Thank you for opening my eyes today. We are hoping that as we open our eyes, good things might happen. Lord, forgive us in our sins. And as we will be enlightened with the new discussion, We ask Your Holy Spirit to be with our side today. In the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, Amen. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction: Module 3 Reported By: Mr. Delfin, Mr. Haberle, Mr. Hablo, and Miss Apines Hazards may cause disaster. They either increase or decrease the risk of disasters in a certain community. Hazards are events that post threat, danger, or risk to any element exposed of them. They can strike anywhere and anytime. Hazards result in disasters if a community is left both exposed and vulnerable to that hazard. It should be remembered that extreme hazards events are not always associated with disaster. It is actually the circumstance of that community that causes a hazard to bring in disaster. Natural Hazards are those that are caused by physical and biological elements in the environment. These are natural events that may not be controlled by humans such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tornadoes, tsunamis, typhoons, and wildfires. Natural Hazards are inevitable. They are the part of the natural process of Earth operating throughout Earth’s history. Geologic process such as earthquakes, as an example of natural hazard, had been continuously shaping and sculpting Earth’s surface. They are natural events that are considered natural hazards because of the risk of destroying the surroundings and jeopardizing people’s lives. Other examples of natural hazards include volcanic eruptions, flashfloods, storm surges, and asteroid impacts. Man-made hazards, also called technological hazards, are those caused by factors that are generally traced to human errors, intent or negligence, or glitches in technology. These include bomb explosions, chemical spills, nuclear plant blast, radioactive emissions, and wars. If you have noticed, these operations are all products of the advancing technology and lifestyle of humans. The continuous development of technology poses more hazards not just to creators themselves, but also to their environment. What is the difference between the two types of hazards? Most hazards have caused disasters in human history. Typhoons are considered one of the most powerful of the natural hazards because they travel across a wide area last for a longer time, and thus create more destruction. Tornadoes and earthquakes likewise cause great loss and damage but they generally happen in a certain place and only last for a short time. Typhoon Yolanda | November 6, 2013 | Philippines | Natural Hazard
Map showing Range of Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines
Sulfur-laden Fire | June 24, 2003 | Al-Mishraq | Man-made Hazard
The sulfur-laden fire that raged at Al-Mishraq
What would happen if both natural and anthropogenic hazards occur at the same time? Not all typhoons and fires bring about such disastrous impact. Accurate warnings about the strength of a typhoon or immediate action on putting out a fire can greatly diminish the grave potential effects of these events. So how and when does an event turn into disaster? Profiling hazards is important in predicting the possible disasters that a certain hazard can bring. They are useful in planning for a disaster especially if the same impacts are likely to brought by a hazard that frequents a certain place. Hazards can be profiled in different ways; magnitude of event (high-scale or low-scale), frequency (number of times in a year), duration (short-term or long-term), and causality effects (direct or indirect). The magnitude of the hazard can be assessed by the measurements obtained from scientific instruments. Sometimes, scaling can vary depending on the reference tables used per country. For example, magnitude 5.0 above is considered high scale in earthquakes based on the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Floods reaching 1.0 meter is likewise considered high-scale. Typhoons with winds up to 150 kph are deemed strong and powerful. The frequency of the hazard to occur in an area is important because it tells its proneness to that hazard. This is usually, but not always, associated with the area’s geographical location. On Earth or its topographical condition. For example, a coastal community may be frequented by storm surges if it belongs to the typhoon belt. coastal community may be frequented by flooding, and not storm surges, if its topography or level of ground is lower than the sea level. Usually, government agencies record frequencies of natural hazard occurrences to see any patterns to serve as tools in preparing for a disaster. The impact of hazards varies in duration. The assessment of the duration is either short or long. In earthquakes for example, the length of shaking, trembling, and even the after-shocks are recorded. If this event happened in a span of more than a minute, the earthquake is deemed to be long. Another example is the volcanic eruption that can last for days. The assessment of this duration can have implications on how extensive preparatory activities should be and even the post disaster plans. The impact of hazards can also be assessed based on the causality of events, that is, whether the exposed element receives the likely disaster directly or indirectly. Sometimes, other elements that are not visibly present in the site of event also suffer some degree of consequences because all communities interact within and outside their territory. Communities and nature are dynamic such that interrelationship and mobility make possible a chain reaction of varying effects. Because the impacts of hazards vary from place to place and season to season, it is important to assess the impact of every hazard so that similar events in the future may be prevented. A hazard-prone area is a location where a natural hazard is likely to happen if preventive measures are not implemented. Due mainly to its geography, the Philippines is considered prone to natural hazards, and hence natural disasters as well. It is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area surrounding the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes have formed. Thus, seismic activities such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions frequently occur in the region. Around 90 percent of the world’s earthquakes occur in this region. Map showing Pacific Ring of Fire Another reason the Philippines is considered prone to disasters is its major tectonic feature, the Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ). A fault is a crack or break Earth’s crust along which rocks have moved. A rapid or sudden movement of rocks releases a large amount of seismic waves, which cause the ground to move or to shake. This sudden shaking of the ground is called an earthquake. The PFZ is a series of interrelated faults that cut across the country from northwestern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Some of the disastrous earthquakes in the Philippines are located in the PFZ. Map showing the Philippine Fault Zone Another reason the Philippines is considered as hazard-prone area is its location in the Western Pacific Basin, the part of the world that is most often visited by typhoons. The region is also called the typhoon belt. This explains why an average of 20 typhoons hit the country every year. What makes the Philippine prone to natural hazards? Visit NeoK12, an online site that provides games, quizzes , and interactive activities that supplement the broad discussion of natural hazards. You can click on any natural hazard and learn how it happens. Check out their Web site at: http://www.neok12.com/Natural-Disasters.htm The impacts of hazards are the likely outcome of disaster. The exposed elements will initially receive all the negative impacts. In some cases, however, not all the impacts of hazards are adverse. Some natural hazards result in changes that may be beneficial or supportive of the other existing elements: 1. Physical Elements 2. Socioeconomic Elements 3. Environmental Elements People, buildings, roads, poles, bridges and all other material objects may be ruined by hazards. Volcanic eruptions, explosions, fire, or lightning may instantly burn or incinerate objects that it comes in contact with. Cracks, fissures, or total damage may happen if tremors, explosions, and landslides take place. All these, again, are responsibilities still depending on many factors that increase the disaster risk of a community. The positive impacts of hazards on the socioeconomic elements may be in the form of introducing new habits, practices, systems, or values that may be geared toward the values of resiliency and recovery. The impacts will induce adaptation on the part of the affected community. They will tend to create new operations or ways of living that can withstand the next possible occurrence of the same hazard. Hazards can also bring negative impacts to these types of elements. In the economic point of view, areas most frequented by hazards usually would have lower standards of living or poor living conditions. One reason is their inability to join in market competitions given limited or constrained resources. They may not be considered in the network of trade because of their proneness to a hazard. Just like other exposed elements, perhaps the initial impact of hazard to the ecosystems and other organisms in them may be disastrous. However, in some cases, again due to adaptation, or because natural hazards are natural events and hence part of the natural cycles on Earth, the occurrence may benefit certain components of Earth. For instance, the ashes spewed out during the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo revealed to have made some soils in Zamabales fertile. Using the exposed elements listed previously, assess the impact of Typhoon Sendong (international name: Washi) in Northern Mindanao as narrated in this news article entitled, “Hundreds Due as Tropical Storm Washi Sweeps across Philippines”: http://www.telegraph/co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/Phili ppines/8963157/Hundreds-die-as-tropical-storm- Washi-sweeps-across-Philippines.html (accessed on 17 March 2015). The Natural Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) was established in the Philippines to closely monitor hazard events, to provide advisories regarding the status of implementing hazards, and to coordinate and facilitate effective humanitarian assistance to disaster victims. Check out the latest advisories on natural hazards in Philippines at http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph (accessed on 12 May 2015) Hazards are a part of life and they are usually the source of disasters for humans and nature. They are, by definition, harmful or may cause adverse effects to all exposed elements. Natural hazards are inevitable, in that they are part of nature and by that sense, no one can really control it technically. But a part from natural hazards, some man- made structures and activities (technological hazards) can also be a source of disaster. So, it is important to profile hazards based on their magnitude, frequency, duration, and causality so that their likely impacts may be reduced or prevented. Name all the acronyms: 5 points each! = 20 points! 1. NDRRMC 2. PHIVOLCS 3. PFZ 4. PAR Identification: 2 points each! = 10 points! 1. Are events that pose threat, danger, or risk to any element exposed to them. 2. A type of hazard that caused by physical and biological elements in the environment. 3. A type of hazard that is also called technological hazards. 4. A (blank) is a crack or break in Earth’s crust along which rocks have moved. 5. It is the outcome of disaster. Enumeration: 2 points each + 1 point! = 15 points! 1. Some natural hazards result in changes that may be beneficial or supportive of the other existing elements: a. b. c.
2. Different ways of hazards can be profiled
a. b. c. d. Essay: 10 points each questions! = 30 points! 1. Why natural hazards are inevitable? 2. When does hazards happen? 3. Why is that, Philippine is an area prone to hazard? You can choose the reasons why among the three possible answers stated below and elaborate your answer. o Because of Pacific Ring of Fire… o Due to the Philippine Fault Zone … o Because of the Western Pacific Basin… Name all the acronyms: 5 points each! = 20 points! 1. NDRRMC - National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council 2. PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology 3. PFZ - Philippine Fault Zone 4. PAR - Philippine Area of Responsibility Identification: 2 points each! = 10 points! 1. Hazards 2. Natural hazards 3. Man-made hazards 4. fault 5. Impact of hazards Enumeration: 2 points each + 1 point! = 15 points! 1. Some natural hazards result in changes that may be beneficial or supportive of the other existing elements: a. Physical elements b. Socioeconomic elements c. Environmental elements
2. Different ways of hazards can be profiled
a. Magnitude or Strength of the Event b. Frequency c. Duration Impact d. Causality of Events Essay: 10 points each questions! = 30 points! 1. Why natural hazards are inevitable? (slides #5 and #6) 2. When does hazards happen? (own) 3. Why is that, Philippine is an area prone to hazard? You can choose the reasons why among the three possible answers stated below and elaborate your answer. (slides #23 - #29) o Because of Pacific Ring of Fire… o Due to the Philippine Fault Zone … o Because of the Western Pacific Basin… Source of Information: Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Book Source of the Photo, slide #7: https://www.rappler.com/nation/special- coverage/weather-alert/43183-20131108-yolanda-am-update Source of the Photo, slide #8: https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/atmosphere- timeline Source of the Photo, slide #17: https://www.thoughtco.com/ring-of-fire-1433460 Source of the Photo, slide #19: https://tectonicsofasia.weebly.com/philippine-sea- plate.html