Diseño Geométrico de Carreteras

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James Cárdenas Grisales

Capítulo 5

DISEÑO GEOMÉTRICO
TRANSVERSAL: SECCIONES,
ÁREAS Y VOLÚMENES

5.1 CONCEPTO

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GHILQLFLyQGHODXELFDFLyQ\GLPHQVLRQHVGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHIRUPDQ
ODFDUUHWHUD\VXUHODFLyQFRQHOWHUUHQRQDWXUDOHQFDGDSXQWRGHHOOD
VREUHXQDsección normalDODOLQHDPLHQWRKRUL]RQWDO'HHVWDPDQHUD
VH SRGUi ILMDU OD UDVDQWH \ HO DQFKR GH OD IDMD TXH RFXSDUi OD IXWXUD
FDUUHWHUD\DVtHVWLPDUODVáreas\volúmenesGHWLHUUDDPRYHU

5.2 ELEMENTOS GEOMÉTRICOS QUE INTEGRAN
LA SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL

Geométricamente OD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO GH XQD FDUUHWHUD HVWi
FRPSXHVWD SRU HO DQFKR GH ]RQD R GHUHFKR GH YtD HO DQFKR GH
͔͙͘

Diseño geométrico de carreteras
H[SODQDFLyQHODQFKRGHEDQFDRSODWDIRUPDODFRURQDODFDO]DGDORV
FDUULOHVODVEHUPDVODVFXQHWDVORVWDOXGHVODWHUDOHV\RWURVHOHPHQWRV
FRPSOHPHQWDULRV(QOD)LJXUDVHGHWDOODQHVWRVHOHPHQWRVSDUDHO
FDVR GH XQD YtD SDYLPHQWDGD GH VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO PL[WD FRUWH \
WHUUDSOpQXELFDGDHQUHFWDRHQWDQJHQWH

Figura 5.1 Sección transversal típica mixta, pavimentada en recta

/DcalzadaRVXSHUILFLHGHURGDPLHQWRHVDTXHOODSDUWHGHODVHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDOGHVWLQDGDDODFLUFXODFLyQGHORVYHKtFXORVFRQVWLWXLGDSRU
XQR R PiV FDUULOHV SDUD XQR R GRV VHQWLGRV &DGD carril WHQGUi XQ
DQFKR VXILFLHQWH SDUD SHUPLWLU OD FLUFXODFLyQ GH XQD VROD ILOD GH
YHKtFXORV (O DQFKR \ HO Q~PHUR GH FDUULOHV GH OD FDO]DGD VH
GHWHUPLQDQ FRQ EDVH HQ XQ DQiOLVLV GH FDSDFLGDG \ QLYHO GH VHUYLFLR
GHVHDGRDOILQDOGHOSHUtRGRGHGLVHxR

/RV DQFKRV GH FDUULO QRUPDOPHQWH XWLOL]DGRV HQ UHFWD VRQ GH 3.00m
3.30m 3.50m\ 3.65mUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH(QOD7DEODVHVXPLQLVWUDQ
ORVDQFKRVGHFDO]DGDUHFRPHQGDGRVHQIXQFLyQGHOWLSRGHFDUUHWHUD
HO WLSR GH WHUUHQR \ OD YHORFLGDG GH GLVHxR>@ /RV VREUHDQFKRV GH
FDO]DGD HQ ODV FXUYDV KRUL]RQWDOHV GHEHUiQ FDOFXODUVH FRQ HO
SURFHGLPLHQWRHVWDEOHFLGRHQHOQXPHUDO
͔͚͘

Tabla 5.1 Anchos recomendados de calzada en recta

9(/2&,'$''(',6(f2'(/75$02
7,32 7,32 +202*e1(2VTR.PK
'(&$55(7(5$ '(7(55(12

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&RQWLJXR D OD FDO]DGD VH HQFXHQWUDQ ODV bermas TXH VRQ IDMDV
FRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUHODVRULOODVGHODFDO]DGD\ODVOtQHDVGHILQLGDVSRU
ORV KRPEURV GH OD FDUUHWHUD /DV EHUPDV VLUYHQ GH FRQILQDPLHQWR
ODWHUDO GH OD VXSHUILFLH GH URGDPLHQWR FRQWURODQ OD KXPHGDG \ ODV
SRVLEOHV HURVLRQHV GH OD FDO]DGD (YHQWXDOPHQWH VH SXHGHQ XWLOL]DU
SDUDHVWDFLRQDPLHQWRSURYLVLRQDO\SDUDGDUVHJXULGDGDOXVXDULRGHOD
FDUUHWHUD SXHV HQ HVWH DQFKR DGLFLRQDO VH SXHGHQ HOXGLU DFFLGHQWHV
SRWHQFLDOHVRUHGXFLUVXVHYHULGDG7DPELpQVHSXHGHQXWLOL]DUSDUDORV
WUDEDMRVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ

(Q OD 7DEOD VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV DQFKRV GH EHUPD UHFRPHQGDGRV HQ
IXQFLyQ GHO WLSR GH FDUUHWHUD HO WLSR GH WHUUHQR \ OD YHORFLGDG GH
GLVHxR>@

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corona 3RU OR WDQWR HO DQFKR GH FRURQD HV OD GLVWDQFLD KRUL]RQWDO
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GH XQ FRUWH \R HQWUH ODV DULVWDV VXSHULRUHV GH ORV WDOXGHV GH XQ
WHUUDSOpQ
͔͛͘

Tabla 5.2 Anchos recomendados de bermas

7,32 7,32 9(/2&,'$''(',6(f2'(/75$02+202*e1(2VTR.PK
'(&$55(7(5$ '(7(55(12
3ODQR
3ULPDULD 2QGXODGR
GHGRVFDO]DGDV 0RQWDxRVR
(VFDUSDGR
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3ULPDULD 2QGXODGR
GHXQDFDO]DGD 0RQWDxRVR
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0RQWDxRVR
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2QGXODGR
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%HUPDGHUHFKD%HUPDL]TXLHUGD
%HUPDFXQHWD

(QORVWUDPRVUHFWRVODFDO]DGDWLHQHXQDSHQGLHQWHWUDQVYHUVDOTXHYD
GHOHMHKDFLDORVERUGHVGHQRPLQDGDbombeoHOFXDOWLHQHSRUREMHWR
IDFLOLWDU HO HVFXUULPLHQWR GH ODV DJXDV OOXYLDV KDFLD ODV EHUPDV \
FXQHWDV (Q OD 7DEOD VH VXPLQLVWUDQ HQ IXQFLyQ GHO WLSR GH
VXSHUILFLH GH URGDGXUD ORV YDORUHV UHFRPHQGDGRV GHO ERPEHR D
HPSOHDUVHHQHOSUR\HFWR>@

Tabla 5.3 Valores recomendados para el bombeo

7,32'(683(5),&,('(52'$'85$ %20%(2
6XSHUILFLHGHFRQFUHWRKLGUiXOLFRRDVIiOWLFR
0X\EXHQD
FRORFDGDFRQH[WHQGHGRUDVPHFiQLFDV
6XSHUILFLHGHPH]FODDVIiOWLFDFRORFDGDFRQ
%XHQD
WHUPLQDGRUD&DUSHWDGHULHJRV
5HJXODUD
6XSHUILFLHGHWLHUUDRJUDYD
PDOD

/D SHQGLHQWH WUDQVYHUVDO UHFRPHQGDGD SDUD ODV EHUPDV HV OD
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODGHODFDO]DGDPiVXQ2%6LVHFRQVWUX\HODEHUPD
͔͘͜

FRPR FRQWLQXDFLyQ GH OD FDO]DGD VH GHEHUi PDQWHQHU OD SHQGLHQWH
DGRSWDGDSDUDODFDO]DGD

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ODVEHUPDVGHVWLQDGDVDIDFLOLWDUHOGUHQDMHVXSHUILFLDOORQJLWXGLQDOGH
ODFDUUHWHUD6XVGLPHQVLRQHVVHGHWHUPLQDQGHDFXHUGRDORVDQiOLVLV
KLGUiXOLFRV GHO VLWLR *HQHUDOPHQWH VRQ GH VHFFLyQ WULDQJXODU VLQ
HPEDUJRVRQGHVHDEOHVODVGHVHFFLyQWUDSH]RLGDO

$FRQWLQXDFLyQDSDUHFHQORVtaludesTXHVRQODVVXSHUILFLHVODWHUDOHV
LQFOLQDGDV TXH OLPLWDQ OD H[SODQDFLyQ 6L OD VHFFLyQ HV HQ FRUWH HO
WDOXGHPSLH]DHQVHJXLGDGHODFXQHWD6LODVHFFLyQHVHQWHUUDSOpQHO
WDOXG VH LQLFLD HQ HO ERUGH GH OD EHUPD /DV LQFOLQDFLRQHV DGRSWDGDV
SDUDORVWDOXGHV VHGHWHUPLQDQFRQEDVHHQORVHVWXGLRVJHROyJLFRV\
JHRWpFQLFRV GHO OXJDU (Q WpUPLQRV JHQHUDOHV ORV WDOXGHV TXH VH
HPSOHDQVRQSDUDFRUWHV2verticalesSRU1horizontal\SDUDWHUUDSOHQHV2
verticalesSRU3 horizontales

/D banca R plataforma GH OD FDUUHWHUD HV OD GLVWDQFLD KRUL]RQWDO
PHGLGD QRUPDOPHQWH DO HMH HQWUH ORV H[WUHPRV H[WHULRUHV GH ODV
FXQHWDVRORVKRPEURV

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FRUWH R WHUUDSOpQ HQFXHQWUD HO WHUUHQR QDWXUDO (O DQFKR GH
explanación HV OD GLVWDQFLD WRWDO KRUL]RQWDO FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH ORV
FKDIODQHVGHUHFKRHL]TXLHUGR

(Oancho de zona R derecho de víaHVODIDMDGHWHUUHQRGHVWLQDGDDOD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ PDQWHQLPLHQWR IXWXUDV DPSOLDFLRQHV VL OD GHPDQGD GH
WUiQVLWR DVt OR H[LJH VHUYLFLRV GH VHJXULGDG VHUYLFLRV DX[LOLDUHV \
GHVDUUROOR SDLVDMtVWLFR (Q OD 7DEOD DSDUHFHQ ORV DQFKRV PtQLPRV
UHFRPHQGDGRV GH GHUHFKRV GH YtD>@ $ HVWD ]RQD QR VH OH SRGUi GDU
XVRSULYDGR

/DrasanteFRPRHMHHVODSUR\HFFLyQYHUWLFDOGHOGHVDUUROORGHOHMH
UHDOGHODVXSHUILFLHGHURGDPLHQWRGHODYtD/Dsub-rasanteHVDTXHOOD
VXSHUILFLH HVSHFLDOPHQWH DFRQGLFLRQDGD VREUH OD FXDO VH DSR\D OD
HVWUXFWXUDGHOSDYLPHQWR
͔͘͝

Tabla 5.4 Anchos mínimos recomendados de derechos de vía

7,32'(&$55(7(5$ $1&+20Ë1,02'(=21$P
3ULPDULDGHGRVFDO]DGDV !
3ULPDULDGHXQDFDO]DGD
6HFXQGDULD
7HUFLDULD
)XHQWH ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH 9tDV Manual de Diseño Geométrico para Carreteras
%RJRWi

$ORVQLYHOHVGHODVXEUDVDQWHWDPELpQVHOHVFRQRFHFRPRODVcotas
de proyecto R cotas rojas $ ORV QLYHOHV GHO WHUUHQR QDWXUDO VH OHV
GHQRPLQDQcotas negras&XDQGRHVQHFHVDULRH[FDYDUHOWHUUHQRSDUD
IRUPDUODVXSHUILFLHGHODVXEUDVDQWHVHGLFHTXHVHKDFHexcavación
Rcorte6LSRUHOFRQWUDULRHVQHFHVDULRFRORFDUPDWHULDOSDUDXELFDUHO
SDYLPHQWRVREUHpOVHGLFHTXHVHKDFHrellenoRterraplén

'H DFXHUGR DO WLSR GH YtD D SUR\HFWDU DGLFLRQDOPHQWH D ORV YDORUHV
UHFRPHQGDGRV GDGRV DTXt H[LVWHQ GLIHUHQWHV FULWHULRV TXH SHUPLWHQ
GHILQLUODVGLPHQVLRQHVHLQFOLQDFLRQHVGHFDGDXQRGHORVHOHPHQWRV
GHXQDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO

&RPR HO HQIRTXH SUHVHQWDGR DTXt HV PHUDPHQWH JHRPpWULFR HO
DQiOLVLV HQ OR VXFHVLYR SDUWH GH OD EDVH TXH GLFKDV GLPHQVLRQHV H
LQFOLQDFLRQHVVRQFRQRFLGDVODVFXDOHVREYLDPHQWHVHIXQGDPHQWDQHQ
RWURVHVWXGLRVFRPSOHPHQWDULRVFRPRJHROyJLFRVVXHORVSDYLPHQWRV
HKLGUiXOLFRV

5.3 SOBRE-ANCHO EN LAS CURVAS

&XDQGRXQYHKtFXORFLUFXODSRUXQDFXUYDKRUL]RQWDORFXSDXQDQFKR
GHFDO]DGDPD\RUTXHHQUHFWD(VWRHVGHELGRDTXHSRUODULJLGH]\
GLPHQVLRQHV GHO YHKtFXOR VXV UXHGDV WUDVHUDV VLJXHQ XQD WUD\HFWRULD
GLVWLQWD D OD GH ODV UXHGDV GHODQWHUDV RFDVLRQDQGR GLILFXOWDG D ORV
FRQGXFWRUHV SDUD PDQWHQHU VX YHKtFXOR HQ HO HMH GHO FDUULO GH
FLUFXODFLyQ FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH 'HSHQGLHQGR GHO WLSR GH YHKtFXORV
FRPHUFLDOHVTXHFLUFXODQKDELWXDOPHQWHSRUODVFDUUHWHUDVHVWHHIHFWR
VHPDQLILHVWDPiVHQFXUYDVGHUDGLRVSHTXHxRV

(Q HVWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV \ FRQ HO SURSyVLWR GH TXH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH
RSHUDFLyQGHORVYHKtFXORVHQODVFXUYDVVHDQPX\VLPLODUHVDODVGH
͕͔͘

HQ UHFWD ODFDO]DGDHQODVFXUYDVGHEHHQVDQFKDUVH FRQHOREMHWRGH

DVHJXUDU HVSDFLRV OLEUHV DGHFXDGRV HQWUH ORV YHKtFXORV TXH VH
HQFXHQWUDQHQFDO]DGDVELGLUHFFLRQDOHVRTXHVHDGHODQWDQHQFDO]DGDV
XQLGLUHFFLRQDOHV \ HQWUH HO YHKtFXOR \ HO ERUGH GH OD FDO]DGD (VWH
DXPHQWRGHODQFKRVHGHQRPLQDSobre-anchoSGHODFXUYD

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GLUHFFLRQHV SDUD DQFKRV GH FDO]DGD HQ UHFWD PD\RUHV D 7.00 PHWURV
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SDYLPHQWR VH GHEH ILMDU HQ OD PLWDG GH ORV ERUGHV GH OD FDO]DGD \D
HQVDQFKDGD

5.3.1 Vehículos rígidos

(QOD)LJXUDVHLOXVWUDQGRVYHKtFXORVGHWLSRUtJLGRFLUFXODQGRHQ
XQD FXUYD GH UDGLR Rc DO HMH FRQ ODV GLPHQVLRQHV PRVWUDGDV HQ OD
7DEOD>@

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R'HVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHLJXDODOUDGLRRc GHODFXUYDDOHMHVHWLHQHTXH

L2 Rc S
2
Rc2

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FXUYDHV

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S n§¨ R c R c2 L2 ·¸

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͕͕͘


Figura 5.2 Sobre-ancho en las curvas, vehículos rígidos

Tabla 5.5 Dimensiones de los vehículos de tipo rígido en el cálculo del sobre-ancho

a b d e L
&$7(*25Ë$
P P P P P
9HKtFXOROLYLDQR
%XVPHGLDQR
%XVJUDQGH
&DPLyQGHHMHV
&DPLyQGHHMHVRGREOHWURTXp
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S 2 §¨ R c R c2 L2 ·¸
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HTXLOLEULR

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UHODWLYD GH ODV UXHGDV WUDVHUDV GHSHQGH GH OD YHORFLGDG SDUD OR FXDO
%DUQHWWVXJLHUHDJUHJDUXQIDFWRUGHVHJXULGDGOOHJDQGRDODVLJXLHQWH
H[SUHVLyQ

0.1VCH
S 2 §¨ R c R c2 L2 ·¸
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FDOFXODPHGLDQWHODVLJXLHQWHUHODFLyQ

32 n
S
Rc

(VWDH[SUHVLyQHVYiOLGDSDUDXQFDPLyQGHGRVHMHVGHORQJLWXGLGH8
PHWURV

5.3.2 Vehículos articulados

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SRUXQDXQLGDGWUDFWRUDGHQRPLQDGDWUDFWRFDPLyQGH 3HMHVC3\XQ
VHPLUUHPROTXH GH 2 HMHV S2 UHSUHVHQWDWLYR GHO SDUTXH DXWRPRWRU
FRORPELDQRFRQODVVLJXLHQWHVGLPHQVLRQHV

A 1.22 m 9XHORRVDOLHQWHGHODQWHUR
L1 5.95 m 'LVWDQFLDHQWUHHOHMHGHODQWHUR\HOHMHWUDVHURGHODXQLGDG
WUDFWRUD
L2 12.97 m 'LVWDQFLD HQWUH HO SXQWR GH DUWLFXODFLyQ \ HO HMH WUDVHUR GHO
VHPLUUHPROTXH
u 2.59 m $QFKRGHOYHKtFXORHQWDQJHQWH
͕͗͘


Figura 5.3 Sobre-ancho en las curvas, vehículos articulados
͕͘͘

/DH[SUHVLyQUHFRPHQGDGDSRUOD$$6+72>@HVODVLJXLHQWH

S WC WT

'RQGH
S 6REUHDQFKRUHTXHULGRSRUODFDO]DGD
WC $QFKRGHODFDO]DGDHQFXUYD
WT $QFKRGHODFDO]DGDHQWDQJHQWH

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VLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ

WC nU C n 1 FA Z

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n 1~PHURGHFDUULOHV
U $QFKRRFXSDGRSRUHOYHKtFXORHQODFXUYD
C 'LVWDQFLD ODWHUDO OLEUH HQWUH YHKtFXORV \ HQWUH pVWRV \ HO ERUGH GH OD
FDO]DGD3DUDDQFKRVGHFDO]DGDGH6.006.60\7.20PHWURVORVYDORUHV
GHCVRQ0.600.75\0.90PHWURVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
FA 'LIHUHQFLD UDGLDO HQWUH OD WUD\HFWRULD GH OD HVTXLQD H[WHULRU GHO YXHOR
GHODQWHUR\ODWUD\HFWRULDGHODUXHGDH[WHULRUGHODQWHUD
Z $QFKRDGLFLRQDOGHVHJXULGDGSRUODGLILFXOWDGGHPDQLREUDUHQFXUYD

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VLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ

u Rc Rc2 L1 L2
2
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u $QFKRGHOYHKtFXORHQODWDQJHQWH
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YXHOR GHODQWHUR \ OD WUD\HFWRULD GH OD UXHGD H[WHULRU GHODQWHUD FA VH
GHWHUPLQDFRPR

͕͙͘

FA Rc2 A2 L1 A Rc

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OD YHORFLGDG HVSHFtILFD VCH GH OD FXUYD \ HO UDGLR Rc (VWH DQFKR VH
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Z
Rc

5.3.3 Transición del sobre-ancho

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FDO]DGDHOVREUHDQFKRGHEHGHVDUUROODUVHJUDGXDOPHQWHDODHQWUDGD\
DODVDOLGDGHODVFXUYDV

(QHOFDVRGHFXUYDVFLUFXODUHVVLPSOHVSRUUD]RQHVGHDSDULHQFLDHO
VREUHDQFKRWDOFRPRVHPHQFLRQyDQWHULRUPHQWHGHEHGHVDUUROODUVH
OLQHDOPHQWH D OR ODUJR GHO ODGR LQWHUQR GH OD FDO]DGD HQ OD PLVPD
ORQJLWXG LtXWLOL]DGDSDUDODWUDQVLFLyQGHOSHUDOWDGR$VtSRUHMHPSOR
VLODWUDQVLFLyQDOPC\PTHVGHO70% GHODWUDQVLFLyQWRWDOHQOD)LJXUD
VH DSUHFLD OD UHSDUWLFLyQ GHO VREUHDQFKR S GH WDO IRUPD TXH HO
VREUHDQFKR SpHQFXDOTXLHUSXQWR PVLWXDGRDXQDGLVWDQFLD LpGHVGH
HOLQLFLRHV

§ Lp ·
Sp ¨¨ ¸¸S
© Lt ¹

(Q ORV DOLQHDPLHQWRV HVSLUDOL]DGRV HO VREUHDQFKR VH GLVWULEX\H D OR
ODUJR GH OD &ORWRLGH WUD]DQGR HO ERUGH GHO HQVDQFKH SRU PHGLR GH
GLVWDQFLDV UDGLDOHV D SDUWLU GHO HMH GH OD YtD ODV FXDOHV YDUtDQ
GLUHFWDPHQWHFRQODVORQJLWXGHVGHODVHVSLUDOHVGHHQWUDGD\VDOLGD Le
GHVGHHO TE\HO ETWDOTXHVHOOHJXHDOVREUHDQFKRWRWDO SHQHO EC\
HO CEJDUDQWL]DQGRGHHVWDPDQHUDTXHWRGD ODFXUYDFLUFXODUFHQWUDO
OOHYHHOVREUHDQFKRXQLIRUPHS

͕͚͘


Figura 5.4 Transición del sobre-ancho en las curvas

EJEMPLO 5.1: Sobre-ancho en curvas y transición, vehículos rígidos

Datos:
$QJXORGHGHIOH[LyQSULQFLSDO = ' = 130qD
5DGLRGHODFXUYDFLUFXODU = Rc = 73m
9HORFLGDGHVSHFtILFDGHODFXUYD = VCH = 50 Km/h
3HUDOWHUHFRPHQGDGR = e = 8%
3HQGLHQWHUHODWLYDGHORVERUGHV = m = 0.77%
$QFKRGHODFDO]DGDHQWDQJHQWH = 7.30m (dos carriles)
9HKtFXORWLSR = Camión de 2 ejes

Calcular:
D (OVREUHDQFKRQHFHVDULRSDUDHOFDPLyQ
E (OVREUHDQFKRDXQDGLVWDQFLDGH20PHWURVGHVGHVXLQLFLR
͕͛͘

Solución:

a) Sobre-ancho necesario

6HJ~QOD7DEODSDUDXQFDPLyQGH 2HMHVODGLVWDQFLD LHVGH 8.00
PHWURV\GHDFXHUGRFRQODHFXDFLyQHOVREUHDQFKRQHFHVDULR
HV
0.150
S 2 §¨73 73 2 8.00 2 ·¸ 0.879 0.585 1.464m
© ¹ 73

b) Sobre-ancho a 20 metros

/DORQJLWXGGHWUDQVLFLyQGHSHUDOWDGRHV

Carril e 3.65 m 8.0%
Lt 37.922 m
m 0.77%

3RU ORWDQWR VHJ~QOD HFXDFLyQ HO VREUHDQFKRGHVDUUROODGRD
XQDGLVWDQFLDGH20PHWURVGHVGHVXLQLFLRHV

§ Lp · § 20 ·
Sp ¨¨ ¸¸S ¨ ¸1.464 0.772 m
© Lt ¹ © 37.922 ¹

EJEMPLO 5.2: Sobre-ancho en curvas y transición, vehículos articulados

Datos:
$QJXORGHGHIOH[LyQSULQFLSDO = ' = 130qD
5DGLRGHODFXUYDFLUFXODU = Rc = 73m
9HORFLGDGHVSHFtILFDGHODFXUYD = VCH = 50 Km/h
/RQJLWXGGHODHVSLUDO = Le = 80m
$QFKRGHODFDO]DGDHQWDQJHQWH = WT =7.30m (dos carriles)
9HKtFXORDUWLFXODGRWLSR = C3-S2

Calcular:
D (OVREUHDQFKRQHFHVDULRSDUDHOFDPLyQDUWLFXODGR
E (OVREUHDQFKRDXQDGLVWDQFLDGH20PHWURVGHVGHVXLQLFLR
͕͘͜

Solución:

a) Sobre-ancho necesario

(O DQFKR RFXSDGR SRU HO YHKtFXOR HQ OD FXUYD U GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD
HFXDFLyQHV

u R c Rc2 L1 L2 2.59 73 73 2 5.95 12.97

2 2
U 5.084m

/D GLIHUHQFLD UDGLDO HQWUH OD WUD\HFWRULD GH OD HVTXLQD H[WHULRU GHO
YXHORGHODQWHUR\ODWUD\HFWRULDGHODUXHGDH[WHULRUGHODQWHUDFAVHJ~Q
ODHFXDFLyQHV

FA Rc2 A2 L1 A Rc 73 2 1.22 2 u 5.95 1.22 73 0.110 m

(ODQFKRDGLFLRQDOGHVHJXULGDG ZGHDFXHUGRFRQODHFXDFLyQ
HV

0.1VCH 0.150
Z 0.585 m
Rc 73

(ODQFKRGHODFDO]DGDHQFXUYDWCVHJ~QODHFXDFLyQHV

WC n U C n 1FA Z 2 5.084 0.90 2 10.110 0.585 12.663 m

'H HVWD PDQHUD HO VREUHDQFKR QHFHVDULR S GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD
HFXDFLyQHV

S WC WT 12.663 7.30 5.363 m

b) Sobre-ancho a 20 metros

6HJ~QODHFXDFLyQHOVREUHDQFKRGHVDUUROODGRDXQDGLVWDQFLD
GH20PHWURVGHVGHVXLQLFLRHV

§ Lp · § Lp · § 20 ·
Sp ¨¨ ¸¸S ¨¨ ¸¸S ¨ ¸5.363 1.341m
© Lt ¹ © Le ¹ © 80 ¹
͕͘͝

5.4 SECCIONES TRANSVERSALES TÍPICAS, POSI-

CIÓN DE CHAFLANES Y ESTACAS DE CEROS

5.4.1 Secciones transversales típicas

'HSHQGLHQGR GHO WLSR GH WHUUHQR R WRSRJUDItD SUHGRPLQDUi XQD
VHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOGHWHUPLQDGDODFXDOVHUiWtSLFDSDUDHVHWUDPR

(Q OD )LJXUD VH PXHVWUDQ ORV WLSRV JHQHUDOHV GH VHFFLRQHV
WUDQVYHUVDOHV HQ FRUWH H[FDYDFLyQ WHUUDSOpQ UHOOHQR \ PL[WDV D
PHGLDODGHUD

Figura 5.5 Secciones transversales típicas

5.4.2 Chaflanes o estacas de talud y estacas de ceros

&RPRVHGLMRDQWHULRUPHQWHORVchaflanesRHVWDFDVH[WUHPDVGHWDOXG
VRQ ORV SXQWRV GRQGH ORV WDOXGHV GH FRUWH R WHUUDSOpQ HQFXHQWUDQ HO
WHUUHQR QDWXUDO /RV ceros VRQ DTXHOORV SXQWRV GH SDVR GH FRUWH D
WHUUDSOpQRYLFHYHUVD

͖͔͘

6H GHILQH OD cota de trabajo FRPR HO WUDEDMR QHFHVDULR D UHDOL]DU
YHUWLFDOPHQWH VREUH XQ SXQWR \D VHD H[FDYDQGR R UHOOHQDQGR
H[SUHVDGDFRPR

Cota de Trabajo Cota Roja - Cota Negra

'RQGH
Cota Roja &RWDGHSUR\HFWRRQLYHOGHVXEUDVDQWH
Cota Negra &RWDGHOWHUUHQRQDWXUDO

2EVpUYHVHTXHHQHOSXQWRGHSDVRGHFRUWHDWHUUDSOpQODFRWDURMDHV
LJXDO D OD FRWD QHJUD SRU OR TXH OD FRWD GH WUDEDMR HV QXOD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDpVWDSURSLDGHODHVWDFDGHFHUR

(QOD)LJXUDVHPXHVWUDGHPDQHUDWULGLPHQVLRQDO\WUDQVYHUVDOD
ORODUJRGHXQDEDQFDODVGLIHUHQWHVSRVLFLRQHVGHORVFKDIODQHV\ORV
FHURV

$ VX YH] HQ OD )LJXUD VH SUHVHQWD XQD YLVWD HQ SODQWD GH ORV
FKDIODQHV\FHURVGHOPRGHORDQWHULRU(VLPSRUWDQWHREVHUYDUTXHHQ
OD PHGLGD TXH DSDUH]FDQ FHURV GHQWUR GH OD EDQFD R SODWDIRUPD VH
WHQGUiQVHFFLRQHVPL[WDVGHORFRQWUDULRVHUiQVHFFLRQHVVLPSOHVGH
FRUWHRWHUUDSOpQ

/Dlínea de chaflanesHVODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQSODQWDGHORVERUGHVGH
ODH[SODQDFLyQROtQHDVTXHXQHQODVHVWDFDVGHFKDIOiQFRQVHFXWLYDV
(VWDOtQHDLQGLFDKDVWDGyQGHVHH[WLHQGHODWHUDOPHQWHHOPRYLPLHQWR
GHWLHUUDVSRUFDXVDGHORVFRUWHVRGHORVWHUUDSOHQHV

3DUD GLIHUHQFLDU ORV FRUWHV GH ORV WHUUDSOHQHV VH XWLOL]DQ FRORUHV
HVSHFLDOHV DFKXUDGRV FRQ GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV GH OtQHDV R IOHFKDV FRQ OD
VLJXLHQWHFRQYHQFLyQ

$/72%$-2

/D OtQHD GH FKDIODQHV GHWHUPLQD OD QHFHVLGDG GH HYHQWXDOHV FRPSUDV
DGLFLRQDOHVGHSUHGLRV\ODLGHQWLILFDFLyQSUHOLPLQDUGHUHTXHULPLHQWRV
GHHVWUXFWXUDVGHFRQWHQFLyQ
͖͕͘


Figura 5.6 Posición de las estacas de chaflanes y de ceros
͖͖͘


Figura 5.7 Planta de chaflanes y ceros

5.4.3 Posición de los chaflanes

8QD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO FRPR OD GH OD )LJXUD TXHGD
JHRPpWULFDPHQWH GHILQLGD HQ IRUPD FRPSOHWD FXDQGR VH HVSHFLILFDQ
ORVVLJXLHQWHVHOHPHQWRV

B $QFKRGHEDQFDRSODWDIRUPD
Y &RWDGHWUDEDMRDOHMH
t 3HQGLHQWHGHORVWDOXGHV
Xd , Yd 3RVLFLyQGHO FKDIOiQGHUHFKRFRQUHVSHFWR DOHMH GH OD YtD\DOD
EDQFD
Xi , Yi 3RVLFLyQGHOFKDIOiQL]TXLHUGRFRQUHVSHFWRDOHMHGHODYtD\DOD
EDQFD
Xd 'LVWDQFLDKRUL]RQWDOGHVGHHOHMHGHODYtDDOFKDIOiQGHUHFKR
Xi 'LVWDQFLDKRUL]RQWDOGHVGHHOHMHGHODYtDDOFKDIOiQL]TXLHUGR
Yd $OWXUDGHOFKDIOiQGHUHFKRFRQUHVSHFWRDODEDQFD
Yi $OWXUDGHOFKDIOiQL]TXLHUGRFRQUHVSHFWRDODEDQFD
͖͗͘


Figura 5.8 Posición de los chaflanes

7DOHVSRVLFLRQHVVHH[SUHVDQDWUDYpVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVHFXDFLRQHV
B §1 ·
Xd ¨ ¸Yd
2 ©t ¹
B §1 ·
Xi ¨ ¸Yi
2 ©t ¹

(Q OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GLUHFWD GH FKDIODQHV HQ HO WHUUHQR ODV GRV
HFXDFLRQHV DQWHULRUHV VRQ LQGHWHUPLQDGDV SXHV VH GHVFRQRFHQ ORV
YDORUHVGH Xd\ Yd Xi\ YiWHQLpQGRVHTXHSURFHGHU PHGLDQWHWDQWHRV
KDVWDTXHWDOHVHFXDFLRQHVVHVDWLVIDJDQSDUDVXFHVLYRVYDORUHVGHYd\
Yi TXH DUURMHQ GLVWDQFLDV FDOFXODGDV Xd \ Xi LJXDOHV D ODV PHGLGDV
DFWXDOHVKHFKDVGLUHFWDPHQWHHQHOWHUUHQRGHVGHHOHMHGHODYtD

5.5 ANCHOS DE BANCA Y ÁREAS DE LAS
SECCIONES TRANSVERSALES

5.5.1 Anchos de banca

*HRPpWULFDPHQWH HO ancho de banca GHSHQGH GHO DQFKR GH ORV
FDUULOHV GHO DQFKR GH ODV EHUPDV GHO HVSHVRU GH OD HVWUXFWXUD GHO
͖͘͘

SDYLPHQWR GHO YDORU GHO ERPEHR R GHO SHUDOWH HQ FXUYDV GHO VREUH
DQFKRVLH[LVWHHQFXUYDVGHODSHQGLHQWHWUDQVYHUVDOGHODVFXQHWDV\
GHOYDORUGHORVWDOXGHVHQWHUUDSOpQ

7DO FRPR VH PHQFLRQy DQWHULRUPHQWH DTXHOODV GLPHQVLRQHV H
LQFOLQDFLRQHVTXHQRGHSHQGHQGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOHVWXGLRJHRPpWULFR\
TXH VH IXQGDPHQWDQ HQ RWURV HVWXGLRV FRPSOHPHQWDULRV VH VXSRQHQ
FRPRFRQRFLGDV'HORFRQWUDULRGHEHUiQVHUHVWLPDGDVORPiVSUHFLVR
SRVLEOH GH WDO PDQHUD TXH ORV DMXVWHV SRVWHULRUHV D TXH KD\D OXJDU
VHDQPtQLPRV

(Q HO FiOFXOR GHO DQFKR GHEDQFD VH SXHGHQSUHVHQWDU ORV VLJXLHQWHV
FDVRVEiVLFRVJHQHUDOHV

n ANCHO DE BANCA EN RECTA Y EN CORTE

(QOD)LJXUDVHHVTXHPDWL]DODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOSDUDHVWHFDVR
SDUDODFXDOVHGHILQHQORVVLJXLHQWHVHOHPHQWRV

B $QFKRGHEDQFDRSODWDIRUPD
c $QFKRGHOFDUULO
b $QFKRGHODEHUPD
e (VSHVRUWRWDOGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHSDYLPHQWR
gc+f $QFKR GH OD FXQHWD GHVGH HO ERUGH GH OD EHUPD KDVWD GRQGH VH
LQLFLDHOWDOXGGHOFRUWH
d 3URIXQGLGDG GH OD FXQHWD SRU GHEDMR GH OD VXEUDVDQWH P
PtQLPR
m %RPEHRQRUPDO
n 3HQGLHQWHGHODFXQHWD
h , j , i $OWXUDVDX[LOLDUHVGHFiOFXOR

'HHVWDPDQHUDHODQFKRGHEDQFDBVHH[SUHVDFRPR

B 2c 2b 2g c 2f GRQGH
d
f
n
͖͙͘


Figura 5.9 Ancho de banca en recta y en corte

3DUDKDOODUgcVHSODQWHDODVLJXLHQWHLJXDOGDGGHDOWXUDV

e h j i GRQGH
h m c b g c
j m c b
i ng c HQWRQFHV
e m c b g c m c b ng c
e mg c ng c HVWRHV
e
gc
nm

3RUORWDQWR

§ e · §d ·
B 2c 2b 2 ¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸
©n-m ¹ © n ¹

͖͚͘

o ANCHO DE BANCA EN RECTA Y EN TERRAPLÉN

/D )LJXUD PXHVWUD HVWH FDVR SDUD HO FXDO tt UHSUHVHQWD OD
SHQGLHQWHWUDQVYHUVDOGHOWDOXGHQWHUUDSOpQ

Figura 5.10 Ancho de banca en recta y en terraplén

(ODQFKRGHEDQFDBVHH[SUHVDFRPR

B 2c 2b 2g t

,JXDOPHQWHSDUDKDOODUgtVHSODQWHDODVLJXLHQWHLJXDOGDGGHDOWXUDV

e h j i GRQGH
h m c b g t
j m c b
i t t g t HQWRQFHV
e m c b g t m c b t t g t
e mg t t t g t HVWRHV
e
gt SRUORWDQWR
tt m
§ e ·
B 2c 2b 2 ¨¨ ¸¸
© tt - m ¹
͖͛͘

p ANCHO DE BANCA EN CURVA Y EN CORTE

/D )LJXUD PXHVWUD HVWH FDVR SDUD XQD FXUYD GHUHFKD FRQ XQ
SHUDOWH m\XQVREUHDQFKR S2EVpUYHVHTXHSRUHIHFWRGHOSHUDOWHHO
DQFKR GH OD FXQHWD GHO ERUGH VXSHULRU HV PHQRU TXH OD GHO LQIHULRU
SXHVg'c < gc3DUDHOFiOFXORVHLGHQWLILFDQDGLFLRQDOPHQWHODVDOWXUDVi'
h'\j'

Figura 5.11 Ancho de banca en curva y en corte

(QHVWHFDVRHODQFKRGHEDQFDBHV

B 2c 2b S g c g' c 2f GRQGH
d
f
n

'HQXHYRSDUDKDOODUgcVHSODQWHDODVLJXLHQWHLJXDOGDGGHDOWXUDV

e h j i GRQGH
h m c S b g c
j m c S b
i ng c HQWRQFHV
e m c S b g c m c S b ng c
͖͘͜

e mg c ng c HVWRHV
e
gc
nm

3DUDKDOODUg'cVHSODQWHDWDPELpQODVLJXLHQWHLJXDOGDGGHDOWXUDV

e j' h' i' GRQGH
j' m c b
h' m c b g' c
i' ng' c HQWRQFHV
e m c b m c b g' c ng' c
e mg' c ng' c HVWRHV
e
g' c
nm

3RUORWDQWR
e e §d ·
B 2c 2b S 2¨ ¸
n-m nm © n ¹

q ANCHO DE BANCA EN CURVA Y EN TERRAPLÉN

/D)LJXUDLOXVWUDHVWHFDVRSDUDXQDFXUYDGHUHFKD(ODQFKRGH
EDQFDBHV

B 2c 2b S g t g' t

$QiORJDPHQWHORVYDORUHVGHgt\g'tVRQ
e
gt
tt m
e
g' t SRUORWDQWR
tt m
e e
B 2c 2b S
tt - m tt m

͖͘͝


Figura 5.12 Ancho de banca en curva y en terraplén

r ANCHO DE BANCA EN RECTA Y SECCIÓN MIXTA

/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDHVWHFDVRFRQWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRVFRQRFLGRV
YLVWRVDQWHULRUPHQWH

(QHVWHFDVRHODQFKRGHEDQFDBVHSODQWHDFRPR

B 2c 2b g c g t f

'HLJXDOPDQHUDORVYDORUHVGHgcgt\fVRQ
e
gc
nm
e
gt
tt m
d
f SRUORWDQWR
n
e e d
B 2c 2b
n - m tt m n
͔͗͘


Figura 5.13 Ancho de banca en recta y sección mixta

&RQDSR\RHQORVFDVRVEiVLFRVJHQHUDOHVDQWHULRUHVVHSXHGHSODQWHDU
ODHFXDFLyQSDUDFDOFXODUHODQFKRGHEDQFDGHFXDOTXLHURWUDVHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDO FRQ XQD YDULHGDG GH LQFOLQDFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV FRQ
ERPEHRHQUHFWDHQWUDQVLFLyQHQ UHFWD\FXUYD\FRQSHUDOWHHQ
FXUYD\DVHDHPSOD]DGDVVRODPHQWHHQFRUWHVRODPHQWHHQWHUUDSOpQ
RPL[WD

5.5.2 Áreas de las secciones transversales

n ÁREA DE UNA SECCIÓN HOMOGÉNEA SIMPLE EN RECTA

6HGHQRPLQDhomogéneaVLVHWUDWDGHVyORFRUWHRVyORWHUUDSOpQ\HV
simpleVLHOSHUILOGHOWHUUHQRQDWXUDOHVPiVRPHQRVXQLIRUPH

&RQHODYDQFHWHFQROyJLFRKR\HQGtDSDUDGHWHUPLQDUHOiUHDGHODV
VHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVHXWLOL]DQWpFQLFDVGHFRPSXWDGRUFRPRSRU
HMHPSOR HQ SODWDIRUPDV GH $XWRFDG 6LQ HPEDUJR H[LVWHQ YDULRV
PpWRGRVPDQXDOHVTXHHYHQWXDOPHQWHSXHGHQVHUXVDGRV\TXHVRQOD
EDVH DQDOtWLFD GH ODV WpFQLFDV FRPSXWDFLRQDOHV (Q OD PHGLGD GH VX
DSOLFDELOLGDGVHH[SRQGUiQDTXtODVEDVHVWHyULFDVVREUHODVFXDOHVVH
IXQGDPHQWDFDGDXQRGHHOORV
͕͗͘

Método del planímetro:

(Q HVWH FDVR OD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO GHEH HVWDU GLEXMDGD D XQD VROD
HVFDODGDGDWDOTXHVHSXHGDUHFRUUHUVXFRQWRUQRFRQHOSODQtPHWUR

Método de las figuras geométricas:

/D VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO VH GLYLGH HQ ILJXUDV JHRPpWULFDV FRQRFLGDV
JHQHUDOPHQWH WULiQJXORV UHFWiQJXORV \ WUDSHFLRV SDUD DVt FDOFXODU HO
iUHD GH FDGD XQD GH HOODV VHSDUDGDPHQWH FRPR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD
)LJXUDSDUDXQDVHFFLyQHQFRUWH

Figura 5.14 Área sección homogénea simple en recta, por figuras geométricas y
coordenadas

(QHVWHFDVRHOiUHDGHFRUWH AcVHSXHGHSODQWHDUPHGLDQWHHOiUHDGH
ODVVLJXLHQWHVILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDVDVt

Ac Triángulo 865 Triángulo 823 Triángulo 805 Triángulo 803 Triángulo 045

Triángulo 043 - Triángulo 107 - Trapecio 1762
͖͗͘

ª1 § B · º ª1 § B · º ª1 º ª1 º ª1 º
Ac « 2 ¨ 2 ¸Yd » « 2 ¨ 2 ¸Yi » « 2 h d X d » « 2 h d X i » « 2 Y X d »
¬ © ¹ ¼ ¬ © ¹ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼

ª1 º ª1 º ª§ 2 c 2 b 2 g c B · º
« Y X i » « 2 c 2 b 2 g c h » «¨ ¸d »
¬2 ¼ ¬ 2 ¼ ¬© 2 ¹ ¼

'HVDUUROODQGR
1 §B· 1 1
Ac ¨ ¸Yd Yi Y X d X i X d X i h d c b g c h
2©2¹ 2 2

Bd
c b g c d
2

)DFWRUL]DQGRVHOOHJDD
B Yd Yi X d X i Y h d Bd
Ac c b g c h d
4 2 2

'RQGH
§ e · §d ·
B 2c 2b 2¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸
©n-m¹ ©n¹
B Yd
Xd
2 tc
B Yi
Xi
2 tc
e
gc
nm
h m c b g c

Método de las coordenadas de los vértices:

6HXWLOL]DXQVLVWHPDGHFRRUGHQDGDVxyGHRULJHQODFRWDURMDHQHO
HMH GH OD YtD WDO FRPR VH DSUHFLD HQ OD )LJXUD DQWHULRU SDUD OD
FXDOODVFRRUGHQDGDVGHORVYpUWLFHVVRQ

9pUWLFHb >0 , 0 @
9pUWLFHc >- c b g c , - h @
͗͗͘

9pUWLFHd >- B/2 , - h d @

9pUWLFHe >- X i , Yi - h d @
9pUWLFHf >0 , Y @
9pUWLFHg >X d , Yd h d @
9pUWLFHh >B/2 , h d @
9pUWLFHi >c b g c , h @

(Q OD )LJXUD VH KDQ RUJDQL]DGR ODV FRRUGHQDGDV x y GH ORV
YpUWLFHV GH WDO PDQHUD TXH OD VXPD GH ORV SURGXFWRV y SRU x GH ODV
OtQHDVFRQWLQXDVPHQRVODVXPDGHORVSURGXFWRV ySRU xGHODVOtQHDV
GLVFRQWLQXDVDUURMDQFRPRUHVXOWDGRHOGREOHGHOiUHDHVWRHV2Ac

Figura 5.15 Área sección homogénea simple en recta, por las coordenadas de los
vértices

(IHFWXDQGRGLFKRVSURGXFWRVVHWLHQH
§ B·
h ¨ ¸ h d X i YX d >Yd h d @ h d c b g c
B
2 Ac
© 2¹ 2
§ B·
^ h d > c b g c @` >Yi h d @¨ ¸ Y X i > h d X d @
© 2¹
B
h
2
͗͘͘

'HVDUUROODQGR\IDFWRUL]DQGRVHREWLHQH
B Yd Yi
2Ac X d X i Y h d Bd 2 c b g c h d
2

3RUORWDQWR
Ac c b g c h d
4 2 2

2EVpUYHVHTXHpVWDHVODPLVPDH[SUHVLyQFDOFXODGDSRUODHFXDFLyQ
GHOPpWRGRGHODVILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDV

EJEMPLO 5.3: Ancho de banca y área de una sección homogénea
simple en recta, por figuras geométricas y coordenadas

Datos:
/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDXQDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOKRPRJpQHDVLPSOHHQ
FRUWH \ HQ UHFWD GH OD FXDO SUHYLDPHQWH VH FRQRFH OD VLJXLHQWH
LQIRUPDFLyQ

$QFKRGHFDUULO c 3.65m
$QFKRGHEHUPD b 2.00m
%RPEHRQRUPDO m 0.02
3HQGLHQWHGHODFXQHWD n 0.50
(VSHVRUGHOSDYLPHQWR e 0.50m
3URIXQGLGDGGHODFXQHWD d 0.60m
7DOXGHQFRUWH tc 2
&RWDGHWUDEDMRDOHMH Y 2.294m
$OWXUDGHOFKDIOiQGHUHFKR Yd 2.351m
$OWXUDGHOFKDIOiQL]TXLHUGR Yi 3.852m

Calcular:
D (ODQFKRQHFHVDULRGHEDQFD
E (O iUHD GH OD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO HQ FRUWH SRU HO PpWRGR GH ODV
ILJXUDV JHRPpWULFDV \ SRU HO PpWRGR GH ODV FRRUGHQDGDV GH ORV
YpUWLFHV
͙͗͘


Figura 5.16 Ancho de banca y área, por figuras geométricas y coordenadas
͚͗͘

Solución:

a) Ancho de banca

6HJ~QODHFXDFLyQHODQFKRGHEDQFDBHV
§ e · §d · § 0.50 · § 0.60 ·
B 2c 2b 2 ¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸ 2 3.65 2 2.00 2 ¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸
© n - m ¹ © ¹ n © 0.50 0.02 ¹ © 0.50 ¹
B 15.783m

b) Área de la sección transversal

0pWRGRGHODVILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDV

3DUDHOFiOFXORGHOiUHDHVQHFHVDULRWDPELpQFRQRFHUORVYDORUHVGH
XdXigc\h
B Yd 15.783 2.351
Xd 9.067 m
2 tc 2 2
B Yi 15.783 3.852
Xi 9.818 m
2 tc 2 2
e 0.50
gc 1.042 m
n m 0.50 0.02
h m c b g c 0.02 3.65 2.00 1.042 0.134m

3RUORWDQWRVHJ~QODHFXDFLyQHOiUHDAcHV
Ac c b g c h d
4 2 2
15.7832.351 3.852 9.067 9.818 2.294 0.134 0.60
Ac
4 2
15.783 0.60
3.65 2.00 1.042 0.134 0.60
2
Ac 43.421 m 2

0pWRGRGHODVFRRUGHQDGDVGHORVYpUWLFHV

&RQ EDVH D OD )LJXUD HQ OD )LJXUD VH RUJDQL]DQ ODV
FRRUGHQDGDVxyGHORVYpUWLFHV
͗͛͘


Figura 5.17 Ejemplo de cálculo del área por las coordenadas de los vértices

$SOLFDQGRODVXPDGHORVSURGXFWRVGHODVOtQHDVFRQWLQXDVPHQRVORV
SURGXFWRVGHODVGLVFRQWLQXDVVHWLHQHTXHHOiUHDAcHV
1
Ac > 0.134 7.892 0.734 9.818 2.2949.067 1.617 7.892
2
0.7346.692 @ > 0.734 6.692 3.118 7.892 2.294 9.818
1
2
0.7349.067 0.1347.892 @
Ac 43.422 m 2

4XHHVHOPLVPRYDORUREWHQLGRDQWHULRUPHQWH

o ÁREA DE UNA SECCIÓN MIXTA SIMPLE EN RECTA

6H GHQRPLQD mixta VL VH WUDWD GH FRUWH \ WHUUDSOpQ \ HV simple VL HO
SHUILOGHOWHUUHQRQDWXUDOHVPiVRPHQRVXQLIRUPH

$O LJXDO TXH HQ HO FDVR DQWHULRU SDUD HO FiOFXOR GHO iUHD VH SXHGH
HPSOHDUFXDOTXLHUDGHORVPpWRGRVGHVFULWRVDVDEHU
͗͘͜


(QOD)LJXUDVHPXHVWUDQWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRVJHRPpWULFRVGHXQD
VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO PL[WD VLPSOH HQ UHFWD UHIHULGRV DO VLVWHPD GH
FRRUGHQDGDVx yGHRULJHQODFRWDURMDHQHOHMHGHODYtD&RPRVH
GHVDUUROOyDQWHULRUPHQWHHVWRVHOHPHQWRVVHFDOFXODQFRPR
e e d
B 2c 2 b
n m tt m n
d Yd
Xd c b gc
n tc
Yi
Xi c b gt
tt
e
gc
nm
e
gt
tt m
h m c b g c
h' m c b g t

Figura 5.18 Área sección mixta simple en recta por las coordenadas de los vértices
͗͘͝

'HLJXDOPDQHUDHQOD)LJXUDVHKDQRUJDQL]DGRODVFRRUGHQDGDV
xyGHORVGLIHUHQWHVYpUWLFHV

Figura 5.19 Área sección mixta por las coordenadas de los vértices

$SOLFDQGRODVXPDGHORVSURGXFWRVGHODVOtQHDVFRQWLQXDVPHQRVORV
SURGXFWRV GH ODV GLVFRQWLQXDV VH WLHQH TXH HO GREOH GHO iUHD GH
WHUUDSOpQAtHV

2At Y X i Yi h' > c b g t @ Y X 0 d h' X i

2At YX i Yi h' c b g t YX 0 d h' X i

3RUORWDQWR
Y X i X 0 d Yi h' c b g t h' X i
At
2 2 2

,JXDOPHQWHHOGREOHGHOiUHDGHFRUWHAcHV
mX 0 d X d >Yd h d @ >B c b g t @ h d c b g c h X 0 d

2Ac

>Yd h d @X 0 d > h d X d @ ^ h>B c b g t @ ` mX 0 d c b g c
͔͘͘

3RUORWDQWRGHVDUUROODQGR\IDFWRUL]DQGRVHOOHJDD

Ac
h d X d X 0 d g t g c B mX 0 d c b g c X d
2 2
Y h X 0 d c b g t B
d
2

p ÁREA DE UNA SECCIÓN HOMOGÉNEA SIMPLE EN CURVA

6HWUDWDUiDTXtXQDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOGRQGHHODQFKRGHEDQFD B\D
KDVLGRFDOFXODGRSUHYLDPHQWHSDUDXQDVHFFLyQHQUHFWD(QHVWHFDVR
DGLFLRQDOPHQWHDORVHOHPHQWRVDQWHULRUHVDSDUHFHQHOSHUDOWH m \ HO
VREUHDQFKR S DSOLFDGRV D XQD GHWHUPLQDGD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO (O
iUHDVHSXHGHFDOFXODUSRUFXDOTXLHUDGHORVVLJXLHQWHVPpWRGRV

Método de las figuras geométricas:

(QODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVHQUHFWDSDUDbancas planasDQLYHOGH
VXEUDVDQWH SDUD XELFDU ORV FKDIODQHV YHUWLFDOPHQWH VH WRPD FRPR
UHIHUHQFLDHOSODQRKRUL]RQWDOGHODEDQFD

(QVHFFLRQHVHQFXUYDSDUDWHQHUHQFXHQWDODLQFOLQDFLyQGHODEDQFD
TXH IDFLOLWH HO SHUDOWH GH OD FDO]DGD VH DGRSWD FRPR SODQRV
KRUL]RQWDOHVGHUHIHUHQFLDORVTXHSDVDQSRUFDGDXQRGHORVH[WUHPRV
GH ODEDQFD /D )LJXUD PXHVWUD XQD VHFFLyQGH WHUUDSOpQ VLPSOH
HQXQDFXUYDKRUL]RQWDOL]TXLHUGDDODFXDOVHOHKDDSOLFDGRXQSHUDOWH
m \ XQ VREUHDQFKR S HQ VX LQWHULRU 7DO VHFFLyQ VH KD GLYLGLGR HQ
FXDWURWULiQJXORVGHEDVHV\DOWXUDVFRQRFLGDVDVt
B 1 §B ·
Triángulo 1 : Base S , Altura Yi , Área A1 ¨ S ¸Yi
2 2©2 ¹
1
Triángulo 2 : Base Y , Altura Xi , Área A2 Y X i
2
1
Triángulo 3 : Base Y , Altura Xd , Área A3 Y X d
2
B 1 §B·
Triángulo 4 : Base , Altura Yd , Área A4 ¨ ¸Yd
2 2©2¹
͕͘͘


Figura 5.20 Área sección homogénea simple en curva, por figuras geométricas

$OFDOFXODUODViUHDVGHHVWDPDQHUDVHSXHGHYHUTXH

(OiUHDabcaVHFDOFXOyGRVYHFHVHOiUHDdbfdQRVHFDOFXOyHOiUHDfghf
WDPSRFR VH FDOFXOy \ HO iUHD igji VH FDOFXOy SRU IXHUD 3RU
FRPSHQVDFLyQSXHGHGHFLUVHTXHODViUHDVFDOFXODGDVDGLFLRQDOPHQWH
abca H igji VRQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH LJXDOHV D ODV TXH VH GHMDURQ GH
FDOFXODUdbfd\fghf

'HHVWDPDQHUDHOiUHDWRWDOGHWHUUDSOpQAtHV
1 §B · 1 1 1§B·
At A1 A2 A3 A4 ¨ S ¸Yi YX i YX d ¨ ¸Yd
2©2 ¹ 2 2 2©2¹
1 ª§ B · §B · º
At «¨ ¸Yd ¨ S ¸Yi Y X d X i »
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ©2 ¹ ¼

Método de la cartera de chaflanes:

'HDFXHUGRFRQOD)LJXUDDQWHULRUODFRWDGHOSODQRKRUL]RQWDOGH
UHIHUHQFLDSDUDVLWXDUHOFKDIOiQGHODGHUHFKDFRQUHVSHFWRDODFRWD
GH WUDEDMR Y HQ HO HMH HVWi DXQD DOWXUD fi SRU HQFLPD D OD FXDO VH OH
OODPDcota nominal de trabajo3DUDHOFKDIOiQGHODL]TXLHUGDODDOWXUD
HVfcSRUGHEDMR3RUORWDQWRSDUDHVWHFDVR
͖͘͘

3DUDHOFKDIOiQGHUHFKR
§B·
Cota nominal de trabajo Y fi Y m ¨ ¸
©2¹
B Yd
Xd
2 tt

3DUDHOFKDIOiQL]TXLHUGR
§B ·
Cota nominal de trabajo Y fc Y m ¨ S ¸
© 2 ¹
§B · Y
Xi ¨ S¸ i
© 2 ¹ tt

(Q OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GH OD )LJXUD VH KD GLVSXHVWR OD FDUWHUD GH
FKDIODQHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDORVGDWRVGHOD)LJXUDDQWHULRU

(OPpWRGRGHFiOFXORGHOiUHDSRUFKDIODQHVGHQRPLQDGRregla de las
crucesLOXVWUDGRHQODSDUWHLQIHULRUGHOD)LJXUDXWLOL]DODFDUWHUD
GHFKDIODQHVDUWLILFLDOPHQWHFRORFDQGRXQFHUR0HQHOGHQRPLQDGRU
GHOTXHEUDGRGHOFHQWUR\DGLFLRQDQGRXQSDUGHTXHEUDGRVH[WUHPRV
GHQXPHUDGRUFHUR0\GHQRPLQDGRUHOYDORUGHODVHPLEDQFDB/2+S
\B/2UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

Figura 5.21 Área sección homogénea simple en curva, por chaflanes
͗͘͘

6L VH HIHFW~DQ ORV SURGXFWRV HQ GLDJRQDO GH WDO PDQHUD TXH D ORV
SURGXFWRV GH ODV OtQHDV FRQWLQXDV VH OH UHVWHQ ORV GH ODV OtQHDV
GLVFRQWLQXDVVHREWHQGUiHOGREOHGHOiUHD3RUORWDQWR
§B · §B·
2At ¨ S ¸Yi X i Y Y X d Yd ¨ ¸
©2 ¹ ©2¹
1 ª§ B · §B · º
At «¨ ¸Yd ¨ S ¸Yi Y X d X i »
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ©2 ¹ ¼

4XHHVODPLVPDHFXDFLyQ


/D )LJXUD SUHVHQWD OD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO EDMR HO VLVWHPD GH
FRRUGHQDGDVxy

Figura 5.22 Área sección homogénea simple en curva, por coordenadas de los
vértices

2UJDQL]DQGRODVFRRUGHQDGDVGHORVYpUWLFHVVHJ~QOD)LJXUDVH
WLHQH
2At
mB
X d Y X i §¨ mB mS Yi ·¸§¨ B S ·¸ §¨ mB mS ·¸ B
2 © 2 ¹© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹2

§ mB ·B § mB · § mB ·§ B ·
¨ Yd ¸ Y X d ¨ mS ¸ X i ¨ ¸¨ S ¸
© 2 ¹2 © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹© 2 ¹
͘͘͘


Figura 5.23 Área sección homogénea simple en curva, por coordenadas

2At
mB
X d Y X i mB §¨ B ·¸ mB S mS§¨ B ·¸ mS S Yi §¨ B ·¸ Yi S
2 2 ©2¹ 2 ©2¹ ©2¹
mB § B · § B · mB § B · §B· mB
¨ ¸ mS ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ Yd ¨ ¸ Y X d X i mS X i
2 ©2¹ ©2¹ 2 ©2¹ ©2¹ 2
mB § B · mB
¨ ¸ S
2 ©2¹ 2

2UJDQL]DQGRORVWpUPLQRVUHVXOWD
1 ª§ B · §B · º
At ¨ ¸Yd ¨ S ¸Yi Y X d X i »
2 «¬© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ ¼

1 ª§ mB · º
«¨ ¸ X d X i mS S B X i »
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼

(VWDH[SUHVLyQGDHOárea exactaGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO2EVpUYHVH
TXH OD SULPHUD SDUWH GH HOOD HV HO iUHD GDGD SRU ORV GRV PpWRGRV
DQWHULRUHV(FXDFLyQ'HDOOtTXHODVHJXQGDSDUWHUHSUHVHQWDOD
FRUUHFFLyQTXHSDUDHIHFWRVSUiFWLFRVHVPX\SHTXHxDPRVWUDQGRDVt
ODDSOLFDELOLGDGGHHOORV6LQHPEDUJRWRGDVODVYHFHVTXHVHTXLHUDHO
iUHD SUHFLVD GHEHUi FRQVLGHUDUVH H[SUHVLRQHV FRPR OD GDGD SRU OD
HFXDFLyQ
͙͘͘

q ÁREA DE UNA SECCIÓN MIXTA COMPUESTA EN CURVA

6HGHQRPLQDcompuestaGHELGRDTXHHOSHUILOWUDQVYHUVDOGHOWHUUHQR
HVLUUHJXODUSRUORTXHSDUDSUHFLVDUPHMRUVXiUHDHVQHFHVDULRDFRWDU
GLIHUHQWHVSXQWRVH[DFWDPHQWHGRQGHHOWHUUHQRFDPELD

&RPR VH YLR DQWHULRUPHQWH FXDOTXLHUD GH ORV FXDWUR PpWRGRV WLHQH
DSOLFDFLyQ HQ HO FiOFXOR GHO iUHD 3RU HVWD UD]yQ SDUD HVWH FDVR VH
XVDUi VRODPHQWH HO GH OD UHJOD GH ODV FUXFHV EDVDGR HQ OD FDUWHUD GH
FKDIODQHVWRPDQGRFRPRPRGHORXQDVHFFLyQPL[WDHQFXUYDGHUHFKD
FRQXQFHURODWHUDOL]TXLHUGRFRPRORLOXVWUDOD)LJXUD

Figura 5.24 Área sección mixta compuesta en curva

/RV GDWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D HVWD VHFFLyQ VH PXHVWUDQ HQ OD )LJXUD
HQODFDUWHUDGHFKDIODQHV\ODUHJODGHODVFUXFHVSDUDORFXDO
B
2Ac X i X i Y3 Yi X 3 Y3 X 0 i
2
1 ª §B · º
Ac Yi ¨ X 3 ¸ Y3 X i X 0 i »
2 «¬ © 2 ¹ ¼
͚͘͘


Figura 5.25 Área sección mixta compuesta en curva, por chaflanes

§B ·
2At X 0 i Y Y X 2 Y2 X 1 Y1 X d Yd ¨ S ¸ X 2 Y1 X1 Yd
© 2 ¹
1ª §B · º
At Y X 0 i X 2 Yd ¨ S X1 ¸ Y1 X d X 2 Y2 X1 »
2 «¬ © 2 ¹ ¼

5.6 VOLÚMENES DE TIERRA: CUBICACIÓN

8QDYH]TXHVHKDQFDOFXODGRODViUHDVGHODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV
VHSXHGHSURFHGHUDFDOFXODUHOYROXPHQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHHQWUHHOODV

3DUDTXHGLFKRYROXPHQVHSXHGDFDOFXODUIiFLOPHQWHVHUiQHFHVDULR
VXSRQHUTXHHQWUHFDGDSDUGHVHFFLRQHVFRQVHFXWLYDVH[LVWHXQVyOLGR
JHRPpWULFR FRPSXHVWR GH HOHPHQWRV FRQRFLGRV R LGHQWLILFDEOHV (Q
HVWHVHQWLGRHOVyOLGRTXHPiVVHDSUR[LPDDHVWDFRQILJXUDFLyQHVHO
prismoideFRPRHOLOXVWUDGRHQOD)LJXUD(OSULVPRLGHHVDTXHO
VyOLGR JHRPpWULFR OLPLWDGR HQ ORV H[WUHPRV SRU ODV FDUDV ODWHUDOHV
SDUDOHODV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV VHFFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV \
ODWHUDOPHQWH SRU ORV SODQRV GH ORV WDOXGHV HO SODQR GH OD EDQFD \ OD
VXSHUILFLHGHOWHUUHQRQDWXUDO
͛͘͘


Figura 5.26 El prismoide en carreteras

(OYROXPHQGHOprismoideVHFDOFXODPHGLDQWHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ

A1 A2 4 Am
6

'RQGH
9ROXPHQGHOSULVPRLGHP
A1 ÈUHDGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOH[WUHPDLQLFLDOP
A2 ÈUHDGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOH[WUHPDILQDOP
Am ÈUHD GH OD VHFFLyQ PHGLD P (V DTXHOOD VHFFLyQ VLWXDGD
H[DFWDPHQWHD /2

7DPELpQ SXHGH XWLOL]DUVH HQ IRUPD DSUR[LPDGD OD IyUPXOD GH ODV
áreas medias(VWHPpWRGRVXSRQHTXHHOiUHDGHODVHFFLyQPHGLD Am
HVLJXDODOSURPHGLRDULWPpWLFRHQWUHA1\A2(VWRHV
͘͘͜

A1 A2
Am
2

5HHPSOD]DQGRHQODHFXDFLyQ
ª § A A2 ·º
« A1 A2 4¨ 1 ¸» 3 A1 3 A2
6¬ © 2 ¹¼ 6
§ A1 A2 ·
¨ ¸
© 2 ¹

(VWDIyUPXODHVPiVSUHFLVDDPHGLGDTXHA1\A2WLHQGDQDVHULJXDOHV
&XDQGR XQD GH ODV VHFFLRQHV WLHQGH D FHUR HO YROXPHQ VH FDOFXOD
FRPRXQpirámoide
A

3

2WURWLSRGHVyOLGRJHRPpWULFRTXHDSDUHFHFRQIUHFXHQFLDFXDQGRVH
IRUPDQVHFFLRQHVPL[WDVHVHOtronco de pirámoideFX\RYROXPHQVH
FDOFXODFRPR
3
A A
1 2
A1 A2

/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDODIRUPDFLyQGHHVWRVWUHVVyOLGRVJHRPpWULFRV
FX\RVYRO~PHQHVVRQ

(QWUHODVHFFLyQ\ODVHFFLyQ
olumen de corte rismoide c
1
A1 A2 4 Am
6
7DPELpQ
§ A1 A2 ·
olumen de corte rismoide c 1¨ ¸
© 2 ¹

(QWUHODVHFFLyQ\ODVHFFLyQ
olumen de corte Tronco de pirámoide c
2
3
A A
2 3
A2 A3
A4 2
olumen de terrapl n irámoide t
3
͘͘͝



Figura 5.27 Prismoide, tronco de pirámoide y pirámoide

EJEMPLO 5.4: Áreas y volúmenes de terraplén y corte

Datos:
8Q WUDPR GH XQD FDUUHWHUD VHFXQGDULD GH 30 PHWURV GH ORQJLWXG \ 10
PHWURVGHDQFKRGHEDQFDWLHQHORVFKDIODQHVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQOD
7DEOD

Tabla 5.6 Cartera de chaflanes en recta. Ejemplo 5.4

,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2

.

.

.

.

.

.
͙͔͘

Calcular:
/DViUHDV\ORVYRO~PHQHVGHWHUUDSOpQ\FRUWHHQWRGRHOWUDPR

Solución:
(Q OD )LJXUD VH KD GLEXMDGR XQ HVTXHPD WULGLPHQVLRQDO GH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ GDGD UHIHUHQWH D DEVFLVDV FRWDV GH WUDEDMR FKDIODQHV \
FHURVSDUDFDGDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO

Figura 5.28 Abscisas, cotas de trabajo, chaflanes y ceros

a) Áreas de las secciones transversales

(QOD)LJXUDVHKDGLVSXHVWRODFDUWHUDGHFKDIODQHVGHWDOPDQHUD
TXHVHSXHGDQFDOFXODUODViUHDVGHODVVHFFLRQHVSRUHOPpWRGRGHOD
UHJODGHODVFUXFHV
͙͕͘


Figura 5.29 Áreas de las secciones por el método de los chaflanes. Ejemplo 5.4

6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.3 9.8 4.2 4.2 13.2 5.45 @ 70.050 m 2
2

6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.4 9.9 3.2 3.2 8.6 2.5 5 @ 44.350 m 2
2

6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 4.5 10.3 1.9 1.9 5 @ 25.785 m 2
2
͙͖͘

6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.8 10.5 1.0 1.0 1.6 @ 15.550 m 2
2

&RUWH
1
Ac >3.6 5 1.6 3.6 @ 6.120 m 2
2

6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.2 @ 8.000 m 2
2

&RUWH
1
Ac >3.5 5 @ 8.750 m 2
2

6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.6 3.6 3.4 @ 2.880 m 2
2

&RUWH
1
Ac >3.42.4 2.49.4 9.35 @ 38.610 m 2
2

b) Volúmenes entre secciones transversales

(QWUHODVVHFFLRQHVGHDEVFLVDV.\.
7HUUDSOpQ3ULVPRLGHVHJ~QHFXDFLyQ
§ A1 A2 · §70.050 44.350 ·
¨ ¸ 10 ¨ ¸ 572.000 m
3
t
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

7HUUDSOpQ3ULVPRLGHHFXDFLyQ

͙͗͘

§ A1 A2 · § 44.350 25.785 ·
¸ 175.338 m
3
t ¨ ¸ 5¨
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHVHJ~QHFXDFLyQ
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 53 >25.785 15.550 25.785 15.550 @ 102.265 m 3

&RUWH3LUiPRLGHVHJ~QHFXDFLyQ
A 6.120 5
c 10.200 m 3
3 3

7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHHFXDFLyQ
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 34 >15.550 8.000 15.550 8.000 @ 46.271 m 3

&RUWH7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHHFXDFLyQ
c
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 34 >6.120 8.750 6.120 8.750 @ 29.584 m 3

7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHHFXDFLyQ
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 63 >8.000 2.880 8.000 2.880 @ 31.360 m 3

&RUWH7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHHFXDFLyQ
c
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 63 >8.750 38.610 8.750 38.610 @ 131.481 m 3

&DOFXODGDV ODV iUHDV \ ORV YRO~PHQHV VH HODERUD OD FDUWHUD GH
FXELFDFLyQWDOFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQOD7DEOD

&RPRVHSXHGHDSUHFLDUHQODFDUWHUDGHFXELFDFLyQSDUDFDGDDEVFLVD
DSDUHFHHQODSDUWHL]TXLHUGDODSRVLFLyQGHORVFKDIODQHV\FHURVHQOD
SDUWHFHQWUDOODViUHDVUHVSHFWLYDV\HQODSDUWHGHUHFKDORVYRO~PHQHV
HQWUHVHFFLRQHVVXFHVLYDV
͙͘͘

Tabla 5.7 Cartera de cubicación. Ejemplo 5.4

&+$)/$1(6 È5($6P 92/Ò0(1(6P
$%6&,6$
,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2 &257( 7(55$3 &257( 7(55$3
.

.
92/Ò0(1(6727$/(6

EJEMPLO 5.5: Áreas y volúmenes de corte y terraplén

Datos:
3DUD XQ WUDPR GH DQFKR GH EDQFD GH 10 PHWURV HQ OD 7DEOD VH
PXHVWUDQORVFKDIODQHVFHURV\SXQWRVWRSRJUiILFRV

Tabla 5.8 Cartera de chaflanes y topografía. Ejemplo 5.5

,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2

.

.

.

Calcular:
/DViUHDV\ORVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQSDUDHOWUDPR

Solución:

a) Áreas de las secciones transversales

(QOD)LJXUDVHKDGLVSXHVWRODFDUWHUDGHFKDIODQHVSDUDFDOFXODU
ODViUHDVGHODVVHFFLRQHVSRUHOPpWRGRGHODUHJODGHODVFUXFHV
͙͙͘


Figura 5.30 Áreas de las secciones por el método de los chaflanes. Ejemplo 5.5

6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
(V XQD VHFFLyQ PL[WD FRQ XQ FHUR HQ HO HMH SDUD OD FXDO ODV iUHDV
UHVSHFWLYDVVRQ

&RUWH
1
Ac >5 4.46 @ 11.150 m 2
2

7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >2.96 5 @ 7.400 m 2
2

6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
(V XQD VHFFLyQ PL[WD FRQ XQ FHUR ODWHUDO L]TXLHUGR FX\DV ODV iUHDV
VRQ

&RUWH
1
Ac >5 3.28 3.28 1.20 @ 6.232 m 2
2

7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >1.20 2.58 2.58 10.18 3.525 @ 23.480 m 2
2
͙͚͘

6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
6H WUDWD GH XQD VHFFLyQ KRPRJpQHD FRPSXHVWD HQ WHUUDSOpQ FRQ XQ
FHURHQHOFKDIOiQL]TXLHUGRGHiUHD
1
At >5.00 1.22 1.60 3.32 3.323.60 2.8410.20 3.58 5 3.60 3.58 @
2
28.672 m 2

b) Volúmenes entre secciones transversales

&RUWH7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGH
c
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 18
3
>
11.150 6.232 11.150 6.232 @ 154.307 m 3

7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGH
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 18
3
>
7.400 23.480 7.400 23.480 @ 264.369 m 3

&RUWH3LUiPRLGH
A 6.232 16
c 33.237 m 3
3 3

7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGH
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 16
3
>
23.480 28.672 23.480 28.672 @ 416.525 m 3

(QOD7DEODVHUHVXPHQODViUHDV\ORVYRO~PHQHVGHHVWHWUDPR

Tabla 5.9 Áreas y volúmenes. Ejemplo 5.5

È5($6P 92/Ò0(1(6P
$%6&,6$
&257( 7(55$3/e1 &257( 7(55$3/e1
.

.

.
͙͛͘


EJEMPLO 5.6: Cálculo de ancho de banca, talud y área

Datos:
3DUDXQDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOOD7DEODPXHVWUDODGLVSRVLFLyQGH
ORVFKDIODQHV

Tabla 5.10 Cartera de chaflanes. Ejemplo 5.6

,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2

6HFFLyQ

Calcular:
(ODQFKRGHODEDQFDHOWDOXGXVDGR\HOiUHDGHODVHFFLyQ

Solución:

(Q OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GH OD )LJXUD VH KD GLEXMDGR OD VHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDOFRQODLQIRUPDFLyQGDGDSDUDODFXDO

Figura 5.31 Cálculo de ancho de banca, talud y área
͙͘͜

$QFKRGHEDQFD B
0.00
LQGLFDXQFHURHQHOFKDIOiQGHUHFKRHVWRHV
3.60
0.00 0.00
GHGRQGH
3.60 B / 2
B 7.20 m

7DOXG tc
tc 2.40
GHGRQGH
1 6.00 3.60
t c 1 , talud del 1 45 $

ÈUHD Ac
6HWUDWDGHXQDVHFFLyQKRPRJpQHDFRPSXHVWDHQFRUWH6HJ~QODSDUWH
LQIHULRUGHOD)LJXUDDODSOLFDUODUHJODGHODVFUXFHVVHWLHQH

1
Ac >3.60 2.40 6.00 2.16 2.16 2.88 1.48 3.60 @ 16.574 m 2
2

EJEMPLO 5.7: Posición de chaflanes y área

Datos:
8QDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOHQUHFWDSUHVHQWDODVVLJXLHQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
JHRPpWULFDV

$QFKRGHEDQFD 15m
&RWDGHWUDEDMRHQHOHMH -0.50m
7DOXGHQFRUWH 1 hori ontal por 1 ertical
7DOXGHQWHUUDSOpQ 2 hori ontales por 1 ertical

(OWHUUHQRQDWXUDOHVEDVWDQWHXQLIRUPHEDMDQGRKDFLDODGHUHFKDFRQ
XQDSHQGLHQWHGH5 hori ontales SRU 1 ertical

Calcular:
D /DSRVLFLyQGHORVFKDIODQHVGHUHFKRHL]TXLHUGR
E (OiUHDGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO
͙͘͝

Solución:

'HDFXHUGRFRQOD)LJXUDVHWLHQH

Figura 5.32 Posición de chaflanes y cálculo de área

a) Posición de los chaflanes

&HURODWHUDOGHUHFKR X0d
X 0d 5
GHGRQGH
0.50 1
X 0 d 0.50 5 2.50 m

&KDIOiQL]TXLHUGR Xi , Yi
5HODFLRQDQGRWULiQJXORVFRQUHVSHFWRDOWHUUHQRQDWXUDOVHWLHQH
X i X 0d 5

Yi 1

5HODFLRQDQGRWULiQJXORVFRQUHVSHFWRDOWDOXGGHFRUWH
X i 7.50 1

Yi 1
Yi X i 7.50
͚͔͘

5HHPSOD]DQGR
X i 2.50 5

X i 7.50 1
X i 2.50 5 X i 37.50 HVWRHV
X i 10.00 m
Yi X i 7.50 10.00 7.50 2.50 m SRUORWDQWR
Y - 2.50
l chaflán i uierdo es : i
X i 10.00

&KDIOiQGHUHFKR Xd , Yd
,JXDOPHQWHUHODFLRQDQGRWULiQJXORV
Xd 5

Yd 0.50 1
X d 5Yd 2.50
Yd 1

X d 7.50 2
Xd
Yd 3.75
2

5HHPSOD]DQGR
§X ·
Xd 5 ¨ d 3.75 ¸ 2.50 HVWRHV
© 2 ¹
X d 10.833 m
10.833
Yd 3.75 1.667 m SRUORWDQWR
2
Y 1.667
l chaflán derecho es : d
X d 10.883

ÈUHDV Ac , At
6HREVHUYDHQOD)LJXUDTXHODViUHDVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQVRQ
1 ª§ B · º 1 ª§ 15 · º
¨ X 0 d ¸Yi » ¨ 2.50 ¸2.50 » 12.500 m
2
Ac « «
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼ 2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼
1 ª§ B · º 1 ª§ 15 · º
At «¨ X 0 d ¸y d » «¨ 2.50 ¸1.667 » 4.168 m 2
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼ 2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼
͚͕͘

5.7 MOVIMIENTO DE VOLÚMENES DE TIERRA Y

DIAGRAMA DE MASAS

5.7.1 Transporte de material excavado>@

&XDQGR VH GLVHxD HO SHUILO ORQJLWXGLQDO GH XQD YtD VH WUDWD GH ORJUDU
TXH ORV YRO~PHQHV GH FRUWH \ GH WHUUDSOpQ VHDQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
LJXDOHV FRQ OLJHUD YHQWDMD GH ORV FRUWHV (VWR VH UHDOL]D FRQ OD
ILQDOLGDG GH ORJUDU TXH HO PDWHULDO H[FDYDGR GH ORV FRUWHV VLUYD SDUD
FRQIRUPDU ORV WHUUDSOHQHV (O PDWHULDO H[FHGHQWH FRUUHVSRQGH D ORV
YRO~PHQHVTXHVHVXSRQHQRVLUYHQSDUDUHOOHQRVFRPRSRUHMHPSOROD
FDSD YHJHWDO (Q HVWD IRUPD QR KD\ QHFHVLGDG GH UHDOL]DU FRUWHV
GLIHUHQWHVSDUDREWHQHUPDWHULDOSDUDORVWHUUDSOHQHV

6LQ HPEDUJR HVWD VROXFLyQ WHyULFD HV GLItFLO GH OOHYDU D OD SUiFWLFD
SRUTXHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHRWURVIDFWRUHVDWHQHUHQFXHQWDSDUDORJUDU
XQPHMRUWUD]DGR\PiVHFRQyPLFR(VWRVIDFWRUHVVRQ

x (O WUD]DGRGH ODYtD TXH QRSHUPLWH FRPSHQVDFLyQ 3RU HMHPSOR
HQ XQ WUD]DGR HQ PHGLD ODGHUD JHQHUDOPHQWH ORV FRUWHV VRQ
PD\RUHV TXH ORV WHUUDSOHQHV FDVR FRQWUDULR HQ ORV WUD]DGRV HQ
WHUUHQR SODQR /RV WUD]DGRV HQ PRQWDxD FDVL VLHPSUH SUHVHQWDQ
FRUWHVPXFKRPiVJUDQGHVTXHORVWHUUDSOHQHV

x /RV PDWHULDOHV REWHQLGRV HQ ORV FRUWHV PXFKDV YHFHV QR VLUYHQ
SDUDKDFHUUHOOHQRVQLVRORVQLPH]FODGRV(QHVWHFDVRKD\TXH
GHVHFKDUORVERWDUORV\EXVFDUSDUDORV WHUUDSOHQHV PDWHULDOHV GH
RWURVFRUWHVRPDWHULDOHVREWHQLGRVHQSUpVWDPRVGHRWUDVSDUWHV

x /D GLVWDQFLD GH WUDQVSRUWH GHO PDWHULDO HQWUH ORV FRUWHV \ ORV
WHUUDSOHQHV SXHGH VHU WDQ JUDQGH TXH D SHVDU GH TXH KD\D
VXILFLHQWH FDQWLGDG \ VHD GH EXHQD FDOLGDG HO WUDVODGR SXHGH
UHVXOWDU WDQ FRVWRVR TXH VHD PHMRU ERWDU HO PDWHULDO H[FDYDGR GH
ORVFRUWHV\FRQVHJXLUSUpVWDPRVSDUDFRQIRUPDUORVWHUUDSOHQHV

6HOODPDmaterial depréstamoDTXHOTXHSRUFXDOTXLHUFLUFXQVWDQFLD
HV QHFHVDULR H[FDYDU IXHUD GH ORV FKDIODQHV GH OD YtD \ material de
desperdicioDTXHOFRUWHTXHQRVHXWLOL]DHQORVUHOOHQRV
͚͖͘

&RPRVHSXHGHDSUHFLDUH[LVWHODSRVLELOLGDGRQHFHVLGDGGHUHFXUULUD
SUpVWDPRV R D YHUWHGHURV ERWDGHURV GH ORV FXDOHV VH H[WUDHQ ORV
PDWHULDOHVDSWRVTXHIDOWDQRHQORVFXDOHVVHGHSRVLWDQORVPDWHULDOHV
VREUDQWHV VHDQ DSWRV R QR (Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR WDOHV SUiFWLFDV
QHFHVLWDQ GHO FRQVHQWLPLHQWR GH ORV SURSLHWDULRV GH ORV WHUUHQRV
DIHFWDGRV TXLHQHV VXHOHQ UHFLELU XQ FDQRQ R FRQWUDSDUWLGD SRU FDGD
PHWURF~ELFRH[WUDtGRRYHUWLGRDGHPiVGHRWUDVFRPSHQVDFLRQHV(Q
DOJXQRV FDVRV PiV GLItFLOHV LQFOXVR KD\ TXH SUHYHU ORV SUpVWDPRV R
ORVYHUWHGHURVRDPERVHQHOGHVDUUROORGHORVHVWXGLRV\HOSUR\HFWR
LQFOX\HQGRODRFXSDFLyQGHORVWHUUHQRVGHORVELHQHVDIHFWDGRVDORV
FXDOHVVHOHVDSOLFDHOSURFHGLPLHQWRH[SURSLDWRULR

8QDSDUWHLPSRUWDQWHGHODVFRPSHQVDFLRQHVGHULYDGDVGHODDSHUWXUD
GHXQSUpVWDPRRGHXQYHUWHGHURVHUHILHUHD VXDFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR
ILQDOXQDYH]WHUPLQDGDODH[WUDFFLyQRHOGHSyVLWRGHPDQHUDTXHHO
LPSDFWR FDXVDGR HQ HO HQWRUQR UHVXOWH DGPLVLEOH 3UHFLVDPHQWH OD
DFWXDO SUHSRQGHUDQFLD GH ODV FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV KD KHFKR TXH HO
UHFXUVRDSUpVWDPRVRDYHUWHGHURVIRUPHSDUWHGHOLPSDFWRDPELHQWDO
GHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDFDUUHWHUD\SRUORWDQWRTXHVHHVWXGLHMXQWR
D ORV GHPiV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO LPSDFWR DPELHQWDO GXUDQWH OD IDVH GH
SODQHDPLHQWR

5.7.2 Representación del diagrama de masas

&RPR OD FRPSHQVDFLyQ GH YRO~PHQHV HV FRPSOHMD \ GLVSHQGLRVD VH
KDQ LGHDGR PpWRGRV JUiILFRV TXH GDQ XQD EXHQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ FRQ
EDVWDQWHVHQFLOOH]

7DO FRPR VH LOXVWUD HQ OD )LJXUD HO diagrama de masas HV OD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD GHO YROXPHQ GH WLHUUD D PRYHU \ GH ODV
GLVWDQFLDVDTXHKD\TXHWUDQVSRUWDUORHQXQWUDPRGHWHUPLQDGRGHOD
FDUUHWHUDHQFRQVWUXFFLyQ

7pFQLFDPHQWH HV XQD FXUYD R JUiILFR HQ HO TXH ODV GLVWDQFLDV
KRUL]RQWDOHVDEVFLVDVUHSUHVHQWDQODVHVWDFLRQHVGHODFDUUHWHUD\ODV
GLVWDQFLDVYHUWLFDOHVRUGHQDGDVLQGLFDQODVVXPDVDOJHEUDLFDVGHORV
YRO~PHQHVDFXPXODGRVGHORVFRUWHV\WHUUDSOHQHVDSDUWLUGHXQSXQWR
RULJHQHQHOSHUILOORQJLWXGLQDOGHODFDUUHWHUD
͚͗͘


Figura 5.33 Perfil longitudinal y diagrama de masas

/RVSXQWRVHQHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVVHFRQHFWDQFRQVHJPHQWRVUHFWRV
RFRQXQDOtQHDFRQWLQXD

(Q HVWH FDVR HO YDORU GH OD RUGHQDGD BC UHSUHVHQWD HO YROXPHQ
DFXPXODGRGHFRUWHHQWUHODVDEVFLVDVA'\B'UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH3DUDXQD
FRUUHFWDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQORVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWHVHFRQVLGHUDQSRVLWLYRV
+\ORVGHWHUUDSOpQQHJDWLYRV-

&XDQGR VH WLHQH FRUWH \ WHUUDSOpQ HQ OD PLVPD DEVFLVD VH XWLOL]D OD
GLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORVGRVFRPRRUGHQDGDHQHVHSXQWR\DTXHFXDQGR
HVWR VXFHGH HO WHUUDSOpQ VH FRQIRUPD FRQ HO FRUWH UHDOL]DGR HQ HVD
PLVPD DEVFLVD PRYLHQGR HO PDWHULDO HQ iQJXOR UHFWR FRQ HO HMH
ORQJLWXGLQDO R HQ acarreo transversal HV HO FDVR GH VHFFLRQHV
PL[WDV 6L VREUD PDWHULDO GH FRUWH pVWH VH FRQYLHUWH HQ acarreo
longitudinalTXHHVHOTXHLQWHUHVDFRQRFHU
͚͘͘

(Q OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GH OD )LJXUD VH KD GLEXMDGR GRV YHFHV HO
SHUILOORQJLWXGLQDOGHOWHUUHQR\ODVXEUDVDQWHGHXQDFDUUHWHUD\HQOD
SDUWH LQIHULRU VX FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH GLDJUDPD GH PDVDV (Q HOOD VH
LGHQWLILFDQRWUDVSURSLHGDGHVGHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVWDOHVFRPR

x (O YDORU GH FXDOTXLHU RUGHQDGD UHSUHVHQWD HO YROXPHQ GH FRUWH
DFXPXODGR KDVWD HVH SXQWR PHQRV HO YROXPHQ GH WHUUDSOpQ
WDPELpQDFXPXODGRKDVWDHVHSXQWR

x /DSDUWHDVFHQGHQWHGHODFXUYDPDVDGHILQHXQD]RQDGHFRUWHHO
WUDPR ACUHSUHVHQWDHOFRUWHHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV A'\ C'$VXYH]OD
SDUWHGHVFHQGHQWHGHODFXUYDPDVDGHILQHXQD]RQDGHWHUUDSOpQ
HOWUDPRCEUHSUHVHQWDHOWHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVDEVFLVDVC'\E'

x &XDOTXLHU SXQWR GH OD FXUYD PDVD VLWXDGR VREUH OD OtQHD EDVH
WLHQH RUGHQDGD QXOD OR TXH LQGLFD TXH ORV YRO~PHQHV GH FRUWH \
WHUUDSOpQVRQLJXDOHVGHVGHHORULJHQGHODFXUYDKDVWDHVHSXQWR
'H HVWD PDQHUD ORV SXQWRV GRQGH OD FXUYD PDVD FRUWD OD OtQHD
EDVH VRQ ORV OtPLWHV GH ORV VHFWRUHV GH PRYLPLHQWR GH WLHUUD
FRPSHQVDGR GHQRPLQDGD sección balanceada 7DO HV HO FDVR GH
ORVSXQWRV A\ BGHODFXUYDPDVDFRQRUGHQDGDVQXODVLQGLFDQGR
TXHHOFRUWH A'C' VHUYLUiSDUDFRQIRUPDUHOWHUUDSOpQ C'B'7DPELpQ
ORV SXQWRV B \ D GH OD FXUYD PDVD FRQ RUGHQDGDV QXODV LQGLFDQ
TXHHOWHUUDSOpQB'E'VHFRQIRUPDUiFRQHOFRUWHE'D'

x (Q OD PLVPD IRUPD TXH OD OtQHD EDVH GHWHUPLQD VHFWRUHV GH
PRYLPLHQWRGHWLHUUDFRPSHQVDGRFXDOTXLHUOtQHDKRUL]RQWDOFRPR
FGTXHFRUWHODFXUYDPDVDHQGRVSXQWRVF\ GGHWHUPLQDXQD
]RQDGHFRPSHQVDFLyQHQWUHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHOFRUWH F'C'VHUYLUi
SDUD FRQVWUXLU HO WHUUDSOpQ C'G' SRU VHU PiV R PHQRV LJXDOHV VXV
YRO~PHQHV&XDOTXLHUOtQHDKRUL]RQWDOTXHFRUWDODFXUYDPDVDHQ
GRVSXQWRVUHFLEHHOQRPEUHGHcompensadora

x /RVSXQWRVPi[LPRVGHODFXUYDPDVDLQGLFDQFDPELRVGHFRUWHD
WHUUDSOpQHQHOVHQWLGRGHODEVFLVDGRHOSXQWRPi[LPR CGHFXUYD
PDVDLQGLFDFDPELRGHFRUWHDWHUUDSOpQHQODDEVFLVD C'GHOSHUILO
ORQJLWXGLQDO $ VX YH] ORV SXQWRV PtQLPRV GH OD FXUYD PDVD
LQGLFDQFDPELRVGHWHUUDSOpQDFRUWHHOSXQWRPtQLPR EGHFXUYD
PDVDLQGLFDFDPELRGHWHUUDSOpQDFRUWHHQODDEVFLVD E'GHOSHUILO
ORQJLWXGLQDO
͚͙͘


Figura 5.34 Propiedades del diagrama de masas
͚͚͘

x &XDQGRODFXUYDPDVDHVWiSRUHQFLPDGHXQDOtQHDKRUL]RQWDOTXH
HVWDEOH]FD FRPSHQVDFLyQ HO PRYLPLHQWR GHO PDWHULDO GHEH
UHDOL]DUVHHQHOVHQWLGRGHDYDQFHGHODEVFLVDGR\FXDQGRODFXUYD
PDVD HVWi SRU GHEDMR GH OD FRPSHQVDGRUD HO WUDQVSRUWH GHEH
UHDOL]DUVH KDFLD DWUiV HVWR HV HQ VHQWLGR RSXHVWR DO DYDQFH GHO
DEVFLVDGR(VWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDODPXHVWUDQODVIOHFKDVHQODILJXUD

5.7.3 Factor de compensación en el movimiento de
tierras

'HEHWHQHUVHHQFXHQWDHOH[FHVRGHFRUWHQHFHVDULRSDUDREWHQHUXQ
WHUUDSOpQFRPSDFWDGRGHYROXPHQGHWHUPLQDGR

(Q JHQHUDO 1 m3 GH corte en banco QR HTXLYDOH D 1 m3 GH terraplén
compactado\DTXHLQIOX\HQXQDYDULHGDGGHFRQGLFLRQHVWDOHVFRPR

x 'HQVLGDGHVGHOPDWHULDOHQVXVHVWDGRVRULJLQDO\FRPSDFWDGR

x 7DPDxRGHODVSDUWtFXODV

x &RQWHQLGRVGHKXPHGDG

x *UDGRGHFRPSDFWDFLyQH[LJLGR

x 3pUGLGDVGHPDWHULDOHQHOWUDQVSRUWH

x $UUDVWUHGHPDWHULDOSRUHOYLHQWR\HODJXD

(VLPSRUWDQWHPHQFLRQDUTXHORVPDWHULDOHVSURGXFWRGHODH[FDYDFLyQ
HQORVFRUWHVVHH[SDQGHQ\DVXYH]DOFRQIRUPDUORVWHUUDSOHQHVVH
FRQWUDHQ SRU OD FRPSDFWDFLyQ H[LJLGD 3DUD WHQHU HQ FXHQWD HVWD
SURSLHGDGHQPRYLPLHQWRGHWLHUUDVVHXVDXQfactor de compensación
GHO 25%XRWURTXHHVSHFtILFDPHQWHVHLQGLTXHFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHXQ
DQiOLVLVGHVXHORV

3DUDHIHFWRVGHFRPSHQVDFLyQGHYRO~PHQHVUHVXOWDSUiFWLFDPHQWHOR
PLVPR UHGXFLU HQ XQ 25% HO YROXPHQ GH PDWHULDO GH FRUWH R VHD
PXOWLSOLFDUORSRU 0.75\FRQVHUYDULQYDULDEOHHOYROXPHQGHWHUUDSOpQ
TXH DXPHQWDU HQ 33% HO YROXPHQ UHTXHULGR GH WHUUDSOpQ R VHD
͚͛͘

PXOWLSOLFDUOR SRU 1.33 VLQ PRGLILFDU HO YROXPHQ GH PDWHULDO GH FRUWH
GLVSRQLEOH(OVHJXQGRGHHVWRVSURFHGLPLHQWRVHVHOPiVXVXDO>@

(Q RWUDV SDODEUDV HO IDFWRU GH FRPSHQVDFLyQ GHO 25% VLJQLILFD TXH
FRQ 1 m3 GH corte en banco VH FRQIRUPDQ 0.75 m3 GH terraplén
compactadoRTXH1 m3GHterraplén compactadoVHFRQIRUPDFRQ1.33
m3GHcorte en banco

5.7.4 Uso del diagrama de masas

3DUDXQDPHMRULQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVHQHVWHQXPHUDO
VH GHVDUUROOD XQ HMHPSOR QXPpULFR FRPSOHWR LOXVWUDQGR SDVR D SDVR
ORVFiOFXORVDUHDOL]DUGHVGHODFDUWHUDGHFXELFDFLyQHOGLEXMRPLVPR
GHODFXUYDPDVDKDVWDHOFiOFXORGHODVGLVWDQFLDVGHDFDUUHR

n GRÁFICO DEL DIAGRAMA DE MASAS

6XSyQJDVH TXH SDUD HO SHUILO ORQJLWXGLQDO LOXVWUDGR HQ OD SDUWH
VXSHULRUGHOD)LJXUDVHWLHQHQORVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQ
DQRWDGRV HQ ODV FROXPQDV d \ e GH OD FDUWHUD PRVWUDGD HQ OD 7DEOD
(VWRV YRO~PHQHV VH WRPDQ GH OD FDUWHUD GH FXELFDFLyQ \ VH
FRQVLJQDQ HQ UHQJORQHV DOWHUQDGRV DVLJQDQGR HO VLJQR + D ORV
YRO~PHQHVHQFRUWH\HOVLJQR-DORVYRO~PHQHVHQWHUUDSOpQ

6LJXLHQGRHOSURFHGLPLHQWRGHDIHFWDUORVYRO~PHQHVGHWHUUDSOpQFRQ
HODXPHQWRUHODWLYRHQODFROXPQD fVHDQRWDQORVSURGXFWRVGHFDGD
XQR GH WDOHV YRO~PHQHV FROXPQD e SRU HO IDFWRU GH FRPSHQVDFLyQ
1.33WRGRVEDMRHOVLJQR-TXHOHVFRUUHVSRQGH

(QODFROXPQDgVHDQRWDQODVVXPDVDOJHEUDLFDVGHORVYRO~PHQHVGH
FRUWH FROXPQD d \ WHUUDSOpQ FRPSDFWDGR FROXPQD f H[LVWHQWHV
HQWUHDEVFLVDVFRQVHFXWLYDV

(QODFROXPQD h VHDQRWDQDOIUHQWHGHFDGDDEVFLVDORVYRO~PHQHV
WRWDOHVDFXPXODGRVKDVWDGLFKDDEVFLVDFRQHOVLJQRTXHDOOtLQGLTXHOD
VXPD (VWRV YRO~PHQHV DFXPXODGRV UHSUHVHQWDQ ODV RUGHQDGDV GH OD
FXUYDPDVDORVFXDOHVVHGLEXMDQDXQDHVFDODDGHFXDGD
͚͘͜

Tabla 5.11 Cartera para elaborar la curva masa

c d e f g h
92/Ò0(1(6P 680$
92/Ò0(1(6
$/*(%5$,&$
727$/(6
7(55$3/e1 7(55$3/e1 df
$%6&,6$6 &257(6 $&808/$'26
68(/72 &203$&72 $&$55(2
25'(1$'$
eu /21*,78',
0$6$
1$/
.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

(QHVWHHMHPSORODOtQHDEDVHHVXQDOtQHDGHHTXLOLEULR\DTXHHQWUH
ODV DEVFLVDV 0+000 \ 0+180 VH WLHQH XQD FRQGLFLyQ GH HTXLOLEULR R
VHFFLyQ EDODQFHDGD HVWR HV KD\ VXILFLHQWH FRUWH HQWUH HO 0+000 \ HO
0+080 SDUD FRQIRUPDU HO YROXPHQ GH WHUUDSOpQ HQWUH HO 0+080 \ HO
0+180 /R PLVPR VXFHGH HQWUH HO 0+180 \ HO 0+260 'HO 0+260 DO
0+280 KD\ H[FHVR GH FRUWH TXH VH SXHGH XWLOL]DU SDUD FRQIRUPDU
WHUUDSOHQHVGHPiVDGHODQWHRVLHVGHOFDVRKDVWDERWDU
͚͘͝


Figura 5.35 Ejemplo numérico del diagrama de masas
͔͛͘

o VOLÚMENES DE EXCAVACIÓN

3DUDXQDVHFFLyQEDODQFHDGDHOYROXPHQWRWDOGHH[FDYDFLyQVHSXHGH
H[SUHVDUGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD

.T TA T

'RQGH
. T TA 9ROXPHQWRWDOGHH[FDYDFLyQVXPDWRULDGHORVFRUWHV
9ROXPHQGHH[FDYDFLyQTXHKD\TXHDFDUUHDUORQJLWXGLQDOPHQWH
T 9ROXPHQGHH[FDYDFLyQTXHKD\TXHDFDUUHDUWUDQVYHUVDOPHQWH

(QWUHHO 0+000\HO 0+180

0 180
.T TA ¦ Cortes 800 2400 3300 2700 700 100 100 10100 m 3
0 000

(VWRV10100 m3VHUiQDFDUUHDGRVORQJLWXGLQDO\WUDQVYHUVDOPHQWH

'H RWUR ODGR OD VXPDWRULD GH ORV YRO~PHQHV SRVLWLYRV + GH OD
FROXPQD g HQWUH HVWDV GRV DEVFLVDV UHSUHVHQWD HO YROXPHQ GH
H[FDYDFLyQGHDFDUUHRORQJLWXGLQDO

0 180
¦ alores positi os columna 5 800 2400 3300 2600 9100 m 3
0 000

&RPR VH SXHGH REVHUYDU HQ OD 7DEOD DQWHULRU ORV 9100 m3
UHSUHVHQWDQ OD RUGHQDGD Pi[LPD GH OD FROXPQD h SDUD HVWD VHFFLyQ
EDODQFHDGD

3RUORWDQWRHOYROXPHQGHH[FDYDFLyQGHDFDUUHRWUDQVYHUVDO THV

T .T TA 10100 9100 1000 m 3

p DISTANCIA MEDIA DE TRANSPORTE O ACARREO

8QRGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHPiVLQIOX\HHQHOFRVWRGHOPRYLPLHQWRGH
WLHUUDVHVODGLVWDQFLDDODTXHVHGHEHQWUDQVSRUWDUODVPDVDVGHWLHUUDV
PRYLGDV
͕͛͘

7DO FRPR VH LOXVWUD HQ OD )LJXUD HYLGHQWHPHQWH OD distancia
media de acarreo ORQJLWXGLQDO A GHXQYROXPHQ H[FDYDGR HV
LJXDODODGLVWDQFLDHQWUHORVFHQWURVGHJUDYHGDGcgGHORVYRO~PHQHV
GHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDXQDVHFFLyQEDODQFHDGD

(Q OD SDUWH LQIHULRU HQ HO GLDJUDPD GH PDVDV HO iUHD GHO UHFWiQJXOR
DFKXUDGR HV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH LJXDO DO iUHD EDMR OD FXUYD PDVD \ OD
OtQHDGHHTXLOLEULRHVWRHV

A Área bajo la cur a masa y la l nea de e uilibrio

Área bajo la cur a masa y la l nea de e uilibrio m3 m
A m
m3

Figura 5.36 Distancia media de acarreo longitudinal
͖͛͘

9ROYLHQGR D OD )LJXUD HQWUH HO 0+000 \ HO 0+180 OD GLVWDQFLD
PHGLD GH DFDUUHR ORQJLWXGLQDO A D OD TXH KD\ TXH WUDQVSRUWDU HO
YROXPHQGHH[FDYDFLyQORQJLWXGLQDO 9100 m3 HV

Área bajo la cur a

800
20 800 3200 20 3200 6500 20
2 2 2
6500 9100
20 9100 8200 20 8200 5300 20
2 2 2
5300 2600
20 2600 1000 20 1000 20
2 2 2
Área bajo la cur a 734000 m 3 m

A 81 m
9100 m 3

(OPpWRGRJUiILFRFRQVLVWHHQGLYLGLUODRUGHQDGDPi[LPD ABHQGRV
SDUWHV LJXDOHV \ SRU HO SXQWR PHGLR WUD]DU XQD OtQHD KRUL]RQWDO ORV
SXQWRVGHFRUWH C\ FRQODFXUYDPDVDLGHQWLILFDQOD A 81 m/RV
81 mHVODGLVWDQFLDPHGLDDODTXHGHEHDFDUUHDUVHORQJLWXGLQDOPHQWH
HOPDWHULDOH[FDYDGRGH 9100 m3HQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 0+000\ 0+080
SDUDFRQIRUPDUHOWHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 0+080\ 0+180

(QWUHHO 0+180\HO 0+260

0 260
.T TA ¦ Cortes 100 800 3100 4000 m 3
0 180

0 260
¦ alores positi os columna 5 300 3100 3400 m 3
0 180

&RPR VH SXHGH REVHUYDU HQ OD 7DEOD DQWHULRU ORV 3400 m3
UHSUHVHQWDQ OD RUGHQDGD Pi[LPD GH OD FROXPQD h SDUD HVWD VHFFLyQ
EDODQFHDGD FRQ YDORU QHJDWLYR LQGLFDQGR TXH HO DFDUUHR VH UHDOL]D
KDFLDDWUiV

(OYROXPHQGHH[FDYDFLyQGHDFDUUHRWUDQVYHUVDO THV

T .T TA 4000 3400 600 m 3
͛͗͘

/D GLVWDQFLD PHGLD GH DFDUUHR ORQJLWXGLQDO A D OD TXH KD\ TXH
WUDQVSRUWDUHOYROXPHQGHH[FDYDFLyQORQJLWXGLQDO 3400 m3 HV

Área bajo la cur a

1700
20 1700 3400 20 3400 3100 20 3100 20
2 2 2 2
Área bajo la cur a 164000 m m
3

A 48 m
3400 m 3

2EVpUYHVH WDPELpQ HQ HO PpWRGR JUiILFR TXH DO GLYLGLU OD RUGHQDGD
Pi[LPD HQGRVSDUWHVLJXDOHV\DOWUD]DUXQDOtQHDKRUL]RQWDOSRUHO
SXQWRPHGLRORVSXQWRVGHFRUWH \ FRQODFXUYDPDVDLGHQWLILFDQ
OD A 48 m/RV 48 mHVOD GLVWDQFLD PHGLDDODTXHGHEHDFDUUHDUVH
ORQJLWXGLQDOPHQWH KDFLD DWUiV HO PDWHULDO H[FDYDGR GH 3400 m3
HQWUH ODV DEVFLVDV 0+220 \ 0+260 SDUD FRQIRUPDU HO WHUUDSOpQ HQWUH
ODVDEVFLVDV 0+180\ 0+220

q DISTANCIA DE ACARREO GRATIS O LIBRE

(Q ORV FRQWUDWRV GH PRYLPLHQWR GH WLHUUDV VH HVWLSXOD XVXDOPHQWH OD
distancia de acarreo gratisRlibre A TXHHVODPi[LPDGLVWDQFLDDOD
TXHSXHGHVHUDFDUUHDGRXQPDWHULDOGHQWURGHOSUHFLRXQLWDULRSDFWDGR
SDUD OD H[FDYDFLyQ (VWR HV HQ ORV SOLHJRV GH FRQGLFLRQHV GH ODV
OLFLWDFLRQHV SDUD OD DGMXGLFDFLyQ GH XQ FRQWUDWR GH PRYLPLHQWR GH
WLHUUDVVHHVSHFtILFDXQDGLVWDQFLDGHDFDUUHROLEUHTXHGHEHWHQHUHQ
FXHQWD HO FRQWUDWLVWD OLFLWDQWH SDUD TXH ORV SUHFLRV XQLWDULRV TXH
SURSRQJDOOHYHQLQFOXLGRHOFRVWRGHDFDUUHRVKDVWDHVDGLVWDQFLD

*HQHUDOPHQWHHOYDORUXVXDOSDFWDGRFRPRGLVWDQFLDGHDFDUUHRJUDWLV
ROLEUHHV A 150 m6LKD\TXHWUDQVSRUWDUHOPDWHULDODXQDGLVWDQFLD
PD\RUHODFDUUHRH[WUDVHOODPDsobre-acarreoHOFXDOVHGHEHSDJDU
DGLFLRQDOPHQWHDOFRQWUDWLVWDDXQGHWHUPLQDGRSUHFLRXQLWDULR

*UiILFDPHQWHHQHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDV)LJXUDVHGLEXMDODOtQHD
KRUL]RQWDO A 150 m SDUDOHOD D OD OtQHD EDVH 6H EDMDQ
SHUSHQGLFXODUHVGHVGH \ DODOtQHDEDVHREWHQLpQGRVHORVSXQWRV \
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHFX\DVDEVFLVDVVRQ
͛͘͘

Abscisa 0+018
Abscisa 0+168

(QWRQFHVHOYROXPHQGHVREUHDFDUUHR SA FRUUHVSRQGHDODRUGHQDGD
PDVD A TXHDODHVFDODGHOGLDJUDPDFRUUHVSRQGHD

SA 700 m 3

4XLHUHHVWRGHFLUTXHGHQWURGHODVHFFLyQEDODQFHDGDGHO 0+000DO
0+180VHWLHQHQ 700 m3TXHKD\TXHPRYHUDXQDGLVWDQFLDPD\RUTXH
ODGLVWDQFLDGHDFDUUHRJUDWLV A 150m

$KRUDVHSXHGHSODQWHDUODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ

S A

'RQGH
'LVWDQFLDPHGLDDODTXHKD\TXHPRYHUODH[FDYDFLyQHQWUHHO 0+000
\HO 0+018SDUDFRQIRUPDUHOWHUUDSOpQHQWUHHO 0+168\HO 0+180
S 'LVWDQFLDPHGLDGHVREUHDFDUUHR
A 'LVWDQFLDGHDFDUUHRJUDWLV

Área bajo la cur a
S
SA
Área Área
1
2

18 m 700 m 3 1 12 m 700 m 3
2

S 15 m
SA 700 m 3

5HHPSOD]DQGRVHWLHQH

S A 15 150 65 m

$ VX YH] SDUD FDOFXODU HO volumen de acarreo gratis VH SXHGH
SODQWHDUODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ

SA

9100 m 3 700 m 3 8400 m 3
͙͛͘

)LQDOPHQWHODGLVWDQFLDPHGLDGHDFDUUHRJUDWLV A HV

Área bajo la cu a Área B Área B Área

A
§ 150 180 ·
734000 m 3 m ¨ ¸700 m m
3
Área B Área © 2 ¹
A
8400 m 3
734000 m 3 m 115500 m 3 m
A 74 m
8400 m 3

2EVpUYHVHWDPELpQJUiILFDPHQWHTXHDOGLYLGLUODRUGHQDGD BHQGRV
SDUWHVLJXDOHV\DOWUD]DUXQDOtQHDKRUL]RQWDOSRUHOSXQWRPHGLRORV
SXQWRVGHFRUWH \ FRQODFXUYDPDVDLGHQWLILFDQOD A 74 m

5HVXPLHQGRHQHVWHHMHPSORQXPpULFRHQWUHHO 0+000\HO 0+180VH
WLHQHQGRVVLWXDFLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQORVYRO~PHQHVGHH[FDYDFLyQ
\VXVGLVWDQFLDVGHWUDQVSRUWHDVDEHU

6LQWHQHUHQFXHQWDHODFDUUHRJUDWLV

(OYROXPHQWRWDOGHH[FDYDFLyQGH 10100 m3 . T TA VHGLVWULEX\HHQ

x 9100 m3 DFDUUHDGRV ORQJLWXGLQDOPHQWH D XQD GLVWDQFLD PHGLD
GH 81m A

x 1000 m3 T DFDUUHDGRVWUDQVYHUVDOPHQWH

7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHODFDUUHRJUDWLV

(OYROXPHQWRWDOGHH[FDYDFLyQGH 10100 m3 . T TA VHGLVWULEX\HHQ

x 8400 m3 DFDUUHDGRVORQJLWXGLQDOPHQWHDXQDGLVWDQFLDPHGLD
GH 74m

A OLEUHVGHSDJR

x 700 m3 SA VREUHDFDUUHDGRV ORQJLWXGLQDOPHQWH D XQD GLVWDQFLD

PHGLDGH165m GHORVFXDOHVVRQOLEUHVGHSDJRHQ150 m A
SDJiQGRVHVREUHDFDUUHRORQJLWXGLQDOHQ15 m S

x 1000 m3 T DFDUUHDGRVWUDQVYHUVDOPHQWH
͚͛͘

5.8 PROBLEMAS PROPUESTOS

PROBLEMA 5.1

Datos:
3DUDOD)LJXUDVHWLHQHTXH/DVXEUDVDQWHHQWUHHO 0+000 \ HO
0+100HVDQLYHOSHQGLHQWHORQJLWXGLQDOLJXDOD 0 ORFDOL]DGDHQOD
FRWD 504.(ODQFKRGHODEDQFDSODQDHVGH 8PHWURV/RVWDOXGHVVRQ
SDUD FRUWH 1 ertical SRU 0.5 hori ontal \ SDUD WHUUDSOpQ 1 ertical SRU 1.5
hori ontal. (O SODQR PXHVWUD OD SODQWD D OD HVFDOD JUiILFD GDGD FRQ
FXUYDVGHQLYHOGHHTXLGLVWDQFLD1PHWUR

Calcular:
(OYROXPHQWRWDOGHWHUUDSOpQ\FRUWHHQHVWHWUDPR
>5HVSAproximadamente 715 m3 y 1090 m3@

Sugerencia 'LEXMH XQ SHUILO PRVWUDQGR HO WHUUHQR \ OD VXEUDVDQWH
7UDEDMH ODV VHFFLRQHV FDGD 20 PHWURV \ DGLFLRQDOPHQWH FRQVLGHUH
DTXHOODVTXHFRQWLHQHQFHURV

PROBLEMA 5.2

Datos:
/DVGRVVHFFLRQHVPRVWUDGDVHQOD7DEODSHUWHQHFHQDXQWUDPR
GHXQDFXUYDL]TXLHUGDGHDQFKRGHEDQFDSODQD8PHWURVVREUHDQFKR
1PHWUR\WDOXG3 hori ontalesSRU2 erticales

Tabla 5.12 Cartera de chaflanes. Problema 5.2

,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2

" . "

" . "

Calcular:
D (OiUHDGHFDGDVHFFLyQ>5HVS54.190 m2 y 33.590 m2@
E (OYROXPHQHQWUHODVVHFFLRQHV>5HVS1097.250 m3@
͛͛͘


Figura 5.37 Problema 5.1
͛͘͜


PROBLEMA 5.3

Datos:
(QOD7DEODVHPXHVWUDQORVFKDIODQHV\ODWRSRJUDItDGHXQSDUGH
VHFFLRQHVGHDQFKRGHEDQFDSODQDGH8PHWURV

Tabla 5.13 Cartera de chaflanes y topografía. Problema 5.3

,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2

.

.

Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVHQWUHHVWDVGRVVHFFLRQHV
>5HVSTerrapl n: 404.737 m3, Corte: 521.680 m3@

PROBLEMA 5.4

Datos:
/D)LJXUDLOXVWUDGRVVHFFLRQHVHQFXUYDVHSDUDGDV30PHWURV


Calcular:
(OYROXPHQHQWUHODVVHFFLRQHV>5HVS991.8 m3@
͛͘͝


PROBLEMA 5.5

Datos:
8Q WHUUDSOpQ GHVFDQVD VREUH XQD VXSHUILFLH KRUL]RQWDO HQ XQD FXUYD
L]TXLHUGDGHSHUDOWH 10 EDQFD 10 PHWURVVREUHDQFKR 2PHWURVFRWD
GHWUDEDMRHQHOHMHGH6 PHWURV\WDOXG3 hori ontalesSRU2 erticales

Calcular:
(OiUHDH[DFWD>5HVS123.555 m2@

PROBLEMA 5.6

Datos:
/D 7DEOD SUHVHQWD OD FDUWHUD GH FKDIODQHV GH XQ WUDPR UHFWR GH
XQDYtD(OVLJQRPHQRVLQGLFDFRUWH\HOVLJQRPiVWHUUDSOpQ

Tabla 5.14 Cartera de chaflanes en recta. Problema 5.6

,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2

.

.

.

.

Calcular:
(OYROXPHQWRWDOGHWHUUDSOpQ\FRUWHHQHOWUDPR

PROBLEMA 5.7

Datos:
/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDODSODQWD\HOSHUILOGHXQWUDPRGHYtDGH37.50
PHWURVGHORQJLWXG
͔͘͜

/RVWDOXGHVGHODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVRQHQFRUWH2 erticalesSRU1
ontal\HQWHUUDSOpQ2 erticalesSRU3 hori ontales
hori


Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVHQHOWUDPRGHYtD
>5HVSCorte: 894.775 m3, Terrapl n: 55.125 m3@
͕͘͜


PROBLEMA 5.8

Datos:
/D)LJXUDLOXVWUDHOSHUILOORQJLWXGLQDOGHXQDVXEUDVDQWHFRQVX
UHVSHFWLYR HMH \ ERUGHV GH EDQFD (Q OD 7DEOD VH PXHVWUDQ ODV
iUHDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV


Tabla 5.15 Áreas. Problema 5.8

È5($6P
$%6&,6$6
&257( 7(55$3/e1
.
.
.
.

Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQ
͖͘͜


PROBLEMA 5.9

Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHWLHQHODYLVWDHQSODQWDGHXQWUDPRUHFWRGHXQD
FDUUHWHUD GH DQFKR GH EDQFD SODQD GH 10 PHWURV FRQ OtQHDV GH QLYHO
DOWXUDV SDUDOHODV GH HTXLGLVWDQFLD 1 PHWUR $GHPiV SDUD OD VXE
UDVDQWHVHWLHQH
60m sim trica
$EVFLVDGHO 2+150
3HQGLHQWHGHHQWUDGD 6
3HQGLHQWHGHVDOLGD -4
&RWDHQA 56.00m
7DOXGHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV 2 erticales por 1 hori ontal


Calcular:
(O YROXPHQ WRWDO HQWUH ODV DEVFLVDV 2+100 \ 2+140 XVDQGR OD
FXDGUtFXODFRPRHVFDOD>5HVS2941.6 m3@
͗͘͜


PROBLEMA 5.10

Datos:
(Q XQD FDUUHWHUD GH DQFKR GH EDQFD 10 PHWURV VH SUHVHQWDQ GRV
VHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVHSDUDGDV40PHWURV(QORVUHVSHFWLYRVHMHVOD
SULPHUDVHFFLyQWLHQHXQDFRWDGHWUDEDMRGH6PHWURV\ODVHJXQGDGH0
PHWURV

(QWUH ODV VHFFLRQHV HO WHUUHQR QDWXUDO WLHQH XQD LQFOLQDFLyQ XQLIRUPH
GH 1 erticalSRU 4 hori ontales/RVWDOXGHVGHODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV
VRQ HQFRUWH 2 erticales SRU 1 hori ontal\HQWHUUDSOpQ 2 erticalesSRU 3
hori ontales.

Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQ

PROBLEMA 5.11

Datos:
(QOD7DEODVHPXHVWUDODFDUWHUDGHFKDIODQHV\ODWRSRJUDItDGH
WUHVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVGHDQFKRGHEDQFDSODQDGH 10PHWURV(O
WDOXGHQWHUUDSOpQHVGH2 erticalesSRU3 hori ontales


,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2

.

.

.

Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHWHUUDSOpQ\FRUWHHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 0+000\ 0+040
͘͘͜


PROBLEMA 5.12

Datos:
/DV VHFFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV GH OD 7DEOD HVWiQ EDVDGDV HQ XQ
DQFKRGHEDQFDSODQDGH 8PHWURV\WDOXGHVGHFRUWH 2 erticalesSRU 1
hori ontal \WHUUDSOpQ1 erticalSRU1 hori ontal


,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2

.

.

.

Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 2+200\ 2+249

PROBLEMA 5.13

Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHLOXVWUDQORVSHUILOHVORQJLWXGLQDOHVGHOWHUUHQRHQ
ORV ERUGHV GH OD EDQFD GHUHFKR H L]TXLHUGR \ HQ HO HMH GH XQD
FDUUHWHUDGHDQFKRGHEDQFDSODQDGH10PHWURV3DUDHOSHUILODOHMHVH
PXHVWUDVXUHVSHFWLYDVXEUDVDQWH

hori ontal\HQWHUUDSOpQ2 erticalesSRU3 hori ontales

Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 3+000\ 3+020,
VL OD FXUYD YHUWLFDO VLPpWULFD SDUD HO GHEH SDVDU D 1 PHWUR SRU
HQFLPDGHODFODYHGHODDOFDQWDULOOD
͙͘͜



PROBLEMA 5.14

Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHPXHVWUDQGRVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVHSDUDGDV
20PHWURVFRQXQDQFKRGHEDQFDGH10PHWURV


Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 0+000\ 0+020.

͚͘͜



PROBLEMA 5.15

Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHLOXVWUDDODHVFDODJUiILFDGDGDODSODQWDGHXQD
FDUUHWHUDHQUHFWDGRQGHDSDUHFHQ WUHVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV A B\
C FRQ VXV UHVSHFWLYDV FXUYDV GH QLYHO GH HTXLGLVWDQFLD 1 PHWUR \ OD
XELFDFLyQGHORVFKDIODQHV

/D VXEUDVDQWH DO HMH HV KRUL]RQWDO SHQGLHQWH ORQJLWXGLQDO 0
HQFRQWUiQGRVHHQODFRWD16


Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVVHFFLRQHVH[WHUQDV.
͛͘͜



PROBLEMA 5.16

Datos:
(Q OD )LJXUD VH HVTXHPDWL]DQ FLQFR VHFFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV GH
iUHDVWUDQVYHUVDOHVFRQRFLGDVHQWHUUDSOpQAt\HQFRUWHAc

Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQGHVGHODDEVFLVD 0+000DOD
DEVFLVD 0+050.
͘͜͜



PROBLEMA 5.17

Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHHVTXHPDWL]DQFXDWURVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV

Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQGHVGHODDEVFLVD 0+000DOD
DEVFLVD 0+060.
͘͜͝


͔͘͝


PROBLEMA 5.18

Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHLOXVWUDHOSHUILOORQJLWXGLQDOGHXQDFDUUHWHUDFRQ
HOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH

7RPDQGR HO HMH GH ODV DEVFLVDV FRPR FRPSHQVDGRUD SDUD OD VHFFLyQ
EDODQFHDGDVHWLHQH

9ROXPHQGHDFDUUHRWUDQVYHUVDO 1200 m3
'LVWDQFLDGHDFDUUHRJUDWLV 150 m
9ROXPHQGHVREUHDFDUUHR 3200 m3

͕͘͝

Calcular:
D (O YROXPHQ WRWDO GH H[FDYDFLyQ SDUD OD VHFFLyQ EDODQFHDGD
>5HVS10200 m3@
E /DVDEVFLVDVHQWUHODVFXDOHVVHHIHFW~DHODFDUUHRJUDWLV
>5HVS 0+032 a 0+182@
F /D DEVFLVD KDVWD OD FXDO H[LVWH FRPSHQVDFLyQ GH YRO~PHQHV
>5HVS 0+216.21@
G /D GLVWDQFLD PHGLD GH DFDUUHR VLQ WHQHU HQ FXHQWD HO DFDUUHR
JUDWLV>5HVS118.10 m@
H /DGLVWDQFLDPHGLDGHDFDUUHRJUDWLV>5HVS82.24 m@
I /DGLVWDQFLDPHGLDGHVREUHDFDUUHR>5HVS33.10 m@

͖͘͝

Bibliografía
Índice temático



BIBLIOGRAF A

!-%2)#!. !33/#)!4)/. /& 34!4% ()'(7!9 !.$
42!.30/24!4)/. /&&)#)!,3 A Policy on Geometric
Design of Highways and Streets&IFTH%DITION7ASHINGTON$#
!33(4/

"2!6/0AULO%MILIO Diseño de Carreteras: Técnica y Análisis
3EXTA%DICIN"OGOTÖ#ARVAJAL3!

#!, 9 -!9/2 2AFAEL Y #¬2$%.!3 *AMES Ingeniería de
Tránsito: Fundamentos y Aplicaciones /CTAVA %DICIN-£XICO
$&!LFAOMEGA3!

#!2#)%.4% *ACOB Carreteras: Estudio y Proyecto 3EGUNDA
%DICIN 0RIMERA 2EIMPRESIN #ARACAS %DICIONES 6EGA SRL

#¬2$%.!3 ' *AMES Diseño Geométrico de Carreteras
0RIMERA%DICIN"OGOTÖ$#%COE%DICIONES

#(/#/.4¬ 0EDRO !NTONIO Diseño Geométrico de Vías
0RIMERA %DICIN "OGOTÖ %DITORIAL %SCUELA #OLOMBIANA DE
)NGENIER¤A
493

%3#5%,! $% ).'%.)%2/3 -),)4!2%3 Introducción a la

Ingeniería de Vías0RIMERA%DICIN3ANTAF£DE"OGOTÖ

()#+%23/. 4HOMAS & Route Location and Design &IFTH
%DITION.EW9ORK-C'RAW (ILL"OOK#OMPANY

).34)454/ .!#)/.!, $% 6Ù!3 Manual de Diseño
Geométrico para Carreteras "OGOTÖ -INISTERIO DE 4RANSPORTE

).34)454/ .!#)/.!, $% 6Ù!3 Manual de Diseño
Geométrico de Carreteras"OGOTÖ$#3UBDIRECCINDE!POYO
4£CNICO-INISTERIODE4RANSPORTE

+2!%-%2#ARLOSY/TROSIngeniería de Carreteras: Volumen I
-ADRID-C'RAW (ILL)NTERAMERICANADE%SPA®A3!5

-!..%2).'&RED,AND+),!2%3+)7ALTER0Principles of
Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis 3INGAPORE *OHN
7ILEY3ONS

3%#2%4!2Ù! $% #/-5.)#!#)/.%3 9 42!.30/24%3
Manual de Proyecto Geométrico de Carreteras0RIMERA%DICIN
#UARTA 2EIMPRESIN -£XICO $& 4ALLERES 'RÖFICOS DE LA
.ACIN

72)'(4 0AUL Y 0!15%44% 2ADNOR Ingeniería de Carretras
-£XICO$&%DITORIAL,IMUSA

͘͘͝


NDICE TEMÁTICO

A !NCHOSDECARRIL
!BERTURADELCOMPÖS ¬NGULO CENTRAL
!BSCISA
!CELERACIN CENTR¤FUGA ¬NGULO DE DEFLEXIN

!CARREO LONGITUDINAL ¬NGULODEDEFLEXINPRINCIPAL
¬NGULODELAESPIRAL
!CARREOTRANSVERSAL ¬NGULODEPENDIENTE
!CELERACINDELAGRAVEDAD ¬NGULOPARAM£TRICO
!CELERACINRADIAL ¬NGULOSDEDEFLEXIN
!CELERACIN CENTR¤FUGA !PLANAMIENTO
!RCOCIRCULAR
!COPIODEDATOS !RCOEQUIVALENTE
!DELANTAMIENTO !RCO GRADO
!RCOUNIDAD
!LINEAMIENTOENPERFIL ¬REASDELASSECCIONES
!LINEAMIENTOENPLANTA ¬REASMEDIAS
!LINEAMIENTOHORIZONTAL !RMON¤A
!LINEAMIENTOVERTICAL !UTOPISTAS
!NCHODECALZADA !ZIMUT
!NCHODECARRIL !ZIMUTES
!NCHODEZONA
!NCHODEBANCA B
"ANCA
!NCHOSDEBANCA
!NCHOSDEBERMA "ANCASPLANAS
!NCHOS DE CALZADA "ERMAS

͙͘͝

Diseño Geométrico de Carreteras - James Cárdenas Grisales

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Tabla 5.1 Anchos recomendados de calzada en recta

Created in Master PDF Editor - Demo Version