BIOLOGY – CELL

CELL THEORY – MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN, THEODORE

SCHWANN
1. ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE
CELLS
2. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND
ORGANIZATION IN ORGANISMS
3. ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS

ZACHARIAS JANSEN – INVENTED THE FIRST COMPOUND

MICROSCOPE
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK – ANIMALCULES
1660 ROBERT HOOKE – TINY COMPARTMENTS, CELLULAE
1820 ROBERT BROWN – SPHERICAL BODY INSIDE SOME
CELLS, NUCLEUS

CELLS CONTAIN HIGHLY ORGANIZED SYSTEMS OF

MOLECULES, INCLUDING DNA AND RNA.
DNA AND RNA – CARRY HEREDITARY INFORMATION AND
DIRECT MANUFACTURE OF CELLULAR MOLECULES.

CELLS USE CHEMICAL MOLECULES OR LIGHT AS ENERGY

SOURCES FOR THEIR ACTIVITIES;
DUPLICATES AND PASSES THEIR HEREDITARY
INFORMATION.
BACTERIA, ARCHEANS, AMOEBAS, SOME FUNGI ARE
UNICELLULAR;
FUNCTIONALLY INDEPENDENT ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF
CARRYING OUT ACTIVITIES NECESSARY FOR LIFE.

PLANTS AND ANIMALS ARE MULTICELLULAR;

HAS SPECIALIZED CELLS;
NOT CAPABLE OF SURVIVING ON ITS OWN

CELLS ARE SMALL AND IS ONLY VISUALIZED USING A

MICROSCOPE.

CELLS HAVE DNA-CONTAINING CENTRAL REGION THAT IS

SURROUNDED BY CYTOPLASM:
ALL CELLS ARE BOUNDED BY PLASMA MEMBRANE, A
BILAYER MADE OF LIPIDS WITH EMBEDDED PROTEIN
MOLECULES.
PLASMA MEMBRANE – SURROUND CELLS AS THE OUTER
LIMIT OF CYTOPLASM
LIPID BILAYER IS A HYDROPHOBIC BARRIER TO THE
PASSAGE OF WATER-SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES.

CENTRAL REGION OF CELL CONTAINS DNA MOLECULES –

IN THE FORM OF GENES;
ALSO CONTAIN PROTEINS – MAINTAINS THE STRUCTURE
OF DNA AND ENZYMES DUPLICATE DNA AND COPY ITS
INFORMATION INTO RNA.
CYTOPLASM CONTAINS ORGANELLES, CYTOSOL (LIQUID
SUBSTANCE IN CYTOPLASM), AND CYTOSKELETON
(PROTEIN-BASED FRAMEWORK).

TWO FUNDAMENTAL GROUPS

PROKARYOTES – TWO DOMAIN ORGANISMS (BACTERIA AND
ARCHAEA);
DNA-CONTAINING CENTRAL REGION (NUCLEOID) HAS NO
MEMBRANE;
EUKARYOTES – DOMAIN EUKARYA WHICH INCLUDES ALL
REMAINING ORGANISMS;
DNA-CONTAINING CENTRAL REGION (NUCLEUS) IS
SEPARATED BY MEMBRANES;
HAS EXTENSIVE MEMBRANE SYSTEMS THAT FORM
ORGANELLES.

PROKARYOTES – ARE UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS;

THE GENETIC MATERIAL IS LOCATED IN THE NUCLEOID;
PROKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES ARE SINGLE, CIRCULAR
MOLECULE THAT UNFOLDS WHEN RELEASED;
INDIVIDUAL GENES IN THE DNA ENCODE INFORMATION
REQUIRED TO MAKE PROTEINS;
INFORMATION IS COPIED INTO A TYPE OF RNA
MOLECULE CALLED MRNA;
SMALL, ROUGHLY SPHERICAL PARTICLES IN THE
CYTOPLASM – RIBOSOMES USE THE INFORMATION OF
MRNA TO ASSEBLE AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEINS
(RIBOSOMAL RNA);
HAS A RIGID EXTERNAL LAYER OF MATERIAL CALLED
CELL WALL;
PLASMA MEMBRANE PERFORMS SEVERAL VITAL FUNCTIONS
– METABOLIZE FOOD MOLECULES INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY
OF ATP;

BACTERIA AND ARCHEANS MOVE THROUGH LIQUIDS AND

ACROSS WET SURFACES USING LONG, THREADLIKE
PROTEIN FIBERS CALLED FLAGELLA.
SOME B AND A HAVE PROTEIN SHAFTS CALLED PILI.
MAIN FUNCTION OF PILI IS TO ATTACH CELL TO
SURFACES.

EUKARYOTES – HAS TRUE NUCLEUS ENCLOSED BY

MEMBRANES;
CYTOSOL PARTICIPATES IN ENERGY METABOLISM AND
MOLECULAR SYNTHESIS;
FUNGI, PLANT, AND MANY OTHER PROTIST CELLS HAVE
CELL WALL;

THE NUCLEUS IS SEPERATED FROM THE CYTOPLASM BY

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE WHICH CONSISTS OF TWO LIPID
BILAYER MEMBRANES;
A NETWORK OF PROTEIN FILAMENTS CALLED LAMINS
LINES AND REINFORCES THE INNER SURFACE OF THE
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE IN ANIMAL CELLS;
EMBEDDED IN THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE ARE MANY
HUNDREDS OF NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEXES – IS A LARGE,
OCTAGONALLY SYMMETRIC, CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURE
FORMED OF MANY TYPES OF PROTEINS CALLED
NUCLEOPORINS;
NPC EXCHANGES COMPONENTS BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND
THE CYTOPLASM.
NUCLEAR PORE – CHANNEL THROUGH THE NPC, ASSISTED
EXCHANGE (PROTEINS AND RNA MOLECULES);
ENZYMES ARE IMPORTED INTO THE NUCLEUS, ALSO
PROTEINS THAT HAS SPECIAL, SHORT AMINO ACID
SEQUENCE CALLED NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL;

NUCLEOPLASM – A LIQUID OR SEMILIQUID WITHIN THE

NUCLEUS
CHROMATIN – SPACE INSIDE THE NUCLEUS IS FILLED
WITH THIS AND IS A COMBINATION OF DNA AND
PROTEINS; REFERS TO ANY COLLECTION OF EUKARYOTIC
DNA ASSOCIATED W/ PROTEINS.
CHROMOSOME – ONE COMPLETE DNA MOLECULE WITH ITS
ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A EUKARYOTIC NUCLEUS CONTAINS ONE OR MORE

NUCLEOLI (NUCLEOLUS) – SMALL FIBERS AND
GRANULES.
A EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOME CONTAINS 4 TYPES OF RRNA
MOLECULES AND MORE THAN 80 PROTEINS;
RIBOSOMES USES INFORMATION IN MRNA TO ASSEMBLE
AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEINS;
SOME RIBOSOMES ARE SUSPENDED FREELY IN THE
CYTOSOL WHILE SOME ARE ATTACHED TO THE CELL
MEMBRANES (SOME ARE ATTACHED IN ENDOPLASMITIC
RETICULUM);
PROTEINS MADE ON RIBOSOMES ATTACHED TO ER HAS A
SPECIAL PATH TO OTHER ORGANELLES.

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM – ARE MEMRANOUS SACS THAT

DIVIDES FUNCTIONAL AND STRUTURAL COMPARTMENTS.
THE MEMBRANES ARE LIPID BILAYERS;
FUNCTION - SYNTHESIS AND MODIFICATION OF
PROTEINS AND TRANSPORT TO MEMBRANES AND
ORGANELLES OR TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL,
SYNTEHSIS OF LIPIDS, AND ALSO DETOXIFICATION.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – INTERCONNECTED NETWORK

OF MEMBRANOUS CHANNELS AND VESICLES CALLED
CISTERNAE;
ROUGH ER – HAS RIBOSOMES ATTACHED TO IT AND
ENTERS ER LUMEN. ADDITION OF CARBOHYDRATES ARE
ALSO DONE ON THE LUMEN;
MOST VESICLES FROM THE RER TRAVEL TO THE GOLGI
COMPLEX.
SMOOTH ER – HAS NO RIBOSOMES;
SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS AND CONTAINS ENZYMES THAT
CAN CONVERT DRUGS, POISONS, AND TOXIC PRODUCTS
TO SUBSTANCES THAT THE BODY CAN TOLERATE.

GOLGI COMPLEX – STACK OF FLATTENED MEMBRANOUS

SACKS;
CHEMICALLY MODIFIES, ADDS LIPID OR CARBOHYDRATE;
ADDS “ZIP CODES” TO PROTEINS FOR SORTING.

EXOCYTOSIS – TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL

ENDOCYTOSIS – TO THE INSIDE OF THE CELL

LYSOSOME – HAS 30 HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES FOR

BREAKDOWN (GARBAGE BAG/COLLECTOR)

MITCHONDRIA – POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL;

REACTIONS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION HAPPEN –
BREAKDOWN OF ENERGY-RICH MOLECULES;
REQUIRES OXYGEN FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION;
IS ENCLOSE BY TWO LIPID BILAYER.

CYTOSKELETON – INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM OF TUBES

AND FIBERS – MAINTAINS THE SHAPE OF CELL;
MICROTUBULES, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS,
MICROFILAMENTS
FLAGELLA AND CILIA – ELONGATED, SLENDER, MOTILE
STRUCTURE THAT EXTEND THE CELL SURFACE.