Slide 1

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Previously..
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Every argum
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premises.
Slide 2

Unsupport
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• A declarative s
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argument. Arg
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something. Bu
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• An argument isi
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and the remain

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conclusion.

Unsupported clai
Slide 3

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• It will rain to
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• Descartes e
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unreliable.

• Muhammad
Slide 4

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• It will rain tomo

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for five years a

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• Descartes prov
pro
always be trus
and sometime
that perceptua
Slide 5

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• I am amazed b
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film" many say

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the hideous sc
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apparently mo
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enjoy an escap
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wallow in realis
reali
People who re
in a society in
prevails. Perha
primative islan
Slide 6

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• People cannot
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These evil film

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Unfortunally ou
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behaviour and
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code to unders
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knife crimes in
Century when
life then as nas
na
encouraging u
Slide 7

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I am certain tha
th
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know what is r
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knowledge, do
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truth except th
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would not inde
say is true, if it
distinctly perce
me that I may
and distinctly a
Slide 8

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Decide whether e
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• I’ll never get to

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• People should
• There is going
has fallen belo
Slide 9

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• Now we’ll see

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reconstruct the
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The conclusion
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premises give
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• An argument m
number of prem
pre
Slide 10

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• The following a
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John has two

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• This argument

Since all fish

fish.
Slide 11

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• There is a stan
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in a particular
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occur in reaso
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• We can clarify
P2 etc and by

• Writing the arg

comprehensive
comprehensiv
Slide 12

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Setting out arg

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argument. In o
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you should foll

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Identify the

Identify the
Slide 13

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Let us reconstruc
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looks like in sta

st
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John lives in L
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But most coun

substandard h

(P1) John lives in

(P2) Most people
Slide 14

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• In identifying th
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determine wha
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convince the a
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support it.
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• Since conclusi
could be a con
ask yourself w
establish and t
Slide 15

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• Remember yo
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speaker is tryin
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expressed by d
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expressed in d
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• When you reco

conclusions as
Slide 16

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Further, there are

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• therefore
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• so
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• thus
• hence
• we must concl
Slide 17

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There are other

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For instance, w
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from’, ‘follows f
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before stating t
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Of course, som
indicators. Ther
The
indicators of the

• since
• as shown by
Slide 18

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In identifying th
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what the speak

spea
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is the evidence
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is true?
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Note that not e

premise or the
used may help
trying to identif
identi
Slide 19

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Consider the follo

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Untreated c
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are method
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reason that

In this passage th
the second pro
part of the argu
arg
Slide 20

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Identify the prem

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• Only people w
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certainly beco
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• This castle is
miles away. It
transported at
• The war was l
Slide 21

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Try to write the

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• History will sh
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minister after
economy. Tha
prime-minister
Slide 22

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• Logic is about
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truth. The ove

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not the conclus

conclu
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• Declarative sta
being true or f
say that what i
Slide 23

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But what does it m

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Consider for in
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1. All humans are

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This proposition i
simply that this
that ‘All human
are mortal. He
Slide 24

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• We said that a
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an attempt to d
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• An argument is
i
demonstrate o

• The truth of the

th
Slide 25

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• Look round the

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you will find it t

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an infinite num
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subdivisions to
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can trace and

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most minute p
which ravishes
them. The curi
resembles exa
human contriv
Slide 26

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• Since, therefor
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by all the rules

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the Author of N
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possessed of m
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the work which

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by this argume
Deity, and his
Slide 27

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• Here is one att

at
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from Design, fr
f
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P1) The material

human beings
P2) The design in
by an intelligen
Slide 28

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We’ll return later

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• Consider the fo
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f
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• P1) Grass is g
• P2) Snow is w
• C.) Therefore,
Slide 29

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• So what disting
distin
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tighter connec
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• We want the p
accepting the c
an “attempt to
Slide 30

Now consider th
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A. (P1) John’s c
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(P2) All fleas

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(C) John’s c
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B. (P1) Nicole k
(P2) All leop
Slide 31

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• You can easily

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something wro
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conclusion of A
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conclusion of B
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• What you are r

Slide 32

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A. (P1) John’s
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(P2) All flea

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(C) John’s

• The first thing

false. But this
Further, you do
d
Slide 33

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Consider the follo

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C. (P1) Skippy is
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(P2) All kanga

kang
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(C) Skippy is

• You should be
something righ
Slide 34

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• This shows tha

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to the relation b
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whether the pr
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• The concept o
individual prem
invalid we look
premises are r
the premises t
Slide 35

• An argument i
true and its co
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• In other words,
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premises are t
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• If the condition
argument is inv