LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this module, you should be able to know
the following:
Standard
This is a measure of acceptable performance established by the management
of a company which serves as a guide in decision making.
This also serves as a benchmark in measuring performance
Types of standards
1. Expected Standards
This reflects an anticipation of inevitable circumstances in production like
production losses as well as inefficiencies. Since manufacturing
inefficiencies has been predicted, variances tend to be favorable most of
the time.
2. Practical Standards
These standards permits allowance for unavoidable delays due to
machine idle time or interruption and workers' breaks. With this, variances
can be either be favorable or unfavorable, or both.
3. Ideal Standards
These are the types of standards which do not allow any form of
inefficiencies and adopt a concept of "zero defect'. Thus, ideal standards
are viewed as unattainable standards and tend to result to unfavorable
variances.
The cost accounting department and/or the purchasing department are the departments
responsible for setting the material price standards whereas the engineering
department are the ones responsible in setting standards as to level of quality to be
purchased, required quantity of purchase and the type of materials needed in the
production.
2. Labor Standards
When setting up for labor standards, all necessary activities in the production
department should be determined first in order to estimate the required time needed
in producing a batch or unit of output. As to compensation of workers, standard rate
of payment is based on the type of job being performed as well as the experience and
skills that the worker has.
3. Overhead Standards
Variance Analysis
Variances serve as "red flags" and a thorough analysis should be done to be able to
determine the root cause of any variances, whether it is unfavorable or even a favorable
variance because variance analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of production
performance.
Variance analysis are performed on materials, labor and overhead.
The difference between the total actual costs incurred and total standard costs that should
have been incurred results in a variance. Total amount of variance can be calculated as
follows:
However, the calculated amount of total variance do not provide a comprehensive evaluation
why a variance has occurred since the method of calculation used does not indicate whether
such variance was due to factors affecting prices, quantities of input placed into production,
and other factors affecting the actual production process.
The price element indicates the difference between the actual costs of inputs and costs that
should have been paid for inputs. Thus, price or rate variance is calculated as the difference
between actual price and standard price per unit of input multiplied by the actual quantity of
inputs:
Price or Rate Variance = (Actual unit price - Standard unit price) x Actual Quantity of Input
The usage element indicates the results of production efficiency calculated as:
It should be noted that unfavorable variances have negative effect on income, whereas the
favorable variances have positive effect on income.
Material Variances
Overhead Variance
Computation of overhead variances is itemized into two components, variable and fixed.