Circumcision

Introduction
Circumcision has, for a long time, bring a controversial argument of its ethical
and human issues. Many debates have surrounded the circumcision issues on if it a
medical or human right. The researcher has provided controversial information
leading to confusion on what the public should follow, leading to some information
turns as the myth of circumcision while they are in did facts. Circumcision
involves removal of the foreskin in male while in male involves cutting off the
genital part. It has become an issue on the medical benefit and religious conflict
on their stand concerning circumcision. This paper discusses the ethical and human
surrounding circumcision if it the medical or human right and the role of the
medical staff in the ethical dilemma of circumcision.
Human and ethical issue surrounding circumcision
Female circumcision is mostly performed due to cultural, social and religious
beliefs and factor associated by some of the communities. Communities that practice
female circumcision considers it to provide proper sexual behaviour among young
girls. They claim to be preventing premarital virginity that is currently practised
by young girls in modern society. According to researcher show that communities
refer circumcised girls to be more beautifies and clear compared to others; thus,
they should continue the practice. Many people have against the practice of
cultural practice as it is irrelevant to religion.
Many researchers have criticized the relevance of female circumcision due to the
complication and consequences that follow after. Studies have proven that the
removal of female genital part increase the chance of the woman contacting sexually
transmitted disease such as urinary tract disease and HIV. It also shows that woman
who undergoes the passage suffer from physical damage such as excessive bleeding,
injury in genital tissues and failure of urine retention. According to the
researches done, the woman who happens to be circumcised increase the chance of
them losing their baby or their life due to excessive bleeding during birth due to
increased risk of complication in childbirth.
Another issue surrounding female circumcision is that it is known to reduce or
eliminate sexual pressure. Studies show that women who undergo the procedure tend
to lose their sexual excitement due to reducing the likelihood of orgasm and are
less satisfied. This is because of the cut of nerve tissue that stimulates sexual
arouse. This study was seen to agree with why some communities still practice
female circumcision to curb the sexual behaviour of young girls. A controversial
argue show that female circumcision does not interfere with the sexual experience
of the woman since many factors contribute to arouse and satisfaction sexually. The
research still leaves the public on dilemma as they push on their side without
giving a collective solution to the problem. Many people have discouraged the
practice of female circumcision but still, remain a tradition in many communities.

In male circumcision, it is associated to bring more benefits that are human that
ethical drawback. Most of the studies show that circumcision of male reduces the
risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Studies found that circumcision
is associated with a low rate of urinary tract infection, sexual disease such as
syphilis, and reduce the risk of infected with HIV. This is because circumcision
may protect one from bacterial and virus that generate due to the warm and moist
area under the foreskin, therefore removing the foreskin reduces the risk of being
infected.
Another human issue is that circumcision is known to boost personal hygiene. It is
argued that it is easy and takes a short time to clean an intact penis compared to
the uncircumcised person, thus able to maintain good personal hygiene. Other
studies argue that circumcision of male improves their sexual power due to increase
sensitivity of the membrane. It has brought controversy since many factors boast
male sexual power beside skin sensitiveness.
The biggest ethical issue surrounding circumcision is the controversy regarding the
indication of ritual circumcision on religious background. Many communities take
circumcision as a ritual of passage that male children should pass through to join
manhood. The controversy arises on the right time conduct the procedure as some
argue it should be done after birth, other after few days while other after some
years. Others argue that it should be performed on birth only for identified
medical reasons of the child since it is not necessary, or the child wellbeing
since the child can live a healthy life even when uncircumcised.
Medical right and human right
Circumcision on young child violates the human right of the child makes is own
decision. Most of the circumcisions are performed when the children are very little
such that the parent and medical staff infringe the child autonomy to decide upon
his fate. According to UNAIDS, a non-government organization argues that
circumcision should be a voluntary procedure, and health organization should
provide sufficient information to enable children and parents to decide on
circumcision. It argues that lack of information has denied many people make their
choice on either or against circumcision. Studies also show that most of the
circumcisions are performed out the will of the participant, especially female
circumcision, thus denies the participant make his own decision.
Circumcision is mostly based on religious and cultural background, thus continues
practice on infant denies the child religious freedom of choosing his denomination.
It is a betrayal of infant trust and freedom of expression on his decision
regarding circumcision. It also violates the right of human being concerning sexual
intact and fully functional of his body parties. This is because most of the
practice is performed at a tender age that the children are not in the position to
make an informed decision regarding their future life violating the right of the
babies.
Circumcision violates the medical right to uphold their ethical and code of conduct
in their duties. Performing circumcision to infant child is against their rules of
not doing any harm. Removing someone bodies parties and causing pain to the
participant without their will is against their code of conduct. Performing
circumcision is the unethical practice of the medical staff since they cause main
with some defending themselves, saying it only lasts for a few seconds while in
some case the practice can take even forty minutes. Medical staff also violates the
principle of patient welfare since there are falsely influenced and demanded by the
parents. They deny their responsibility claiming to have followed the parent’s
orders.
The practice of circumcision also shows medical right when there is sufficient
medical reason to perform the procedure, such as when the foreskin is too tight to
be pulled back to the glans. Studies show the medical benefit of circumcision
outweighs the risk associated with the practice. The medical benefit such as
reducing the risk of conducting sexually transmitted infection, and prevention of
cancer and improving the hygiene prove the right medical issues surrounding
circumcision.
Peoples argument on circumcision issue
Most of the people support circumcision of due to their religious and cultural
background. Very few people understand the benefit of the procedure but conduct the
practice to observe their cultural and social norms that are observed by their
community. These have contributed much to the practice since some communities
believe to be a ritual passage that some be followed according to their cultural
background. Others practice it to observe the religious practice as it was
according to the Jewish in the bible to carry the procedure on the eighth day after
the male child is born.
Many people support male circumcision due to the health benefit associated with
the practice. Some of the benefits include lack of interference with male sexual
drive function but increase the sensitivity of the skin, facilitating sexual
arouse. Others fear that lack of removal of foreskin provides a conducive
environment for bacterial and viral to develop and grow, increasing the risk of
being infected with the sexually transmitted disease. Others support circumcision
to improve the health hygiene of the penis since it had to keep the uncircumcised
penis clean and fresh.
Most of the people go against the circumcision of female and infant due to the risk
associated with the procedure. In the female, it increases the risk of being
infected with the sexually transmitted disease, lead to a complication during
childbirth that may cause mother or child death, causes excessive bleeding and
damage physiological of many women. It also reduces sexual sensitivity in both male
and women. The infant is expressed to unnecessary pain without their cautious,
leading to many people going against the procedure. Other agues there is no
difference between the circumcised and uncircumcised since even uncircumcised can
grow in health condition like others.
The role of the nurse
When a nurse faced with dilemma circumcision, he/she should not be the sole
decision maker on the procedure. The issue of circumcision involves various
decision-maker such as parents, and health care providers are required to make the
right decision considering the right of the infant and ethical practice of the
nurse. The parents have the final decision since they have authority over their
child. The moral of the nurse plays an important role in evaluating the dilemma
situation.
The nurse needs to consider other alternative available while faced with a dilemma.
Contemplating on the options related to circumcision help to evaluate the potential
outcome of any decision taken and choosing the best alternative. It calls for the
nurse to weigh both short term and long term outcome subject to infant pain,
ethical practice of the medical staff, potential complication, the danger of not
taking the procedure and autonomy of the infant making the decision.
Conclusion
The controversial of circumcision continues subject to the debate of the ethical
and unethical practice by medical provider regarding the infant right. The
advantage, such as reduction of risk of being infected with sexually transmitted
diseased, has proven the importance of undergoing the procedure. Most of the people
continue to practice the procedure due to the religious and cultural background
while those against it due to health complication and risk involved in the
procedure. Nurses need to consult other decision makers of the infant and weigh
various alternative when faced with the dilemma of circumcision.