all of these d. none of these

94. Overload relays are of ___ type. 105. Merz-price protection is used on ___.
a. induction c. solid state a. substations c. capacitor bank
b. thermal d. all of these b. induction motor d. generators

95. Relays can be designed to respond to changes in 106. Which of the following relays is used on transformers?
a. resistance, reactance, or impedance a. Buchholz relay c. MHO relay
b. voltage and current b. Merz-price relay d. none of these
c. temperature
d. all of these 107. Which relay is used for feeders?
a. MHO relay c. Merz-price protection
96. The main function of a fuse is to ___. b. translay relay d. Buchholz relay
a. prevent excessive currents c. open the circuit
b. protect the line d. none of these 108. The breaking capacity of a circuit breaker in MVA (3-phase) is given
by ___.
97. With which of the following a circuit breaker must be equipped for a. rated service voltage x rated symmetrical current
remote operation? b. 1.1 x rated service voltage x rated symmetrical current
a. inverse time trip c. shunt trip c. sq rt of 2 x rated service voltage x rated symmetrical current
b. time delay trip d. all of these d. sq rt of 3 x rated service voltage x rated symmetrical current

98. Which of the following protective devices can be used against 109. Ionization process during arc is generally accompanied by emission
lightning surges? of ___.
a. horn gap c. sure arresters a. light c. heat
b. lightning arresters d. all of these b. sound d. all of these

94. Over voltage transients may occur due to ___. 110. Which statement is correct?
a. lightning c. switching a. SF6 gas is non-toxic c. SF6 gas is lighter than air
b. arcing grounds d. all of these b. SF6 gas has pungent smell d. SF6 gas is yellow in color

95. Which of the following is the voltage wave of magnitude higher than 111. Fault diverters ___.
desirable value? a. divert the current to earth in the event of short circuits
a. over voltage c. porcelain b. neutralize the surges by resistors
b. surges d. copper tungsten alloy c. modify the surge wave shapes
d. none of these
96. The acting contacts for a circuit breaker is made up of ___.
a. stainless steel c. porcelain 112. In star-connected system without neutral grounding, zero sequence
b. hard pressed carbon d. copper tungsten alloy currents are __.
a. same as peak value of phase current
97. In which starting method of starting a motor, the starting current is b. same as rms value of phase current
maximum? c. vector sum of phase currents
a. auto-transformer c. stator rotor starter d. zero
b. star-delta starter d. direct on line
113. Solid grounding is used for voltages __.
98. For the contact and their material, which of the following should a. above 220 kV c. below 660 V
have low value ___. b. above 11 kV d. below 115 V
a. contact resistance c. thermal capacity
b. thermal conductivity d. all of these 114. Switching over voltages are more hazardous than lightning surges
in case of ___.
99. Overcurrent protection for motor is provided by ___. a. low voltage systems c. 11 kV systems
a. cartridge fuse c. over current relay b. unbalanced systems d. EHV and UHV systems
b. high resistance fuses d. all of these
115. Resistance grounding is used for voltages __.
100. The isolator is interlocked with circuit breaker and an earthing a. below 220 V c. up to 660 V
switch. While opening the circuit, the ___ opens first, then ___ and b. between 3.3 kV to 11 kV d. above 66 kV
finally the ___ can close.
a. isolator, circuit breaker, earthing switch 116. The disadvantage offered by ungrounded systems is ___.
b. earthing switch, isolator, circuit breaker a. frequent arcing grounds c. voltage oscillations
c. circuit breaker, earthing switch, isolator b. difficult earth fault relaying d. all of these
d. circuit breaker, isolator, earthing switch
117. Differential protection principle is used in the protection of ___.
101. Insulation resistance of HV circuit breaker is more than ___. a. generators c. transformers
a. 100 Ω c. 1 MΩ b. feeders d. all of these
b. 500 kΩ d. 100 MΩ
118. Which of the following is not a relay using electromagnetic force?
102. The material used in bus bars should have ___. a. Buchholz relay c. balanced beam relay
a. low resistivity c. higher softening temperature b. induction cup relay d. attracted armature type relay
b. low cost d. all of these
119. A bimetal strip consists of two metal strips have different ___.
103. The advantage of neutral earthing is ___. a. thermal diffusivity c. specific heat
a. simplified design of earth fault protection b. thermal conductivity d. coefficient of expansion
b. over-voltage due to lightning can be discharged to the earth
c. freedom from persistent arcing grounds 120. Thermal relays are often used in ___.
d. all of these a. generator protection c. motor starters
b. transformer protection d. house wiring
104. The values of fault current depend on ___.

Page 7 of 11
121. Buchholz relay is operated by ___. b. power limiting device d. pf limiting device
a. eddy currents c. electro-magnetic induction
b. gas pressure d. electro-static induction 138. In a circuit breaker, the time duration from the instant of fault to
the instant of energizing of the trip coil is known as __.
122. Electro-magnetic relays maybe operated by a. lag time c. lead time
a. electro-magnetic attraction c. electro-magnetic induction b. protection time d. operation time
b. thermal effect d. any of these
139. Normally the fuse elements are in parts which are connected in the
123. The actuating quantity for the relays can be __. middle by tin bridge. The melting point of tin bridge is __.
a. magnitude c. frequency a. 35 C c. 88 C
b. phase angle d. any of these b. 230 C d. 540 C

124. Bulk-oil circuit breaker is suitable for voltages up to __. 140. Most of the fuses operate due to __.
a. 10 kV c. 16 kV a. heating effect of current c. magnetic effect of current
b. 26 kV d. 36 kV b. electrostatic effect of current d. all of these

125. Mininum arcing voltages will be least in case of __. 141. Which of the following is the demerit of SF6 circuit breakers?
a. carbon c. graphite a. sealing problem of gas
b. tungsten d. silver b. influx of moisturein the gas system is dangerous
c. deterioration of quality of circuit breaker affects reliability of circuit
126. Minimum arcing voltage for platinum is 16 V. It can be therefore breaker
concluded that when the voltage is below 16 V, d. all of these
a. it will not be possible to interrupt the circuit
b. it will not be possible to pass the current 142. Dielectric strength of SF6 is __.
c. it will be possible to interrupt any value of current without arcing a. less than that of air at atmospheric pressure
d. it will be possible to interrupt any value of current without bringing b. less than that of oil used in OCB
contact closer to the another c. more than that of oil used in OCB
d. more at lower pressure and low at higher pressures
127. Oil immersion of contacts is the method of arc __.
a. dispersion c. de-ionization 143. Cool gases are solids brought into the arc stream assist in
b. prevention d. shielding quenching the arc mainly by __.
a. reducing current density c. de-ionization
128. For magnetic blowout of arc, the magnetic field is produced __. b. providing arc shield d. providing parallel paths
a. in the load circuit
b. parallel to the axis of the arc 144. Sparking occurs when load is switched off because the circuit has
c. at right angles to the axis of the arc a. high resistance c. high capacitance
d. none of these b. high inductance d. all of these

129. In a circuit breaker the time duration from the instant of fault to 145. HRC fuses are __.
the instant of closing of contact is known as __. a. high resistance and capacitance fuses
a. recycle time c. total time b. heat reflecting cooled fuses
b. gross time d. re-closing time c. holding and resisting current fuses
d. high rupturing capacity fuses
130. Which of the following is an air-break switching device?
a. isolator c. limit switch 146. SF6 gas is transported in __.
b. earthing switch d. all of these a. gas cylinders c air cylinders
b. solid form in boxes d. liquid form in cylinders
131. Which of the following statement about SF6 gas is incorrect?
a. it is non-toxic gas 147. The heat produced at the contact point, due to passage of current,
b. it has density 5 times that of air at 20 C will least depend on __.
c. it is non-inflammable a. contact resistance
d. it has dark yellow color b. time during which the current flows
c. temperature of the surrounding medium
132. The over voltage surges in power systems maybe caused by __. d. current flowing
a. lightning c. switching
b. resonance d. any of these 148. Which of the following circuit breaker will produce the least arc
energy?
133. In circuit breakers, the contact space is ionized by ___. a. minimum circuit breaker c. air blast circuit breaker
a. thermal ionization of gas b. plain oil circuit breaker d. all will produce same energy
b. thermal emission from surface of contacts
c. field emission from the surface of contacts 149.A circuit breaker will normally operate ___.
d. any of these a. when the switch is put on
b. when the line is to be checked
134. Which of the is a conducting medium for electric current? c. when the power is to be supplied
a. low temperature gas c. high temperarture d. whenever fault in the line occurs
b. dissociated gas d. plasma
150. Which of the following is not a part of the circuit breaker?
135. The protection against overvoltage due to lightning is provided by a. explosion pot c. conservator
a. use of surge diverters c. low tower footing resistance b. operating mechanism d. fixed and moving contacts
b. use of overhead ground wires d. any of these
151. If the pf is zero, the active recovery voltage will be __.
136. During arc extinction SF6 gas __. a. minimum c. 0.5
a. decomposes into S and F ions b. 0.707 d. maximum
b. decomposes into SF4 and SF2
c. gets oxidized 152. For a high speed circuit breaker, the clearing time is nearly __.
d. reduces to SF3 a. 1 to 2 cycles c. 5 to 10 cycles
b. 10 to 15 cycles d. less than 50 cycles
137. A fuse is normally a ___.
a. current limiting device c. voltage limiting device 153. For high speed circuit breaker, the total time is nearly ___.

Page 8 of 11
a. half cycle c. one cycle 170. Breaking capacity of a circuit breaker is usually expressed in terms
b. few cycles d. ten cycles of __.
a. amperes c. volts
154. In a circuit breaker, the time duration from the instant of the fault b. MW d. MVA
to the extinction of the arc is known as __.
a. operation time c. total clearing time 171. Air blast circuit breakers for 400 kV power system are designed to
b. lag time d. lead time operate in __.
a. 50 s c. 50 ms
155. Air used in air blast circuit breaker __. b. 500 ms d. 50 s
a. must have least carbon dioxide c. must have oil mist
b. must be ionized d. must be free from moisture 172. “Kick fuse” has __.
a. square law characteristics c. linear characteristics
156. Flame proof switch gears are usually preferred ___. b. inverse characteristics d. logarithmic characteristics
a. on transmission lines of low voltage c. in mines
b. substations d. in high MVA capacity circuits 173. In a circuit breaker, the current which exists at the instant of
contact separation is known as __.
157. For a circuit breaker, “break time” is __. a. re-striking current c. breaking current
a. same as opening time b. recovery current d. surge current
b. opening time + arc duration
c. opening time + arc duration + resistor current duration 174. Merz-price protection is suitable for __.
d. opening time + closing time a. transformers c. feeders
b. alternators d. transmission lines
158. Air blast circuit breakers are usually used for __.
a. instantaneous duty c. intermittent duty 175. A material best suited for manufacturing of fuse wire is __.
b. permanent duty d. repeated duty a. aluminum c. silver
b. lead d. copper
159. The pf of the arc in circuit breaker is __.
a. always zero c. always unity 176. When D is the diameter of the fuse wire, the fusing current will be
b. always lagging d. always leading proportional to __.
a. 1/D c. 1/D^2
160. In a circuit breaker, the arc is indicated by the process of __. b. D^3/2 d. D^1/2
I. thermal emission III. High temperature of air
II. ionization IV. Field emission 177. In a circuit breaker, the active recovery voltage depends upon __.
a. I and II only c. I, II, and III only a. power factor c. armature reaction
b. II, III, and IV only d. I and IV only b. circuit conditions d. all of these

161. An automatic device that operates at present values is known as 178. Which of the following contact point has the highest melting point?
a. mercury switch c. relay a. silver c. tungsten
b. fuse d. contactor b. gold d. copper

162. The basic function of a circuit breaker is to __. 179. Out of the following circuit breakers, which one has the lowest
a. produce the arc c. ionize the surrounding air voltage range?
b. transmit voltage by arcing d. extinguish the arc a. air circuit breaker c. tank type oil circuit breaker
b. air blast circuit breaker d. SF6
163. Which of the following metals does not amalgate with mercury?
a. tungsten c. molybdenum 180. Sparking between contacts can be reduced by __.
b. nickel alloy d. all of these a. inserting a resistance in the line
b. inserting a capacitor in series with the contacts
164. As the force on contact is increased, the contact resistance will c. inserting a capacitor in parallel with the contacts
a. increase linearly c. increase exponentially d. inserting a resistor in parallel with the contacts
b. remain unaltered d. decrease
181. Which of the following is not a method of arc dispersion?
165. The arc votlage in ac circuit breaker is __. a. oil immersion of contacts c. magnetic blow out of arc
a. leading the arc current by 90 b. use of rectifier d. de-ionization of arc path
b. lagging the arc current by 90
c. in-phase with the arc current 182. The transient voltage that appears across the contacts at the
d. in phase opposition to the arc current instant of arc extinction is called __.
a. recovery voltage c. re-striking voltage
166. The contact resistance is least affected by __. b. supply voltage d. peak voltage
a. mechanical force applied c. shape of contact faces
b. amount of surface contamination d. ambient temperature 183. The normal frequency voltage that appears across the breaker
poles after the final arc extinction has occurred is __.
167. Sulphur hexafluoride is a ___. a. recovery voltage c. re-striking voltage
a. conductor of electricity c. semi-conductor b. supply voltage d. peak voltage
b. inactive gas d. dielectric
184. If a circuit breaker does not operate, the probable reason could be
168. In a circuit breaker, if the insulation resistance between phase a. spring defective c. trip latch defective
terminal and earthed frame is less than the specified limit, the probable b. trip ciruit open d. any of these
cause could be __.
a. moisture 185. There is definite objection to use of which of the following medium
b. dirty insulation surface for extinguishing the arc of a circuit breaker?
c. carbon or copper particles sticking to the internal surface a. air c. SF6
d. any of these b. vacuum d. water

169. The insulation resistance of high voltage circuit breaker is __. 186. The contact resistance of a circuit breaker is of the order of __.
a. 1 kΩ c. 10 kΩ a. 20  10 Ω c. 20  10 mΩ
b. 20 MΩ d. 2000 MΩ b. 20  10 Ω d. 200  10 Ω

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187. Which of the following circuit breaker does not use pneumatic b. sulphur hexafluorine d. sulphur hexafluoride
operating mechanism?
a. air blast circuit breaker c. SF6 circuit breaker 204. While selecting a gas for circuit breaker, the property of gas that
b. air break circuit breaker d. bulk-oil circuit breaker should be considered is __.
a. high dielectric strength c. non-inflammability
188. Fusing factor for a HRC fuse is __. b. non-toxicity d. all of these
a. minimum fusing current/current rating
b. minimum fusing current/minimum rupturing time 205. The pressure of SF6 gas in circuit breakers is of the order of __.
c. maximum fusing current/minimum fusing current a. 100 mmHg c. 1 kg/cm2
d. minimum fusing current/prospective current of circuit b. 3 to 5 kg/cm 2 d. 30 to 50 kg/cm2

189. In a HRC fuse, the time between cut-off and final current zero is 206. SF6 gas ___.
known as __. a. is yellow in color c. is highly toxic
a. total operating time c. arcing time b. has pungent odor d. is non-flammable
b. pre-arcing time d. any of these
207. SF6 gas ___.
190. In a vacuum circuit breaker, the vacuum pressure is of the order a. is lighter than hydrogen
a. 10 mm Hg c. 10-6 mm Hg b. is lighter than air
b. 10-2 mm Hg d. 10-9 mm Hg c. has density 2 times as compared to that of air
d. has density 5 times as compared to that of air
191. Which of the following circuit breaker can be installed on 400 kV
line? 208. In air blast circuit breakers, the pressure of air is of the order of
a. tank type oil circuit breaker c. miniature circuit breaker a. 100 mmHg c. 1 kg/cm2
b. vacuum circuit breaker d. air blast circuit breaker b. 20 to 30 kg/cm2 d. 200 to 300 kg/cm2

192. Best protection is provided by HRC fuses in case of __. 209. Interrupting medium in a contactor may be __.
a. open circuits c. short circuits a. air c. oil
b. overloads d. all of these b. SF6 gas d. any of these

193. For motor circuit breakers, the time of closing the cycle is __. 210. Which of the following is not a type of contactor for circuit
a. 0.001 sec c. 0.01 sec breakers?
b. 0.10 sec d. 0.003 sec a. electromagnetic c. pneumatic
b. vacuum d. electro-pneumatic
194. The number of cycles in which a high speed circuit breaker can
complete its operation is __. 211. For high voltage ac circuit breakers, the rate of short circuit current
a. 3 to 8 c. 10 to 18 is passed for __.
b. 20 to 30 d. 40 to 50 a. 0.001 s c. 0.1 s
b. 3 sec d. 30 s
195. For extra high voltage lines, which circuit breaker is preferred?
a. bulk oil circuit breaker c. vacuum circuit breaker 212. Which of the following circuit breakers is preferred for EHT
b. SF6 gas circuit breaker d. minimum oil circuit breaker applications?
a. air blast circuit breakers c. bulk oil circuit breakers
196. Fuse wire protection system is usually not used beyond __. b. minimum oil circuit breakers d. SF6 oil circuit breakers
a. 10 A c. 25 A
b. 50 A d. 100 A 213. The fault clearing time of a circuit breaker is usually __.
a. few minutes c. few seconds
197. A fuse wire should have __. b. one second d. few cycles of supply voltage
a. low specific resistance and high melting point
b. low specific resistance and low melting point 214. When an HV ac circuit breaker is tested fo endurance, it is tested
c. high specific resistance and high melting point for at least __ “opening-closing” operations.
d. high specific resistance and low melting point a. 1000 c. 100
b. 10 d. 50
198. Which circuit breaker is generally used in railway traction?
a. SF6 gas circuit breaker c. air circuit breaker 215. A relay in which the measurement is performed by a stationary
b. vacuum circuit breaker d. minimum oil circuit breaker circuit and which has no moving parts is known as __.
a. static relay c. differential relay
199. Fuse protection is used for current ratings up to __. b. instantaneous relay d. timed relay
a. 10 A c. 20 A
b. 50 A d. 100 A 216. Low voltage circuit breakers have rated voltage of less than __.
a. 220 V c. 400 V
200. A relay used for protection of motors against overload is __ b. 1 kV d. 10 kV
a. impedance relay
b. thermal relay 217. The function of protective relay in a circuit breaker is __.
c. electromagnetic attraction type a. to limit arcing current during the operation of circuit breaker
d. Buchholz’s relay b. provide additional safety in the operation of circuit breaker
c. to close the contacts when actuating quantity reaches a certain pre-
201. A circuit breaker is __. determined value
a. a power factor correcting device d. to protect against stray voltages
b. a device to neutralize the effects of transients
c. a waveform correcting device 218. In a circuit breaker, the current which exists at the instant of
d. a current interrupting device contact separation is known as __.
a. restriking current c. surge current
202. The fuse current I in amperes is related with fuse wire diameter D b. breaking current d. recovery current
as __.
a. I inversely proportional to D c. I directly proportional to D 219. MHO relay is used for __.
b. I directly proportional to D3/2 d. I directly proportional to D2 a. rectifier c. circuit breaker
b. feeders d. transmission lines
203. SF6 gas is __.
a. sulphur fluorine c. sulphur difluoride 220. The medium employed for extinction of arc in air circuit breaker is

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a. SF6 c. air
b. oil d. water

221. Ionization in a circuit breaker is not facilitated by __.

a. high temperature of surrounding medium
b. material of contacts
c. increase of field strength
d. increase of mean free path

***END***

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