Engineering Drawing and Design 1

Course ECV100

Eng. Marclus Mwai (MSc, BSc (Civil Eng.))

 COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introductions
2. Terms & Definitions
3. Drawing Tools & Media
4. Drafting Skills
5. Shape description
6. Views & Revolutions
7. Dimensioning & Tolerancing
8. Sectioning
9. Materials
10. Working drawings & design
11. Pipe drawings
12. Structural drafting
13. Electrical and electronics drawing
 1. Introductions

1.1 Self introductions

 Students to self introduce and forward email

contacts
 Course requirements
Schedule:
Exams: Course work +CAT (50%)
End of semester exam (50%)
 1. Introductions
1.2 Drawing & design as a language
 basic human needs & wants- food, water, shelter,
comfort, fame,
 To satisfy human needs and wants- create wealth at
personal and national level
 Working smart (not necessary hard work, but working hard, persistence,
team work, independence, interdependence)
 Sustainable development- meeting our needs today while
allowing future generations meet their own needs
 we design typically for 25 years-
 stakeholder involvement- governments, users, financiers, operators
 multi-disciplinary concepts (PESTLE- politics, environment, social, technology,
legal, economics
 Follow established procedures, standards, CPD, communication, ethical
issues
 2.0 Terms & Definitions
2.1 Engineering- Art (creative) of applying scientific, economic,
social, knowledge and insight for the benefit of mankind- design, build,
maintain structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.

Traditional branches of engineering very wide, main:

 Chemical (processes like juice extraction),
 Civil (Thika Superhighway, bridges, water supply)
 Electrical (computers, mobile phones)
 Mechanical (mechanical systems like engines, weapons, etc),

2.2 Emerging branches/ fields: petroleum engineering, biomedical,

mining, biosystems, software, environmental etc. depends on national
goals and strategies (e.g. vision (e.g. Kenya Vision 2030, MDGs, manifesto)
 2.0 Terms & Definitions

2.4 Drawing
- A form of visual art (graphics) to communicate concepts from one mind
to the other and record ideas by use of lines or marks on a two-
dimensional medium (e.g. paper)
- Artistic drawing- real or imagined ideas of culture, convey emotion
or artistic sensitivity (dept. of fine art)
- Technical drawings- expression of technical ideas, information and
objective facts; largely used in all branches of engineering
- Communicate the physical shape and size completely to enable
manufacturing, construction, etc. This process is called drafting
- Uses extensive set of conventions to convey information (focus of
this class)
- Drafters: translate ideas, sketches, specifications, calculations, of
engineers, architects, and designers into working plans in order to
make a product ( e.g. draw an open wooden crate, 1 m long, 2 m
wide and 1 m high. The thickness to be 75 mm.
 2.0 Terms & Definitions
2.5 Design
- involves a strategic approach or roadmap to achieve a goal like satisfy a
need, reduce cost and enhance safety and any other criteria (
aesthetics), given certain constraints

- design a low cost wooden box to hold 100 kg of tomatoes

- Ask students to design in 5 minutes
- How do you determine the size of nails, size of timber, how many people to handle,
costs, timber types, etc
- Design involves considerable research, thought, modeling, many trials and options
3.0 Drawing Office, Tools & Media
Project Manager

Design Engineer

Senior Drafter/ Checker

Junior Drafter
Ability to visualize objects
Problem solving techniques
Attentiveness to details
Drafting skills and experience
Trainee Drafter Specialized training and
experience
3.0 Drawing Office, Tools & Media
3.1 Drawing tools

Drafting furniture- table and desk

T-Square- a guide for drawing horizontal lines
Scales-
Triangles
Calculator
Compasses
Pencils
Erasers
Templates
Irregular curves
Masking tape
Eraser Pencil
Triangle
Drawing
board

T-Square

Masking
tape

Drafting Board and triangle

 Drafting Scales

 measuring instrument
 The size to which the drawing is made
- When drawn to full size 1:1

- Many objects like drawings, aeroplanes must be drawn to a reduced scale

- Many objects drawn to reduced scales 1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:1000

- Others too small and must be enlarged: 2:1; 5:1;

Assignments
 50 mm

Draw the figure to a scales of 1:1; 1:2; 1:10

 Drafting Paper
Metric drawing sizes

A4- 210 x 297

A3- 297x420
A2- 420x594
A1-594x841
A0-841x1189

A0

A4
A3
A4
A1

A2
 4 Drafting Skills
Objectives
• Identify and apply basic line types
• Use different methods of lettering
• Create circles and arcs manually
• Draw irregular curves
• Know basic steps of sketching
 4 Drafting Skills
4.1 Straight line work

• Technical drawings are a form of communication

of technical ideas
• Technical drawings are set of instructions used by
manufacturing and construction trades
• Ideally engineering drawings made up of
different line styles, dimensions and notes
• goal is to accurately and unambiguously capture
all the geometric features of a product or a
component
 4 Drafting Skills
• Linework is the most basic element of technical drawing

• Lines help illustrate and describe the shape of objects before they
could be created

• For clarity, lines:

• Different types- hidden, center line, symmetry, extension line,

break lines-
• Different widths- Thick and thin to contrast components
(pencils and leads available from 0.3 to 0.9 mm thick)
• Different colours- used to contrast components
• Lines should be sharp, clean, uniform and properly shaped

Issue lines types to students

 4 Drafting Skills
4.2 Technical Lettering
• The process of forming letters, numerals, and other characters
in technical drawings
• styles are standardized- use  D San serif
characters
• Skills to be learnt and practice makes perfect
• Important requirement are neatness, legibility, reproducibility,
ease of drawing, uniformity
Common faults to avoid:
- Unnecessary fine detail
- Poor spacing of details
- Carelessly drawn figures and letters
- Inconsistent line work thickness
- Incomplete erasures, leaving ghost images
4.2 Technical Lettering- cont.

Methods of forming letters

• Freehand lettering is done without the assistance of tools
- either vertical or inclined letters at about 75o

• Mechanical lettering is done using tools such as lettering guides,

templates,

• Modern drawings are lettered with computer aided drafting

software.

The nominal letter sizes- Sequence of 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm,
10 mm, 14 mm, 20 mm.
 Guidelines for uniformity and neatness

Characteristic ParameterRatio Dimensions(mm)

Lettering Height
(Height of capitals) h (10/10)h 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14 20
Height of lower case letters
(without stem or tail) c (7/10)h - 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14
Spacing between characters a (2/10)h 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2 2.8 4
Minimum spacing of base characters b (14/10)h 3.5 5 7 10 14 20 28
Minimum spacing between words e (6/10)h 1.5 2.1 3 4.2 6 8.4 12
Thickness of lines d (1/10)h 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2
 Letter sizes
Use size
Drawing no in title block, title in A4 to A0 7 mm
title block, sectioning
Zone letters, numerals in border 5 mm
Dimensions, tolerance, notes, sub- < A2 (420 mm x 594 mm) 3.5 mm
titles, tables, revisions, letters for
the body of the drawing

Dimensions, tolerance, notes, sub- > A2 (420 mm x 594 mm) 5 mm

titles, tables, revisions, letters for
the body of the drawing

ssignment : BCDFGI.......Z
1234567890
 LETTERING CONTD
• Write the following notes

THE BOUNDARIES ON THIS PRELIMINARY INDEX

DIAGRAM, WHICH IS PREPARED FROM PHOTO
ENLARGEMENTS, HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED BY THE LAND
ADJUCATION DEPARTMENT UNDER THE SURVEY OF
KENYA SUPERVISION. DATED 10TH JANUARY 2012

USE 3.5 MM; 5 MM & 7MM

 4 Drafting Skills
4.3 Circles and Arcs

Drawn with the aid of a compass or template

- Use centre lines to locate the center of circle an arcs
- Centre lines consist of altenating long and short dashes
- Center lines to extend uniformly and distinctly a short distance
beyond the feature of interest
Assignment
Two short
dashes at point
of intersection

Center line not

broken when
extended
beyond object
 4 Drafting Skills
4.4 irregular curves

Curved lines may be drawn with aid of irregular curves

 4 Drafting Skills
4.5 Sketching
• Simplest form of drawing
• Quickest ways to communicate and express ideas
• - Sketches used to help simplify and explain thoughts and
concepts to other people
• Practice in sketching helps in idealization, proportioning and
accuracy of observation (if you can draw it, then you know what
are talking about)
• Sketches may be done freehand or by using basic templates (circle
and irregular curves)
• Graph paper primarily used for sketching
• steps
• Steps in sketching- build a frame
• Block in the overall sizes for each detail
• Add in the detail
• Darken the lines
• Add any notes using the grids
Assignment
Shape description
Views & Revolutions
Dimensioning & Tolerancing
Sectioning
Materials
Working drawings & design
Pipe drawings
Structural drafting
Electrical & electronics drawing