2015 International Conference on Information Processing (ICIP)
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology. Dec 16-19, 2015
Automatic Personality Assessment:
A Systematic Review
Prof. S.V. Kedar
JSPM’s RSCOE,
S.P. Pune University,
Pune, India.
seemaahkeddar@gmail.com
Abstract—Personality Assessment is an emerging research
area. In recent years, the interest of the scientific community
towards personality assessment has grown incredibly.
Personality is a psychological model that can be used to explain
the wide variety of human behaviors with the help of individual
characteristics. The applications of personality assessment range
from behavior analysis to disease diagnosis, counseling, employee
recruitment, social network analysis, security systems, mood
prediction, and many others. Automatic personality assessment
consists of the automatic classification of users' personality traits
from the data such as video, speech and text. Despite growing
number of works in personality assessment, it is still very difficult
to say what the current state-of-the-art is. The objective of this
survey paper is to discuss various approaches used for
personality assessment and to present current state-of-art related
to it. It also provides guidelines for further research.
Keywords— personality; personality assessmen;
personality traits; psychology; handwriting analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
Personality is a psychological model that can be used to
explain the wide variety of human behaviors with the help of
individual characteristics. The various behavioral tendencies
shown by a person is largely influenced by his personality
traits, although behavior is not the only characteristic in
building ones personality [17]. By identifying personality, we
can predict person’s patterns of thought, emotion and behavior
as well as important aspects of life including happiness,
physical and psychological health, the person’s quality of
relationships with his peers, family and romantic relations.
Also it throws light on the person’s occupational choice,
satisfaction and performance on the work front. It also helps in
knowing an individual’s community involvement, political
ideology and criminal activity. We can learn more about the
person by understanding his personality [21, 22, 29].
Personality recognition is an emerging field of research. In
the past few years of research in this field, researchers have
acknowledged as well as documented the fact that every
person has a personality, and usually personality remains
consistent with time. So this means that we can use personality
assessment as an important measure. In Europe, personality of
a patient is assessed before treating him. It has also found
applications in verifying marriage compatibility status,
978-1-4673-7758-4/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
Dr. D. S. Bormane
JSPM’s RSCOE,
S.P. Pune University,
Pune, India.
bdattatraya@yahoo.com
children counseling, criminal investigation, career guidance
etc [46]. In the recent years, many people have recognized the
importance of personality assessment and so the demand for
automated personality assessment has also seen an increase in
these years.
An increase of interest in this subject among the
computing community has been noted. The IEEE, ACM and
Science Direct are considered to be one of the most important
repositories of literature related to the latest trend and work
done in the field of computation. On searching for the
documents containing the word “personality” in these
libraries, we have found that there is an increasing amount of
work done related to personality. Increasing interest in
researchers about personality can be seen by following graph
shown in Fig. 1.
In this review paper, we have tried to identify the different
means for assessment of personality and also the amount of
work that is done on automated personality assessment till
date.
The general layout of this paper is as follows: Section II
discusses the relationship between personality and
psychology. It mainly emphasizes on a trait based model like
Big Five which is most widely used by psychologists for
personality assessment. Section III deals with the various other
approaches that have been in use for automated personality
assessment. Future research directions in field of personality
assessment are discussed in Section IV. Finally, in Section V
we draw some conclusions.
Fig. 1. Graph of work done till date using keyword “Personality”
on IEEE, ACM, and Science Direct
II. PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT IN PSYCHOLOGY
Personality is a psychological construct aimed at
explaining the wide variety of human behaviors in terms of
326
few, stable and measureable individual characteristics [20].
Recent trend in personality assessment has seen the evolution
of personality psychology as a completely new subject of
study. The goal of personality psychology is to explain each
individual from inside out. It also aims at understanding and
explaining as to how people differ from one another and how
they behave in various situations. Personality psychology tries
to accomplish its goals by identifying individual
characteristics that are stable and more importantly
measurable [30].
For personality assessment, trait based models have been
in use for a long time. This type of model uses the semantic
relation between the adjectives people use to describe the
behavior of one another. Whenever a person has to describe
the behavior of himself or of some other person, he uses
mainly adjectives and a lot of description. The trait based
models map such descriptions to a single adjective which
correctly qualifies as the behavior described and these can be
characterized as personality traits [19, 23]. But the major issue
in using this model is that the traits are purely descriptive and
sometimes may not correctly map to the individual’s behavior.
However, years of research identified some five basic
personality traits that can be correctly mapped to an
individual’s personality and can also be measured. These five
factors form the building blocks of the Big Five Model or the
Five Factor Model that is widely being used these days as a
personality assessment model. It is one of the dominant and
also one of the most influential models in all of psychology
[16].
A. Big Five Model
Big Five framework is extensively researched the most widely
used model of personality. The Big Five factors are openness,
agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism and
conscientiousness. Acronyms that are commonly used to refer
to the five traits collectively are OCEAN, CANOE or
NEOAC. Each of the five factors has a set of related factors
corresponding to them; for example, extraversion includes
some related qualities like assertiveness, gregariousness,
excitement seeking nature, activity, positive emotions and
warmth. Openness has related qualities like intellectualness,
creative and artistic nature. While related features for
neuroticism are moodiness, irritability and anxiousness.
Agreeableness includes related features like kindness, warmth
and helpfulness. And conscientiousness includes related traits
like neatness, steadiness and watchfulness [16, 17, 47].
III. VARIOUS OTHER APPROACHES FOR PERSONALITY
ASSESSMENT
In this age of technology and social media, majority of the
population has access to technological gadgets and
applications. The interaction of individuals with the social
media also shows certain behavioral patterns. Data for
automatic personality assessment (APA) of individuals can be
gathered from gadgets like mobiles and pagers, social media
sites, nonverbal communication, internet browsing, and also
from handwriting samples of individuals. In this section we
discuss different sources from which behavioral data can be
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collected and automatic personality assessment of individuals
from this collected data.
A. APA through Mobile and Wearable Devices
Devices like mobile phones, tablet PCs and laptops come
under the category of mobile devices. Also a latest
technological trend among people is the use of wearable
devices. Wearable devices as the name suggests can be worn
by its user just as we have smart phones or the pagers. By
analyzing the data usage of such devices, we can predict user’s
personality traits. Review of the works done in this area is
given below.
In paper [25], the authors tried to advance the automatic
personality recognition methods by extending some previous
works; especially network level features particularly ego-nets.
They used datasets obtained from 53 smart phone users, all of
whom are residents of a married graduate student’s residency
of a major US university. The data was collected using a
software that would run passively in the Android-based smart
phone and could collect details of Call Logs, App Logs.
Proximity details were collected using the Bluetooth (BT) by
performing BT scans every 5 minutes. The results obtained
show that personality can be indeed identified by analyzing
phone-based behavioral data. Personality traits identified are
in accordance to the Big Five personality model. They used
the Small World and Efficiency Measures approach to check
how close to a “small world” a given ego-net is. Small Worlds
are highly clustered networks similar to regular lattices having
short path lengths like regular graphs. The Random Forests
ensemble classifiers were used for classification of data. This
classifier gave better results than the SVM classifier. Through
this work they proved that data obtained from smart phones
can be used to predict personality characteristics.
In paper [26], the authors successfully showed that
individual personality traits can be obtained from low level
data collected using wearable devices. In their method, they
provided 67 nurses working in PACU of a Boston hospital
with sociometric badges which was worn by them for a period
of around 27 days. At the end of the day, each participant
answered a job performance survey questionnaire (6
questions) with a 5-point Likert scale ((1 = very low) (2 =
low) (3 = average) (4 = high) (5 = very high)). They obtained
important data for analyses in terms of physical activity, face-
to-face interaction, speech activity, physical proximity and
various social network attributes from sensor data. They
applied multiple linear regression analyses and correlation
coefficients to obtain vital relations between the data obtained
and the Big Five model. Their work proved their first
hypothesis that personality traits can be identified by means of
data obtained through wearable devices.
In paper [27], the authors tried to investigate the
relationship between behavioral characteristics obtained from
rich smart phone data and self-reported personality report.
They prepared datasets from 83 smart phone users over a
period of 8 months. Their research showed that the aggregated
information about smart phone usage can be indicator of the
Big Five Personality traits. They used the SVM and C4.5
classifiers to classify the points obtained according to the
personality model. Their method provided an accuracy of
75.9%. Some of the results of the study suggested that people
using the office and mail applications tend to be more neurotic
and conscientious. This implies that these people may be more
responsible and efficient with their work. From their study it is
proved that data obtained from smart phone usage can also be
used for personality assessment yielding reliable results.
In paper [28], the authors extended their previous work by
increasing the data set to 117 smart phone users and the data
was collected over a period of 17 months. Through this
research authors confirmed that behavioral data obtained from
smart phone usage of individuals is an indicator of the Big
Five personality traits, their study also facilitates future
research in using this data to personalize services on smart
phone.
A game based personality profiling application was
developed by authors in order to help counselors to capture
and determine personality [31]. For this they developed 4 mini
games so that the game Artifact Intelligent (AI) could capture
the personality of the player. They used the Myers Briggs
Types Indicators (MBTI) model which helps in capturing 16
personality traits. They tested this system on 50 engineering
students and achieved an accuracy of 77.5% in their
predictions.
B. Personality Assessment through Nonverbal
Communication
Nonverbal communication is the type of communication
which involves sending and receiving of wordless signals
between people. Nonverbal communications include
gestures, facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice,
touch, eye contact and the physical distance between the
communicators. The customer’s decision about buying the
product mostly depends on customer’s perception of the sales
person’s personality, motivations, and trustworthiness [48].
The way you listen, look, move and react tell the other person
about your personality and emotional state. The research done
on the non-verbal communication to identify the personality of
the communicator is discussed below:
The work in paper [37] is more concerned with the
automatic detection of the personality traits of the subjects
(persons). For that the authors have used the self presentation
and the employment interview. They used 89 subjects and
from those subjects they collected the information in terms of
the physical and speech activities and the face to face
interaction style. With this information, Consciousness,
Extraversion, Aggressiveness, Emotional state and Openness
of persons are calculated using the Support Vector Machine
Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithm, Naive
Bayes, SVM with Linear Kernel and SVM with RBF
algorithms. These algorithms are used to maximize the
performance of the classifier. The accuracy of this
implementation is of 70% on Consciousness, Extraversion and
emotional state.
The paper [38], focused on the expression of face,
movements of body and the speech of the person using the
observations of single channel (face, body or speech) and
multiple channels ( face and speech both). These calculations
328
are done using the videotapes and the interviewer’s
questionnaires. This experiment was conducted on 15 persons
in a short period of time. They observed the expression and
movements of the body in first 1 minute by cameras,
videotapes and in next 2nd minute they observed the speech of
the subject by asking the different questions. By using
observed expression and the body movements, they defined
the consciousness, openness, extraversion of the subject.
In paper [39], the authors used the para-linguistic
information and linguistic features for calculation of the
conscientiousness, extraversion, openness and aggressiveness
of the person. They implemented this experiment on 128
subjects. These calculations were done by referring the
boosting algorithm. They collected the corpus samples,
dialogue acts of the subject and audio-video information for
calculation. The boost algorithm combines the many weak
algorithms to produce the accurate classifier. This is the
simple and effective way to combine continuous features and
the accuracy of this implementation is of 67.6% on
conscientiousness, 74.5% Extraversion, 68.7% neuroticism,
55.4% agreeable, 57.1% openness.
In paper [40], the authors used the long-term spectral
divergence (LTSD) algorithm. This algorithm is used for
distinguishing the speaking and non-speaking frames. The
technique used is Cylindrical Head Model (CHM) based on
pose tracker and on isophote-based eye-center locator method.
They used the SVM algorithm. They collected the information
of the speech activity, speaking time and the social attendance
of the 67 persons to calculate the extraversion of the person.
They achieved an accuracy of 82.4% on eye-gaze.
C. APA through Social Media
Data collected from social media can be used to analyze
and identify human emotions and personalities. If we focus on
particular individual’s data on the social media like his friend
list, chatting time, his likes/dislikes, etc, then by analyzing this
data we can identify some of his personality traits as well. Few
of the measures to identify personality via social media are
given below.
In paper [32], the authors built a model on the personality
computation and prediction which is based on the person’s
online social networking site usage. They used the Chinese
social networking site Renren for their experiment. They
created an online illness treatment of mental website Dao and
for their experiment they connected that website to Renren.
Whenever a person would log on to Renren, he/she would
automatically get connected with their website. Using Big
Five Inventory (BFI) containing 44 questions, they collected
209 person’s profile, their total time of accessing website,
blog/status text and tested it using the SVM algorithm, Naïve
Bayesian and Decision Tree method. They got the accuracy of
69.7% for Agreeableness, 74.9% for Neuroticism, 82.4% for
Consciousness, 83.8% for Extraversion and 81.1% for
Openness after comparing their result with the person’s self-
report.
In paper [33], the authors analyzed the relationship
between personality and different types of Twitter users. They
collected 335 Twitter users’ data and predicted relationship
between Big Five Personality traits and five types of Twitter
users. They found that popular users and influentials are both
extrovert and emotionally stable. They also concluded that
openness is the easiest trait to predict while extraversion is the
most difficult one to predict.
Fabio Celli in [34], modeled a personality recognition
system. For their experiment, they connected that system with
FriendFeed and collected the information about job, leisure,
music, word usage and psychological aspects form the posts
uploaded by the 748 Italic users. From that information they
calculated the information about those Italian user’s
Agreeableness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness and
Consciousness by calculating the count of self reference, count
of patterns in the post, negative-positive emotions and word
frequency form their post and found the accuracy with 63.1%.
The paper [35], examines the influential Vs non-influential
and extraversion Vs introversion based on mood features. For
that they used the social link Livejournal, which have 132
predefined moods. When writer writes, this social site views
the writer’s mood. They collected these different types of
moods and also collected information about writer’s followers
and friend requests. Based on the collected information they
examined the information about influential Vs non-influential
and extraversion Vs introversion using SVM algorithm. They
found an accuracy of about 80%.
The paper [36] discusses ‘personality identification
through Twitter’. They collected 2000 tweets. This includes
information about number of followers, number of following,
density of social network, number of replies, number of links
and words per tweets. From this information they found the
correlation between the data and used it as a set of features
and predicted a score of each Big Five personality traits using
the ZeroR and Gaussian Processes, two machine learning
algorithms.
D. Personality Assessment through Handwriting Analysis
Handwriting subconsciously transfers the various moods
of our mind onto the paper even if it is not said verbally [6, 9].
Handwriting analysis is a technique through which we can
identify these subtle differences in the writing and also
identify the personality traits of the writer [15]. This is usually
done by trained people known as Graphologists [2].
Automation of this work has been of great interest among the
computer science people. There are already some systems that
have been developed to do this intended task [11]. The
approach used in most of these systems is similar. Initially a
scanned image of handwriting sample is taken. This image is
then preprocessed by applying certain image pre- processing
techniques on it to get a segmented image. A new
segmentation algorithm is proposed in paper [42]. Some
implicit and explicit methods for segmentation are also
described by [24]. After segmentation, thinning of image is
done to maintain the shape of the character [12]. After this
features baseline, slant of the writing, margin, etc are found
out. In the third and final step, based on the features extracted
the personality traits of the writer are identified. Most of the
systems developed use approaches like Neural Networks, the
SVM, or Lexical Analyzer method for identifying personality
329
of the writer [5, 12, 13, 43, 49]. The work done in this field is
discussed below.
In paper [10], the authors focused on analyzing, based on
digit of character and the signature styles. The input image is
split into two areas namely the signature and the area of
character’s digit. Tests on five features anmely: beginning of
the curve, streaks end, middle streaks, bottom line and the
shell obtained 63%, 58%, 75%, 70% and 56% accuracy
respectively using ANN. Also using Learning Vector
Quantization for pattern recognition of 32 letters in the
application form, an accuracy of 43% was obtained. Around
10-25 data sets were used to train the system and 100 sets
were tested.
In paper [3], the authors propose the methodology for
analysis of handwriting using the features like baseline, slant
of letter in writing, pen pressure and the characters ‘i’ and ‘f’.
The baseline and slant in letter are evaluated using the
polygonalization method, while pen pressure evaluation is
done by grey-level threshold value. The characters ‘i’ and ‘f’
are evaluated using template matching. They used the tool
MATLAB. All these parameters were fed as inputs to the
ANN which predicts individual’s behavior. 50 samples were
used for training the neural network.
In paper [1], the authors propose an off-line system for
handwriting analysis of individuals. The proposed
methodology detects handwriting features like baseline,
writing pressure and height of ‘t’ bar for analysis. The
standard back propagation neural network algorithm is used to
train the system. Polygonalization and grey-level threshold
value are used to evaluate baseline and pen pressure
respectively. While the ‘t’ bar is evaluated using template
matching.
In paper [7], four stages namely scanning, preprocessing,
feature extraction and analyzing features of handwriting
analysis are described. In this paper, most of the features
evaluated for personality identification are based on the layout
and margin of the given sample.
Different approaches to pattern recognition are given in the
introductory paper [14]. In this paper both online and off-line
handwriting samples are considered. Various features like
size, pen-pressure, baseline, slant of letters and page margin
are used to identify personality traits from handwriting sample
in the paper [8]. On testing of system with various samples,
the results were found to be 80% true.
In paper [4], the authors analyzed handwriting using
baseline, slant of the writing, size of the alphabets and pen
pressure. The proposed approach exhibited 80% accuracy. A
paper [9] used handwriting analysis in recruitment process.
They used mainly features like slope, slant, margin, image
contour, angular writing and pen pressure for personality
characterization. Also other features like connectedness of
writing, irregularities in it and the roundedness of the letters
are extracted from the writing. A back propagation Neural
Network is used for classification. 25 samples were used to
train the full-connected feed-forward neural network. Around
98 samples including Catalan, Spanish and English languages
were collected and tested by the system. After all the testing
and analyzing, accuracy achieved is 89%.
Lot of research has also been done on processing of
handwriting documents which are further used for personality
assessment. Paper [41] has represented a generic architecture
for analysis of handwritten document. They stated that there
are two ways to analyze the documents, one is humanistic
manuscript and the other is the medieval approach. They used
the 900x900 image of the documents and then applied the
process using the generic scale space tool. They used naïve
distance measure technique. From that they got good results.
In paper [44] the authors provided a scheme for writer
independent handwriting analysis. They used the writing
features like baseline and slant for identifying personality
traits. The baseline is characterized into types as ascending,
descending, wave and controlled. The slant is characterized as
extreme left, then left, vertical, right and extreme right. They
have used the fuzzy approach to determine traits from baseline
and the crisp approach for the slant. Also the classic geometric
evaluation approach is used.
In the paper [45], the authors put forth a novel approach for
understanding and analysis of online cursive handwriting. It
describes the Beta elliptic approach for finding out velocity of
writing for both static and kinematic model of writing. Table1.
shows comparative study of various approaches used for
personality assessment.
TABLE 1. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS APPROACHES
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
x Identifying personalities of readers based on their
preferred book titles can also be a field of research.
V. CONCLUSION
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review paper
on automatic personality assessment which provides
information about importance and applications of personality
assessment, various techniques used for automatic assessment
of personality, and further provide guidelines for future
research. It gives a summary of all the recent work that has
been done in this field. In the review it has been observed that
the psychology tests available for personality assessment
usually includes lengthy questionnaires of around 70 questions
and answering them is very time consuming as well as a
tedious task. The person appearing for such test might lie to
create a fake and impressive personality. The online tools used
for automatic personality assessment using handwriting
analysis require basic knowledge of various writing features.
The person with this knowledge can use these tools efficiently
and effectively. However, a layman cannot use these tools for
his benefit. There are possibilities of human errors in correctly
matching writing to the given sample. Hence, the accuracy of
the results will be compromised. Also, another aspect of
handwriting analysis is that it predicts accurate personality
only if handwriting sample is written in a relaxed mood. An
automated tool won’t consider such assumptions; hence, there
is a question mark about the accuracy of these tools. This
USED FOR aspect of handwriting analysis needs more exploration.

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