Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 4

SECTION II – FIRST LAW APPLIED TO CLOSED SYSTEMS

0.2 kg of fluid, initially at a temperature of 165C, expands reversibly at a constant pressure of 7

bars until the volume is doubled. Find the final temperature, work done and heat transferred if the
fluid is steam with an initial quality (dryness fraction) of 70%.

Steam
T2 = ? P1 = P2 = 7 bars
W12 = ? T1 = 165C
Q12 = ? x1 = 0.7
m = 0.2 kg

system boundary

 Initial state is in the liquid-vapour saturation region since x1 = 0.7

v1  (1  x 1 ) v f1  x 1 v g1  (1  0.7)(0.001108)  0.7(0.2729)
v1  0.1914 m 3 / kg; 1  mv1  mv1  0.2(0.1914)  0,9373 m 3
u 1  (1  x 1 )u fg1  x 1 u g1  u f1  x 1 u fg1  696.44  0.7(1876.1)
u 1  2009.7 kJ / kg

 Final state: P2 = 7 bars v2m v2 = 2v1 = 0,3727 m3/kg

v 2  v g P 7 bars  0.2729 m 3 / kg  steam is a superheated vapour at the final state. Interpolation

is necessary!

T = 300V, P = 0.6 MPa  v = 0.4344 m3/kg, u = 2801.0 kJ/kg

T = 300C, P = 0.8 MPa  v = 0.3241 m3/kg, u = 2797.2 kJ/kg

v * 0.4344 (0.7  0.6)

T  300C, P  0.7 MPa    v*  0.37295m 3 / kg
(0.3241  0.4344) (0.8  0.6)
u * 2801.0 (0.7  0.6)
  u*  2799.1 kJ / kg
(2797.2  2801.0) (0.8  0.6)

T = 350C, P = 0.6 MPa  v = 0.4742 m3/kg, u = 2881.2 kJ/kg

T = 350C, P = 0.8 MPa  v = 0.3544 m3/kg, u = 2878.2 kJ/kg

v * *  0.4742 (0.7  0.6)

  v * *  0.4143 m 3 / kg
(0.3544  0.4742) (0.8  0.6)
u * *  2881.2 (0.7  0.6)
  u * *  2879.7 kJ / kg
(2878.2  2881.2) (0.8  0.6)
 Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 5
T2  300 (0.3828  037925)
P  0.7 MPa, v  0.8328 m 3 / kg    T2  305.06C
(350  300) (0.4143  037925)

u 2  2799.1 (0.38281.37925)
  u 2  2807.3 kJ / kg
(2879.7  2799.1) (0.4143  0.37925)

 Process in P-v and T-v diagrams

P
T

T = 305.06C


T = 305.05C

P1 = P2 = 7 bars
  T1 = 165C 
P1 = P2 = 71 bars   T = 165C 

v v
2
 Work done: W12 = m 1 Pdv  mP( v 2  v1 )  0.2(700)(0.3828  0.1914)  W12  26.8 kJ

 First Law: Q12 – W12 = U2 – U1

Q12 = W12 + (U2-U1) = W12 + m(u2-u1)

= mP(v2-v1) + m(u2–u1)

Q 12 = 26.8 + 0.2(2807.3-2009.7) = 186.3 kJ

 Alternatively, Q12 = mP(v2-v1) + m(u2-u1)

= m[(u2 + P2v2)-(u1+P1v1)]

Q12 = m(h2-h1)

h 1  h f1  x 1 h fg1  697.22  0.7( 2066.3)  2143.6 kJ / kg

T = 300C, P = 0.6 MPa, h = 3061.6 kJ/kg

T = 300C, P = 0.8 MPa, h = 3056.5 kJ/kg

h * 3061.6 (0.7  0.6)

  h*  3059.1 kJ / kg (at P = 0.7 MPa, T = 300C)
(3056.5  3061.6) (0.8  0.6)

T = 350C, P = 0.6 MPa, h = 3165.7 kJ/kg

T = 350C, P = 0.8 MPa, h = 3161.7 kJ/kg
Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 6

h * *  3165.7 (0.7  0.6)

  h * *  3163.7 kJ / kg (at P = 0.7 MPa, T = 350C)
(3161.7  3165.7) (0.8  0.6)

h 2  3059.1 (0.3828  0.37925)

  h 2  3969.7 kJ / kg
(3163.7  3059.1) (0.4143  0.37925)

Q12 = m(h2-h1) = 0.2 (3069.7 – 2143.6)  Q 12 = 185.2 kJ

The cylinder shown below is fitted with a piston that is restrained by a spring so arranged that for
zero volume in the cylinder the spring is fully extended. The spring force is proportional to the
spring displacement and the weight of the piston is negligible. The enclosed volume in the cylinder
is 120 litres when the piston encounters the stops. The cylinder contains 4 kg of water initially at
350 KPa, 1% quality, and the water is then heated until it exists as a saturated vapour. Show this
process on a P-  diagram and determine:
(a) The final pressure in the cylinder
(b) The work done by the water during the process
(c) Heat added during the process
(d) Change in internal energy

P1 = 350 kPa
x1= 0.01
m = 4 kg
T1 = Tsat = 138.88C

system boundary v1 = *1-0.01)(0.001079) + 0.0l(0.5243)

= 0.00631121 m3/kg

 2  120 litres  120 x 1000 x 10 6  0.12 m 3

 Process in the P-  diagram.



T = 155.5C const


P1 =350 MPa = 0.35 MPa 

1 = 0.025 m3 1 = 0.12 m3

Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 7
 Consider a free body diagram of the piston

Fs

y+ Patm


P

Wp (here negligible!)

For any equilibrium position of the piston,

PA – PatmA – Fs = 0  P = Patm + Fs/A

Fs = ksy  P = Patm + ks y/A
  = Ay  P = Patm + ks   /A2

k s  1  0 (350  101)A 2 249 2

 Process 1  2: P1 = Patm +  k s   A
A 2
 2
0.025
ks = 9960 A2 KN/m2
(0.12)
P2 = Patm + ks(  2-0)/A2 = 101 + 9960A2
A2
P2 = 1296.2 KPa

(a) Process 2  3: v = const  v3 = vg = 0.12/4 = 0.03 m3/kg

Interpolate for P3 with v3 = 0.03 m3/kg between P = 6 MPa, vg = 0.03244 m3/kg and P = 7
MPa, vg = 0.02737 m3/kg in the saturated water Pressure table.

P3  6 (0.03  0.03244)
  P3  6.481 MPa
(7  6) (0.02737  0.03244)

3
(b) W13  W12  W23 W23  
2
Pd; d  0 sin ce  2   3
(since  2   3 )

(P1  P2 ) (350  1296.2)

 ( 2 1 )  (0.12  0.025)
2 2

W 13 = 78.2 kJ
Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 8
(c) Heat added during process

First Law: Q13 – W13 = U3 –U1

Q 13 = W 13 + (U 3 -U 1 ) = 78.2 + 7926.8 = 8005.0 kJ

(d) Change in the internal energy

U = U3 – U1 = m (U3 – U1)

U1  U f1  X1 U fg1  583.95  0.01(1965.0)  603.6 kJ / kg

U3 = Ug @ P = 6.481 MPa; interpolation in the saturated water Pressure table.

U 3  2589.7 (6.481  6)
  U 3  2585.3 kJ / kg
(2580.5  2589.7) ( 7  6)

 U = 4(2585.3 – 603.6) = 7926.8 kJ

Air at 1 atm and 20C occupies on initial volume of 1000 cm3 in a cylinder. The air is confined by
a piston which has a constant restraining force so that the gas pressure always remain constant.
Heat is added to the air until its temperature reaches 260C. Calculate the heat added, the work the
air does on the piston, and the change in internal energy of the air.

 System

1 atm = 101.3 KPa

Air W12
P1 = P2 = 1 atm
20C = 293 K
260C = 533 K
1 = 1000 cm3
1000 cm3 = 10-3 m3
T1 = 20C
Q12 = ?
W12 = ?
Q12 U = ?
T2 = 260C
system boundary

 Can air be treated as an ideal gas under the given conditions?

PR1  PR2  0.1013/ 3.76  0.027  Z1  Z2  1

TR1  293/133  2.203;TR2  533/133  4.008 See p.807 of text
 Air can be treated as an ideal gas
Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 9
 Mass in the system

P11 101.3 10 3
P11  mRT1  m    1.205  10 3 kg
RT1 0.287  293
 Volume at the final state
mRT 2 1.205  10 3  0.287  533
P2  2  mRT 2   2  
P2 101.3
 2  1.82 10 3 m 3

 Work done by the air on the piston

Pd  P  2  1   101.3(1.82  1)  10 3  W12  0.083 kJ  83 J

2
W12  1

 Internal energy at the initial and final states

U 1  206.91 (293  290)

  U 1  209.06 kJ / kg
210.49  206.91 (295  290)
U 2  381.84 (533  530)
  U 2  384.09 kJ / kg
(389.34  381.84) (540  530)

 U = m(U 2 -U 1 ) = 1.205 x 10 -3 (384.09-209.06) = 0.215 kJ

 Heat transfer

First Law: Q12 – W12 = U  Q12=W12 + U

Q 12 = (0.083 + 0.215) kJ = 0.298 kJ = 298 J

 Process in the P-  diagram

P

T = 533 K
P1 = P2  
T = 293 K

1000 cm3 1820 cm3 

Air in a closed vessel of fixed volume, 0.14 m3, exerts a pressure of 10 bars at 250C. If the vessel
is cooled so that the pressure falls to 3.5 bars, determine the final temperature and heat transferred.
Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 10

 System

Air T2 = ? Assumptions
 = 0.14 m3  System is stationary
Q12 = ?
P1 = 10 bars  Potential energy datum is at the
P2 = 3.5 bars system
T1 = 250C level

system boundary
Q12

 Can air be treated as an ideal gas under the given conditions?

P1 1 P 0.35
Pr1    0.266, Pr2  2   0.093
Pcrit 3.76 Pcrit 3.76
T1 523
Tr1    3.932
Tcrit 133
Z1  0.95  1; Pr2 is small  Z 2  1

 Air can be treated as an ideal gas under the given conditions.

 Mass of air in the system

P1 1000  0.14

P1  mRT1  m   0.933 kg
RT1 0.287  523

 Final temperature

P2  350  0.14
P2   mRT 2  T2  
MR 0.933  0.287
T2  183 K  90C

 Heat transferred

First Law: Q12 – W12 = U2 – U1

2
W12  1
Pd but 1   2    d  0  W12  0

T1  T2 (523  183)
U 2  U 1  mC vave (T2  T1 ); Tave   K
2 2
Tave  353 K
C vave  0.721 (353  350)
  C vave  0.721kJ / kg
(0.726  0.721) ( 400  350)
Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 11

(U2 – U1) = 0.933(0.721)(183-523) = –228.7 kJ = Q12

indicates heat transfer from

the system (i.e. cooling)

0.9 kg of air, initially at a pressure of 15 bars and a temperature of 250C expands reversibly and
polytropically to 1.5 bars. Find the final temperature, work done and heat transferred if the index of
expansion is 1.25.

 System

Assumptions
Air
m = 0.9 kg T2 = ? • System is stationary
P1 = 15 bars W12 = ? • Potential energy datum is at the
P2 = 1.5 bars level of the system.
Q12 = ?
T1 = 250C

system boundary

 Can air be treated as an ideal gas under the given conditions?

P1 1.5 P 0.15
Pr 41    0.399, Pr2  2   0.040
Pcrit 3.76 Pcrit 3.76
T1 523
Tr1    3.93 (see page 807, Fig. A  30a , Text )
Tcrit 133

Z1 = 0.975  1; since Pr2 is so small, Z2  1 for all Tr values  air can be treated as an ideal
gas under the given conditions.

 Properties at the initial state

mRT1 0.9  0.287  523

1    0.09 m 3
P1 1500

1 0.09
v1    0.1 m 3 / kg
m 0.9
u 1  374.36 (523  520)
  u 1  376.60 kJ / kg (see Table A  17, page 788 of Text )
(381.84  374.36) (530  520)

 Properties at the final state

Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 12
1/ n
P 
Polytropic Process: P v  P2 v  v 2   1
n
1 1
n
2
 v1
 P2 
1 / 1.25
 15 
v2    (0.1)  0.631 m 3 / kg
 1.5 
P2 v 2
Ideal gas: P2 v 2  RT 2  T2 
P2
150  0.631
T2   329.8 K  56.8C
0.287

u 2  232.02 (329.8  325)

  u 2  235.47 kJ / kg
(235.61  232.02) (330  325)

 Work done by the air

2 2 P2 v 2  P1 v1
W12  1
Pd  m  Pdv  m
1 (1  n )

[150(0.631)  1500(0.1)]
W12  (0.9)  199.3 kJ
(1  1.25)

 Heat transferred

First Law: Q12 – W12 = U2 – U1

Q12 = W12 + m(U2 – U1) = 199.3 + 0.9(235.47 – 376.60)

Q 12 = 72.3 kJ

Alternatively, we can write u 2  u 1  c vave (T2  T1 )

c v ave  0.726 ( 426.4  400)

  c vave  0.730 kJ / kg K (see Table A  2, page 764 of Text )
(0.733  0.726) (450  400)

T1  T2 523  329.8
NOTE: Tave    426.4 K
2 2
Q 12 = 199.3 + 0.9(-141.04) = 72.4 kJ
Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 13
 Process in the P-  diagram
P
P1 = 1.5 MPa 

Pvn = const

T = 533 K = const

P2 = 0.15 MPa  T = 329.8 K = const

 const


Polytropic processes involving ideal gases

 Process that obeys Pvn = const is a polytropic process.

- n: polytropic index of expansion or compression
- polytropic processes not limited to ideal gases

 If n = 0, Pvn = const becomes P = const  ISOBARIC PROCESS

(const )1 / 2
 If n = , v = becomes v = const  ISOCHORIC PROCESS
P1 / 2

 If n = 1, Pvn = const becomes Pv = const and for an ideal gas, Pv = RT  T = const 

ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

 If n = k, where k = cp/cv  ADIABATIC PROCESS (NO HEAT TRANSFER)

(for ideal gas)

 When n > 0 (i.e. positive), P and v cannot increase or decrease simultaneously i.e. P
corresponds to v and vice versa. Compression and expansion processes fall into quadrants 2
and 4 respectively with n positive and an initial state at A.
n=k
n
P


A
 n=0
n=1

 

v
Section II – First Law Applied to Closed Systems Page 14
 It is possible, physically, for processes to fall into quadrants 1 and 3. n will then be negative and
P and v will increase or decrease simultaneously. However, such processes do not often occur in
practical systems.

 One example of a polytropic Patm

process with n < 0 is the P
expansion of a gas behind a
piston that is attached to a GAS
linear spring. x k (spring constant)
Heat

A (Surface Area of piston)

Free-body diagram of piston.

FPatm
FP Fs

At any intermediate equilibrium state (recall process is reversible and therefore quasistatic), Fx = 0
 Fp – Fs - FP = 0  Fp = FP + Fs
atm atm

Fp = P.A, FPatm = PatmA, Fs = kX

x
P = Patm + k
A
x  P and x  v
- P and v increase simultaneously  n < 0

- Process will fall in quadrant 1 starting at A

 Relationships between P, v and T for polytropic processes involving ideal gases

n 1/ n
P2  v1  v P 
- Pv = const  P1 v1n  P2 v n2 
n    1   2 
P1  v 2  v 2  P1 

P2  v2  T2
- Pv = RT  P1v1 = RT1, P2v2 = RT2    
P1  v1  T1
n n 1
P2  T2  n 1  T2   P2  n

T 
      
P1  1   T1   P1 

n 1 n 1
 v1 
n
T  n 1 v   T2  n 1 T2  v1 
    2    1       
 v2   T1   v2   T1  T1  v 2 