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Single-Stage Integrated-
Circuit Amplifiers
1
Table 6.3
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FigureAD 
AVCWLI
/ The intrinsic gain of the MOSFET versus bias current ID. Outside the subthreshold region, this is a
026.1

nox
plot of for the case: nCox = 20 A/V2, V9 A = 20 V/m, L = 2 m, and W = 20 m.
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Figure 6.4 Circuit for a basic MOSFET constant-current source.
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Figure 6.5 Basic MOSFET current mirror.
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Figure 6.6 Output characteristic of the current source in Fig. 6.4 and the current mirror of Fig. 6.5 for the case Q2 is matched to Q1.
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Figure 6.7 A current-steering circuit.
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Figure 6.8 The basic BJT current mirror.
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Figure 6.9 Analysis of the current mirror taking into account the finite  of the BJTs.
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Figure 6.10 A simple BJT current source.
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Figure 6.11 Generation of a number of constant currents of various magnitudes.
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En el espejo de corriente de salida N-
Si se supone hFE finita y se ignora el efecto de ro,
demostrar
que I1 = I2 = Ὴ = IN = IREF /(1+ (N+1)/hFE)
Figure E6.8
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Figure 6.12 Frequency response of a direct-coupled (dc) amplifier. Observe that the gain does not fall off at low
frequencies, and the midband gain AM extends down to zero frequency.
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Ejemplo 6.5
La respuesta en frecuencia
de un amplificador se caracteriza por
la funci‘n de transferencia
FH(s) = (1 ᾶs/100000) /[(1+s/10000) (1 +s/40000)
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Figure 6.13 Normalized high-frequency response of the amplifier in Example 6.5.
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Uso de constantes de tiempo de
circuito abierto para
determinar fH
Ejemplo 6.6
Amplificador CS
Rse“al = 100k
Rent = 400 k
Cgs = Cgd = 1 pF
Gm = 4 mA/V
RLî = 3.33 k
Encontrar AM y fH
AM = Rent / (Rent + Rse“al) * (-gm RLî)

= -420/(420 + 100) x 4 x 3.33 = -10.8 V/V
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Rgs = Rsig // Rin = 100k// 400k = 80.8 k
Figure 6.14 Circuits for Example 6.6: (a) high-frequency equivalent circuit of a MOSFET amplifier; (b) the equivalent circuit at midband
frequencies; (c) circuit for determining the resistance seen by Cgs; and (d) circuit for determining the resistance seen by Cgd.
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Rgs = Rsig // Rin = 100k// 400k = 80.8 k
Tgs = CgsRgs = 1 pF x 80.8k =80.8 ns
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-Vx = -Ix Rgs - gm Vgs RLî - Ix RîL
Ix Rgs = Vgs
Vx = Ix (Rgs + gm Rgs RLî + RLî )
Vx/Ix = Rgd = Rgs (1 + gm RLî) + RLî = 1.16 M
tgd = Cgd Rgd = 1pF x 1.16 M = 1160 nS
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Teorema de Miller
Figure 6.15 The Miller equivalent circuit.
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Figure 6.16 Circuit for Example 6.7.
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Para Z = 1 M
Z1 = Z/(1 ᾶ(-100)) =1000k /101 = 9.9 k
Z2 = Z/(1-(1/(-100))) =1000k/( 1+1/100) = 0.99 k
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Para un capacitancia de 1 pF
Z1 = (1/sC)/(1+100) = 1/(101 (sC))
Z2 = 1/sC /(1+1/100) = 1/(1.01 (sC))
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AMPLIFICADORES DE FUENTE
COMUN Y EMISOR COMUN
CON CARGAS ACTIVAS
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Figure 6.17 (a) Active-loaded common-source amplifier. (b) Small-signal analysis of the amplifier in (a), performed both directly
on the circuit diagram and using the small-signal model explicitly.
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Figure 6.18 The CMOS common-source amplifier; (a) circuit; (b) iᾶv characteristic of the active-load Q2; (c) graphical
construction to determine the transfer characteristic; and (d) transfer characteristic.
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Figure 6.19 (a) Active-loaded common-emitter amplifier. (b) Small-signal analysis of the amplifier in (a), performed both directly on the
circuit and using the hybrid- model explicitly.
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Figure 6.20 High-frequency equivalent-circuit model of the common-source amplifier. For the common-emitter amplifier, the
values of Vsig and Rsig are modified to include the effects of r and rx; Cgs is replaced by C, Vgs by V, and Cgd by C.
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Figure 6.21 Approximate equivalent circuit obtained by applying Millerᾼs theorem while neglecting CL and the load current
component supplied by Cgd. This model works reasonably well when Rsig is large and the amplifier high-frequency response is
dominated by the pole formed by Rsig and Cin.
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Figure 6.22 Application of the open-circuit time-constants method to the CS equivalent circuit of Fig. 6.20.
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Figure 6.23 Analysis of the CS high-frequency equivalent circuit.
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Figure 6.24 The CS circuit at s 5 sZ. The output voltage Vo 5 0, enabling us to determine sZ from a node equation at D.
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Figure 6.25 (a) High-frequency equivalent circuit of the common-emitter amplifier. (b) Equivalent circuit obtained after the
Thévenin theorem is employed to simplify the resistive circuit at the input.
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Figure 6.26 (a) High-frequency equivalent circuit of a CS amplifier fed with a signal source having a very low (effectively zero) resistance.(b) The
circuit with Vsig reduced to zero. (c) Bode plot for the gain of the circuit in (a).
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AMPLIFICADOR COMPUERTA COMUN
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Figure 6.27 (a) Active-loaded common-gate amplifier. (b) MOSFET equivalent circuit for the CG case in which the body and gate terminals are
connected to ground. (c) Small-signal analysis performed directly on the circuit diagram with the T model of (b) used implicitly.(d) Operation with
the output open-circuited.
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Table 4.3
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Aplicando al amp. CG
i ro = (vi ᾶ i RL)/ro
Para ro = oo
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Vi
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Figure 6.28 (a) The output resistance Ro is found by setting v i 5 0. (b) The output resistance Rout is obtained by setting v sig 5 0.
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Figure 6.29 The impedance transformation property of the CG configuration.
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Figure 6.30 Equivalent circuit of the CG amplifier illustrating its application as a current buffer. Rin and Rout are given in Fig. 6.29, and Gis
5 Av o (Rs/Rout) . 1.
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Circuito Base Com€n
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Figure 6.33 (a) Active-loaded common-base amplifier. (b) Small-signal analysis performed directly on the circuit diagram with the BJT T
model used implicitly. (c) Small-signal analysis with the output open-circuited.
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Figure 6.34 Analysis of the CB circuit to determine Rout. Observe that the current ix that enters the transistor must equal the sum of the two
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Figure 6.35 Input and output resistances of the CB amplifier.
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Amplificador Cascodo
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Figure 6.36 (a) The MOS cascode amplifier. (b) The circuit prepared for small-signal analysis with various input and output resistances
indicated. (c) The cascode with the output open-circuited.
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Figure 6.37 (a and b) Two equivalent circuits for the output of the cascode amplifier. Either circuit can be used to determine the gain Av 5
v o/v i, which is equal to Gv because Rin 5  and thus v i 5 v sig. (c) Equivalent circuit for determining the voltage gain of the CS stage, Q1.
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Figure 6.40 (a) The BJT cascode amplifier. (b) The circuit prepared for small-signal analysis with various input and output resistances
indicated. Note that rx is neglected. (c) The cascode with the output open-circuited.
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Figure 6.41 (a) Equivalent circuit for the cascode amplifier in terms of the open-circuit voltage gain Av o 5 ᾶA0. (b) Equivalent circuit in
terms of the overall short-circuit transconductance Gm . gm. (c) Equivalent circuit for determining the gain of the CE stage, Q1.
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Figure 6.43 A cascode current-source.
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Figure 6.44 Double cascoding.
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Figure 6.45 The folded cascode.
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Figure 6.46 BiCMOS cascodes.
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Figure 6.47 (a) A CS amplifier with a source-degeneration resistance Rs. (b) Circuit for small-signal analysis. (c) Circuit with the output open
to determine Av o. (d) Output equivalent circuit. (e) Another output equivalent circuit in terms of Gm.
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Figure 6.49 A CE amplifier with emitter degeneration: (a) circuit; (b) analysis to determine Rin; and (c) analysis to determine Av o.
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Figure 6.50 (a) An IC source follower. (b) Small-signal equivalent-circuit model of the source follower. (c) A simplified version of the
equivalent circuit. (d) Determining the output resistance of the source follower.
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Figure 6.53 (a) CDᾶCS amplifier. (b) CCᾶCE amplifier. (c) CDᾶCE amplifier.
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Figure 6.55 (a) The Darlington configuration; (b) voltage follower using the Darlington configuration; and (c) the Darlington follower with a
bias current I applied to Q1 to ensure that its  remains high.
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Figure 6.56 (a) A CCᾶCB amplifier. (b) Another version of the CCᾶCB circuit with Q2 implemented using a pnp transistor. (c) The MOSFET
version of the circuit in (a).
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Figure 6.58 A cascode MOS current mirror.
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Figure 6.59 A current mirror with base-current compensation.
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Figure 6.60 The Wilson bipolar current mirror: (a) circuit showing analysis to determine the current transfer ratio; and (b) determining the
output resistance. Note that the current ix that enters Q3 must equal the sum of the currents that leave it, 2i.
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Figure 6.61 The Wilson MOS mirror: (a) circuit; (b) analysis to determine output resistance; and (c) modified circuit.
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Figure 6.62 The Widlar current source.
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Figure 6.63 Circuits for Example 6.14.
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Figure 6.69 Capture schematic of the folded-cascode amplifier in Example 6.16.
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Single-Stage Integrated-

FH(s) = (1 ᾶs/100000) /[(1+s/10000) (1 +s/40000)

AM = Rent / (Rent + Rse“al) * (-gm RLî)

Tgs = CgsRgs = 1 pF x 80.8k =80.8 ns

Vx/Ix = Rgd = Rgs (1 + gm RLî) + RLî = 1.16 M

tgd = Cgd Rgd = 1pF x 1.16 M = 1160 nS

Figure 6.15 The Miller equivalent circuit.

Z2 = Z/(1-(1/(-100))) =1000k/( 1+1/100) = 0.99 k

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