World History

Chapter 9, 10, 11
Test Study Guide

8 Matching

(260) Sharia- The legal system that reflects the various rules by which hall Muslims
should live. Sharia law has never become standardized, but it does outline a method of
reasoning and arguments for legal cases. Numerous schools of thought contributed to the
creation of Sharia law, which is not recorded in a single book. It is made up of opinions
and writings over several centuries. Differences in interpretations vary among the many
people within the Islamic world.

(259) Five Pillars of Islam- Profession of faith, performance of five daily prayers,
Muslims are required to fast from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan

(272) Astrolabe- An instrument for determining the positions and movements of heavenly
bodies

(260) Hadith- Each of the individual reports in the Sunna on Muhammad’s actions is
known as a hadith.

(272) Ibn Rushd- A Muslim scholar of Cordoba, Spain, named Ibn Rushd, or Averroes,
wrote commentaries on Aristotle. He worked on the relationship between reason and
faith influenced not just Muslim but also Jewish and Christian thinking in the1400s.

(260) Jihad- “struggle for the faith”; can be thought of as an individual or communal
struggle; as the latter, the term embraces notions of defending the Muslim community
and holy war

(264) Sufis- a branch of Islam emphasizing a personal, mystical connection with god

(258) The Hegira- Mohammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina

3 Map Questions

20 Multiple Choice

(258) Kaaba- The Kaaba was an ancient building that was already considered sacred.
Built into one of its walls was a stone, possibly a meteorite, said to be relic from heaven.
Inside the structure were idols- small statues of local gods. The site drew religious
pilgrims.

(258) How were Muhammad’s teachings received- He attracted a number of followers

who accepted the new beliefs. Some powerful Meccans did not accept his teachings.
They disliked his criticism of their traditional beliefs in many gods. Muhammad had told
them that their worship of idols was sinful. Local businesses were worried that
Muhammad’s message would disrupt their business. Only protection he had was his
uncle, Abu Talib, who kept him safe. After Abu Talib died in 619, Muhammad knew
that he and his followers were not safe in Mecca.
(236)How did Islam Spread- After Muhammad died, Abu Bakr took over of Muslim rule.
Weakness of neighboring empires, including Persia, contributed to the spread. 637
Muslim forces defeated Persian forces in Iraq. Victory of the Persian Empire was
complete by 642. From Iraq and Persia, the Arab army turned west to face the wealthy
Byzantine Empire, which was the eastern half of the old Roman Empire. The Byzantines
first lost Damascus, Syria, and Jerusalem. In 639, The Byzantine province of Egypt fell.
By 642, the rest of the Nile Valley came under Arab rule. Only 10 years fate
Muhammad’s death, his followers had created an empire. Conquests continued under
later caliphs. By 661, the caliphate, or area ruled by a caliph, stretched all the way from
northern Africa in the west to Persia in the east.

(264) Umayyad dynasty rulers

(-----)What resulted from translating texts- Since it was translated into many more
languages, the Muslim religion spread thorough out the world

(273) Why there are no human figures in Islamic art- Muslims believe that portraying
people or animals can tempt people to worship those images

(285) Why did Pastoralists leave the Sahara- Pastoralism- the practice of raising herd
animals. The Sahara became drier. As more land became desert, people left areas where
they could no longer survive. Pastoralists from the Sahara migrated to the Mediterranean
coast, the Nile Valley, and parts of West Africa. By about 2500 BC many people in these
regions practiced herding and mixed farming.
Common features of African Society
King Ezana

(290) Ethiopia religion- 11 stone Christian churches are carved out of solid rock.
Churches showed the continuing importance in Ethiopia of Christianity because many
other peoples in East Africa were Muslim, Christians provide and unify identity for the
Ethiopian people. Over time, Ethiopian Christianity developed its own unique
characteristics, which included elements of local African customs. New king still
Christian, clamed to be descendants of the Hebrew king Solomon and the Queen of
Sheba. Engaged in various religious wars. Jews called Beta Israel lived there even
though Ethiopia was Christian. King began to fight the Beta and make them leave.
Mostly unsuccessful. Jews remained in Ethiopia but faced continued persecution.
Meanwhile, a rival Muslim king down was forming to the east of Ethiopia near the Horn
of Africa. Muslim Adal and Christian Ethiopia soon came into conflict and fought each
other for many years. In the end Muslim forces never conquered Ethiopia, which
remained independent.

(296?) Salt/Gold trade

(299) Sunni Ali- 1460s Songhai became strong and wealthy enough to begin to rival the
empire of Mali. Rise took place mostly under Sunni Ali. Ali’s first act as leader was to
take Timbuktu from the Tuareg. He then led a number of campaigns against neighboring
peoples to build an empire. Ali’s military success was due to his army of skilled cavalry
and navy or war canoes. According to oral tradition, his forces never lost a battle. AS he
conquered new territories, Sunni Ali replaced local leaders with his own loyal followers.
This made revolts among conquered peoples, which had contributed to the downfall of
Ghana and Mali, less likely.
(310) The Sui-

(310) Taizong- He ruled from 626-649. One of China’s most admired emperors, he relied
on talented ministers to help him govern. In addition to his military conquests, he had
schools built to prepare students for the civil service exams. After he died one of his sons
became emperor.

(318) Kublai Khan-

(318) Pax Mongolia- The Mongol Empire established peace and stability across Asia.
For this reason, some historians call this period the Pax Mongolia, meaning “Mongol
Peace”. The Mongols guarded trade routes such as the Silk Roads and ensured safe travel
across Asia. Secure trade routs allowed trade between the east and west to increase.

Geographic and countries influence on Japan-

Sanskrit-

16 True and False

(284) African climate and vegetation- Quite varied. Northern Africa is dominated by the
Sahara. Sahara includes mountains, rocky plateaus, barren gravel plans, and sand dunes.
120 degrees at the highest. Rain is rare. Scattered through out the desert are oases, or
fertile areas, some large enough support villages. South of the Sahara, mighty rivers flow
across plains. Congo, Zambezi, and Niger. This region of Africa is called Sahel (a strip
of land that divides the desert from wetter areas. Although the Sahel Is fairly dry, it has
enough vegetation to support hardy grazing animals. Farther south is a band of tropical
Savannas. Tall grasses, shrubs, and few trees through there. A variety of wild herd
animals live on the savanna, as do the meat eating animals people live on the savannas as
well. Near the equator and on Madagascar, and island off the southeast coast are tropical
rain foresees. The hot humid climate year-round rainfall of the rain forest supports a
broad range of plant and animal live. Farther south , southern Africa consists mainly of
hilly grasslands, deserts, and I high coastal strip of land. This region experiences a mild
Mediterranean climate characterized by warm temperatures and both summer and winter
rains.

(286) African oral traditions- Many early African societies did not develop systems of
writing. Oral traditions included stories, songs, poems, and proverbs. Storyteller is called
griots.

(288-90) Aksum notability-

(235?) Kush Decline

(290) King Lalibela- Most famous Zagwe king.

(288) East Africa’s culture

(297) Sundiata’s pilgrimage- The leader of Mali’s rise to power was a king named
Sundita. Sunditata ruled for 25 years. Story of his reing and accomplishments is called
Sundiata.
(301) Yoruba art-Yoruba artist produced realistic sculptures out of terra-cotta, bronze,
brass and copper. Many of these sculptures depict Yoruba leaders, or onis. The Yoruba
imported the materials for these statues, especially cooper, from Sahara traders, who also
brought salt to the region. In return, the Yoruba sent food and ivory north.
Tang poets & art

(315) Foot binding- From the desire of small, dainty feet. Wrapping pieces of cloth
around the feet, starting when a girl was young. The cloths kept the feet from growing,
foot binding was painful and deformed the feet over time. Women with bound feet had
difficulty walking or doing many other activities. AS a result, bound feet became a
symbol of a husband’s authority over his wife.

(316?) Mongol trade & warfare

Japan & Tang customs

(332?) Khmer Empire growth

Trung Trac & Trung Nhi