Construction and Building Materials 187 (2018) 884–891

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Study on flexural properties of active magnesia carbonation concrete

with fly ash content
Henian Zhang a, Chen Shen a,⇑, Peisheng Xi a, Kaixiang Chen b, Fang Zhang a, Shaohan Wang a
a
Anhui Key Laboratory of Building Structures and Underground Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, China
b
The Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 230000, China

h i g h l i g h t s

Appropriate amount of fly ash can increase the flexural and ductile properties of concrete test blocks.

Nesquehonite, Dypingite and Hydromagnesite are the major products of carbonation of active gamma magnesia.

The combination of fly ash and the carbonation products of magnesium oxide improves the internal structure of concrete.

It is an environmentally friendly material.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The fly ash activated magnesia carbonized concrete developed based on cement carbonization technology
Received 23 May 2018 is a new type of cement-based composite material, the effects of four different proportions of fly ash and
Received in revised form 23 July 2018 active magnesium oxide on the flexural and ductile failure of carbonized concrete were studied. The
Accepted 3 August 2018
results show that the early flexural strength of magnesia carbonized concrete decreases with the increase
of fly ash content, the flexural strength increases obviously during 0–7 days of carbonation curing.
Afterwards, there is a flat growth, then increases significantly after 21–28 days of curing. The increase
Keywords:
of fly ash content has a high stimulatory effect on ductility, which slows down the brittle failure of the
Fly ash
Carbonization block
test block. However, excessive fly ash content will also have a negative impact on the strength and per-
Magnesia concrete formance. The optimum value is verified by the relationship between strain-time curve, the optimum
Flexural strength mixing amount of fly ash is 0.3, and the ratio of water to glue is 1:1. Microscopic test results verify the
Destructive damage magnesium carbonized products of Nesquehonite, Dypingite and Hydromagnesite are the main reasons
for improving the flexural properties.
Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction effect of fly ash on compressive strength by replacing cement with

Concrete is a quasi-brittle material [1]. With the strength grad-
ually improving, the increase of its brittleness may lead that its
structure is destroyed suddenly. It is no doubt that the safety haz-
ards of the complex large scale concrete structures will be
increased. Meanwhile it does not meet the requirements of the
structural design safety and limits the scope of application of
high-strength concrete. Portland cement, the main raw material
for ordinary concrete, has high CO2 emissions, high energy con-
sumption, slow strength growth and serious environmental pollu-
tion. Incorporating fly ash can reduce hydration heat, reduce cracks
and improve concrete performance, Harison [2] et al. studied the
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ivans_shen@126.com (C. Shen).
different proportions of fly ash. The results show that with the
increase of fly ash, the early strength of coagulation gradually
decreases, and the later strength has Increased, but gradually
decreased when it exceeds 20%. Therefore, it is one of the effective
ways to improve the flexural strength and toughness of concrete
by adding fly ash and active magnesium oxide into the matrix as
curing agent, which can effectively solve the difficult problems of
high energy consumption and high carbon emission, etc. caused
by PC curing agent.
Vandeperre et al. (2008) [3,4] conducted carbonization tests on
magnesium oxide cement and PC paste samples. It was found that
the fly ash- magnesium oxide slurry could provide the same
mechanical properties as the fly ash-Portland cement paste under
20% CO2. The strength of PC block with only active magnesium
oxide as curing agent could reach 2–3 times under forced

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.017
0950-0618/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 H. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 187 (2018) 884–891
carbonization, and the CO2 of the same quality as magnesium
oxide could be absorbed; Goswami & Mahanta [5] cured residual
red soil with a mixture of fly ash and slaked lime. Formosaa [6]
indicated that cement mortar formulate with a low-cost magne-
sium oxide by-product could be an interesting alternative to other
repair mortars; Afshin [7] researched the stabilization of soil using
olivine and the application of novel techniques utilizing alkaline
activation and carbonation. Dung [8] studied enhance the
microstructure and performance of magnesium oxide concrete
mixes by increasing hydration and lowering water demand via
the introduction of hydration and dispersion agents. Pu [9] investi-
gated the carbonation potential, strength gain and microstructural
development of magnesium oxide blocks and provides a compar-
ison with Portland cement blocks. In addition, many foreign schol-
ars have studied the application effect of granulated blast furnace
slag and waste gypsum in soil reinforcement. Prof. Huang con-
ducted a long-term research on the use of industrial waste solidi-
fied soft soil and achieved rich results; Fang [10] et al. put
forward a GT-type soil curing agent based on high-calcium ash
and desulfurized gypsum, supplemented with quicklime, cement,
calcined gypsum, aluminum sulfate, and alumite; Liu and Li [11]
found that magnesium oxide activity had a significant effect on
carbonization and solidification. Zhang et al. [12] concluded that
carbonized products of reactive magnesium oxide are mainly
Hydromagnesite and Nesquehonite/Dypingite, with the higher
amount of reactive magnesium oxide, the more carbonized prod-
ucts. Ye [13] found that in the early stage, with the increase of
fly ash content, the strength of magnesia cement was obviously
decreased. However, with the passage of time, the influence of
fly ash content on the strength became smaller and smaller. When
curing to the 90th day, the strength of the fly ash test piece was
almost equivalent to that of the ordinary test piece, and even
slightly increased. Zhang [14] concluded that under the low fly
ash replacement rate, the reduction of the flexural strength is
lower than the reduction of the high fly ash replacement rate. Yang
[15] conducted a bending test on the trabecular beam with a
replacement rate of fly ash of 0%, 15% and 25%. Rahul et al. [16]
studied the effect of different proportions of fly ash on the flexural
strength of coagulation. They concluded that with the increase of
the proportion of fly ash, the late flexural strength will increase,
and the proportion of fly ash will decrease when it exceeds 20%.
At present, there are few studies on fly ash-magnesium oxide car-
bonized concrete by domestic and foreign scholars. There are many
aspects that need to be further studied and analyzed.
This study provides a new method to improve the flexural per-
formance of fly ash concrete, and through the combination of the-
ory and experiment, it gives the best fly ash content of active
magnesium oxide carbonation concrete block, reduces the waste
gas produced by the cement industry and resources and energy
consumption caused by the development of limestone. Designed
to increase the flexural properties of concrete as much as possible
with large amounts of fly ash.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experiment materials
The cement used in this experiment is 32.5 grade ordinary
Portland cement. Its various technical indicators meet the
corresponding provisions of the Ordinary Portland Cement
(GB175-2007). The chemical composition of high activity magne-
sium oxide is shown in Table 1. The resistance strain gauge param-
eters are shown in Table 2. According to the size of the mold, two
test blocks are a group, the test material composition ratios are
shown in Table 3.
885
Table 1
Chemical composition of reactive magnesium oxide (%).
MgO Hydrochloric acid CaO Fe2O3 chloride (cl) others
insoluble matter
93% 0.2% 1.5% 0.08% 0.1% 5.12%
Table 2
Strain gauge parameters.
Type Tipo BX120-50AA Precision Grade A
Gage Resistance 119.9 ± 0.1 Fence Long 50 * 3 mm
Gage Factor 2.08 ± 1% Thermal Output 100 lm/m °C1
2.2. Sample preparation
According to the study by Al-Tabbaa and Yi [17–19] et al., and
studies carried out by Mo and Panesar [20,21] et al., the strength
of the test block containing 40% magnesium oxide is approximately
the same as the strength of the test block of 20% magnesium oxide,
and the amount of magnesia should not exceed 40%. Therefore,
four different ratios (mass ratio) are used when fly ash is added.
Fly ash in the curing agent doping as: 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, the
water-binder ratio of each dosage is 1:1. The specific process is
as follows:
(1) Weigh a certain amount of raw materials, stir for five min-
utes in a small blender in the room, and then add weigh
water and water reducer, then stir for five minutes to ensure
uniform mixing.
(2) Weigh a sample of the required sample quality, the stirred
sample is divided into two rounds and poured into a non-
standard rectangular mold (400 mm  100 mm  100 mm).
Tamp with the rod evenly, the upper mouth with the lack
of follow-up until the test die level after scraping.
(3) The sample is first moved into a carbonization box for curing
for 24 h and demolded, then the curing is continued. Car-
bonization conditions were 20 °C of ambient temperature,
98 ± 2% of relative humidity and 20% CO2 concentration.
2.3. Flexural performance test
(1) Two specimens per group. When the test block was cured to
the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th day removed respectively from
the curing room and was wiped cleanly, then attach the
strain gauge, they were counted as YB-1 and YB-2 layers
respectively. The position of the strain gauge is shown in
Fig. 1:
(2) Loading the test block. The universal testing machine is used
to load the specimen at the middle three points of the test
block. The bearing surface of the test piece is two relatively
flat sides when the test block is formed, and the test block
shall ensure that the test block is in close contact with a sup-
port and a roller, a cover plate is in close contact with the
roller and a press on the testing machine. The loading device
is shown in Fig. 2:
(3) The applied load should be uniform and continuous, the
loading speed should be 0.5 mm per minute until the test
block is damaged or the universal testing machine automat-
ically stops working.
(4) Record the damage load and the fracture location of the test
piece. According to ‘‘Ordinary Concrete Mechanical Proper-
ties Test Method Standard” [22], samples can be used in
non-standard sizes. The flexural strength of the concrete test
block is calculated according to the following formula:
886 H. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 187 (2018) 884–891

Table 3
Material usage.

Fly ash (kg/m3) Cement (kg/m3) MgO (kg/m3) H2O (kg/m3) Sand (kg/m3) Gravel (kg/m3)
0.075 0.3375 0.3375 0.75 5.5 8.0
0.15 0.3 0.3 0.75 5.5 8.0
0.225 0.2625 0.2625 0.75 5.5 8.0
0.3 0.225 0.225 0.75 5.5 8.0

Fl
ff ¼ 2
bh

ff – Flexural strength of concrete test block (MPa),

F – Failure load of test block (KN),
l – Span between supports (mm),
h – Specimen section height (mm),
b – Specimen section width (mm)

Fig. 1. Strain gauge pasting position.

Su [23] et al. conducted an experimental study on the size effect
of the flexural strength of concrete. Since the carbonization test
block uses a non-standard test block, according to the ‘‘Standard
test method for mechanical properties of ordinary concrete regula-
tion” [24], the ultimate flexural strength of concrete specimen
should be obtained by multiplying the size conversion coefficient
of 0.85 after obtaining the flexural strength.

3. Analysis of test results

3.1. Failure form

According to the cracking trend of the specimen, the fracture

mode of the bending specimen is defined as the four modes shown
in Fig. 3: Type I is a vertical fracture in the middle of 0.1 fly ash con-
crete sample; Type II is the concrete fracture surface curved, failed
and damaged; Type III is a straight slope of the fracture surface of
the concrete; Type IV is a fractured surface with an oblique linear
fracture, and cracking extends to the fulcrum. Under the ideal
bonding condition, the flexural strength of the I–IV type members
will increase in turn, the lowest in type I and the highest in type IV.
The results of four-point bending test show that the fracture of
Fig. 2. Loading device. the test block with 0.1 and 0.2 content of fly ash is type I and II

Fig. 3. Effect of fly ash content on failure mode.

 H. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 187 (2018) 884–891
respectively. When the dosage is 0.3, The crack is significantly clo-
ser to the fulcrum, so the loading capacity of the sample is the best
when the content of fly ash is 0.3, and the fracture is type IV, which
is better than the mode III fracture with 0.4 content of fly ash.
3.2. Flexural strength
Fig. 4 shows the flexural strength values of different fly ash con-
tents. FCF-Flexural strength.
Three specimens are grouped, and the flexural strength of all
specimens is average. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the early
strength of concrete specimens is low due to the increase of fly
ash content, because that the polymer on the surface of fly ash
Fig.4. Influence of fly ash content on rupture strength.
Fig. 5. Strain-time pictures of different fly ash content (YB-1).
887
composite material has not fully activated the activity of fly ash,
and the hydration rate is relatively slow. No matter how much
the fly ash content, the flexural strength of the test piece increases
rapidly with time in 0–21 days. The growth rate is the largest when
the fly ash content is 0.3, and there is a continuous growth process
within 21–28 days. In general, the flexural strength of concrete
block increases with the increase of fly ash content, but when
the fly ash content is higher than a certain critical value, the flex-
ural strength decreases obviously. The higher the content of fly
ash is, the more the later strength increases.
3.3. Strain-time curve
Figs. 5 and 6 shows the strain-time curve of YB-1/YB-2 position
at different pulverized coal content for 7 days and 14 days and 21
days and 28 days.
From Fig. 5, it can be seen that when carbonization is cured to 7
d, the strain of YB-1 at the tensile part increases with time. At the
inflection point of the curve, the strain caused by the fracture
increases rapidly, the strain gauges are broken after reaching the
limit, showing brittle failure. After curing to the 14th day, the fly
ash content was 0.1 and the strain was rapid. It showed obvious
brittle failure. 0.3 addition was better than 0.2, and the addition
was better than 0.4 and apparently showed the characteristics of
ductile failure. After curing to the 21st day, the strain of 0.3, 0.4
fly ash concrete test blocks were significantly bigger than that of
0.1 and 0.2. After 28 days of curing, the strain of all the specimens
increased to reach their maximum value, and 0.3 additions were
better than other content.
888 H. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 187 (2018) 884–891
Fig. 6. Strain-time pictures of different fly ash content (YB-2).
According to the Fig. 6, the regularity of YB-2 in the compres-
sion zone is slightly different from the regularity of the stretch
zone. The greater the strain, the better the ductility. On the 7th
day, the concrete specimens with 0.3 and 0.4 content have larger
strain, and on the 14th day, the concrete specimens with 0.4 con-
tent show obvious ductility characteristics. However, the ductility
failure of 0.3 content is better than the ductility failure of 0.2 con-
tent and it is also better than the ductility failure of 0.1 content and
0.4 content at the 21st day of curing. After 28 days of curing, all
specimens reached the maximum strain, and the 0.2 content is bet-
ter than 0.3 and 0.4 content. The 0.1 content of concrete specimens
showed obvious brittle failure. The concrete’s compressive ability
is superior to its tensile strength, and the hydration reaction and
carbonization reaction of fly ash and active magnesium oxide
occurred completely after curing to 7 d, leading to early brittle
fracture characteristics of concrete test blocks. With the increase
of fly ash content over time, the amount of carbonized product pro-
duced by the reaction increases. The carbonate compound can fill
the pores in the sample and the product has strong cementation
ability. Therefore, the strength and compactness of the concrete
increase, and the ductility performance also increases. The strain
in the compression zone is smaller than that in the tension zone.
4. Micro test
4.1. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Fig. 7 is the XRD spectrum of the blocks with different fly ash
content carbonized for 28 d in the carbonization tank. As can be
seen from the figure: (1) There are MgO and Mg(OH)2 peaks in
XRD, and the higher the content of fly ash is, the weaker the peak
value is, which indicates that fly ash can promote the hydration of
MgO and form carbonized Mg(OH)2. (2) The calcite peak and quartz
peak reflect the main crystal composition of fly ash, which indi-
cates that the more fly ash content, the more dense aggregate pore
filling. (3) The higher the content of fly ash, the more obvious the
peak of magnesite (MgCO33H2O), and the improvement of the
flexural strength and ductility of the carbonized sample is mainly
due to the formation of a dense microstructure of the aggregate.
4.2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Fig. 8 is a different amount of fly ash scanning electron micro-
scopy (SEM) picture. It can be seen from the figure that Hydromag-
nesite, Dypingite and Nesquehonite is in the four kinds of different
fly ash content samples. When the fly ash content increases the
pore gradually decreases. This is because the higher the content
of fly ash is, the more effectively the aggregate is filled, and the
more complete the carbonation reaction of magnesium is. The den-
sely packed aggregates of these cohesive carbonized products
reduce the internal porosity of the test block to form a dense
microstructure, which greatly improves the flexural strength and
ductility of the concrete.
4.3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
DSC – Temperature difference between sample and reference
during program warming; DTG – The rate of change of weight as
a function of time/temperature.
 H. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 187 (2018) 884–891 889

Fig. 7. XRD patterns of different fly ash contents Note: Symbol meaning in the figure: N-Magnesite MgCO33H2O, D/H-Dypingite/Hydromagnesite, B-Magnesium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2, Q – Quartz SiO2, C – Calcite CaCO3, M – Magnesium oxide MgO.

Fig. 8. SEM pictures of different fly ash content.

890 H. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 187 (2018) 884–891

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) can solve the problem that it
is difficult for conventional to accurately and quantitatively ana-
lyze the carbonized products of active magnesium oxide. From
the thermogravimetric analysis of the four kinds of fly ash in Figs. 9
and 10, it can be seen that there are obvious peak near 100 °C and
400 °C of fly ash being called N1 and N2 peak respectively. With the
increase of active MgO content, the N1 and N2 peaks are also more
obvious, and N1 is more obvious than N2. N1 shows that nesque-
honite absorbs heat and loses adsorption water, 2 units of crystal
water and part of the constitution water at near 100 °C, and N2

Fig. 9. Thermogravimetric analysis of different fly ash contents. Note: Symbol meaning in the figure: N1, N2 – Magnesite, DSC – Temperature difference between sample and
reference during program warming; DTG – The rate of change of weight as a function of time/temperature.

Fig. 10. DTG patterns of different fly ash contents.

 H. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 187 (2018) 884–891
shows that nesquehonite absorbs heat and loses the remaining
constitution water and CO2 at near 400 °C, which verifies the infer-
ence of the magnesium carbide product.
5. Conclusion
(1) The fracture types, flexural strength and strain-time rela-
tionship of four kinds of fly ash concrete specimens were
obtained by testing the flexural properties of concrete test
blocks.
(2) The activation effect of fly ash on active magnesium oxide
carbonization test block is obviously better than that of lime
(slaked lime). The main performance of fly ash test block is
that the flexural strength of carbonation test block increases
with the increase of fly ash content. When the amount of fly
ash exceeds 0.2, the slow setting is unfavorable to the early
flexural strength of concrete.
(3) The strain-time curves of the four magnesia carbonation
blocks with fly ash content are basically the same. When
the content is 30%, the deformation performance of the con-
crete test block is more prominent.
(4) Through microscopic analysis, it can be seen that appropri-
ate amount of fly ash content and its hydration products
and the reaction of activated magnesium oxide to produce
magnesite and other products can effectively wrap and join
aggregates and effectively filling up the pores between
aggregates. The carbonation products form branching, retic-
ular microstructure, the main cementing products, has very
strong cementation ability, which is the main reason for the
rapid improvement of the flexural strength and ductility.
(5) Concrete test results show that: 30% of fly ash content is
most suitable. The carbonization test blocks comply with
relevant national standards and provide theoretical support
for the development of new processes and new types of piles
to improve the efficiency of foundation reinforcement treat-
ment and future engineering applications.
Conflict of interest statement
We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships
with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influ-
ence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest
of any nature or kind in any product, service or company that could
be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review
of, the manuscript entitled ‘‘Study on Flexural Properties of Active
Magnesia Carbonation Concrete with Fly Ash Content”.
Acknowledgments
The authors greatly appreciate the funding provided by Natural
Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BY2014120). The authors
891
thank Professor Fusheng Zha at HeFei University of Technology,
China, for theirvaluable comments.
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