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APOLLO 11
LUNAR LAN Dl NG MISSION

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

(C) - 1969 - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(C) - 2010 Apollo Lunar Surface Journal

-

Restored version by Luigi Morielli

 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WO 2-4155
TELS.
WASHINGTON,O.C. 20546 wo 3-6925

FOR RELEASE: SUNDAY

July 6, 1969

RELEASE NO: 69-83K

PROJECT: APOLLO 11
(To be launched no
earlier than July 1 6)

contents
G ENERAL RELEASE--------------------- ------------------------1- 17
APOLLO 11 COUNTDOWN -----------------------------------------18- 20
LAUNCH EVENTS-----------------------------------------------21
APOLLO 11 MISSION EVENTS------------------------------------22-25
MISSION TRAJECTORY AND MANEUVER DESCRIPTION-----------------26
Launch ---------------------------------------------------26- 30
Earth Parking Orbit (EP0)--------------------------------30
Translunar Injection (TLI)-------------------------------30
Transposition, Docking and Ejection (TD&E)---------------30- 3 2
Translunar Coast-----------------------------------------33
Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI)------------------------------33
Lunar Module Descent, Lunar Landing----------------------33-�1
Lunar Surface Extravehicular Activit y (EVA) --------------42- 47
Lunar Sample Collection ----------------------------------48
LM Ascent, Lunar Orbit Rendezvous------------------------49- 5 3
Transearth Injection (TEI) -------------------------------53-5 6
Transearth coast----------------------------------------- 57
Entr y Land i ng--------------------------------------------5 7 -6 3
RECOVERY OPERATIONS, QUARANTINE-----------------------------64-65
Lunar Receiving Laboratory-------------------------------65-67
SCHEDULE FOR TRANSPORT OF SAMPLES, SPACECRAFT & CREW--------68
LUNAR RECEIVING LABORATORY PROCEDURES TIMELINE

APOLLO 11 GO/NO-GO DECISION POINTS --------------------------71

(TENTATIV E)--------------------------------�-------------69-70

APOLLO 11 ALTERNATE MISSIONS -------------------------------- 72-73

A BORT MO D ES -------------------------------------------------74
Deep Space Aborts ----------------------------------- -----74-76
ONBOARD TELEVISION------------------------------------------77
Tentative Apollo 11 TV Times----------------------------- 78
PHOTOGRAPHIC TASKS ------------------------------------------79-80
LUNAR DESCRIPTION------------- ----------------------------- -81
Physic al Facts -------------------------------------------81
Apollo Lunar Landing Sites -------------------------------82-85

6/ 26/69

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Conten t s Continue d 2

COMMA ND AND SERVI CE MODULE STRUCTURE , SY STEMS - - - - - - ---------86 - 8 8

CS M Syst ems -- - - - - --------- - - - - ------- - - - - ------- - - - - -----88 - 95
LUN AR MODULE STRUCTURES , WEIG HT -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - ------- - - -----96
Asc ent S t age- - - - - - -------- - - - - ------- - - - - --- ---- - - - - -----96 - 1 0 1
Des cent S tage -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----10 1 -10 3

SATURN V LAUNCH VE HI CLE DESCRI PTI ON & OPERATI ON- - - - - - ----- --1 0 8
Lunar Module Systems- - - - - - ----- - - - - - --------- - - - - - - - --- --1 0 3 - 1 0 7

Launch Veh i c l e Range Safety Provi s i on s -- - - - - -- - - - - - - -----1 0 8 - 1 0 9

Space Veh i c l e We i ght Summary--- - - - -- - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - -----1 1 0 - 1 1 1
First Stage- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 1 2
Second St age -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - --- ------- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ---- -112 - 113
Third S t age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 1 3
I n s trument Unit- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 1 3 - 1 1 4
Propulsion-- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ----- ------- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 1 4 - 1 1 5
Launch Vehi c l e I n s trumentation and C ommuni cation - - - - -----1 1 5
S-I VB Res tartr - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----1 1 6
Di fferen ces i n Launch Veh i cl e s for A-10 and A-1 1 - - - - -----1 1 6
APOLLO 1 1 CREW-- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ---- - ------ - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 1 7
Li fe S upport Equipmen t - Sp ace S u i t s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----1 1 7 - 1 22
Apollo 1 1 Crew Menu- - - - - - ------ - - - - ------ - -- - - - - - - - - -----123- 1 3 2
Personal Hygiene - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------ - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 3 3
Medical Kit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- ------- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 3 3
Survival G e ar-- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - ---- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----133 - 13 5
Biomedical I n fl i gh t Monit oring- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----1 3 5
Training-- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ------- - - - - ------ - - - - - - - - - - - -----1 3 6 - 13 7
Cr e w B i og r ap h ie s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------ - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ----- 1 3 8 - 1 4 4
EARLY APOLLO S CI ENTIFI C EX PERIME NTS PACKAG E- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 4 5 - 1 5 3
APOLLO LUNAR RADI OI SOTOPI C HEATER ( ALRH ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 5 4 - 1 5 7
APOLLO LAUNCH OPERATI ONS -- - - - - ---- - - - - - - ----------- - - - - -----1 5 8
Pre l au n ch Preparations-- - - - - --- - - - - - - - ----------- - - - -----1 5 8 - 1 6 0
LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 9-- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----1 6 1
Veh i c le As semb ly Building- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----1 6 2 - 1 6 3
Launch Contro l Center-- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ------ - - - - - - - - - -----16 3 - 1 6 4
Mob i le Launcher- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------- - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 6 4 - 1 6 5
Tr ansporter--- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - --- - - ------ - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 6 5 - 1 6 6
Crawlerway-- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----166
M obile Ser vi c e St ru cture -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - ---------- - - -----1 6 6 - 1 6 7
Water Deluge S y s t e m - - - - - - ----- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 6 7
Flame Trench and Deflector----- - --- - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - -----1 6 7 - 1 6 8
Pad Areas-- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - ------ - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 6 8
Mi s s i on Control Center----- - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -----1 6 9 - 1 70
MANNED S PACE FLIG HT NETWORK-- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -----1 7 1 - 1 7 4
NASA Communi cation s Network---- - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -----1 7 4 - 1 7 6
Ne tw ork Computers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -----1 7 6 - 1 7 7
The Apol lo Ships - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ---- -1 7 8
Ap ollo Range I n s trume n t ation Air craft ( ARI A ) - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 79
Ship Pos i t i on s for Apol l o 1 1--- - - - -- - - - - - - - - ----- - - - -----1 80

-more-
Conten t s Continued 3

CONTAMINATI ON CONTROL PROGRAM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -18 1

Lunar Module Operations - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 8 1 - 1 8 7
Command Module Operations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 8 7
Lunar Mi s s ion Re covery Operat ions- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -187 - 1 8 8
Bi ologi cal I s olation G ar ment- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 8 8
Mobi le Quarantine Fac i l i t y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 8 8
Lunar Receiving Laboratory- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -18 9 - 1 9 0
Sterilization and Rel e ase o f S p ac e craft - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -19 0 - 191
APOLLO PROGRAM MANA GEME NT- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 9 2
Apo l l o/Saturn O fficials- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------- - - - - - - - - -19 3 -2 17
Major Apollo/Sat urn V Contractors- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 1 8 - 2 1 9
PRINCIPAL INVE S TI GATORS AND I NVE STI GATIONS OF
LUNAR SURFACE SAMPLE S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 2 0 - 2 4 1
APOLLO GLOSSARY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 4 2 - 2 4 6
APOLLO ACRONY MS AND ABBREVI ATIONS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -2 4 7 - 2 4 8
CONVE RSION FACTORS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --249-2 5 0

- 0 -
*** This page intentionally left blank ***
 NATIONAl AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION wo 2-4155
NEWS WASHINGTON,O.C. 205.c6
TELS •
WO 3-6925

FOR RELEASE: SUNDAY

July 6, 1969

RELEASE NO: 6 9-83K

APOLLO 11

The United States will launch a three-man spacecra�t

toward the Moon on July 16 with the goal of landing two astronaut-
explorers on the lunar surface four days later.

I f the mi ssi on-- called Apollo 1 1--is successful , man will

accomplish his long-time dream o f walking on another ce lestial
b ody .

The first astronaut on the Moon ' s surface will be 38-year-old

Neil A . Armstrong of Wapakoneta , Ohio , and his initial act will b e
to unve i l a plaque whose mess age symbolizes the nature o f the
journey.

Affixed to the leg o f the lunar landing vehicle , the plaque

is signed by Pre sident Nixon , Armstrong and his Apollo 1 1 compan­
ions , Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr .

6/26/69

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 -2-

It bears a map o f the Earth and this inscription:

HERE MEN FROM THE PLANET EARTH

FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON
JULY 1969 A.D.
WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND

The plaque is fastened t o the de scent stage of the lunar

module and thus be comes a permanent artifact on the lunar sur­
face .

Later Armstrong and Aldrin will emplant an American flag

on the surface of the Moo n .

The Ap ollo 11 crew will als o carry t o the Moon and return
two large American flags, flags of the 50 states, District of

Columbia and u.s. Territ ories, flags o f other nations and that
of the United Nations Organization.

During their 2 2-hour stay on the lunar surface, Armstrong

and Aldrin will spend up to 2 hours and 40 minute s outside the
lunar module , also gathering samp les of lunar surface material
and deploying s c ientific e xperiment s which will transmit b ack
to Earth valuable data on the lunar environment .

Apollo 1 1 i s s cheduled for launch at 9:32 a . m. EDT July 1 6

from the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis tration's Kennedy
Space Center Launch Complex 39-A . The mission will b e the fifth
manned Apollo flight and the third to the Moon.

-more-
 - 3-

The prime mission objective of Apollo 11 is stated simply:

"Perform a manned lunar landing and return". Successful fulfill­

ment of this objective will meet a national goal of this decade,

as set by President Kennedy May 2 5 , 196 1 .

Apollo 11 Commander Armstrong and Command Module Pilot

Collins 38, and Lunar Module Pilot Aldrin, 39 , will each be

making his second space flight. Armstrong was Gemini 8 commander,
and backup Apollo 8 commander; Collins was Gemini 10 pilot and
was command module pilot on the Apollo 8 crew until spinal
surgery forced him to leave the crew for recuperation; and Aldrin

was Gemini 12 pilot and Apollo 8 backup lunar module pilot.

Armstrong is a civilian, Collins a USAF lieutenant colonel and

Aldrin a USAF colonel.

Apollo 11 backup crewmen are Commander James A. Lovell,

Command l>1odule Pilot \�illiam A. Anders, both of 'tlhom were on the

Apollo 8 first lunar orbit mission cre\>t, and Lunar r.todule Pilot
Fred H. Haise.

-more-
 -4-

The b a c kup crew functions in three significant c ategori es .

They h e lp the prime crew with miss i on preparation and hardware

checkout act ivit ies . They r e c e ive nearly complete mission

training 'llhich b e c omes a valuable foundation for later assignment

as a prime crew and fina l ly , should the prime c rew be come unava i l ­

ab le , they are prepared t o flY as p rime crew on schedule up un t i l

the last few weeks a t which t ime fu l l dup l i cate training b e c omes

too cost ly and time consuming to b e prac t i cal .

Apollo 11 , a ft e r launch from Launch Complex 3 9 - A , w i l l

be gin the three-day voyage to the Moon about t w o and a half hours

after the spacecraft is inserted into a 100-nau t i cal mi le circ u l ar

Earth parking orb i t . The Sat urn V launch veh i c le th ird st age w i l l

restart to inj ect Apol lo 1 1 into a translunar traj ect ory as the ve -

hicle passes over the Paci fic midway through the second Earth park­

ing orb i t .

The "go " for t ranslunar inject ion \'111 1 follow a comp l e t e che ck­

out of th e space vehicles readiness to b e c ommi t t e d for inj e c t i on .

About a hal f hour after translunar inj e ction (TLI ) , the c ommand/

servi ce module \Or i l l separate from the Saturn t hi rd stage , turn around

and dock \'lith the lunar module nes t e d in the space craft LM adapt e r .

Spring-loaded lunar module holddowns \Oli l l be re le ase d t o e j e c t the

docke d spacecraft from the adapt er .

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Late r , l e ftover liquid propel lant in the S aturn third stage

'.>T i l l b e vented through the engine b e l l to place the stage into

a " s l ingshot " traj e ctory to miss the Moon and go into s o lar orbit.

During the trans lunar c oast , A p o l l o 11 w i l l be in the p a s s ive

thermal c ontrol mode in wh i ch the s p a c e c raft rotates s lowly about

one o f its axe s to s tabil i ze thermal re s p onse t o s olar h e ating . Four

midcourse c orrection maneuvers are pos s ib le during trans lunar coast

and w i l l b e p l anned in real time to adj ust the traj e ctory.

Apollo 11 w i l l first be ins erted into a 60-by-1 70-naut i c a l

m i l e e llipt i cal lunar orb it , wh i ch tv1o revolutions later wi l l b e

adjusted t o a near- c ircu lar 5 4 x 6 6 nm. Both lunar orbit insertion

burns ( LOI ) , using the spacecra ft's 20 , 500-p ound - thrust s e rv i c e

propu l s i on sy stem, w i l l be made \'/hen Apol lo 1 1 is beh ind the Moon and

out of " s ight" of Manned _Sp ace Flight Network stations.

Some 2 1 hours after entering lunar orb i t , Armstrong and

Aldrin w i l l man and che ck out the lunar module for the de s c e nt to

the surface. The LM de s ce nt propul s i on system wi ll place the LM in

an e l lipti c al orbit with a p e ri cynth i on , or low point ab ove the Moon ,

of 5 0 ,000 fe e t , from which the actual descent and touchdown w i l l b e

made .

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A fter touchdown , fu e landing crew w i ll first ready the lunar

module for immedi ate as cent and then take a b ri e f re s t be fore

depre s s uriz ing the cabin for tw o-man E VA about 1 0 hours after

t ouch down . Arms trong will s tep o n t o the lunar surface f i rs t ,

fol lowed by Aldrin s ome 4 0 minu t e s lat e r .

During the i r two hours and 4 0 minu te s o n the s urfa c e ,

Arms trong and Aldrin w i l l gather ge o logic s amp l e s for ret urn t o

E arth i n s e aled s amp le return containers and s e t up two s c i en t i f i c

e xperiments for returning Moon d a t a to E arth long after the mi s s i on

i s complete .

One experiment measures mo onqu ak e s and me t e or o id impacts on the

lunar s urface , wh i le the other expe riment is a s oph i s t i c at e d refle ct­

or that will mirror laser b e ams b ac k t o point s on E arth t o aid i n

expanding s cientifi c knowle dge both o f t h i s p lanet and o f the Moon .

The lunar module' s de s cent s t age w i ll s e rve as a launching

pad fo r the crew c abi n as the 3 , 5 0 0- p ound - thrus t a s ce nt e ngine

prop e l s the LM as cent s t age back in t o lunar o rb i t for rendezvous

with Collins i n the c ommand/s e rv i c e module - - orb iting 6 0 mi les above

the Moon .

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 APOLLO 11 - Lunar Surface Activities

I I
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TV Camera Bulk Sample Collection

 -12-

Four b asic maneuvers , all performed by the LM crew using

the spacecraft's small maneuvering and attitude thrusters , wil l
bring the LM and t he command module together for docking about
three and a half hours after liftoff from the Moon .

The boost out of lunar orbit for the return journey is planned
for about 135 hours after Earth lift off and after the LM ascent
stage has been jettisoned and lunar samples and film stowed aboard
t he command module . An optional plan provides for a 12- hour delay
in t he transearth inject ion burn to allow the crew more res t after
a long hard day's work on the lunar surface and flying the rende zvous .
The t otal miss ion time to splashdown would remain about t he same,
since t he t ransearth inje ct ion burn would impart a higher velo city
to b ring t he spacecraft b ack to t he mid-Pacifi c recovery line at
about the same time.

The rendezvous sequence to b e flown on Apol l o 11 has twice

been flown with the Apollo s pace craft---once in Earth orb it on
Apol lo 9 and once in lunar orbit wit h Apoll o 10 . The Apo l lo 10
mission duplicated , e xcept for t he actual landing, all aspects of
t he Apollo 11 t ime line .

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 APOLLO 11 - Lunar Ascent And Rendezvous

I
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<t> Return To Spacecraft Ascent Stage Launch I
I

Rendezvous And Docking LM Jettison

 APOLLO 11 - Transearth Injection And Recovery

I I
3 Transearth Injection CM/SM Separation ......
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Reentry

§:._�-
Splashdown Recovery
 -15-

During the tran s e arth c oas t p e riod , Ap o l lo 11 will again

c ontrol s ol ar h e at loads b y u s i n g the p as s ive thermal c ontrol

"b arb e que" tec hnique. Thr e e transearth m idc ourse c orrec t ions are

p o s s i b le and w i ll be p l anned in re al t ime t o adj ust the Earth

entry c orridor .

Ap ollo 11 will enter the Earth' s atmosp he re ( 40 0 , 00 0 fee t)

at 195 hours and five minut e s after launc h at 3 6 , 19 4 fe e t p e r
sec ond. Command module touc hdown w i l l b e 1285 nau t ic al mi les
downrange from entry at 10 . 6 degr e e s north l at i t ude b y 1 72 . 4
we s t longitude at 195 ha urs, 19 min u t e s after Earth launc h 12:46 p . m .
EDT J uly 24. The t ouchdow n p oint i s ab out 1040 naut i c al m i les
s outhwe s t of Honolulu , Haw ai i .

( END OF G ENERAL RELEAS E ; BACKG ROUND INFORM ATION F OLLOWS )

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 - 16 -

Of ficial Apollo 11 Insignia

This photograph not for release

before Saturday , July 51 1969

-more-
 FLIGHT PROFILE

(17)
TRANSEA R T H I NJEC T I O N BURN
(16}CSM/lM SEPARATION

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(12)CSI 45 N .MI.

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TPF 60 N.MI. I
(15)DOC KING
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\� S � (11) LM LAUNCH
1-'
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� CS� 9x45 N .MI (13)CDH".
I

)I NSERT I O N
100 N.MJ. CSM 60 N.MI.

(3) S-IYB RESTART EARTH PARK I N G ORBIT CSM 60 N.MI.

(9} LM DESCENT
DURING 2ND
OR 3RD ORBIT (10) LANDING
50,000 FT.
(19)

& RECOVERY
CM SPLASHDOWN
60xl70 N .MI.
-----�-- (7) LUNAR ORBIT
(4i S-IVB 2ND BURN CUTOFF
(6) S-IVB RESIDUAL 53x65 N.M. � •I I NSERTION
TRANSLUNAR I NJECTION
PROPELLANT DUMP LUNAR ORBIT
(S)CIRCULARIZA T I O N

(5) S/C SEPARATION,

(SliNGSHOT) .
.
.

DOCKI N G & EJECTION

TRANSPOSITION, .
 - 1 8-

APOLLO 11 COUNTDOWN

The clock for the Apollo 11 countdown will start at T-28

hours, With a six-hour built-in-hold planned at T-9 hours, prior
to launch vehicle propellant loading.

q{p
The cou�tdown is preceded by a pre-count operation that
begins some 5 days before launch. During this eriod the tasks

and LM, ruel cell activation and servicing and loading of the
include mechanical buildup of both the comman service module

super critical helium aboard the LM descent stage.

Following are same of the highlights of the final count:

'1'-28 hrs. orricial countdown starts

( )
( )
T-27 hrs. 30 �ns. Install launch vehicle flight batteries
to 23 hrs. 30 mine:
LM stowage and cabin closeout

( to
to 15 hrs.

T-21 hrs. Top off LM super critical helium

( to
19 hrs.)

)
T-16 hrs. Launch vehicle range safety checks
15 hrs.

( )
/
T-11 hrs. 30 mins. Install launch veh icle destruct devices
to 10 hrs. 45 m1ns.
Command service module pre-ingress
operations

T-10 hrs. Start mobile service structure move to

park site

T-9 hrs. Start six hour built-in-hold

T-9 hrs. counting ciea r blast area for propellant loading

T-8 hrs. 30 mins. Astronaut backup crew to spacecraft for

prelaunch checks

( )
T-8 15 mins.
liquid oxygen 1n first stage
hrs. launch Veh1cle propellant loading, three
stages
liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in
second, third stages.
Continues thru T- 3 hrs. 38 mins.

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 -19-

T-5 hrs. 17 JDirus. Flight c.rew alerted

T-5 hrs. 02 mins. Medical examination
T-4 hrs. 32 m1ns. Breakfast
T-3 hrs. 57 Dlins. Don space suits
T-3 hrs. 07 mins. Depart Manned Spacecraft Operations Build-
ing tor LC-39 via crew transfer van

T-2 hrs. 55 Dlins. Arrive at LC-39

T-2 hrs. 4o m1ns. Start flight crew ingress

T-1 hr. 55 mins. Mission Control Center-Houston/spacecraft
command cheeks
T-1 hr. 50 m1ns. Abort advisory system checks
T-1 hr. 46 m1ns. Space vehicle Emergency Detection System
( EDS) test
T-43 m1ns. Retrack Apollo access arm to standby
position {12 degrees)
T-42 m1ns. Arm launch escape system
T-4o m1ns. Final launch vehicle range safety checks
( to 35 mi.ns )•

T-30 m1ns. Launch vehicle power transfer test

LM switch over to internal power
T-20 mins. to Shutdown LM operational instrumentation
T-10 mins.
T-15 mins. Spacecraft to internal power
T-6 ruins. Space vehicle final status checks
T-5 mins. 30 sec. Arm destruct system
T-5 mins. Apollo access arm tully retracted
T-3 mins. 10 sec. Initiate firing command (automatic sequencer )
T-50 sec. Launch vehicle transfer to internal power

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 - 2 0-

T-8.9 sec. Ignition sequence start

T-2 sec. All engines running

T-o Liftoff

result of exper ience gained 1n the Countdown Demonstration

*Hote: Some changes in the above countdown are possible as a

Test (CDDT) Mhich occurs about 10 da7s before launch.

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 LAUNCH EVENTS

Time Event Altitude Velocity Range

Hrs Min Sec Feet Ft/Sec Nauru

00 00 00 First fr1otion 182.7 1,340.67 0.0

00 01 21.0 Maximum Dynamic Pressure 43,365 2,636.7 2.7

00 02 15 S-IC Center Engine Cutoff 1!15,600 6,504.5 24.9

00 02 40.8 S-IC Outboard Engines Cutoff 217,655 9,030.6 !19.6

00 02 41.6 S-IC/S-II Separation 219,984 9,064.5 50.2

I
El 00 02 43.2 S - I I Ignition 221,881
0 9,059.1 51.3 I
� 00 03 11.5 S-II Aft Interstage Jettison
1\)
._..
I 301,266 9,469.0 87.0 I

00 03 17.2 LET Jettison 315,001 9,777.6 94.3

00 07 39.8 S - I I Center Engine Cutoff 588,152 18,761.7 600.0

00 09 11.4 S-I I Outboard Engines Cutoff 609,759 22,7116.8 885.0

00 09 12.3 S - I I/S-IVB Separation 609,982 22,756.7 887.99

00 09 15.4 S-IVB Ignition 610,014 22,756.7 888.42

00 11 40.1 S-IVB First Cu toff 617,957 25,562 , II 1425.2

00 11 50.1 Parking Orbit Insertion 617,735 25,567.9 11163.9

02 411 14.8 S-IVB Reignition 650,558 25,554.0 3481.9

02 50 03.1 S-IVB Second Cutoff 1058,809 35,562.9 2633.6

02 50 13.1 Trans1unar Inj ection 1103,215 35,538.5 2605.0

 A POLLO 11 MISSION EVENTS

Event GET Date/EDT Vel . Change Puroose and resultant orbit

nrs :min:sec feet/sec

Lunar orbit insertion 75 : 5ll:28 19th 1:26 p -2924 Inserts Apollo 1 1 into 60 x 170 nm
No . 1 elliptical lunar orbit

Lunar orbit insertion 80 : 09 : 30 19th 5:42 p -157 . 8 Changes lunar parking orbit t o
No . 2 5 4 x 6 6 nm

CSM-LM undocking,
I
separation 100:09 : 50 20th 1:42 p -- Establishes equiperiod orbit for 2.2 1\)
(SM RC S ) 100 : 39:50 20th 2:12 p 2.5 nm separation for DOI maneuver 1\)
I I
s
0 Descent orbit insertion 101:38:48 20th 3:12 p -74 . 2 Lowers LM pericynthion to 8 nm
'j
en (DPS) (8 X 60 )
I

LM powered descent ini- 102:35 : 13 20th 4:08 p -6761 Thre e-phase maneuver t o brake LM
tiation (DP S ) out of transfer orbit, vertical
descent and touchdown on lunar
surface

LM touchdown o n lunar 102:47:11 20th 4:19 p Lunar exploration

surface

Depressurization for 112:30 21st 2:02 a

lunar surface EVA

Repressurize LM after 115 : 10 21st 4:42 a

EVA
 APOLLO 1 1 MISSION EVENTS

Event GET Date/EDT Vel . Change Pur2o se and resultant orb it

hrs : min : s e c feet / s e c

Earth orb i t insertion 0 0 : 1 1:50 16th 9 : 4 4 a 2 5 , 567 Insertion into 1 0 0 m n c ircular

earth parking o r b i t

Translunar injection 02 : 4 4: 1 5 1 6 t h 12:16 p 9 , 965 Injecti o n into free-return trans-

( S-IVB engine ignit ion ) lunar t ra,j e c t ory with 60 nm
peri cynthion

CSM s eparat i o n , docking 03:20: 0 0 1 6 t h 1 2 : 52 p -- Hard-mating of CSM and LM I

1
I t\)
3 w
0 E j e c t ion from SLA 0 4 : 1 0 : 00 16th 1 : 4 2 p Separates CSM-LM from S-IVB-SLA I
�
Q
I Oll : 3 9: 3 7 1 6 t h 2: 1 2 p 19 . 7 Provides s eparat ion p r i or t o S-IVB
SPS Evasive maneuver
propellant dump and "s lingshot"
maneuver

Midcourse correct ion #1 TLI+9 hrs 16th 9 : 1 6 p *0 *The s e midcourse correc tions have
a nominal v e l o c i t y ,change of 0 fps ,
Midcourse corre ction #2 TLI+2 4 hrs 1 7 t h 1 2: 1 6 p 0 but w i l l b e cal cula�ed in r e a l t ime
to correct TLI di spersi ons .
Midcourse c orre ction #3 LOI-22 hrs 1 8t h 3 : 26 p 0

Midcourse corre c t i on # 4 LOI-5 hrs 1 9 th 8 : 2 6 a 0

 APOLLO 1 1 MISSION EVENTS

Event GET DATE/EDT Ve l . Change Purpose and resultant orbit

hrs : min : s ec feet /s e c

LM ascent and orbit 124 : 2 3 : 21 21st 1 : 55 p 6055 Boos t s a s c ent stage into 9 x
insert ion 4 5 lunar orbit f o r rende zvous
with CSM

LM RCS concentric s e ­ 1 2 5 : 2 1 : 20 21st 2 : 53 p ll9 . 4 Rai s e s LM peri lune t o 4 4 . 7 nm ,

quenc e initiate adj u s t s orbital shape for
( C S I ) burn rende z vous sequence ( 4 5 . 5 x
44.2)

LM RCS cons tant delta 1 2 6 : 1 9 : ll0 2 1 s t 3:52 p 4.5 Radially downward burn adjusts
I h e i ght ( CDH) burn LM o rb i t to constant 1 5 nm
3 I
0 b e low CSM I\)
� .:::
Q I
I LM RCS t e rminal phase 1 2 6 :58 : 2 6 21st 4:30 p 24. 6 LM thru s t s along line o f sight
init iate ( TP I ) burn toward CSM , midcourse and
braking mane uvers as n e c e s sary

Rendezvous ( TPF ) 1 27 : ll3 : 5 4 2 1st 5 : 1 5 p -4 . 7 Comp l e t e s rendezvous sequence

( 59 . 5 X 59 . 0)

Docking 1 2 8 : 0 0 : 00 21st 5 : 32 p Commander and LM p i lot tran s fer

back to CSM

LM j et t i son , separa­ 131 : 53 : 05 21st 9 : 2 5 p -1 Prevents recontact o f CSM with

tion ( S M RCS) LM asc ent stage during remainder
of lunar orbit

Transearth inj e c t ion 1 3 5 : 2 4 : 34 2 2 nd 0 0 : 57 a 3293 Inj ect CSM into 5 9 . 6-hour trans­
( TEI ) S P S earth traj e c t ory
 APOLLO 11 MISSION EVENTS

Event GET DATE/EDT Ve1 . Change Purpose and resultant orbi�

hrs:min:sec feet/sec

Midcourse correction TEI+l5 hrs 22nd 3 : 57 p 0 Transearth midcourse correc­

No. 5 tions will be computed in
real time for entry corridor
Midcourse correction EI -15 hrs 23rd 9:37 p 0 control and recovery area
No. 6 weather avoidance .
I
3
0 Midcourse correction EI -3 hrs 24th 9:37 a 0
"'$ I
(l) No . 7 1\)
I \Jl
I
CM/SM separation 194:50:04 24th 12:22 p Command module oriented for
entry

Entry interface 195:05:04 24th 12:37 p Command module enters earth's

(400, 000 feet) sensible atmosphere at 36, 194
fps

Touchdown 195:19:05 24th 12 : 51 p Landing 12 85 nm do\omrange from

entry , 10 . 6 north latitude b y
172 . 4 west 'longitude .
 -26-

MISSION TRAJECTORY AND MANEUVER DESCRI PTION

Informat i on pre sented here in i s based upon a July 16 launch

and i s s ubj ect to change prior t o the mi s s i on or in real time
during the mis si on t o mee t changing c ondit ions .

Launch

Ap o ll o 1 1 w i l l b e launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch

Comp l e x 3 9 A on a launch azimuth that can vary from 72 degrees t o
1 0 6 degre e s , depending upon the t ime of day of laun c h . The azimuth
changes w i t h t ime of day to permit a fue l-optimum inj e c t i on from
Earth parking orb.i t int o a free-re t urn ci rcumlunar traject ory .
O t he r factors influencing the launch windows are a day light launch
and proper Sun angles on the l unar landing s ite s .

The p lanned Ap o l l o 1 1 launch date of July 1 6 wi l l call for

liftoff at 9:32 a . m . EDT on a launch azimuth of 72 degre e s . The
7 . 6-mi l li on-pound thrus t Saturn V first s tage b o o s t s the space
vehicle t o an a l t i tude of 36 . 3 nm at 5 0 . 6 nm downrange and increas e s
t he vehicle ' s ve l o c i ty t o 9030.6 fps in 2 minutes 4 n . 8 s e conds
of powered flight . First s t age thrust bui lds to 9 , 0 8 8 , 4 1 9 p o unds
before center engine shut down . F o l l owing out-b6ard engine s hutdown ,
the firs t s tage separates and falls into the At lan t i c Ocean about
3 4 0 nm downrange ( 30 . 3 degrees Nort h lat i t ude and 7 3 . 5 degrees West
longitude ) some 9 minutes after l i f toff .

The 1-mi l lion-pound thrust second s tage ( S- I I ) carrie s the

space vehicle t o an alt i t ude of 1 0 1.4 nm and a d i s tance of .8 8 5 nm
downrange . Before engine burnout , the vehi c l e w i l l be moving at a
speed of 22,?46.$ fps . The out e r J-2 engines w i l l burn 6 minutes
29 s e c onds during this powered phas e , b ut the center engine wi l l be
cut off at 4 minute s 56 s e c onds aft e r S-II ignit i on .

At outboard engine cutoff , the S - I I s eparate s and , following

a b al l i s t i c traj e c t ory , p lunges i n t o t he At lan t i c Ocean about
2 , 30 0 nm downrange from the Kennedy Space Center ( 3 1 degrees North
lat i t ude and 3 3 . 6 degrees Wes t longit ude ) some 20 minutes aft e r
l ift off .

The firs t burn of the Sat urn V third stage ( S-IVB ) occurs
immediat e l y aft e r S - I I s t age separa t i on . I t w i l l last long enough
( 1 45 seconds ) t o i ns e rt the space v e h i c le into a circular Earth park­
ing orb i t beginning at about 4 , 8 1 8 nm downrange . Ve locity at Earth
orb ital i n s ertion w i l l be 2 5 , 5 67 fps at 11 mtn ut e s 50 s e conds ground
e lapse d time ( GE T ) . Inclination w i l l b e 32 . 6 degre e s .

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 LAUNCH WINDOW SUMMARY

I
LAUNCH DATE 16 lR 21 I
I

LAUNCH WINDOW. E.D.T. 9:32-13:54 9:38-14:02 10:09-14:39

J ULY SITE/PROF! LE 2/FR 3/FR 5/HYB
6.3-9.0
16-21 SUN ELEVATION ANGLE 9.9-12.6 8.3-11.0
MISSION TIME, DAYS:HOURS 8:3 8:5 8:8
SPS RESERVES, FPS 1700 1550 1750

I
N
LAUNCH DATE 14 16 20 -..)
I

LAUNCH WINDOW. E.D.T. 7:51-12:15 8:04-12:31 10:05-14:47

A UG UST SITE/PROF! LE 2/HYB 3/HYB 5/HYB
SUN ELEVATION ANGLE 6.2-8.9 6.2-8.9 9.0-12.0
14-20 MISSION TIME, DAYS:HOURS 8:5 8:7 8:8
SPS RESERVES, FPS 1600 1750 1300

LAUNCH DATE 13 15 18

LAUNCH WINDOW. E.D.T. 6:17-10:45 7:04-.11:39 11:31-16:14

SEP SITE/PROF! LE 2/HYB .3/HYB 5/HYB
SUN ELEVATION ANGLE 6.8-9.6 6.3-9..2 6.8-9.7
13-18 MISSION TIME, DAYS:HOURS 8:7 8:8 8:6
SPS RESERVES, FPS 1600 1500 1050
- L__
- --�� -
- ���--- --
- - --�--� --'-
 -28-

MIS S ION DURATIONS

�
/
LAUNCH
ON TIME,
TST TLI
OPPORTUNITY

TOTAL
MISSION TIME,
DAY:HR.

/ 1
LAUNCH AT CLOSE OF
WINDOW, 2ND TLI OPPORTUNITY

7 22 '---....!----'---..1
16
d h
18 21

JULY 1969 LAUNCH DATE

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 HYBRID LUNAR PROFILE

h p �100 TO 1500 N. M I .
NON-FREE RETU RN

I
3 .,--- - -- ... I
� --
0 - I\)
� .... \0
� ...
I
I
.....
....
....
�
-
.....
...
... /
....
- "'
-
- ....
--

J
-
Ml DCOURSE
F REE - RETURN
TRA N SFER

llV � 10 TO 40 F P S
 -30-

The crew w i ll have a backup t o launch vehicle guidance during

powered f l igh t . I f the Saturn inst rumen t unit inertial platform
fai ls , the ere�-.• can s :'li t ch guidance to the command module systems
for fi rst-stage po\-tered flight automat i c control . Second and th ird
s tage backup guidance is through manual takeover in which creH hand

Saturn in� t i'umen t uni t .

control le r inputs are fed through the co�mand module computer to the

Earth Parking Orbit ( EP O )

Apollo 11 w i ll remain i n Earth parking orbit for one-and-one­

half revolution ;;; after insertion and 'lt i l l hold a local horizontal
attitude during the entire period . The crew \.zi ll perform spacecraft

The final 11 go 11 for the 'fLI burn 'it i ll be given to the crew
sy stems checks in preparation for the translunar i n j e c t ion ( TLI )
burn .
th rough the Carnarvon , Australi a , I<1anned Space Fl i gh t Net\o:ork
station .

Translunar InJ e c tion ( TLI )

Midway through the second revolution in Earth parking orbi t ,

the S-IVB third-s tage engine w i l l restart at 2 : 4 4 : 15 GET over the
mid-Pac i f i c j u s t south of the equator to i n j e c t Apollo 11 toward
the f"ioon . 'rhe velocity 'itil l increase from 2 5 ,567 fps to 35 , 5 3 3 fps
at TLI cutoff--a ve loci ty increase o f 997 1 fps . The TLI b urn i s
targeted for about 6 fps overspeed t o compensate for t he l at er SPS
evasive maneuver afte r LH e x traction . TLI \': i l l place Apollo 11 on
a free-return c i rcumlunar traj ec tory from which midcourse corre c t i ons
if necess ary could be made \.,. ith the Slot RCS thrusters . Entry from a
free-return traj e c tory would be at 10 : 3 7 a . m . EDT July 22 at 14 . 9
degrees south lati tude by 1 7 4 . 9 eas t longitude afte r a flight time
o f 1 4 5 hrs 04 min .

Transpo s i t i on . Docking and Eje c t ion ( TD& E )

At about three hours aft er li ftoff and 25 minutes aft er the

TLI burn , the Apollo 11 crew wi l l s e parate the command/service
module from the spacecraft lunar module adapter (SLA ) , thrus t out
away from the S-IVB, turn around and move back i n for docldng \'o' ith
the lunar module . Docking should take place at about three hours
and 2 1 minutes GET, and after the c re-..t confirms all docking latches
soli dly engage d , they w i ll conne ct the CSl•t-t o-Ll-1 umb i l icals and

GET, the spacecraft w i l l b e e j e ct e d from the space c raft LM adapter

pressurize the LM w i th the command module surge t ank . At about 4 : 0 9

by spring devi c e s at the four LH landing gear 11 kne e 1 1 attach poin t s .

A 19 . 7 fps servi c e propulsion system ( S P S ) evasive

The e j e ction springs w i l l impart about one fps ve loc i ty t o the
spacecraft .
maneuver in plane at 11 : 39 GET w i l l separate the space craft to a safe
dis tance for t h e S-IVD 11 s l ingshot " maneuver in which res i dual launch
vehicle liquid propellants w i l l be dumped through the J-2 engine b ell
t o prope l l the stage into a traj e c t ory passing behind the �ioon ' s
trai ling edge and on in t o solar orb i t .

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 I

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w
._.
I

�
I

V EH I CLE E ARTH PARK I N G OR B IT CON FIG U RAT I O N

(SATURN V TH I R D STAGE AND I NSTR UMENT UN I T, A POLLO S PACECRAFT)
 P O S T T L I T l ME L I NE

TLI 2 0 SEC
/
+
LOCAL
HORIZONTAL
ORBIT RATE

�
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w

�
1'\)

�
I

TLI + 9 0 M I N SPS EVASIVE

LM WITHD RAWAL MANE UVER
-2 0 F P S
 - 3 3-

Trans lunar Coast

Up to four midcourse corre ction burns are planned during the

translunar coast phas e , depending upon �he a c curacy of the traj e ctory
re su·lting from t he TLI maneuver . If re quire d , the midcourse
c orrection burns are p l anned at TL I +9 hours , TLI +2 4 hours , lunar
orbit i n s e rt i on ( LO I ) - 2 2 hours and LOI - 5 h ours .

During coast peri ods b e tween midc ourse corre ction s , the
space craft wi l l b e in the pas s i ve thermal c ontrol ( PTC ) or "barb e c ue "
mode i n \vh ich the space craft .,.t i l l rotate s l owly about one ax i s t o
stab i l i ze s p ace craft thermal re sponse t o the c ontinuous s olar
exposure.

Lunar Orb it Ins ertion ( LOI )

The first of two lunar orb it ins ertion b urn� w i l l be made at

7 5 : 5 4 : 2 8 GET at an altitude of about 80 nm above the Moon . LOI - 1
wi ll have a nominal retrograde v e l o c ity change of 2 , 9 2 4 fps and w i l l
insert Apollo 1 1 into a 60xl70-nm e l lipti c al lunar orb i t . LOI - 2
two orbits later at 80 : 09 : 30 GET w i l l adj ust the orbit t o a 5 4 x 6 5 - nm
orb i t , wh ich b e cause of p e rturbati ons of the lunar gravitati onal
potential , will b e come c i rcular at 6 0 nm at the time of rendezvous
with th e LM . The burn w i l l b e 1 5 7 . 8 fps retrograde . Both LO I man­
euvers w i l l b e with the SPS engine near peri cynthion when the s p a c e ­
craft i s b e hind the Moon and out of contact with MSFN stations.
After LOI - 2 ( c i rc u l ari zation ) , the lunar module p i lot w i l l ent e r
the lunar module for a b r i e f che ckout and return t o the c ommand
module .

Lunar Module De s c ent . Lunar Landing

The lunar module w i l l b e manned and che cked out for undock­
ing and subsequent landing on the lunar surface at Apollo site 2 .
Undocking .,.t i l l take p l a c e at 100 : 0 9 : 50 GET pri or to the MSFN
acqui s ition of s i gnal . A readial ly downward s e rvi c e module RCS
b urn of 2 . 5 fp s wi l l p l ace the CSM on an equipe riod orbit w ith
a maximum s e p aration o f 2 . 2 nm one h a l f revolution after the
s e p aration maneuve r . At thi s p o i nt , on lunar farside , the de s cent
orb i t insertion b urn ( DO I ) w i l l be made with the lunar module
d e s cent engine firing retrograde 7 4 . 2 fps at 101 : 3 8 : 4 8 GET . The
burn wi l l start at 10 p e r cent throttle for 15 s e conds and the
remainder at 40 p e r cent thrott le .

The DOI maneuver lowers LM p e r i cynthion to 5 0 , 000 feet at

a point about 1 4 degre e s uprange o f landing s ite 2 .

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 -34-

A three-phase powered des cent ini t i at i on ( PDI ) maneuver

begins at peric ynth ion at 102 : 5 3 : 1 3 GET us ing the LM de s cent engine
t o brake the veh i c le out of the de s c ent transfer orb i t . The guid­
ance - controlled PDI maneuver s tarts about 2 60 nm p r i or t o t ouchdown ,
and i s in ret rograde a t t i t ude to re duce ve locity t o e s s e n t i a l ly zero
at the time vert i c al de s cent begins . Spacecraft a t t i t ude s range from
windows down at the s t art of PDI , to windows up as the spacecraft
reaches 4 5 , 000 fe e t above the lunar s urface and LM landing radar
data can be integrat ed by the LM guidance compute r . The b r aking
phase ends at about 7 , 000 feet above the s urface and the s p a c e c raft
is rotated to an upright windows-forward att i t ude. The s t art of the
approach phase is called high gat e , and the st art o f the landing
phase at 500 fe et is c a l le d low gat e .

Both the approach phase and landing phase a l low p i l o t t ake­

over from guidance cont ro l as we l l as v i s ual evaluat ion o f the land­
ing s i t e . The final vert i c a l des cent t o t ouchdown begins at about
1 50 fe e t when a l l forward ve l o c i t y i s nulled out . Ver t i c a l de s cent
rate wi l l be three fp s . Touchdown wi l l take place at 102 : 4 7 : 1 1 GET .

- more -
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 MSFN /!
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----�EPARATION \. (DOl) MANEUVER ( S M R C S )
DIRECTION �
OF MOTION r I
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...... _......
EARTH
MOTION OFL�R;A TIVE TO CSM
MOON

C S M / LM S E PARAT IO N M A N E U VE R
 L U N A R M O D U LE D E S CE N T

CD LM DESCENT ORB I T I NSERT I ON

r�·
(DO l ) MANUEVER, -.:M -

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@ POWERED DES CENT I N I T I AT I ON
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DES I GN CR I TER l A

• B RA K I NG PHASE (PD I TO H I -GATE ) - EFF I C I ENT RED UCT I ON OF ORB I TA L VELOC I TY

e F I NA l A PPROACH PHASE (H I -GATE TO lO-GATE) - CREW V I S I B I L I TY (SAFETY OF

Fll GHT AND S I T£ A S SES SMENT)

• LAND I N G PHASE ( LO-GATE TO TO UCHDOWN ) - MANUAL CONTROL TAKEOVER

O PER A T I O N A L PHA SES O F P OW E R E D D E S C E N T

 H I GH GATE
A LT- 7600 FT.
I
3
0 RANGE - 2600 0 FT.
I
�
Cb
ALTITU DE F l NAL APPROACH w
I \0
AND BRAKI N G I

LOW GATE LAN D I NG PHASES P HA S E

ALT- 500 FT.
RANGE - 2000 FT.
�

V"""' LAN D I NG S l TE
RANGE

TAR GET SEQ U E N CE FOR A UT O M A T I C G U I D A N CE

 END OF
BRAKING PHASE

4;0
VISI B I LITY P H ASE
'" 2 3° � \
.,,M
�
_.J.
I

/'\
-L-= LAND I N G P H ASE

\
___�

LUNAR 57° \

;,��slrs
/1
HOR IZO NTAL I VERTICA L
THRUST � VELOC ITY
_.A�.!b 7 FPS
2

I
6, 000 LB
80°
----�'---�--·�'
POS ITI ON NO . 1 I
LAND I NG RADAR
LA N D I NG RADAR
TH RU ST

' TO
POS I T I O N N O . 2

J
, 68_ . .
3,o o FT
I TOUC HDOWN
I

5
�
I I
500 FT
0
I
.J::

I
� VERTICAL
I
E LOCI
2 7 TO 3 FPS

NO M I NA L DE SCENT TR AJECT O R Y

F R O M H I G H G ATE T O TO UCH D O W N
 • P ROBE C ONTACTS LUNA R S UR FACE

• 'LUNAR C ONTACT' I ND I CATOR ON

CONTROL PANEL Ll GHTS

• DE SCENT ENG I NE I S S HUT DOWN

BY C REW A FTER 1 SECOND
• L M SETTLES TO LUNAR S URFACE

I
3
0 I
� .:::
<D J-'
I I

L U NA R C O NTACT SEQ UE NCE

 -42-

Lunar Surface Ext raveh i c ular Activity ( EVA)

Armstrong and Aldrin will s pend about 22 hours on the

lunar surface after lunar module touchdown at 102 : 47 : 11
GET . Fol lowing extensive checkout of LM systems and prepara­
tions for c ontingency ascent staging , the LM crew will eat
and re st before depressurizing the LM for lunar surface
EVA . Both crewmen will don p ortab le life support system
( PLSS) backpacks with oxygen purge system units ( OPS ) attach­
ed.
LM depre s surization i s s cheduled for 112 : 30 GET with the
c ommander being the first to egress the LM and step onto the
lunar sur face . His movements will b e recorded on still and
motion picture film by the lunar module pilot and by TV de­
ployed by the c ommander prior to descending the ladder . The
LM pilot will leave the LM about 25 minutes after the com­
mander and b oth crewmen '�ill c ollect samples of lunar material
and deploy the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package
( EASEP ) and the solar wind c ompos ition ( SWC ) experiment .
The commander , shortly after sett ing foot on the lunar
surface , will collect a c ontingency sample of surface mater­
ial and p lace it in his suit pocket . Later both crewmen will
collect as much as 130 pounds of loose materials and c ore
samples which will be stowed in air-tight sample return c on­
tainers for return t o Earth .
Prior to s ealing the SRC , the SWC experiment , which
measures the elemental and isotopic constituents o f the nob le
( inert ) gases in the solar wind , i s rolled up and placed in
the container for return to Earth for analysi s . Principal ex­
perimenter i s Dr . Johannes Geiss � University of Bern , Switzerland .

The crew will photograph the landing site t errain

and inspect the LM during the EVA . They can range out to
about 100 feet from the LM .
After both crewmen have ingressed the LM and have c on­
nected to the cabin suit circuit , they will doff the PLSS
backpacks and j ettison them along with other gear no longer
needed , through the LM front hatch onto the lunar surface .
The LM cabin will be repres surized about 2 hrs . 4 0 min .
after EVA initiation t o permit t ransfer b y the crew to the
LM life support systems . The LM will then be depres suri zed
to j ettison unnecessary equipment to the lunar surface and
be repressurized . The crew will have a meal and rest period
be fore preparing for ascent into lunar orbit and rendezvousing
with the CSM .

-more-
 TOOCHOOWN L I FTOFF

/ '

POST- 1 ST REST EVA EVA POST· 2ND REST ASC. PREP

LAHD EAT PERIOD EAT PREP EVA EAT PERIOD AND EAT
2 :40 C/0
C/0
0 : 25-CDR
2 :04 0 : 35 4 : 00 1 : 00 2 :00 2 : 1 5-BOTH 1 :30 0 : 40 4 : 40 2 : 28

I
5
I
I
.....,
� 2 1 : 27 TOTAL TIME �
___________
_
w
I I

L U N A R S U RFACE ACTIV ITY SC H E D U L E

 PLSS INITIAL ENVIR CONTC PREL PHOTC TV BULK SAMPLE
COR CHECKOUT EVA FAUl L SMPL CKS LMP OEPLOVMENT COLLECTION

�
MONITOR
PLSS SAFETY & OPERATE INTL EN VIR swc EVA & ENVIR
LM PILOT
CHECKOUT MONITOR EVA FAMIL OEP EVALUATION
SEQUENCE CAIAERA
j
0 10 20 .30 40 50 1•00 1•10

I
� TIME HRS+MIN I
0 .:::­
� .:::­
� I
I
REST
LM EASEP PHOTO L!.IP TERMINATE
OOCUUENTEO SAJAPLE COLL ECT I ON
COR INSPECTION DE PLOVLI�r. T PREPARE A N D
TRANSFER SRC' S
EVA

k
TERMINATE
EASEP
LM PILOT DOCUUENTED SAMPLE COLLECTION EVA
INSPECTION DEPLOYMENT RECEI VE
SRC'S

1•10 1 •20 1•30 1•40 1+50 2•00 2+10 2•20 2+30 2+40

TIME HRS+MIN

N O M I N A L EVA T I M E L I N E
 V I EW THRU OPTI CAL CENTER OF TV LENS I N D l RECTI ON OF 11Z"-PLANE

I
5>-$ I
(1) .::
I Vl
I

OPT I CAL CENTER

INTERSECTION OF " Z "

PLANE AND LUNAR SURFACE
 LUNAR SURFACE PHASE

REMOVE DEPLOY
PSEP PSEP

TRAVER S E

--� __/'
3 I
0 .t:
"'S "'
� I
I

REMOVE
DE PLOY
LRRR
LRRR
 KEY:
SWC - SOLAR WIND COMPOSITION

LR3 - LASER RANGING RETRO REFLECTOR

TV CAMERA
0,
I '

,/' ...... '

T R I POD POSITION PSE - PASS IVE SEISMIC EXPERIMENT
( 30 FT. FROM LM}
'
I

-8
I FOV
,_-
:
SWC POSITION
( FEW FEET FROM LM)
N

t
BULK SAMPLE
( NEAR MESA IN QUAD I V }

I
501 CONTINGENCY SAMPLE I
� .&=
I ( NEAR LADDER} -.:I
I

\
( HITHIN 100 FT. FROM LM} .
[ill
.
DOCUMENTED SAMPLE
LR 3 POSITION
\'\
'
( 70 FT. FROM LM}

'
......
-

O=D ( 80 FT. FROM LM}

PSE POSITION
Lunar Samp le C o l l e c t i o n

Equipment for c o l l e c t i n g and s t owing lunar surface samp l e s

i s hous ed i n t h e mo dularized equipment s t owage a s s emb ly (MESA )
on the LM descent s t age . The commander w i l l unstow the equip­
ment aft er adj u s t ing to the lunar s urface envi ronment .

I t ems s t owed i n the MESA are as follow s :

* Black and whi t e TV camera .

* Large s coop for c o l l e c t ing b u l k and documented s amp l e s

o f l o o s e lunar surface mat erial .

* Extension handle that f i t s the large s coop , core tubes

and hammer .

* Tongs for c o l l e c t ing s amp l e s o f rock and for p i cking up

dropped t o o l s .

* Gnomon for vert i c al referenc e , color and dimension s c a l e

f o r lunar s urface photography .

*
Hammer for driving c ore tube s , chipping rock and for
trenching ( w i t h extens ion handle att ached ) .

* 3 5mm s t ereo camera .

* Two sample ret urn containers ( SRC ) for returning up t o

1 3 0 pounds o f b u l k and documented lunar s amp le s . I tems s uch a s
large and sma l l s amp l e b ags , core t ub e s , gas analy s i s and lunar
environment s amp le c ontainers are s t owed in the S RC s . Both
containers are s ealed after samp l e s have b e e n c o l l e c t ed , docu­
m ented and s t owed , and the crew w i l l hoist them into the as cent
s t age by means of an equipment conveyor for t rans fer into the
command module and s u b s equent return to Earth for analy s i s i n
the Lunar Re c e iving Laboratory .

Add i t i onal ly , a cont ingen cy lunar sample re turn container

is s t owed i n the LM cabin for u s e by the commander during the
early phases o f his EVA . The d e v i c e i s a b ag at tached t o an
ext ending handle i n wh i c h the commander w i l l s c oop up about one
l i t e r of lunar mat erial . He then w i l l j et t i s on the handle and
s t ow the cont ingency s ample in h i s pre s sure s u i t p o c ket .
 -49-

LM Ascent, Lunar Orbit Rendezvous

Following the 2 2-hour lunar stay time during whi ch the
commander and lunar module pilot will deploy the Early Apollo
Scientific Experiments Package ( E ASEP ) , the Solar Wind Composition
( SWC) experiment , and gather lunar soil s amples , the LM ascent
stage wi ll lift off the lunar surface to begin the rendezvous sequence
with the orbiting CSM . Ignition of the LM ascent engine will be at
12 4 : 2 3 : 2 1 for a 7 min 1 4 sec burn with a total ve locity of 6 , 0 5 5 fps .
Powered ascent is in two phases : vertical as cent for terrain clear­
ance and the orbital insertion phase . Pit chover along the de sired
launch azimuth begins as the vertical as cent rate reached 50 fps
about 10 se conds after liftoff at about 250 feet in altitude .
Insertion into a 9 x 45-nm lunar orbi t w i l l take place about 166
nm wes t of the landing site .
Following LM insertion into lunar orbit , the LM c rew wil l
compute onboard the four maj or maneuvers for rendezvous with the
CSM which is about 255 nm ahead of the LM at this point . All
maneuvers in the sequence will be made with the LM RCS thru s ters .
The premi ssi on rendezvous s equence maneuvers , times and velocities
which likely wi ll differ s li ghtly in real time , are as fol lows :

-more-
 -50-
z
0
� ­
1-
LLI 1-
V'l ­
- �
z a)
,_ o
z
��
.
LLI -
<t:
z
•
o
LU IJ"\
� !:t
I.Li o-
3: -
-...
0
-- - - 0..
//
/
� /
z I
w
I
u
<(
(/) I
� \
I
z
-.1
\ � ..../
v
'
- --
-more-
 -51-

75

16

70 14

400 T I ME FROM
ALT I TU D E , 12
A LT I TU DE LUNAR
FT 60
RATE, FPS Ll FT-OFF,
SEC

10
50

GU I DANCE

8
S W I TCH TO
RBIT 40
I N SERT I ON
PHASE
30 6

0 �
•

.;,.
4

o
2

VERTIC A L RI SE PHA S E

- more -
 OR B I T I NSERTI ON ASCENT B U RN OUT
PHASE
!c:
COAST TO 44. 07 N. M I . A POLUN E
-- - -
END VERT I CAL
R I SE "'
�
----""'t ;9��; �5-rr

TOTAL ASCENT:
I
s B U RN T I ME = 7:14. 65 M I N : SEC I
0 Vl
'i �V REQU I RED = 6, 055. 39 FPS 1\)
('1) I
I
PRO PELLANT REQU I RED = 4, 989. 86 LB

I NSERT I ON O R B IT PARAMETE RS ONBOARD D I S PLAYS AT I NS E RT I ON

hp = 55, 905. 4 FT V = 5, 535. 9 FPS

h = 32. 2 FPS

a
h = 44. 07 N. MI . h = 60, 129. 5 FT

'f'J

y . = 17. 59 °
= . 324

O R B IT I N SERT I O N PH A SE
 -53-

Concent ri c s e quence ini t i ate ( CS I ) : A t first L M apolune after

o f Lr'l rendezvous radar tracking and csr'l s e x t an t/VHF ranging navi­

insert ion 1 2 5 : 2 1 : 2 0 GET , 49 fps pos igrade , following s ome 2 0 minut e s

g at i on . CSI will be targeted to p l ac e the LM in an orb i t 15 nm

b e l ow the CSM at the t ime of the later c on s t an t de l t a h e i ght ( CDH )
maneuver . The C S I burn may als o ini t :i.ate c orre c t i ons for any out-of­
plane d i spers ions r e s u l t ing from ins ert i on azimuth e rrors . R e s u l t ing
LM orb i t after CS I w i l l b e 4 5 . 5 x 4 4 . 2 nm and w il l have a cat chup
rate to the C S M o f . 0 7 2 degre e s p e r minute.

Another plane corre c t i on i s p o s s i b le about 29 minute s after C S I

at the nodal cros s ing �f t h e CSM and LM orb i t s to p lace b oth veh i c le s
at a c ommon node at the time o f the CDH maneuver at 1 2 6 : 1 9 : 4 0 . GET .

Terminal phas e i n i t iat e ( TP I ) : This maneuver o c curs at 1 2 6 : 5 8 : 2 6

and adds 2 4 . 6 fps along the line o f s igh t to\ltard the CSM when the
e levation angle to the CSM reaches 2 6 . 6 degre e s . The LM orb i t b e c ome s
6 1 . 2 x 4 3 . 2 nm and the cat chup rate to the C SM de cre as e s t o . 0 3 2
degre e s per s e cond , or a c losing rate o f 1 3 1 fps .

Two midcourse corre c t i on maneuvers w i l l b e made i f neede d ,

fo l lowed by four b raking maneuvers at : 1 2 7 : 39 : 4 3 GET , 1 1 . 5 fps ;
12 7 : 4 0 : 5 6 , 9 . 8 fp s ; 1 2 7 : 4 2 : 3 5 GET , 4 . 8 fps ; and at 1 2 7 : 4 3 : 5 4 GET,
4 . 7 fp s . Docking nominally w i l l take place at 1 2 8 hrs GET to end
three and one - half hours of the rende zvous s e quence .

Transearth Inj e c t i on ( TE I )

The LM as cent s t age \'lill b e j e t t i soned about four hours after

hard docking and the CSM w i l l make a 1 fps ret rograde s eparat i on
maneuve r .

The nominal tran s e arth inj e c t ion burn wi l l be at 1 3 5 : 2 4 GET

fol lowing 5 9 . 5 hours in lunar orb it . TEI w i l l take p l ace on the
lunar farside and wi l l be a 3 , 2 9 3 fp s p o s i grade SPS b urn of 2 min
29 s e c duration and wi ll produce an entry ve loc ity o f 3 6 , 19 4 fps
aft e r a 5 9 . 6 hr transearth flight time .

An opt ional TEI plan for five revolutions lat e r would allow
a crew rest period b e fore making the maneuve r . TEI i gn i t ion under
the optional plan would t ake p l ac e at 1 4 5 : 2 3 : 4 5 GET with a 3 , 6 9 8 f p s
p o s i grade S P S burn producing an entry v e l o c i t y o f 3 6 , 29 6 fps and a
transearth f l ight time o f 5 1 . 8 hrs .

-more -
 L U N AR M O D U LE
CO N CE N TR I C SEQ UE N CE I N IT I ATI O N M A N E U VER

G) CS I MA �EUVE�J(

MSFN LOS

G) T P I I
\J'l
MANEUVER .::
I

1
60
_c.-_2":1 rCDH - . � CSI
!} CDH
MANEUVER
40 •

......

20

o ���--��-��-���
' · .... · - . .!_� ����-�
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

LM-CSM RELAT I VE MOT I ON

 L U N A R M O D U LE CO N ST A N T
D I F F E R E NT I A L HEI G HT A N D TE R M I N A L P H A SE M A N E U VE R S

/ II' ,..- ..-- -_......

MCC 2
�
-- RENDEZVOUS A N D

MSFN @) B RAK I NG STAT I ONKEEP

0 T P I MANEUVER
LOs .. t I
/
MCC-I MANEUVER

(M I D PO I NT OF DARKNE S S ) I
� LM RCS I I
0 V1
:l V1
I

DOCK I NG

VERTICAL
D I SPLACH1ENT
{N MI)
30

CDH \
A
�-+��� --.--.r
--�
--
TEN M I NUTE T IME T I C KS FR0!1
--- DAYL IGHT

0 - DARKNESS
0 20 40 60 80

TRA I L I NG D I S PLACEMENT {N M I )
LM-CSM RELAT IVE MOTION
 -56-
(/)
(/)
:E
rf\ a..
N LL �
::r: N
"<:S'
U"\ �
N
:IE
� �
z
(.!)
�
-
z
z
a-: t-
0::
- >
0 uj
.
....
::l
(.!) <J al
u
LLI
-,
-
z
:I:
....
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LLI
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-more-
 -57-

Transe arth coast

Three corridor- c ontrol t ransearth midcourse corre c t i on

burns wi l l be made i f neede d : MCC-5 at TEI +15 hrs , MCC- 6 at
entry interface ( EI= 4 00 , 0 0 0 fe e t ) -15 hrs and MCC - 7 at EI - 3 hrs .

Ent ry, Landing

Apollo 1 1 w i l l en counter the Earth ' s atmosphere ( 4 00 , 0 0 0 fe e t )

at 19 5 : 05 : 0 4 GET at a velocity o f 3 6 , 19 4 fps and w il l land some
1 , 2 85 nm downrange from t h e entry - int erface point using the space­
craft ' s lifting characte ri s t i c s to re ach the landing point . Touch­
down will be at 195 : 19 : 0 5 at 10 . 6 degre e s north l at i tude by 172 . 4
we s t longitude .

-more-
 E ARTH E N T RY

e E N TRY R A N G E C A P A B I L I TY - 1 200 TO 2500 N. MI.

e NOMI NAL E NTRY RANGE - 1 2 8 5 N . M I .

e S H O RT RA N G E S E L E CT E D F O R N O M I N A L M I S S I O N B E C A U S E :

e
\.}1
JJ
0
R A N G E F R O M E N T R Y TO L A N D I N G C A N B E S A M E F O R co
I

:l P R IMARY A N D B A C K U P C O NT R O L M O D E S
'

e P R IMARY M O D E EAS I E R TO M O N I T O R W I T H S H O RT RA N G E

e W E ATH E R AV O I DA N C E , W I T H I N O N E DAY P R I O R T O E N TRY, I S

ACH I EVED USING E NTRY RANG I NG CAPA B I L ITY TO 2500 N. MI.

e U P TO O N E DAY P R I O R T O E NT R Y U S E P R O P U LS I O N SYSTEM

T O C H A N G E L A N D I N G P O I NT
 60 1�...· d,...-+:::
.. :::JJ;::w::•m £;'J.- I -r:t....J
.. �tV 0JIC.t....
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r.- , _,_.j. .. .C
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.. I

,. .
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40 �;\u I) I I I I c.J.·_,,. .. :. . .. _.1.':. ·- - ,.

:' . ·.1
Entry inlerfacc

I '\<Gco�·eu,c
� �� 7Lf-.,7,(' I
Alllludc ;:: 400, 34 1 fl

F l<�lilude = 3;5 3•5

I \.JL: fl I
'longllude = 171 . 3 7 " E

@� �MoO<w�
!.; 20

� i.l;o �•1J
loot�;m

� . �
I � ��'r""""-""';.,' I longitude = 1 7 2 .5• W
1 1 1 t 1•
I
VI

Geodetic latitude = 1 Q.6s• N

:.
• :1 \0
·

� ,_ ,
•

I
_
I
�
0
V)

20 . . .
.
.
. -. . ----··

---���--�-�---L-
4 0 �-
120 140 1 60 East 180 West 160 14 0 120 100 80

Longllude, deg

MANE UVER FOOT P R I NT A N D N O M I N A L G R O U N DT R A C K

 GE O D ET I C A LT I T U DE VE R S U S R A NGE T O GO

.4 0 0
N O T E : T I M E T I C K E D E V E R Y Y2 M I N

FROM ENTRY I NTERFACE

320
/ ENTER S-8AND B LACKOUT

1 ST P E A K g, ( 6 . 3 5 9 )

2 .4 0
2ND PEAK g ( 5 . 999)

�
I

(1 000
0'\
A LT I T U D E 0
I
� FT)
I

160

D R O G U E P A R AC H U T E D E P L O Y M E N T
80

M A I N PARACH UTE D E P L O Y M E N T

T O U C H D O W N ------....

0 �----�--��-�-�

1 .4 00 1 2 00 1 0 00 800 600 400 200 0

RANGE TO S P L A S H D O W N, ( Nautical Miles)

 20° N I �1 I I I I I I I I :o·J I I I I I I I I I :o-1 I I I I 1

I II I I1I I I I lI I I I1 I I
-

I�
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1o o N
I l;l ��· l'' I 11 1 1
I v.:l/�'N·
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f\ g
IO" �

�I I I I t I I
IO'

. . . . . . . . �� l/, -TA R G ET �
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L l l P O I NT-
�0 I
� BLACKOUT
l �
C\

k
(1) .....
I I
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I

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- �� 'IIIJ
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4

1 70 ° E 1 80 ° 170 ° w

P R I M A R Y LA N D I N G A R E A
 -6 2-

\ - - -- -
- --
LIFT
- --

N MI (K)
2

C H UTE
MAIN
C H UT E S MAIN
( R E EFED) C H UTES

SPLASH DOWN VELOC I T I ES :

3 CHUTES - 3 1 FT/SEC
2 CHUTES - 36 FT/ SEC

- - -
-- .
- - - -
-

M A I N C H UTES R E LEASED
-� - ----

AFTER T O U C H D O W N
- -

EARTH RE-ENTRY AN D LAN D I N G

-1110re-
 LAUNCH LAND I NG
DATE DATE
J U LY 1969 J U LY 1969

16 1- 24

I
a
18 26
�
0

I w
I
�

I
0'\

21 29
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
LOCAL LAND I NG T I ME, HR

LOCAL LAN D I N G TIMES

 -6 4 -

RECOVERY OPERATIONS � QUARANTINE

The prime re c overy line for Apollo 1 1 i s the mid-Pa c i fi c along

the 175th west meridian o f longitude above 1 5 de gre e s north lati tude ,
and j ogging t o 1 6 5 degre e s w e s t longitude b e l ow the equat o r . The
aircraft c arri er USS Hornet , Apollo 1 1 p rime re cove ry s h ip , w i l l be
s t at i on e d n e ar the end-of-mi s s i on aiming point prior to entry .

Splashdown for a full-duration lunar landing mis s ion laun ched

on time July 16 wi l l b e at 10 . 6 degre e s north by 172 . 5 degre e s we s t
at a ground elapsed t ime o f 1 9 5 hrs 15 min .

The lat i t ude o f s plashdown depends upon the time of the trans­
e arth inj e c t i on burn and the de c l inat i on o f the Moon at the time of
the b urn . A spa c e c raft returning from a lunar mi s s i on will ent e r the
Earth ' s atmosphere and s p lash down at a poin t on the Earth ' s farside
di rectly opposite the Moon . Thi s point , called the antip ode , is a
proj e ct ion o f a line from the center o f the Moon through the c e nt e r
o f t h e Earth t o t h e surface oppos i t e the Moon . The mid - Paci fi c
re c overy line rot at e s through the antipode on ce e ach 2 4 hours , and
the transearth inj e c t ion burn w i l l be targe t e d for sp lash down along
the primary recovery line .

Other planned re covery lines for lunar mi s s i on s are the East

P ac i f i c l ine e xtending roughly paralle l t o the c o as t l ines o f North
and South Ameri c a ; the Atlant i c O c e an line running along the 3 0 th
w e s t meridian in the northern hemi sphere and along the 2 5 th we s t
me r i dian i n the southe rn hemisphere , and the Indian O c e an along th e
6 5 th e a s t meridian .

Se condary landing areas for a p os s ib le Earth orbital alternate

m i s s i on are i n three z one s ---one in the P a c i f i c and two in the
At lant i c .

Launch abort landing areas e xt end downrange 3 , 2 0 0 nautical

miles from Kennedy Space Cent er , fanwi s e 5 0 nm above and b e low
the limi t s of the variable launch azimuth ( 7 2 - 10 6 degree s ) . Ships
on station in the laun ch abort are a w i l l be the de s t roy e r USS New ,
the ins e rt i on tracking ship USNS Vanguard and the min e sweeper- --­

counterme asures s h ip USS Ozark .

In addition t o the primary re c overy ship l o c at e d on the mid­

Pac i f i c re c overy line and surface ve s s e l s on the At l an t i c O c e an

Guam;
r e c overy line and in the launch abort are a , 1 3 H C - 1 3 0 aircraft
w i l l b e on s tandby at s e ven s t aging b as e s around the Eartn :
Hawai i ; B e rmuda ; Laj e s , Azore s ; As cens ion I s lan d ; Mauri t ius and
the Panama Canal Zone .

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 -65-

Apollo 11 recovery operations will be directed from the

Recovery Operati ons Control Room in the Mi s s i on Control Center and
will be supported by the Atlanti c Recovery Control Cent e r , Norfolk ,
Va . , and the Pacific Recovery Control Center, Kuni a , Hawai i .

After sp lashdown , the Apollo 1 1 crew w i l l don b i ological iso la­

ti on garments passed to them through the spacecraft hatch by a
re covery swimme r . The crew w i l l b e carried b y heli copter t o the
Hornet where they w i ll enter a Mobile Quarantine Facility ( MQF )
about 9 0 minutes after landi ng. The MQF , with crew aboard, w i l l be
offloaded at Ford Is lan d , Ha\'laii and loaded on a C-lln aircraft
for the flight to Ellington AFB , Texas , and thence trucked to the
Lunar Receiving Laboratory ( LRL) .

The crew wi l l arrive at the LRL on July 27 following a nominal

lunar landing mi s s ion and will go into the LRL Crew Reception area
for a total of 21 days quarantine s t arting from the t ime they lifted
off the lunar surface . The command module wi ll arrive at the LRL
two or three days later to undergo a similar quarant ine . Lunar
material samples will undergo a concurrent analysis in the LRL
Sample Operations area during the quarant ine perio d .

Lunar Re ceiving Laboratory

The Manned Spacecraft Center Lunar Receiving Laboratory has

as its main function the quarantine and t es t ing of lunar s amp l e s ,
space craft and flight crews for possible h armful organisms brought
back from the lunar s urface .

Detailed analy sis of returned lunar s amples will b e done i n two

phase s---time-cri tical inve s t igations within the quarantine period
and post-quarantine s cientific s tudies of lunar s amples repackaged and
d i s tributed to participating s cient i s t s .

There are 3 6 s c ient i s t s and sc ient i fi c groups se lected

in open world-wide competit ion on the s c ientific meri t s of
their proposed experiments . They represent some 20 institu­
tions in Austral i a , Belgium, Canad a , Finland , Federal Repub lic
of Germany , Japan , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Maj or
fields of investigation will be mineralogy and petro logy ,
chemi c a l and i s otope analys i s , physical properti e s , and bio­
chemical and organic analy s i s .

The crew reception area serves as quarters for the flight

crew and at tendant technicians for the quarantine period in
which the pi lots will be debriefed and ex�ine d . The other
crew reception area occupants are phy s i ci ans , medical tech­
nic ians , housekeepers and cooks . The CRA i s also a contingency
quarantine area for sample operations area people exposed to
spills or vacuum system breaks .

Both the crew reception area and the sample operati ons
area are contained within biological barrier systems that pro­
t e c t lunar materials from Earth contamination as well as pro­
t e c t the outside world from pos sible contaminat ion by lunar
material s .

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 -6 6 -

BIOLOGIC A L ISOLATION GARM E NT

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 -67-

Analy s i s o f lunar s amp .1. e s \'.' i l l b e done i n the s ample operations

are a , and w i l l inc lude vacuum, magne t i c s , gas analy s i s , bi ologi c al
te s t , radiation c ount ing and phys i c al-chemi cal t e s t laboratori e s .

:.unar s ar.:p le return containers , or "rock b oxe s " , \'li l l f i r s t be

broug!:t t o the vacuum laboratory and opened in the ultra- c l e an
vacuum s y s t e m . After pre liminary e xaminat ion , the s amp l e s w i l l b e
repackaged for t ran s fe r , s t i l l under vacuum , t o t h e gas analy s i s ,
b i ological preparat ion , phy s i cal-chemi c al t e s t and radiat ion count­
ing laboratori e s .

The gas analy s i s lab \'l i l l me as ure amoun t s and types of gas e s
produ c e d b y lunar samples , an d geochemi s t s i n the phy s i cal-chemi cal
t e s t lab will t e s t the s ampl e s for their re ac t i ons to atmospheric
gas e s and water vap o r . Addit ional ly , the phy s i c al -chemi cal t e s t
lab w i l l make d e t a i l e d s tudi e s of t h e mineralogi c , pe trologi c ,
ge ochemi c al and ph ys i cal properti e s o f the samp les ..

Other porti ons of lunar samp l e s w i l l travel through the LRL

vacuum s y s t em to the b i o logi cal t e s t lab where they w i l l undergo
t e s t s to det ermine if there i s l i fe in the material that may
re p l i c ate . Th ese t e s t s \'>'i l l involve introduct ion of lunar samp l e s
i n t o small germ - free animals and p lant s . The b i o logical t e s t
laboratory i s made u p of s everal s maller labs - - -bioprep , b i o­
analys i s , germ - fre e , hist ology , normal animals ( amph ib i a and
invertebrate s ) , incubat i on , anaerob i c and t i s sue culture , c rew
mi crpbio logy and p lant s .

Some 50 feet b e low the LRL ground floor , the radiation counting
lab w i l l conduct low-background radi oac t i ve as s ay of lunar sample s
using gamma ray s p e c trometry t e chniques .

( Se e C ontaminati on Control Program s e c t i on for more details

on LRL , BIGs , and the Mobile Quarantine Fac i l it y . )

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 - 68 -

SCHEDULE FOR TRANSPORT OF SAMPLES , SPACECRAFT , CREW

Sampl e s

Two helicopters will carry lunar sam pl e s from t h e

recovery s h i p t o Johnston I s land where they w i l l be pu� aboard
a C -141 and flown d i r e c t l y to Houston and the Lunar Rec e i v ing
Laboratory ( LRL ) . The sampl e s should a r r i v e at Ell ington A i r
Force Bas e at about 2 7 hours a f t er recovery and r e c e i ved i n
the LRL at about 9 o r 1 0 a . m . CDT , July 25 .

Spacecraft

The spacecraft is sch edu l ed to be bro ught aboard the

reco v e ry s h i p about two hours after recover y . About 5 5 hours
a f t e r recov e ry the s h i p i s expected t o a r r i v e in Hawa i i . The
spacecraft w i l l b e deac t i vated i n Hawa i i ( Ford Island) b e t w e en
55 and 1 27 hours a f t e r recover y . At 1 30 hours it i s scheduled
to b e loaded on a C - 1 3 3 for return to Ell ington AFB . E s t ima t e d
t i m e o f arrival a t the LRL i s o n July 29 , 140 hours a f t e r
recover y .

C rew

The fl ight crew is expected to enter the Mobi l e Quarantine

Fac i l i ty ( M QF ) on the recovery s h i p about 90 m inut e s a f t er splash­
down. The s h i p is expected to a rr i ve in Hawa i i at recovery plus
55 hours and t h e M ob i l e Quarantine Fac i l i ty w i l l be trans ferred
t o a C -141 a i rcraft at recovery plus 57 hours . The air craft
w i ll land at E l l ington AFB at recovery plus 65 hours and the
M QF w i l l arr i ve at the LRL about two hours later ( July 27 ) .

-mor e -
 -6 9 -

LUNAR RECEIVI NG LABORATORY PROCEOOBES TIMELINE ( TENTATIVE)

Sample Operations Area ( S OA O )

Arrival LRL Event Location

Arrival Sample containers arrive crew Crew reception area

reception area , outer covering
checked , tap e s and films removed

Arrival Container Hl introdu c e d into Vacuum chambe r lab

sy st em

II II "
Containers weighed

II II II
Transfer contingency s ample to
F-2 5 a chamber for examination after
containers #1 and # 2

II II II
Containers st erili z e d , dried in
atmo spheric decontamination and
passed into glove chamber F201

II II II
Res idual gas analyzed ( from con­
tainers )

II II "
" plus 5 hours Open containers

II " II
Weigh , preliminary exam of samp l e s
and first visual inspection by
pre liminary evaluation team

" plus 8 hours Remove samples to Radiation Count·­ Vacuum chamb er lab RCL­
ing, Gas Analysis Lab &Mineralogy Bas ement Min-Pet 1 s t
& Petrology Lab floor

11
plus 13 hours Pre liminary informat ion Radiation Vacuum chamber lab
counting . Transfer container # 1
out o f chamber

" II II
Initial detailed exam by Pre­
liminary Evaluat ion Team Memb ers

Sterile sample to Bio prep ( 10 0 Bio Test area - l s t

gms } ( 2 4 t o 4 8 hr preparation for floor
analy s i s )
Monopole experiment Vacuum chamber lab

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 - 70 -

Arrival LRL Event Location

11
p lu s 1 3 hours Tran s f e r samp l e s to Phys-Chem Lab Phys-Chem - l s t floor

Detailed photo graphy o f samp l e s and Vacuum chamber lab

microscopic work

11 II II II
plus 24 hours A l l s amp l e s canned and remain in
chamber

" plus 1 - 2 days Preparat ions of s amp l e s in b ioprep Bio t e s t labs - 1 s t

lab f o r d i s tribution t o b i o t e s t floor
lab s . ( Bacteri ology , Virology ,
G e rm-free mi c e ) through TEI p lu s
2 1 days

" plus 4 - 5 days Early release o f phy s - chem analy- Phy s - Chem labs - l s t
sis floor

" plus about 7 - Detailed b i o analy s i s & further Bio t e s t & min-pet
1 5 days phys- chem analy s i s l s t floor

" plus 1 5 days Conventional s amp l e s transferred lst floor

t o bio t e s t area ( 2 4 - 4 8 hours
preparation for analy s i s )

11
plus 17 days Bio t e s t b egins on addi t i onal 1st floor
bact eriolog i c al , virologi cal ,
microbiological invertebrat e s ,
( fi s h , shrimp , o y s t e r s ) , b irds ,
m i c e , lower invert ebrat e s ( house-
fly , mot h , german co ckroach , e t c ) ,
plan t s ( about 2 0 ) ( t hrough
approximat e ly arrival plus 3 0 day s )

" p lu s 30 days Bio t e s t info r e l e a s e d on pre- lst floor

liminary findings

Samp l e s go t o thin s e ction lab l s t f l oor

( fi r s t time out s ide b arri e r ) for
preparation and shipment t o
principal investigators

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 - 7 1-

APOLLO 1 1 GO/NO-GO DECISION POINTS

Like Apollo 8 and 1 0 , Apollo 11 w i l l be flown on a

s t ep-by - s tep comm i t point or go/no-go ba s i s in which the
dec i s ions w i l l be made prior to each maneuver whether to
cont inue the m i s s ion or to s w i t c h to one of the po s s ible
a l ternate m i s s ions . The go/no -go dec i s ions w i l l be made
by the flight control teams in M i s s ion Control Center j o intly
w i t h the fl ight crew .

Go/no-go dec i s i ons w i l l be made prior to the following events :

* Launch pha s e go/no-go at 1 0 min GET for orbit

insertion

* Trans lunar i n j e c t ion

* Transpo s i t ion , docking and LM extra c t i on

* Each trans lunar m i dcourse corre c t i on burn

* Lunar o rb i t insert i on burns Nos . 1 and 2

* CSM -LM undocking and separation

* L� descent o rb i t insert i on

* L� powered descent ini t i a t ion

* LM landing

* Periodic go/no -gos during lunar s tay

* Lunar surface extravehicular ac t i v i ty

* L� ascent and rendezvous ( A no-go would delay ascent

one revolut ion)

* Trans earth inj e c t i on burn ( no-go would delay TEI one

or more revolut i ons t o allow maneuver prepara t i ons to
be completed )

* Each trans earth m idcourse correc tion burn .

 -72-

APOLLO 11 ALTERNA'rE lUSSIONS

Six Apollo 1 1 alternate missions , each aimed toward
meeting the maximum number of miss ion obj e c t i v e s and gaining
maximum Apollo sys tems experienc e , have been evolved for real­
time choice b y the mission director . The alternate miss ions
are summarized as fol loHs :

A lternate 1 - S-IVB fils prior to Earth orb i t insert ion :

CSM only conti ngency orbi t insertion (COI ) with service propul­
sion system. The miss ion in Earth orbit would follow the lunar
mission timeline as c l osely as possible and would inc lude SPS
burns similar in duration to LOI and TEI , while at the same time
retaining an RCS deorbit capab i li ty . Landing would be targeted
as closely as possible to the original aiming polnt .

Alternate 2 - S-IVB fa i ls t o restart for TLI : CSM would

dock with and extract the LM as soon as possible and perform
an Earth orbit m i s s i o n , i n c luding docked DPS burns and possibly
CSM-ac tive rendezvous along the lunar miss ion t imeline , with
landlng at the original aiming point . Failure t o extract the
LM would result in an Alternate 1 type m is s ion .

A lternate 3 - No-go for nominal TLI because of orbital

conditions or i n suffi c i e n t S-IVB propel lant s : TLI retargeted ror
lunar miss ion i f possible ; i f not poss i b le , Al ternate 2 wou l d b e
followed . The S-IVB would be restarted for a h i gh-el l i ps e injec­
tion provided an apogee greater than 3 5 , 000 nm could b e achieved .
If prop e l lants available i n the S-IVB were too l o\•t t o reach the
3 5 , 000 nm apogee , the TLI burn would be targeted out of p l ane and
an Earth orbit m i s s i on along the lunar m i s s i on timeline would b e
flo'lm .

Depending upon the quantity of S-IVB propellant ava i lab le

for a TLI-type burn that would produce an apogee greater than
35 , 0 0 0 nm, Alternate 3 is broken down int o four subalternat es :

Alternate 3 A - Prope llant insufficient to reach 35 , 000 nm

A lternate 313 - Prop e l l ant sufficient to reach apogee bet\-teen

3 5 , 000 and 6 5 , 000 nm

Alternate 3C - Px-opellant suffici ent to reach apogee bet\·Jeen

6 5 , 000 and 200 , 000 nm

A l ternate 3D - Propellant sufficient t o reach apogee of

be a near-nominal TLI burn and m \ d c our3e

200 , 000 nm or grea t e r ; this alt ernate would

correction burn No . 1 would be targeted to

adj u s t to a free-return traj ec t ory .

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 -73-

Alternate � - Non-nominal or early shutdown TLI turn :

Real-time deci sion would be made on whether to attempt a
lunar mi ss ion or an Earth orbit mi ssion , depending upon
when TLI cutoff occurs . A lunar miss ion would be possible
if cutoff tooY. place during the last �0 to �5 seconds of
the TLI burn . Any alternate miss ion chosen would include
adj usting the traj ec tory t o fit one of the above l i s ted
alternates and touchdown at the nominal mid-Pac i fic target
point .

est� �Jould continue alone for a circumlunar or

Alternate 5 - Failure of LM to ej ect after transposition
and docking :
lunar orb i t mis sion , depending upon spacecraft sy stems status .

Alternate 6 - LM systems fa i lure in lunar orb i t : Mission

would b e modified i n real time t o gain the maximum of LM systems
experience within limits of crew safety and t ime . If the LM
descent propulsion system operated normally , the LM would be
retained for DPS backup transearth inj e c tion ; if the DPS were
no-go , the entire LM would be j e ttisoned prior to TEI .

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 ABORT MODES

The Apollo 11 miss ion can be aborted at any time

during the launch phase or terminated during later phases
after a succes s fu l insertion into Earth orb i t .

Atort modes can be sumr.t arized as follO\'IS :

Launch phase --

Mode I - Launch es cape system ( LES ) tower propels

command module a\.zay from launch vehicle . This mode is in
effe c t from about T- 4 5 minutes when LES i s armed until LES
to�er j e t t i s on at 3 : 07 GET and command module landing point
�an range from the Launch Comp lex 39A area to 4 00 nm downrange .

Mode II - Begins \•then LES tower i s j et t isoned and runs

unt i l the SPS can be used to insert the CSN i n t o a safe Earth
orbit ( 9 : 22 GET) or u n t i l landing points approach the African
coast . Mode II requires manual s eparation , entry orientation and
full-lift entry with landing be t,-ween 3 50 and 3 , 20 0 nm downrange .

Mode I I I - De�ins Nhen ful l- l i ft landina:: ooint reached

3 , 2 0 0 nm ( 3 , 560 sm , 5 , 9 31 km ) and e x tends through Earth orbital
insert i on . The CSM would separate from the launch vehi c l e , and
if neces sary , an SPS retrograde burn \'lould be made , and the com­
mand module would be flown half- l i ft to entry and landing at
approximately 3 , 350 nm ( 3 , 852 s m , 6 , 197 km) downrange .

Mode IV and Apogee K i c k - Begins after the point the SPS

could be used to insert the CSM i n t o an Earth parking orbit - ­
from about 9 : 2 2 GET . 'l'he S P S burn into orbit \'tould be made
two minutes after separation from the S-IVB and the mission
would cont i nue as an Earth orbit a l ternat e . Mode IV i s pre­
ferred over Mode I I I . A variation of Mode IV i s the apogee
kick in which the SPS would be igni t e d at first apogee to raise
perigee for a s afe orb i t .

Deep Spac e Aborts

Translunar Inj ection Phase - -

a remote possibly , but i f an abort be came necess ary during the

Aborts during the translunar inj e c tion phase are only

TLI maneuve r , an SPS retrograde burn could be made to produce

spacecraft entry . This mode of abort would be u s e d only in the
event or an extreme emergency that affected crew safety . The
spacecraft landing point would vary with launch azimuth and length
of the TLI burn . Another TLI abort s i tuation would be used if a
malfunction cropped up after inj e c t ion . A retrograde SPS burn
at about 90 minutes after TLI shutoff ,.,oul d a l lo\'t targeting to land
on the Atlantic Ocean recovery l in e .

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 -7 5-

Translunar Coast phase --

Aborts arising during the three-day translunar coast

phase would be similar in nature to the 90-minute TLI abort .
Aborts from deep space bring into the play the Moon ' s ant i -
pode ( line proj ected from Moon ' s center through Earth ' s Center
to the surface opposite the Moon ) and the effect of the Earth ' s
rotation upon the geographical location of the antipode . Abort
times would be selected for landing when the 165 degree west
longitude l ine crosses the antipode . The mid-Paci fic recovery
line crosses the ant ipode once each 2� hou rs � and i f a time­
critical s i t uation forces an abort earlier than the selected
fixed abort times , landings \•lould b e t argeted for the At l an t i c
Ocean , West Pacific or Indian Ocean recovery lines i n that order
of preference . When the spacecraft enters the Moon ' s sphere
of influence , a circumlunar abort becomes faster than an attempt
to return directly to Earth .

Lunar Orbit Insertion phase --

Early SPS shutdowns during the lunar orb i t innertion

burn ( LOI ) are covered by three modes in the Apollo 1 1 miss ion .
A l l three modes would re sult in the CM landing at the Earth
lat i tude of the Moon antipode at the time the abort was per­
formed .

Hode I would be a Lf.1 DPS posigrade burn into an Earth­

return traj e ctory about two hours ( at next pericynthio n )
after an LOI shutdo.,.m during the first t\oJO minutes o f the LOI
burn .

Hode I I , for SPS shutdown between two and three minutes

after ignition , would use the LM DPS engine to adj ust the orb i t
t o a safe , non-lunar impact traj e ctory fol lowed b y a second
DPS posigrade burn at next pericynthion targeted for the mid­
Pacific recovery line .

Mode I I I , from three minutes after LOI ignition until

normal cutoff, \'lould allow the spacecraft to coast through one
or two lunar orb i t s before doing a DPS posigrade burn at peri­
cynthion targeted for the mid-Pacific recovery l ine .

Lunar Orbit Phase - -

I f during lunar parking orbit i t be came neces sary to

abort , the transearth inj ection (TE I ) burn would be made early
and would target spacecraft landing to the mid-Pacific
recovery line .

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 -76-

Transearth Inj e c tion phase --

Early shutdown of the TEI burn b e tween ignit ion and

two minutes would c ause a Mode I I I abort and a SPS pos igrade
TEI burn would be made at a later pericynthion . Cutoffs
after two minutes TEI burn time would call for a Mode I
abort --res tart of SPS as soon as possible for Earth-return
traj ectory . Both modes produce mid-Pa c i fic recovery line
landings near the latitude o f the antipode at the time of
the TEI burn .

Transearth Coast phase --

Adj ustments o f the landing point are possible during

the t ransearth coast through burns with the SPS or the service
module RCS thrusters , but in general , these are covered in the
di scussion of transearth midcourse correct ions . No abort burns
w i l l b e made later than 2� hours prior to entry to avoid effe c t s
upon CM entry ve loc ity and flight path angle .

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 -7 7 -

APOLLO 1 1 ONBOARD TELEVI S I ON

Two t e l e vi s i on cameras w i l l b e c arried aboard Apollo 1 1 .

A color camera of the type u s e d on Ap ollo 1 0 w i l l b e s t owed
for use aboard the command module , and the black - and-white
Ap ollo l unar televi s i on camera w i l l b e s t owed in the LM de s ­
cent s t age for te levi s ing back t o Earth a re al - t i me rec ord
of man ' s first s tep onto the Moon .

The lunar t e l e vi s i on camera w e i ghs 7 . 2 5 pounds and draws

6 . 5 watts of 2 4 - 32 volts DC p owe r . Scan rate i s 1 0 frames -per­
s e c ond at 3 2 0 lines -pe r- frame . The camera b ody i s 1 0 . 6 inche s
long, 6 . 5 inches wide and 3 . 4 inches deep . The bayonet lens
mount permi t s lens changes by a crewman in a pres surized s ui t .
Two lense s , a w i deangle lens for c l o s e - ups and large areas ,
and a lunar day lens for viewing lunar s urface fe ature s and
activities in the near field o f view with s un l i ght i ll uminat i on ,
w i l l b e provide d for the lunar TV came ra .

The b l ack -and - wh i t e lunar t e l e v i s ion camera i s s t owed in

the MESA ( Modular Equipment S t owage A s s e mb l y ) in the LM d e s cent
s t age and w i l l be powered up b e fore Armstrong s tart s down the
LM ladde r . When he pulls the lanyard to de p loy the MES A , the

ladder ( as viewed from LM front ) and relay a TV p i c t ure of h i s

TV c amera w i l l a l s o swing down on the MESA to the l e ft of the

initial s te p s on the Moon . Armstrong later w i l l mount the TV

c amera on a tripod some d i s t an c e away from the LM after Aldrin
has de s cende d to the s urface . The c amera w i l l be l e ft untended
to cover the crew ' s activi t i e s during the remainder of the EVA .

The Apollo lunar t e levis ion camera i s b u i l t b y We s t inghouse

Electric Corp . , Aerosp ace Divi s ion , Balt imore , Md .

The c olor TV camera i s a 1 2 - pound We s t inghouse c amera

with a zoom lens for wi deangle or c lose - up use , and has a three­
inch mon i t or w h i ch can be mounted on the camera or in the
command module . The c o l or camera outputs a s t andard 5 2 5 - l ine ,
3 0 frame - p e r- se cond s i gnal in c olor b y u s e o f a rotating color
whe e l . The b lack -and-whi t e s i gnal from the s p ace craft w i l l
b e c onverted t o c olor at the M i s s i on Control Cent e r .

The fo l lowing i s a prel iminary p lan for TV p a s s e s b a s e d

upon a 9 : 3 2 a . m . EDT , J u ly 16 laun ch .

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 TENTATIVE APOLLO 1 1 TV 'l'HlES

Times of Planned
Date TV ( EDT) GET Prime Site Event

July 17 7 : 32 - 7 : 4 7 p . m . 3 4 : 0 0 -3 4 : 15 Goldstone Trans lunar Coast

July 18 7 : 32 - 7 : 4 7 p . m . 5 8 : 0 0 -5 8 : 15 Goldstone Trans lunar Coast

July 19 4 : 0 2 - 4 : 17 p . m . 78 : 30 -7 8 : 4 5 Golds tone Lunar Orbit ( general s ur-

face shots )

July 20 1 : 52 - 2 : 22 p . m. 1 0 0 : 20-100 : 5 0 Madrid CM/LM Formation Flying

I
I
8 July 2 1 1 : 5 7 - 2 : 07 a . m . 112 : 2 5 - 1 1 2 : 35 Goldstone Landing S i te Tracking -.:l
co
'1
<t> I
I July 21 2 : 1 2 - 4 : 52 a . m . 112 : 40-115 : 20 *Parkes Black and White Lunar
Surface

July 22 9 : 02 - 9 : 17 p . m . 1 5 5 : 30-1 5 5 : 45 Golds tone Trans e arth Coast

July 23 7 : 02 - 7 : 17 p . m . 177 : 30-1 7 7 : 4 5 Goldstone Transearth Coast

* Honeysuckle will tape the Parkes pass and ship tape to MS C .

 - 79 -

A POLLO 1 1 PHOTOGRAPHIC TASKS

Still and m o t i on pictures w i l l be made of most spacecraft

maneuvers as well as of the lunar surface and of crew ac t i v i t i es
in the Apollo 1 1 cabi n . During lunar surface ac t i v i t ie s after
lunar module touchdown and the two hour 40 m i nute EVA , empha s i s
w i l l b e on photograph i c documentation o f c re\'l mobi l i ty , lunar
surface features and lunar material sample collection .

Camera equipment carried on Apollo 1 1 cons i s t s o f one ?Omm

Hasselblad electric camera s tol'red aboard the command modul e ,
tNo Hasselblad ?Omm lunar surface super\'lide angle cameras s to\'red
aboard the ill and a J5mm s t ereo close-up camera in the Lt1 t1ESA .

The 2 . 3 pound Hasselblad superwide angle camera in the Lt1

i s f i tted w i th a J8mm f/4 . 5 Zeiss B i ogon lens w i th a focusing
range from 12 inches to infini ty . Shutter speeds range from
time exposure and one second to 1/500 second . The angular f i eld
o f v i ew with the J8mm l ens is 71 degrees vertical and hori zontal
on the square-format f i lm frame .

The command module Hasselblad elec t r ic camera i s normal l y

f i tted \'l i th a n 80mm f/2 . 8 Zeiss Planar lens , but bayonet -mount
60mm and 250mm lens may be subs t i tuted f or special tasks . The
80mm lens has a focusing range from th ree feet to infinity and
has a field of v i e\'1 of J8 degrees vertical a nd horizontal .

Stowed w i t h the Hasselblads are such a s sociated items as

a spotmeter , rings igh t , polarizing f i l t e r , and f i lm magazine s .
Both ver s i ons o f the Hasselblad accept the same type film
magaz ine .

Fo r mot ion pic tures , two Maurer 16mm data acqui si t i on

cameras ( one in the CS�t , one ln the Lt1 ) \'l ith variable frame
speed ( 1 , 6 , 12 and 24 frames per s econd) w i l l be used . The
cameras each \'le igh 2 . 8 pounds w i th a 130 -foot film magaz ine

5 , 1 8 and 75mm focal length availabl e , \'lh i l e the LN camera \'r i l l

a ttached . The command module 16mm camera \'li l l have lenses o f

b e f i tted \'l ith the 18m:n t'l ideangle lens . l•l o t ion pic ture camera
acc essories include a right-angle m i rror , a power cable and a
command module bore si ght \'Iindow bracke t .

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 -80 -

commander Nill be fi lmed by the Lf.l pilot \•ti th the LM 16mm

During the lunar surface extravehicular act ivity , the

camera at normal or ne ar-normal frame rates ( 2 4 and 12 fps ) ,

but \'lhen he leaves the Lf.1 to j oin the c ommander , he w i l l S\'li tch

inside the Lro1 looking through the right-han d Hindo\ot .

to a one frame -per-second rat e . The camera \'ti l l be mounted
The 18rrun
lens has a horizontal fie ld o f vie\>t o f 3 2 degrees and a vertical
field of vie\>t of 23 degrees . A t one fps , a 130 -foot 16mm maga­
zine w i l l run out in 87 minutes in real time ; proj e c ted at the
s t andard 24 fps , the film wou l d compres s the 87 minutes to 3 . 6
minute s .

Armstrong and Aldrin will use the Hasselb lad lunar surface
camera e xtensively during their surface EVA to document each o f
their major tasks . Addi t i onal ly , they \•ti l l make a 360 -degree
overlapping panorama sequence of s t i l l photos of the lunar hori­
zon , photograph surface features in the immediate are a , make
close-ups of geological samples and the area from wh ich they
\o�ere collected and record on film the appearan ce and condition
of the lunar module after landing .

StO\oJCd in the 1-lESA i s a 35mm stereo c lose -up camera .,.thich

shoots 2 4mm square color s tereo pairs \'tith an image s cale o f one­
half actual s i z e . The camera is fixed focus and is equipped
'ltith a s tand-off hood to p os i ti on the camera at the proper focus
distance . A long handle permi t s an EVA crewman to pos ition the
camera without s tooping for surface ob j e ct photography . De tai l
as small as 40 microns can be rec orded .

A battery-powered e lectroni c flash provides i l lumination .

Film capacity i s a minimum o f 100 stereo pairs .

The stereo c l ose-up camera will permit the Apo l l o 1 1 landing

crew to phot ograph sign i fi c an t s urface s tructure phenomena \'lhi c h
\oJOUld remain intact only in the lunar environment , such a s fine
powdery depos i ts , cracks or holes and adhesion of parti cles .

Near the end of EVA , the film casette w i l l be removed and

s tO\'led in the commander ' s contingency s ample container pocket
and the camera body will be left on the lunar surface .

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 - 8 1-

LUNAR DESCRIPTION

Terrain - Mountainoua and crater-pitted , the former

rising thousands of feet and the latter ranging from a few
inches to 180 miles in diameter. The craters are thought
to be formed by the impact of meteorite s . The surface i s
covered with a layer o f fine-grained material resembling
silt or sand, as well as small rocks and boulders.

Environment - No air, no wind, and no moisture . The

temperature ranges from 243 degrees in the two-week lunar.
day to 279 degrees below zero in the two-week lunar night .
Gravity i s one-sixth that of Earth. Micrometeoroid s pelt the
Moon ( there is no atmosphere to burn thea up) . Radiation
might present a problem during peri ods of unusual solar activity.

Dark Side - The dark or hidden side of the Moon no longer

i s a complete mystery. It was fi�st photographed by a Russian
craft and since then has been photographed many time s , particu­
larly by NASA ' s Lunar Orbiter spacecraft and Apollo 8 .

Origin - There i s still no agreement among scientis t s

on the or�gin of the Moon. The three theori e s : ( 1 ) the Moon
once was part of Earth and split off into i t s own orbit , ( 2 )
i t evolved as a separate body at the same t�e as Earth, and
( 3 ) it formed el aewhere in space and wandered until it was
captured by Earth ' s gravitational fiel d .

Physical Facts

Diameter 2, 160 miles ( about � that of Earth)

Circumference 6 , 790 ailes ( about � that or Earth)

Di stance from Earth 238,857 miles (mean; 221 , 463 minimum

to 252,710 maximum)

Surface temperature +243°F ( Sun at zenith) -279°p ( ni ght)

Surface gravity 1/6 that of Earth

Mass 1/lOOth that of Earth

Volume l/50th that of Earth

Lunar day and night 14 Earth days each

Mean velocity in orbit 2, 287 miles per hour

Escape velocity 1 . 48 miles per second

Month ( period of rotation

around Earth) 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes

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 -82-

Apollo Lunar Landing Sites

Possible landing site s �or the Apollo lunar module have

been under study by NASA ' s Apollo Site Selection Board for more
than two years . Thi rty sites originally were considered . These

( Site 1 currently not considered for first landing . )

have been narrowed down to three for the first lunar landing .

Selection of the final sites was based on high resolution

photographs by Lunar Orbiter spacecraft , plus clo3e-up photos
and surface data provided by the Surveyor spacecraft whi ch soft ­
landed on the Moon.

The original sites are located oa the visible side of the

Moon within 45 degrees east and west of the Moon ' s center and
5 degrees north and south of i t s equator.

The final site choi ces were based on these fac tors :

*Smoothnes s { relatively few craters and boulders)

*Approach ( no large hi l l s , high cliffs, or deep craters

that could cause incorrect alti tude signals to the lunar
module landing radar)

*Propellant requirements ( aelected sites require the least

expenditure of spacecraft propellants )

recycling i f the Apollo Saturn V countdown i s delayed )

*Recycle ( selected sites allow effective launch preparation

*Pree return ( sites are within reach o f the spacecraft

launched on a free return translunar trajectory)

* Slope ( there i s little s lope -- less than 2 degrees in

the approach path and landing area)
 -83-
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The Apo l lo 11 Landing Sites Are :

Site 2 latitude 0° � 2 ' 5 0 " North

longitude 23° q 2 • 28" East

Site 2 is located on the east

central part of the Moon in south­
western Mar Tranqui l l i tat i s . The
site is approximately 62 miles
( 1 00 kilometers ) east o f the rim
of Crate� Sabine and approximately
118 miles ( 190 ki lometers ) south­
west o f the Crater Maske lyne .

Site 3 latitude 0° 2 1. ' 1 0 " North

longitude 1° 1 7 ' 57 " \�est

Site 3 is located near the center

of the visible face of the Moon
in the southwestern part of Sinus
Medi i . The site is approximate ly
25 miles ( 4 0 k i lometers ) west o f
t h e center o f t h e face· and 2 1 miles
( 5 0 k i lometers ) southwe s t of the
Crater Bruce .

Site 5 lati tude 1 ° � 0 ' 4 1 " North

longitude � 1 ° 5 3 ' 57 " \olest

Site 5 is located on the wes t

central oart o f the visible face
in south e astern Oceanus Procel­
larum . The site is approximately
130 miles ( 2 10 ki lometers ) south­
we s t of the rim of Crater Kepler
and 118 miles ( 1 9 0 ki lometers )
north northeast o f the rim o f
Crater Flamsteed .

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 -86-

COMMAND AND SERVICE lt.ODULE STRUCTURE . SYSTEHS

o r Command J.todule 107, Serv1ce Module 107 , Lunar Nodule 5 , a

The Apollo spacecraft for the Apollo 11 mission is comprised

spacecraft-lunar module adapter (SLA ) and a launch es cape system.

The SLA serves as a mating s truct ure between the instrument unit
atop the S-IVB s tage of the Saturn V launch vehicle and as a
housing for the lunar module .

Laun ch Escape System ( LE S ) -- Propels command module to

safety in an aborted launch . It is made up of an open- frame to'ller
structure , mount e d to the command module by four frangible bolts , and
three solid-propellant rocket motors : a 1 � 7 , 000 pound-thrust launch
excape system motor, a 2 , 400-pound-thrust pitch control motor, and
a 3 1 , 500-pound-thrust tower j et tison motor. Two canard vanes near
the top deploy to turn the command module aerodynami cally to an
atti tude \>lith the heat-fhield forward . Attached t o the base of
the launch escape tower is a boost protective cover composed of
resin impregnated fiberglass covered Nith cork , that protects the
c ommand module from aerodynamic heating during boost and rocket
exhaust gases from the main and the j et tison motors . The system
i s 33 feet t all , four reet in diameter at the base , and weighs
8 , 9 1 0 pounds .

Command Module (CI�) Structure -- The basic structure or the

cornrnand · module is a pressure vessel encased in heat shields , cone­
shaped 11 fe e t 5 inches high , base diameter of 12 feet 10 inches , and
launch weigh t 12 , 2 5 0 pounds .

The command module consists o f the forward compartment whi ch

contains two reaction control engines and components o r the Earth
landing system; the cre\>1 compartment or inner pressure ve ssel
containing crew accomodations , controls and display s , and many
o r the space craft systems ; and the aft compartment housing ten
reaction control engines , prope llant t ankage , helium tanks , water
tanks , and the CSl·t umb i lical cable . The crew compartment contains
2 1 0 cubic fee t of habitable volume .

Heat-shields around the three compartments are made of

brazed stainless steel honeyc omb \'lith an outer layer of phenolic
epoxy resin as an ab lative material . Shield thickne ss , varying
according to heat loads , ranges from 0 . 7 inch at the apex to 2 . 7
inches at the aft end .

The spacecraft inner structure i s of sheet-aluminum honey­

comb bonded sandwhich ranging in thickness from 0 . 2 5 inch thick
at forward access tunnel to 1 . 5 inches thick at b as e .

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CSM 10 7 and LM-5 are equipped with the probe- and-drogue

docking hardware . The probe assembly i s a powered folding
coupling and impact attentuating device mounted on the CM tunnel
that mates with a conical drogue mounted in the LM docking tunnel .
After the 12 automati c docking latches are checked following a
docking maneuver , both the probe and drogue assemblies are removed
from the vehicle tunne ls and stowed t o allow free crew transfer
between the CSM and LM .

Service Module ( SM ) Structure - - The servi ce module i s a

cylinder 12 feet 10 inches in diameter by 2 � feet 7 inches high .
For the Apollo 1 1 mis s ion , i t will weigh , 5 1 , 2q 3 pounds at launch
Aluminum honeycomb panels one inch thick form the outer skin , and
milled aluminum radial beams separate the interior into s i x sect ions
arouna a central cylinder containing two helium spheres , four sections
containtng service propulsion system fue l-oxidizer tankage , another
containing fU el cells , cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen, and one
se ctor e o c entially empty .

Space craft-LM Adapte r { SLA) Structure -- The spacecraft LM

adapter i s a truncated cone 2 8 feet long tapering from 2 6 0 inches
diameter at the base to 154 inches at the forward end at the
service module mating line . Aluminum honeycomb 1 . 75 inches thick
is the stressed-sK�n structure for the s p ace craft adapter . The
SLA weighs 4 , 00� pounds .

CSM Svstems

Guidance. Navigation and Control System (GNCS) -- Measures

and controls spacecraft posi tion , at titude , and velocity , calculates
traj ectory , controls spacecraft propulsion system thrust ve ctor ,
and displays abort data. The guidance system consists of three
subsys tems : inert ial , made up of an inertial measurement unit and
associated power and data components ; computer which processes
information to Gr from other component s ; and opti cs , inc luding
scanning t e iecope and sextant for celestial and/or landmark
spacecraft navigati on . CSM 1 0 7 and subsequent modules are equipped
with a VHF ranging device as a backup to the LM rendezvous radar.

Stabilization and Control Systems ( SCS ) -- Controls space­

craft rotation , trans lation , and thrust vector and provides displays
for crew-initiated maneuvers ; backs up the guidance system. It
has three subsystems ; attitude reference , atti tude contro l , and
thrust vector control .

Service Propulsion Sys tem (SPS) -- Provides thrust for large

space craft velocity changes through a gimbal-mounted 2 0 , 5qO-pound­
thrust hypergolic engine using a nitrogen te troxide oxidizer and a
50-50 mixture of unsymme trical dimethyl hydrazine and hydrazine fue l .
This system i s in the service module . Th e s ystem responds t o auto­
matic firing commands from the guidance and navigation system or to
manual commands from the crew . The engine provides a constant
thrust leve l . The s tabilization and control system gimbals the
engine t o direct the thrust vector through the spacecraft center of
gravity .

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 -9 0 -

Tele c ommun i c at i on s Sys tem -- Provi des voi c e , televis ion , tele­
m e t ry , an d c ommand data and tracking and ranging b e tween the s pace­
craft and Earth , b e twe en the command module and the lunar module
and b e tween the s pace craft and the ext ravehi cular as t ronaut . It
als o provi de s int ercommuni c at i ons b e tween a s t ronaut s . The t e l e ­
c ommun i c ations s y s t e m con s i s t s of p u l s e c o d e modul ated te leme t ry
for re laying t o Manned Space Flight Network s t at i ons data on s p a c e ­
craft s y s tems and crew condi t i on , VHF/AM voi ce , and uni fied S - Band
tracking transponde r , ai r - to-ground voi c e c ommuni cation s , onboard
televi s i on , and a VHF recovery b e ac on . Network s t at i on s can transmit
t o the s p a ce craft s u ch i t e ms as updat e s to the Apo l lo guidance
c omputer and central t iming equipment , and real-t ime commands for
ce rtain onboard fun c t i on s .

The hi gh-gain s te erab le S-Band an tenna c on s i s t s o f four ,

3 1 - inch-diame t er parab oli c dishes mount e d on a folding b o om at
the aft end of the s e rvice module . Ne s te d alongs i de the s e rvi c e
propul s i on s y s tem engine noz zle unt i l deployment , t h e antenna
swings out at right angles to the sp ace craft longitudinal axi s ,
with the b oom pointing 52 degre e s b e low the heads -up hori z on t al .
Signals from the ground s t ations can b e t racked e ither automat i c al ly
or manually with t h e antenna ' s gimb alling s y s t e m . Normal S-Band
voi c e and up link/downl ink c ommun i c at i ons wi l l be handled by the
omni and h i gh-gain antennas .

Sequent i al Sys tem - - Inte rface s w i th other s p ace c raft s y s t ems

and sub s y s t ems to initiate time c ri t i c al fun c t i on s during launch ,
docking maneuvers , sub-orb i t al abort s , and entry portions of a
m i s s i on . The s y s te m a l s o c on t ro ls routine space craft sequencing
such as s e rvi c e module s e p aration and dep l oyment o f the Earth land­
ing s y s t e m .

Emergen cy D e t e c tion Sys t e m ( EDS ) -- De t e c t s and display s t o

the crew launch vehi c le emergency c on di t i on s , such as e x c e s s ive
pit ch or ro l l rat e s or two engin e s out , and automat i c ally or
manually shuts down the b o o s t e r and activat e s the launch e s cape
s y s t e m ; fun c t i on s unt i l the s pace craft i s in orb i t .

Earth Landing S y s t e m ( EL S ) -- Inc ludes the drogue and main

parachute s y s te m as we ll as pos t -landing re covery aids . In a
normal entry de s c ent , the command module forward heat s h i e l d
i s j e t t i soned a t 2 4 , 0 0 0 feet , p ermit ti n g mortar deployment o f
two re efed 1 6 . 5 - foot diame t e r drogue parachute s for orient ing
and de c e le rating the space craft . After di s re e f and drogue releas e ,
three mortar dep l oy e d p i lot chute s p u l l out the three main 8 3 . 3-
foot di ame ter p arachut e s with two-s t age re e fing t o provide gradual
inflation in three s t e p s . �1o main parachute s out of three can
provide a s afe landing .

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 S-band inflight antenna

VHF inflight antenna C2)

Crewmen optical a l ignment sight

VHF EVA antenna

LM mounted CSM-active docking alignment target

Two V H F blade recovery antennas ·under forward heat shield

lM COAS line of sight post pitchover position \ Tracking light

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Two scimitar VHF omni antennas on SM

(1 80 deg . apart)

S P A C E C R A FT A X I S A N D A N T E N N A L O C A T I O N S
 V H F inflight antenna
j Steerable S-band 2-GHz
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antennas under
Rendezvous radar
forward heat shield
(Not Shown)

S P A C E C R A F T A X I S A N D A N TE N N A L O C AT I O N S
 -93-

Reaction Control System ( RCS) -- The command module and the

service module each has i ts own independent system. The SM RCS
has four identical RCS "quads 11 mountea. around the SM 90 degree s
apart . Each quad has four 100 pound-t�rus t engine s , t�·1o fuel and
two oxidizer tanks and a h e lium pressurizat i on sphere . Th e SM
RCS provides �edundant s pace craft attitude control through c�oss­
coupling logic inputs from the s t ab i l iz ation and guidance sys tems .
Small velocity change maneuvers can als o b e made with the SM RCS .

The CM RCS cons i s t s of two independent s ix -engine sub sys tems

of s i x 9 3 pound-thrust engines each . Both subsys tems are activated
just prior to C M s eparation from the SM : one i s used for spacecraft
atti tude control during e ntry . The other serves in s t andby as a
backup. Prop e l lants for b o t h CM and SM RCS are monomethyl hydrazine
fuel and nitrogen t e troxide oxidizer with helium pre s s urization .
The s e prop e l lants are hypergoli c , i . e . , they b urn spontaneously
when combined without an igniter .

Electrical Power System (EPS) - - Provides e le c trical energy

source s , power generation and control , power c onvers ion and condi t i on­
ing, and power distribution t o the s pacecraft throughout the m i s s ion .
The EPS al s o furnishes drinking water to the astronauts as a by­
product of the fue l c e l l s . The primary source of ele c trical power
is the fuel cells mounted in t h e S M . Each ce l l consi s t s of a hydrogen
compartmen t , an oxygen compartment , and two e l e ctrodes . The cryogenic
gas s torage sys tem , also located in the SM, supplie s the hydrogen
and oxygen used in the fuel c e ll p ower plan t s , as w el l as the oxygen
us e d in the ECS .

Three s ilver-zinc oxide s t orage b a t teries s upply power to the

CM during entry and after landin g , provide pO\'ler for sequence con­
trollers , and supplement the fuel ce l ls during periods o f peak
power deman d . The s e b at terie s are located i n the CM lower equip­
ment b ay . A battery charger is located in the same bay to assure
a fu l l charge prior to entr y .

Two other s i lver- zinc oxide bat teri e s , independent of and

compl e t e ly i s olated from t h e r e s t of the de po\<�er sys tem , are used
to supply power for e xplos ive devi ce s for CM/SM s eparation,
parachute deployment and separation , third- s t age separation, launch
e xcape sys t e m tower s e p arat ion , and other pyrotechnic us es .

Environmental Contr o l Sys tem ( E CS) -- Controls space craft

atmosphere , pre s s ure , and t e mperature and manage s water . In
addition to regulating cabin and s ui t gas pre s s ure , temperature
and humipi t y , the system removes carbon dioxide , odors and
part i c le s , and vent i late s t h e cabin a fter landing . It c ol le c t s and
s t ores fue l c e l l potable water for crew us e , s upplies water to the
glycol evaporators for cooling, and dumps surplus water overboard
through the urine dump valve . Prope� operatin� temperature of
e l e ctronics and e l e c trical equipment is maintained by this system
through the use of the cabin heat e x c hangers, the space radiators,
and the glycol evaporat ors .

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 -9 4 -

Recovery aids include the uprighting s y s t em , swimmer inter­

phone c onne c t i ons , sea dye marke r , flashing beacon , VHF re c overy
b e a con , and VHF tran s ceive r . The uprighting s y s t e m cons i s t s o f
three compre s s or-inflated b ags t o upri ght the space craft i f i t
should land i n the water apex down ( s tab le I I p o s i t i on ) .

Caution and Warning System -- Monitors s p ace craft sys tems for
o ut - of-tolerance condit i on s and alerts c rew b y vi sual and audible
alarms so that c rewmen may trouble-sh oot the prob lem.

C ont rols and Di spl ays -- Provide readouts and c o nt ro l fun c t ions
of all other space craft s y s t ems in the command and service module s .
All controls are des i gned t o be operat e d by crewmen in pre s suri zed
suits . Dis plays are grouped by s y s tem and l o c at e d a c c ording to the
frequency the cre\'1 re fe rs to them .

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 LUNAR MOD ULE COMMA N D MOD ULE

DROGUE ASSEMBLY PROBE ASSEMBLY DOCKING RI NG

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 -96-

LUNAR MODULE STRUC'IDRES . WEIGHT

space operations near and on the Moon . The LM is incapab le

The lunar module i s a two -stage vehicle designed for

feet 1 1 inches high and is 31 feet wide ( diagonally across

of reentering the atmosphere . The lunar module s tands 22
landing gear) .

cent and descent stages of the LM operate as a unit unti l

Joined by four explosive bolts and umb i l ica l s , the as­
staging , when the ascent stage functions as a single space ­
craft for rendezvous and docking with the CSM.
Ascent Stage
Three main sections make up the ascent stage : the crew
compartment, midsection, and aft equipment bay . Only the
337 .4 gm/sq em) as part of the LM cabin; a l l other sections
crew compartment and midsection are pressurized { 4 . 8 psig;
of the LM are unpressurized . The cabin volume is 235 cubic
feet { 6 . 7 cubic meters ) . The ascent stage measures 12 feet
4 inches high by 14 feet 1 inch in diameter.
Struc turally, the ascent stage has s ix substructural
areas : crew compartment, midsection, aft equipment bay , thrust
chamber assembly c luster supports, antenna supports and thermal
and m1crometeoro1d shield .
The cylindrical crew compartment is a semimonocoque
structure of machined longerons and fusion-welded a luminum sheet
and is 92 inches ( 2 . 35 m ) in diameter and 42 inches ( 1 . 07 m )
deep. Two flight stations are equipped with control and dis­
play panels, armrests , body restraints , landing aids , two front
telescope 1n the center between the two flight stations . The
windows , an overhead docking window, and an a lignment optical
habitable volume is 160 cubic fee t .
Two triangular front windows and the 32 -inch (0 . 81 m )
square inward-opening forward hatch are in the crew compartment
front race .
External structural beams support the crew compartment
and serve to support the lower interstage mounts at their
lower ends . Ring-stiffened semimonocoque construction is em­
ployed in the midsection, with chem-milled aluminum skin over
fusion-welded longerons and stiffeners . Fore-and-aft beams
across the top of the midsection join with those runn ing across
the top of the cabin to take all ascent stage stress loads and,
in effect, isolate the cabin from stresses .

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 -97-

AFT
EQUIPM E NT
BAY
$-BAND I N-FLIGHT
ANTE NNA (2) RCS THRUST
CHAMBER
ASSEMBLY
C LUSTER (4)

WI NDOWS

TRACKING LIGHT

LUNAR SURFACE SE'NSING

_..,..
PROBE (3)

APOLLO L U NAR M O D U LE

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 S-BAND STEERABLE ANTENNA TRANSFER TUNNEL AND OVERHEAD HATCH

I DOCKING TARGET RECESS

EVA ANTENNA

RENDEZVOUS
RADAR ANTENNA
�
� �
�
/

____,..___
/ GASEOUS OXYGEN TANK (2)
y......__. / / AFT EQUIPMENT BAY
REPLACEABLE E LECTRONIC ASSEMBLY
FUEL TANK (REACTION C ONTROL)

g
ASCENT E NGINE COVER
I
\0
S-BAND INFLIGHT ANTENNA (2)
Cf;)
I
��
�I
\uV#$
"'-\
;;;;; ...
-HELIUM TANK
TRACKING LIGHT -- • (REACTION CONTROL)

REACTION CONTROL
ASSEMBLY (4 PLACES) OXI D I ZER TANK
(REACTION CONTROL)

INGRESS/EGRESS HATCH

APOLLO L U NAR MO D U LE - ASCENT STAGE

 ENVIRONMENTAL CON TROL SUBSYSTEM

A L I G NMEN T
OPTICAL
TELESCOPE
�
0
'1

�
(l)
I I
\0
PLSS \0
I
RECHARGE HOSE

ECS CREW UMB I L ICA LS

L M C A BI N I N TERIOR, LEFT H A LF
 PLSS RECHARGE AND
STOWAGE POSITION

PLSS 02 RECHA R G E HOSE

I
� .....
0
� 0
(1) I
I

URINE MGT SYSTEM

L M CA B I N I N T E R I O R , R I G H T H A.L F
 -101-

The ascent stage engine compartment i s formed b y two

beams running across the lower midsection deck and mated
to the fore and aft bulkheads . Systems located in the
midsection inc lude the LM guidance computer, the power and
servo assembly, ascent engine propellant tanks , RCS pro­
pellant tanks , the environmental control system, and the
waste management section .
A tunnel ring atop the ascent stage meshes with the
command module docking latch assemblies . During docking ,
the CM docking ring and latches are aligned by the LM
drogue and the CSM probe .
The docking tunnel extends downward into the midsection
16 inches ( 40 em) . The tunnel is 32 inches (0 .81 em} in dia­
meter and is used for crew transfer between the CSM and LM .
The upper hatch on the inboard end of the docking tunnel
hinges downward and cannot be opened with the LM pressurized
and undecked.

A thermal and micrometeoroid shield of multiple layers

of mylar and a single thicknes s of thin aluminum skin encases
the entire ascent stage structure .
Descent Stage
The descent s tage cons ists of a cruciform load-carrying
struc ture of two pairs of parallel beams , upper and lower decks ,
and enclosure bulkheads -- all of conventional skin-and-stringer
aluminum alloy construction. The center compartment houses
the descent engine , and descent propellant tanks are housed
in the four square bays around the engine . The descent s tage
measures 10 feet 7 inches high by 14 feet l inch in diameter .
Four-legged truss outriggers mounted on the ends of each
pair of beams serve as SLA attach points and as " lmees" for the
landing gear main s truts .
Triangular bays between the main beams are enclosed into
quadrants housing such components as the ECS water tank, he lium
tanks , descent engine control assembly of the guidance , navi­
gation and control subsystem, ECS gaseous oxygen tank, and
batteries for the e lectrical power system. Like the ascent
stage , the descent s tage is encased in the mylar and aluminum
al loy thermal and micrometeoroid shield.
The LM external platform, or " porch" , is mounted on the
forward outrigger just below the forward hatch. A ladder ex­
tends down the forward landing gear s trut from the porch for
crew lunar surface operations .

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 THERMA L S H I E LD
OXI D I ZER TANK

O X I D I ZER TANK

SC I E N T I F I C
EQ U I PM E N T BAY

LM-ADAPTER
ATTAC HMENT
POI N T {4)
�
0
� I
� �
I 0
rv
I
BACKPACK
BATTERIES
S-BAND
ANTENNA
STORAGE

lADDER

LAND I NG
PAD (4)
/
LUNAR SURFACE SENSI NG PROBE {3)
 - 103-

LM ,
In a retracted po s i t ion until after the crew mans the
the landing gear struts are explosively extended and
provide lunar surface landing impac t at tenuation . The main
struts are fil led with crushable aluminum honeycomb for
absorb ing compre ss ion load s . Footpads 37 inches ( 0 . 95 m) in
d iame ter at the end of each landing gear provide vehicle
" floatation" on the lunar surface .

Each pad ( except forward pad ) i s fitted with a lunar­

surface sensing probe which signals the c rew t o shut down
the descent engine upon c ontact with the lunar surface .

LM-5 flown on the Apollo 11 mi s s i on wi l l have a launch

weight of 33 , 20 5 pounds . The weight breakdown is as fol lows :

Ascent stag e , dry 4 , 804 lbs . Inc ludes water

and oxygen; no
Descent stage , dry 4 , 483 lbs . c rew

RCS prop e l lants ( loaded) 604 lbs .

DPS prope llants ( loaded ) 18 , 100 lbs .

APS propel lants ( loaded ) 5 , 214 lbs .

33, 205 lb s .

Lunar Modu le Systems

Elec trical Power Sys tem -- The LM DC e l e c trical system

�s t s of six s i lver z inc primary batteries - - four in the
descent stage and two in the ascent s tage , each with its own
e lec trical control assembly ( ECA ) . Power feeders from a l l

the LM DC buse s , from which 28-volt DC power id dis tributed

primary batteries pass through c ircuit breakers to energize

through c ircuit breakers to a l l LM systems . AC power

( 1 17v 400Hz ) is supp lied by two inverter s , either o f which can
supply spacecraft AC load needs to the AC buse s .

Environmental Control System -- Con s i s t s o f the atmo sphere

revitalization sec tion , oxygen supply and cabin pressure control
sec tion , water management, heat transport sec tion, and outlets
for oxy� en and water servic ing o f the Portable Life Support
System l PLSS ) .

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 - 1 04 -

Components of the atmosphere revitalization section are

the suit c ircuit assembly which cools and ventilates the
pressure garments, reduces carbon dioxide leve ls, removes
odors , noxious gases and excessive moisture ; the cabin re ­
circulation assembly which ventilates and controls cabin
atmosphere temperatures ; and the s team flex duct which vents
to space steam from the suit c ircuit water evaporator .
The oxygen supply and cabin pressure section supplies
gaseous oxygen to the atmosphere revitalization section for
maintaining suit and cabin pressure . The descent stage
oxygen supply provides descent flight phase and lunar stay
oxygen needs, and the ascent s tage oxygen supply provides
oxygen needs for the ascent and rendezvous flight phase .
Water for drinking , coo ling , fire fighting , food pre­
paration, and refilling the PLSS cooling water servicing
tank is supplied by the water management section . The water
one of 367-pound capac ity 1n the descent stage and two of
is contained in three nitrogen-pressurized bladder-type tanka ,
47 . 5-pound capacity in the ascent stage .
The heat transport section has primary and secondary
water-glycol solution coolant loops . The primary coo lant
loop circulates water-glycol for temperature control of cabin
and suit c ircuit oxygen and for thermal control of batteries
and electronic components mounted on cold plates and rai ls .
If the primary loop becomes inoperative , the secondary loop
circulates coolant through the rails and cold plates only .
Suit circuit cooling during secondary coolant loop operation
both loops ia vented overboard by water evaporation or aub ­
is provided by the suit loop water boiler. Waste heat from
limators .
Communication System - - Two S -band transmitter-receivers ,
and associated spacecraft antenna make up the LM communications
two VHF transmitter-receivers , a signal processing as sembly,
system. The system transmits and receives voice , tracking
measurements and TV signals to the ground . Voice communica­
and ranging data, and transmits telemetry data on about 270

between the LM and CSM voice is on VHF .

tions between the LM and ground stations is by S-band, and

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 - 1 05-

Although no real-time commands can be sent to LM-5 and

subsequent spacecraft, the digital uplink i s retained to pro­
Center to the LM guidance computer, such as state vector updates .
cess guidance officer commands transmitted from Mission Control

The data storage electronics assembly ( DSEA ) is a four­

channel voice recorder with timing signals with a 10-hour
recording capacity which wi ll be brough back into the CSM
for return to Earth . DSEA recordings cannot be 11dumped " to
ground stations .
LM antennas are one 26-inch diameter parabolic S-band
steerable antenna, two S-band inflight antennas, two VHF
inflight antennas , and an erectable S-band antenna ( optlonal )
for lunar surface .
Guidance . Navigation and Control System -- Comprised of
six sections : primary guidance and navigation section ( PGNS ) ,
abort guidance section ( AGS ) , radar section, control electronic s
section ( CES ) , and orbital rate drive electronics for Apollo
and I.M ( ORDEAL )
•

* The PGNS is an aided inertial guidance system updated

by the alignment optical telescope , an inertial measurement
unit, and the rendezvous and landing radars . The system pro­
vides inertial reference data for computations , produces
inertial alignment reference by feeding opti cal sighting data
into the LM guidance computer, displays position and velocity
data , computes LM-CSM rendezvous data from radar inputs , con­
trols attitude and thrust to maintain desired LM trajectory�
and controls descent engine throttling and gimbaling .
The LM-5 guidance computer has the Luminary IA software
program for processing landing radar altitude and velocity
not have the landing phase ln its gUldance computer Luminary I
information for lunar landing . LM-4, flown on Apollo 10, did
program.

* The AGS is an independent backup sys tem for the PGNS ,

having its own inertial sensors and computer .
* The radar section i s made up of the rendezvous radar
ang les for maneuver computation to the LM guidance computer;
which provides CSM range and range rate, and line-o f-sight
the landing radar which provide altitude and velocity data to the
LM guidance computer during lunar landing. The rendezvous radar
has an operating range from 80 feet to 400 nautical miles .
The range transfer tone assembly, utilizing VHF e lec tronics ,
is a passive responder to the CSM VHF ranging device and is a
backup to the rendezvous radar.

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 -106-

* The CES controls LM attitude and trans lation about all

axes . It also controls by PGNS command the automatic operation
o f the ascent and descent engine s � and the reaction control
thrusters . Manua l attitude controller and thrust -trans lation
contro l ler commands are also hand led by the CES.

* ORDEAL, disp lays on the flight direc tor attitude in­

dicator, is the computed local vertical in the pitch axis
during c ircular Earth or lunar orbi ts .

Reaction Control Sys tem - - The LM has four RCS engine

c lusters of four 100 -pound \ 4 5 . 4 kg } thrust engines each which
use hel ium-pre ssurized hypergo lic propel lant� . The ox idizer
is ni trogen te troxide , fue l is Aeroz ine 50 ( 50/50 blend of
hydraz ine and unsymme trical dimethyl hydrazine ) . Propellant
plumbing , valves and pre ssuriz ing components are in two
paralle l , independent systems , each feeding half the engines
in each c luste r . Either system is capable o f maintaining
attitude alone , but i f one supply system fai l s , a propellant
c ro s sfeed a llows one system to supply a l l 16 engines .
Additionally, interconnec t valves permit the RCS system to
draw from ascent engine prope l lant tanke .

The engine c lusters are mounted on outriggers 90 degre e s

apart o n the ascent s tage .

and descent burns , controls LM attitude during maneuver s � and

The RCS provides small s tabi liz ing impulses during ascent

produces thrust for separation, and ascent/de�cent engine tank

u l lage . The system may be operated in either the pulse or
steady-state modee .
Descent Propulsion System - - Maximum rated thrust of the
descent engine i s 9,870 pounds ( 4 , 380 . 9 kg ) and i s throttleable
b etween 1 , 050 pounds ( 476 . 7 kg) and 6 , 300 pounds ( 2 , 860 . 2 kg) .
The engine can be g1mbaled six degrees ln any direction in
response to attitude commands and for offset center of g ravity
tri�ng . Propellants are helium-pressurized Aerozine 50 and
nitrogen tetroxide .
Ascent Propulsion System -- The 3, 500-pound ( 1 , 589 kg )
thrust ascent engine i s not gimbaled and performs at full
thrus t . The engine remains dormant until after the ascent
stage separates from the descent �tage . Propellants are the
same as are burned by the RCS engines and the descent engine .
Caution and Warning, Controls and Displays -- These two
systems have the same function aboard the lunar module as they
do aboard the command module . ( See CSM systems section . )

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 - 10 7 -

Tracking and Docking Lights - - A flashing tracking l ight

( once per second, 20 milliseconds duration ) on the front face
of the lunar module is an aid for contingency CSM-active
rendezvous LM rescue . Visib i l ity range s from 400 nautical
miles through the CSM sextant to 130 miles with the naked eye .
Five docking l ights analagous to aircraft running lights are
mounted on the LM for CSM-active rendezvous : two forward
yel low light s , aft white ligh t , port red l ight and s tarboard
green light . A l l docking lights have about a 1 , 000-foot
visibil ity .

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 -10 8-

SATURN V LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

The Apollo 11 spacecraft will be boosted into Earth orbit

and then onto a lunar traj e ctory by the s ixth Saturn V launch
vehi cle . The 2 81-foot high Saturn V generates enough thrust t o
place a 125-ton payload i n t o a 10 5 n m Earth orb it or b oost ab out
50 tons to lunar orb i t .

The Saturn V , developed b y the NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center,

underwent research and development t e s t i ng in the " all-up " mode .
From the first launch al l s t ages h ave been live . This has resulted
in "man rating" of the Saturn V in two launche s . 'lhe third Saturn V
( AS-5 0 3 ) carried Apollo 8 and i t s crew on a lunar orbit miss ion .

Saturn V rockets were launched November 9 , 19 6 7 , April 4 , 19 6 8 ,

December 2 1 , 19 6 8 , March 3 , 1969 , and May 1 8 , 1969 . The first two
space vehicle were unmanne d ; the last three carried the Apollo 8 , 9
and 10 crews , respectively .

Launch Vehicle Range Safety Provisions

In the event of an imminent emergency during the launch

vehicle powered flight phase it could b e c ome ne cessary t o abort the
mission and remove the command module and crew from immediate danger .
After providing for crew safety , the Range Safety Offi cer may t ake
further action if the remaining int act vehicle constitutes a hazard
to overflown ge ographic are as . Each launch veh icle propuls ive st age
is equipped with a propellant dispersion system t o te rminate the
vehicle flight in a safe location and disperse propellants with a
minimized ignition probability . A transmi t t ed ground command shuts
down all engines and a se cond command detonates explosives which
open the fue l and oxidizer tanks enabling the propellants to disperse .
On each stage the tank cuts are made i n non-adjacent areas t o
minimize prope llant mi xin g . The s tage propellant dispersion systems
are safed by ground command .

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 -109-

S AT U R N V L A U N C H V E H I C L E

FIRST STAGE (S-IC)

CM DIAMETER 33 FEET
HEIGHT 1 38 FEET
WEIGHT 5,022, 674 l8S . FUELED
288, 750 LBS . DRY
ENGI NES FIVE F-1
PROPELLANTS_ LIQUID OXYGEN (3, 307,855 LBS .,
I NSTR UMENT 346, 372 GALS.) RP-1 (KEROSENE)
- (1 , 426, 069 LBS . , 2 \2, 846 GALS .)
UN I T
THRUST 7,653, 854 l8S . AT LIFTOFF

TH I R D STAGE SECOND STAGE (5-11)

DIAMETER 33 FEET
CS- JVB)
HEIGHT 81 .5 FEET
WEIGHT 1 , 059, 171 l8S . FUELED
79,918 LBS . DRY
ENGINES FIVE J-2
� PROPELLANTS _ LIQUID OXYGEN (821 , 022 LBS .,

gs
85, 973 GALS.) LIQUID HYDROGEN
I
SECOND STAGE {158,221 LBS , 282, 555 GALS .)
.

� (S-1 1 ) THRUST 1 , 120, 2 1 6 TO 1 , 1 57, 707 LBS .

u I NTERSTAGE l , 353 (SMALL)
__

:I: 8, 750 (LARGE)

LLJ
> THIRD STAGE (S-IVB)
�
u DIAMETER 2 1 .7 FEET
z
:::> HEIGHT 58.3 FEET
:5 WEIGHT 260 I 523 LBS FUELED
•

ONE J-2
> 25, 000 lBS . DRY
z ENGINES
o:= PROPELLANTS-LIQUID OXYGEN (1 92 , 023 LBS.,
:::>
F I RST STAGE 20, 107 GALS .) LIQUID HYDROGEN
� (43,500 LBS ., 77, 680 GALS .)
Vl
(S-IC) THRUST 1 78, 161 TO 203,n9 LBS .
I NTERSTAGE 8,081 LBS .
__

I NSTRUMENT UNIT

DIAMETER 2 1 .7 FEET
HEIG HT 3 FEET
WEIGHT ""'306 LBS .

NOTE: WEIGHTS AND MEASURES GIVEN ABOVE ARE FOR THE NOMINAL VEHICLE CONFIGURATI ON
FOR APOLLO 1 1 . THE FIGURES MAY VARY S LIGHTLY DUE TO C HANGES BEFORE LAUNCH TO MEET
CHANGING CONDITIONS. WEIGHTS NOT I NC LUDED IN ABOVE ARE FROST AND MISCElLANEOUS
SMALLER ITEMS.

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 -110-

SPACE VEHICLE WEIGHT SUMMARY ( p ound s )

Event Wt . Chg . Veh . Wt .

A t ignition 6 , 4 84 , 2 80
Th rust b u i ldup propellant used 85 , 7 11 5
At first motion 6 , 39 8 , 5 3 5
S-IC frost 650
S-IC n i trogen purge 37
S-II frost 11 5 0
S-I! insulation purge gas 120
S-IVB fros t 2 00
Cent e r engine decay prop e l lant used 2 , 029
Center engine expended propellant 1106
S-IC mains tage propellant used 4 , 5 67 , 6 90
Outboard engine decay prop e l l ant used 8 , o 8 1l
S-IC s tage drop \·I e i gh t 363 � 11 2 5
s-:C/S- I I smal l int erst age 1 , 35 3
S-!I ul lage prope llant used 73
At S-IC s e paration
S-II thrust b u i ldup propellant used 1 , 303
S-Ir s t art tank 25
S-II ullage prope l l an t used 1 , 288
S-IJ mains t age prop e l l an t and vent i ng 96 3 , 913
Launch e s cape tower 8 , 930
S-II aft i n ters tage 8 , 75 0
S-II t h ru s t decay prope l lant used 1180
S-II s tage drop N e i gh t 9 4 , 140
S-II/S-IVB i n t ers tage 8 , 0 81
S-IVB aft frame dropped li8
S-IVB de ton a t o r package 3
At S - I I /S-IVB s e p aration 36 7 , 0 5 3
S-IVB ullage rocket propellant 96
At S- IVB i gn i t i on 366 , 9 5 7
S-IVB u l lage prope l l an t 22
S- IVB hydrogen i n s tart t an!{ ll
Thrust b u i l d up prop e l lant 11 3 6
S-IVS mainstage p rope l lant used 66 , 796
S-IVB ul lage r o c k e t cases 135
S-lVB APS propel lant 2
At f i r s t s-IVB cutoff s i gnal 2 9 9 , 5 86
Thrust de c ay pro p e l lant used 89
A?S p rope l l an t ( u l l age ) 5
Engine propellant lost 30
At parking orb i t insert ion 299 , 562
Fuel tank v e n t 2 , 879
APS prope l lant 235
Hydrogen i n s t art t an k 2
0 2/H2 burner 16
LOX tank vent lt6
S-IVB fue l lead loss 5

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 -111-

Event Wt . Chg . Veh . Wt .

At s e cond S-IVB i gn i t ion 2 9 6 , 379

S - IVB hydrogen in s t art tank 4
Thrus t buildup prop e l lant 569
S-IVB mai nst age propel lant u s e d 16 4 , 4 3 1
APS propel lant u s e d 8
At s e c ond S- IVB cutoff signal 139 ,533
Thrust de c ay p ro p e l l ant u s e d 124
Engine prop e llant l o s t 40
At trans lunar inj e c t i on 139 , 36 9

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 -112-

Firs t Stage

The 7 . 6 million pound thrust first s tage ( S-IC ) was developed

j ointly by the National Aeronauti c s and Space Administration ' s
Marshall Space Flight Center and the Boeing Co .
The Marshall Center assembled four S-IC stages : a structural
test mode l , a stat i c test version , and the first two flight stages .
Subsequent flight stages are assemb led by Boeing at the Michoud
Assembly Facilit y , New Orleans .
The S-IC for the Apollo 11 mission was the third flight
b ooster tested at the NASA-Mi ssissippi Tes t Facility . The first
S-IC test at MTF was on May 11 , 19 6 7 , the se cond on August 9 , 1967 ,
and the third--the b ooster for Apollo 1 1--was on August 6 , 196 8 .
Earlier flight stage s were static fired at the Marshall Center .
The b ooster stage stands 1 3 8 feet high and i s 3 3 feet in
diameter . Maj or s t ructural components inc lude thrust s tructure ,
fuel t ank, intertank s tructure , oxidizer tank , and forward skirt .
Its five engines burn kerosene ( RP - 1 ) fuel and liquid oxygen . The
stage weighs 2 8 8 � 7 5 0 empty and 5 , 022 , 6 7 4 pounds fue led .
Normal propellant flow rate to the five F-l engines is
2 9 , 36 4 . 5 pounds ( 2 , 2 3 0 gallons ) per se cond . Four o f the engines
are mounted on a ring , at 90 degree intervals . These four are
gimballed t o control the rocket ' s dire ct i on of flight . The fifth
engine is mounted rigidly in the center .
Second Stage
The Space Division of North American Rockwe ll Corp . builds
the 1 million pound thrust S-II s tage at Seal Beach , California .
The 81 foot 7 inch long, 3 3 foot diameter s tage i s made up o f the
forward skirt to which the third s t age attaches , the liquid hydro­
gen t ank , liquid oxygen tank ( separated from the hydrogen tank by
an insulted common bulkhead ) , the thrust s tructure on which the
engines are mounted , and an inters tage section to which the first
stage attache s .
Five J-2 engines power the S-I I . The outer four engines
are equally spaced on a 17 . 5 foot diameter c ircle . These four
engines may b e gimb alled through a p lus or minus seven-degree
s quare pattern for thrust vector control . As on the first stage ,
the center engine ( number 5 ) i s mounted on the s tage centerline
and i s fixed i n position .
The se cond s tage ( S- I I ) , like the third stage , uses high
performance J-2 engines that burn liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen .
The stage ' s purpose i s to provide stage boost almost to Earth orbi t .

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 - 1 1 3-

The s-II for Apollo 11 was static tes ted by North Ameri can
Rockwell at the NASA-Mis s i s s ippi Test Faci lity on September 3 , 1 9 6 8 .
This stage was shipped t o test site via the Panama Canal for the
test firing .
Third Stage
The thi rd s tage (S-IVB ) was developed by the McDonne ll Douglas
Astronautics Co . at Huntington Beach , Cali f . At Sacrament o , Cali f . ,
the s tage passed a stat i c firing test on July 1 7 , 1 9 6 8 , as part of
Apollo 11 mission preparat ion . The s t age was flown dire ct ly to the
NASA-Kennedy Space Cente r by the special aircraft , Super Guppy .
Measuring 5 8 fee t 4 inches long and 2 1 feet 8 inches in dia­
meter , the S-IVB weighs 2 5 , 00 0 pounds dry . At rirst igni tion , i t
wei ghs 2 6 2 , 0 00 pounds . The interstage section weighs an additional
8 , 0 8 1 pounds .

The fuel tanks contain 4 3 , 5 00 pounds of liquid hydrogen and

1 9 2 , 02 3pounds o f liquid oxygen at first ignition , t o talling
235 ,523 pounds of propellants . Insulation between the two tanks
is necessary b e cause the liquid oxygen , at about 2 9 3 degrees be low
zero Fahrenheit , is warm enough , re latively , to rapidly heat the
liquid hydrogen , at 4 2 3 degrees below zer o , and cause it to turn
to gas . The s ingle J-2 engine produces a maximum 2 30 , 0 0 0 pounds of
thrust . The stage provides propulsion twi ce during the Apollo 1 1
mi ss ion .
Instrument Unit
The instrument unit ( IU ) is a cylinder three feet high and 2 1
feet 8 inches in diameter . I t 'ile i ghs 4 , 3 0 6 pounds and contains the
guidance , navigation and control equipment to s teer the vehi c le
through i t s Earth orbits and into the final tran s lunar inj ection
maneuver .
The IU also contains telemetry , communi cations , tracking, and
crew s afety sys tems , along with its own support ing e lectrical p ower
and environmental control systems .
Components making up the "brain" of the Saturn V are mounted
on cooling panels fas tened to the inside surface of the ins trument
unit skin . The " cold p lates " are part of a system that removes
heat by circulating cooled fluid through a heat e xchanger that
e vaporates water from a separate supply int o the vacuum of space .
The s ix maj or systems of the instrument unit are structural ,
thermal control , guidance and control , measu�ing and telemetry ,
radio frequency , and electri cal .

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 -114-

The instrument uni t provi des navigat i on , gui dan c e , and

c ontrol of the veh i c le me asurement of the ve h i c l e p erforman c e
and envi ronment ; data transmi s s i on w ith ground s t at i ons ; radio
tracking of the vehi c le ; che ckout and mon i t oring o f ve h i c l e
fun c t i ons ; init iation o f s t age fun c t i onal s eq ue n c i n g ; de t e c t ion
of emergen c y s i t uat i on s ; generation and network dis tribution of
e l e c t r i c p ower s y s t em operat i on ; and pre f l i gh t che ckout and launch
and flight operat ions .

A path-adaptive guidance s cheme i s u s e d in the Saturn V

i n s t rument unit . A programmed traj e c tory i s u s e d during first
s t age boos t with guidan c e be ginning only after the veh i c le has
l e ft the atmo s phere . Th i s i s t o prevent movements that might
cause the vehi c le t o break apart wh i l e attemp t i ng to compensate for
winds , j e t s t re ams , and gust s encountere d i n the atmosphe re .

I f after s e c ond s t age ign i t i on the veh i c le deviate s from the

optimum traj e c tory in c l imb , the vehicle derives and c orre c t s t o a
new traj e c t ory . C a l c u lat i ons are made about once e a ch s e c ond
throughout the f l i ght . The launch veh i c l e digital computer and
data adap t e r p e rform the navi gat i on and guidance computations and
the f l ight con t ro l computer c onve rts generated atti tude errors i n t o
control c ommands .

The S T- 1 2 4M inert i a l p l at form- - the h e art of the navi gat i on ,

g�idance and cont ro l s y s t em--provides s p a c e - f i xe d reference coordin­
ates and me asure s acce lerat i on along tne three mutu a l ly perpendic­
ular axes o f the c o ordinate s y s t e m . If the inert ial plat form fai ls
during boo s t , space craft s y s t ems c ont inue guidan c e and control
fun c tions for the rocke t . After s e cond s t age i gn i t i on the crew
can manually s t e e r t he space veh i c le .

Internat ional Bus ine s s Machines Corp . , i s prime c ont ractor

for the i n s t rument un it and is the s upplier of the guidance signal
pro c e s s or and guidance comput e r . Maj or s up p l ie rs o f i n s t rument
uni t components are : E l e c t ronic C ommunicat i ons , In c . , control
comput e r ; Bend i x Corp . , ST- 1 2 ijM inertial p l at form ; and IBM Federal
Sys tems Divi s i on , launch vehi c le digital computer and launch vehi c le
data adap t e r .

Propuls ion

The 4 1 rocket engines of the Sat urn V have thrust rat ings
ranging from 72 p ounds t o more than 1 . 5 mil lion pound s . Some
engines burn l i quid prop e l l ant s , others u s e s o lids .

The five F-1 engines i n the first s t age b urn RP - 1

( kero s ene ) and l i qu i d oxygen . Engine s i n the first s t age deve lop
approx imat e ly 1 . 5 3 0 . 7 7 1 pounds o f thrust each at l i ftoff , b ui lding
up to about 1 , 81 7 , 6 8 4 p ounds be fore cutof f . The c l u s t e r of f i ve
engines gives the f i r s t s tage a thru s t range o f from 7 . 6 5 3 . 85 4
rounds at l i ft o f f t o 9 , 0 8 8 . 4 19 pounds j u s t be fore center engine
cutoff .

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 - 1 15 -

The F - 1 engine weigh s almost 1 0 t ons , i s more than 1 8 fe e t

high and h a s a n o z z le - e x i t diame ter o f nearly 1 � fe e t . The F-1
undergoe s static t e s ting for an average 650 s e conds in qual i fy ing
for the 1 6 0 - · s e cond run during t h e Saturn V first s t age b o o s t e r phas e .
The engine consumes almo s t three tons o f propellants per s e cond .

The first s t age of the Saturn V for t h i s m i s s ion has e i ght

other rocket mot ors . These are the s o li d - fuel retrorocke t s w h i c h
wi l l s lo'I'T and s eparate t h e s t age from the s e c ond s t age . Each
rocket produ c e s a thrus t of 8 7 , 9 0 0 pounds for 0 . 6 s e c ond .

The main propul s i on for the s e cond s t age i s a c l u s t e r o f

five J-2 engines b urning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen .
Each engine deve lops a mean thru s t of more than 2 2 7 . 0 0 0 p ounds
at 5 : 1 mixture rat i o ( variable from 2 2 4 , 0 0 0 t o 2 3 1 , 0 0 0 in phases
o f this f l i ght ) , giving the s t age a total mean thrus t o f more
than 1 . 13 5 m i l l ion p ound s .

De s i gned t o operate in the hard vacuum of space , the 3 , 5 00 -

pound J-2 i s more e f f i c i ent than the F - 1 be cause i t b urns the
high - energy fue l hydroge n . F - 1 and J - 2 engines are produ c e d
by the Rocketdyne Divi s i on o f North Ame r i c an Rockwe l l Corp .

The s e cond s t age has four 2 1 , 0 0 0 - pound-thrust s o l i d fue l

rocket engine s . Th ese are t h e u l lage rockets mounted o n the
S - I C/S-II interstage s e c ti on . Th e s e rockets fire t o s e t t l e liquid
propel lant in the b o t t om o f the main tanks and help at t ain a
" c lean" s e p arat ion from the firs t s t age ; they remain w i t h the
int e rs t age when it drops a\'lay at s e cond p l ane se parat ion . Four
ret rorocke ts are located in the S - IVB aft interst age ( w h i c h never
s eparates from tr.e S - I I ) to se parate the S - I I from the S - IVB prior
to S - IVB i gn i t i o n .

Eleven rocket engine s perform various fun c t i ons on t h e t h ird

s t age . A s i ngle J - 2 provi de s the main propu l s ive force ; there are
two j e t t i s onab le main ul lage rocke t s and e igh t smaller engines in
the tw o aux i l i ary propul s i on s y s tem module s .

Launch Ve h i c le Instrumentat i on and Communi c at ion

A t ot al of 1 , 3 4 8 measurement s w i l l be taken in f l ight on the

Sat urn V launch veh i c l e : 3 3 0 on the first s t age , 5 1 4 on the se cond
s t age , 2 8 3 on the th ird s t age , and 2 2 1 on the inst rument un i t .

Te lemetry on the Saturn V includes FM and PCM s y s tems on the

S - I C , t'l'ro FM and a PCN on t h e S - I I , a PCM on the S- IVB , and an
FM , a PCM and a CCS on the IU . Each propu l s i ve s t age has a
range s afety s y s tem , and t he I U has C - Band and c ommand s y s t ems .

N ot e :
FM ( Frequency Modulat ed ) PCM ( Pu l s e Code Modul ated ) C C S ( Command
C ommun i cation s System)

- mo re -
 - 1 16-

S - IVB Restart

The third s t age of the Saturn V rocket for the Ap o l l o mi s s ion

w i l l burn twice in space . The se cond b urn p l aces the space craft
on th e trans lunar traj e c t ory . The fir s t opportun i t y for this burn
is at 2 hours 44 minut e s and 15 s e conds after laun ch .

The primary pres surizat i on s y st e m o f the prop e l l an t tanks

for the S-IVB re s t art u s e s a h e lium heater . In this s ys t em , nine
helium s t orage spheres in the liquid hydrogen tank contain gaseous
h e l ium charged to about 3 , 0 0 0 p s i . Thi s he lium i s p a s s e d through
the heat er whi ch h eats and expands the gas b e fore it ent ers the
prop e l lant t anks . The heat e r operat e s on hydrogen and oxygen gas
from the main prop e l l ant tanks .

The backup sys tem cons i s t s of f i ve amb ient h e l i um sphere s

moun t e d o n t h e s t age thrus t s t ru c ture . This sys tem , controlled by
the fue l re-pre ssurization control module , can repressurize the
tanks in case the primary s ys t e m fai ls . The re s t art w i l l use the
primary s y s t em . If that sys tem fai ls , t h e b ackup system w i l l be used .

Differences in Launch Veh i c l e s for Apollo 10 and Apollo 1 1

The great e s t di fference b e tween the Sat urn V launch vehi c le
for Ap ollo 1 0 and the one for Apollo 1 1 i s in t h e numb e r of
ins trumentat i on measurement s p l anned for the f l i gh t . Apollo 11
will b e flying the operational conf i gurat ion o f ins t rument ation .
Most re s e arch and deve lopme n t instrument a t i on has b e en removed ,
redu cing the t ot a l number of measurements from 2 , 34 2 on Apollo 1 0
t o 1 , 3 4 8 on Apollo 1 1 . Measurements on Apollo 10 , w i th Ap o l l o 1 1
measurements i n parenthe s e s , were : S - I C , 6 7 2 ( 3 3 0 ) ; S- I I ,
9 80 ( 5 1 4 ) ; S - IVB , 3 8 6 ( 2 83 ) ; and I U , 2 9 8 ( 2 21 ) .
The cent e r engine of the S - I I w i l l b e cut off earl y , as
was done during the Apollo 10 flight , to e l iminate the longitudinal
o s c i llat ions rep ort ed by astronauts on the Ap o l l o 9 mi s s ion .
Cutting off t he engine e arly on A p o l lo 10 was the simp le s t and
quicke s t me thod of s o lving the problem .

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 -117-

APOLLO 1 1 CREW

Life Support Equipment - Space Suits

Apollo 11 crewmen will wear two vers ions of the Apollo
space suit : an intravehicular pressure garment assembly
worn by the command module pilot and the extravehicular pre s­
sure garment assembly worn by the commander and the lunar
module pilo t . Both versions are basically identical except
that the extravehicular version has an integral thermal/
meteoroid garment over the basic suit .
From the skin out, the basic pressure garment consists
of a nomex comfort layer, a neoprene-coated nylon pressure
bladder and a nylon restraint layer . The outer layers o f the
intravehicular suit are , from the inside out, nomex and two
layers of Teflon-coated Beta c loth . The extravehicular inte ­
gral thermal/meteoroid cover consists o r a liner o f two layers
of neoprene-coated nylon , seven layers o f Be ta/Kapton spacer
laminate , and an outer layer of Teflon-coated Beta fabric .
The extravehicular suit, together with a liquid cooling
garment, portable life support system (PLSS ) , oxygen purge
system, lunar extravehicular visor assembly and other components
make up the extravehicular mobility unit ( EMU ) . The EMU pro ­
vide s an extravehicular crewman with life support for a four­
hour mission outside the lunar module without replenishing
expendables . EMU total weight is 183 pounds . The intra­
vehicular suit weighs 35 . 6 pounds .
Liquid coo ling garment--A knitted nylon-spandex garment
with a network or plastic tubing through which cooling water
from the PLSS is c irculated . It is worn next to the skin and
replaces the constant wear-garment during EVA only .
Portable life support system--A backpack supplying oxygen
at 3 . 9 psi and cooling water to the liquid cooling garment .
Return oxygen is c leansed or solid and gas contaminants by a
lithium hydroxide caniste r . The PLSS includes communications
and telemetry equipment , displays and controls, and a main
power supply. The PLSS is covered by a thermal insulation
jacke t . (Two stowed in LM) .
OXYgen purge system- -Mounted atop the PLSS , the oxygen
purge system provides a contingency 30-minute supply of
gaseous oxygen in two two -pound bottles pressurized to 5 , 880
psia . The system may also be worn separately on the front o�
the pressure garment assembly torso. It serves as a mount for
the VHF antenna for the PLSS. (Two stowed in u.t) .

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 - 1 1 8-

Lunar extravehicular visor assemhlv - - A polycarbonate she l l

and two visors with thermal control and optical coatings on them.
The EVA visor is attached over the pres sure helmet to provide
impact , mic rometeoroid , thermal and ultraviolet infrared light
protection to the EVA crewman .

Extravehicular glove s - -Bu i l t o f an outer she l l o f

Chrome l -R fabric and therma l insulation to provide protec ­
tion when handl ing extremely hot and cold objec ts . The finger
tips are made o f s i l icone rubber to provide the crewman more
sensitivity.

A one -piece constant-wear garment , s imi lar to " long

"
johns , is worn as an undergarment for the space suit in intra­
vehicular operations and for the infl ight covera l l s . The
garment i s porous -knit cotton with a wai s t -to-neck z ipper for
donning . Biomedical harness attach points are provided .

During periods out o f the space sui ts , crewmen wi l l wear

two -piece Teflon fabric inflight covera lls for warmth and for
pocket stowage o f personal i tems .

Communications carriers ( " Snoopy hats" ) wi th redundant

microphones and earphones are worn with the pressure he lme t ;
a lightweight headset i s worn with the infl ight covera l l s .

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 - 119 -

Z I P PER

��--- DOS I METER

L I Q U I D C O O L I N G GA R M E N T

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 -120-

HOLD DOWN STRAP

ACCESS FLAP

SHOULDER
DISCONNECT
ACCESS
LOOP TAPE

CHEST COVER
0.
,

CONNECTOR COVER

-- �SHELL
PENLIGHT POCKET ==: �I NSULATION
--+-LINER
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
lMRESTRAINT

� BELT ASSEMBLY
ACESS FLAP

� DATA LIST POCKET

E NTRANCE
S LI DE FASTENER
FLAP
URINE TRANSFER
CONNECTOR AND
BIOMEDICAL INJECTION
FLAP

S LIDE FASTE NER -��

BOOT -�\ LOOP TAPE

. LOOP TAPE
E NTRANCE
S LIDE FASTENER
FLAP

ACTIVE _.lf}p\
DOS IME TER �")� -
LAN YARD POC KET
POC KET �

SCISSORS POCKET �
CHECKLIST POCKET

I NT E G RAT E D T H E R M A L M I C RO M E T E R O I D G A R M E N T

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 - 1 21-

E X T R A V E H I C U L AR M O B I L I T Y U N I T
BAC K PACK S UP PORT STRA PS
LUNAR EXTRAVEH I C ULAR V I SOR

S UN G LA S S ES
POC KET

PEN L I G HT POC KET

BACKPAC K -�
�-- CONNECTOR COVER
COMMU N I CAT l ON,
VENT I LAT I ON , AND
L I QU I D COOLI N G
OXYGEN UMB I L I CA LS

I NTEGRATED THERMA L UT I L l TY POC KET

METEORO I D GARMENT

UR I NE TRANSFER CONNECTOR,
B I OMED I CAL I NJECT I ON,
DOS I METER ACCES S FLA P A N D
DONN I NG LANYA R D POCKET

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 -122-

7'!' MAXIMUM REACH HE IGHT

6611 MAXIMUM WORKING HE IGHT

�I

OPTIMUM WORKING HEIGHT

30''
28' MIN IMUM WORKING HEIGHT

22" MINIMUM REACH HEIGHT

ASTRONAUT R E A C H C O N STRAI NTS

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 - 1 2 3-

APOLLO 1 1 CREW MENU

The Ap o l l o 1 1 crev1 had a wide range o f food items from wh i ch

t o s e le c t their daily m i s s ion space menu . More than 7 0 items
comprise the food s e l e c t i on list of fre e z e -dried rehydratab l e , wet­
pack and s poon-bowl foods .

Balanced me als for five days have been packed in man/day over­
Nraps , and items s im i l ar to those in the daily menus have been
packed in a s ort o f snack pantry . The snack pantry permits the
crew t o lo cate eas i ly a food item in a smorgasbord mode with out
having to "rob " a regular meal s omewhere do\�n deep in a s t orage
box .

Water for drinking and rehydrating food i s obtained from

thre e s ources in the command module--a dispenser for drinking water
and two water spigots at the food preparation s t at i on , one supplying
\'later at about 1 5 5 degre e s F , the other at about 55 degrees F .
The potab le water d i s penser squirts water cont inuous ly as long as
the trigger i s held down , and the food preparation s p i go t s di spense
water in one-ounce increment s . Command module p o t ab le wat e r is
supp l i e d from s e rvi c e module fue l c e l l byprodu c t water .

A continuous - feed hand wat er dispenser s imilar t o the one in

the c ommand module i s used aboard the lunar module for c o l d -water
rehydration o f food packets s t owed aboard the LM .

After water has been inj e c ted into a food b ag , it i s kneaded

for about three minutes . The bag neck i s then cut o f f and the food
squeezed into the crewman ' s mouth . After a meal , ge rmi cide p i l l s
at tached t o the outs ide o f t h e food b ags are p laced i n the bags t o
prevent fermentat i on and gas f ormat i on . The b ags are then r o l l e d
and s t o\�ed in \'ras t e d i s p o s a l compartment s .

The day-by-day , meal-by-meal A p o l l o 1 1 menu for e ach crew­

man as we l l as contents of the snack pantry are l i s ted on the
f o l lowing page s :

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 APOLLO XI (ARMSTRONG )

HEAL DAY 1*, 5 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4

A Peaches Fruit Cocktail Peaches Canadian Bacon and Applesauce

Bacon Squares (8) Sausage Patties** Bacon Squares (8) Sugar Coated Corn Flakes
Strawberry Cubes (4) Ci��. Tstd. Bread Cubes (4) Apricot Cereal Cubes (4) Peanut Cubes (4)
Grape Drink Cocoa Grape Drink Cocoa
Orange Drink Grapefruit Drink Orange Drink Orange-Grapefruit Drink

Ham and Potatoes***

B
I
Beef and Potatoes*** Frankfurters*** Cream of Chicken Soup Shrimp Cocktail

3
Butterscotch Pudding jpplesauce Turkey and Gravy***
0
Cheese Cracker Cubes (6}
I

'1
Brownies (4) Chocolate Pudding Fruit Cocktail ....
Chocolate Cubes (6)
Q
I\,)

I
Grape Punch Orange-Jrapefruit Drink Date Fruitcake (4) t
Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink Grapefruit Drink I

c S'llmon Salad Spaghetti with Meat Sauce** Tuna Salad Beef Stew**
Chicken and Rice** Pork and Scalloped Potatoes** Chicken Stew** Coconut Cubes (4)
Sugar Cookie Cubes (6)
Cocoa
Pineapple Fruitcake {4) Butterscotch Pudding Banana Pudding
Grape Punch Cocoa Grape Punch
Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink Grapefruit Drink

·� 1 coneiats of Meal B and C ool7

**Spoon-Bowl Package
***Wet-Pack Food
 APOLLO XI (COLLINS )

MEAL DAY 1*, 5 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4

n Peaches Fruit Cocktail Peaches Canadian Bacon and Applas�uce
Bacon Squares (8) S'!usage Patties••· Bacon Squares (8) Sugar Coated Corn Flakes
Strawberry Cubes (4) Cinn. Tstd. Bread Cubes (4) Apricot Cereal Cubes (4) Peanut Cubes (4)
Grape Drink Cocoa Grape Drink Cocoa
Orange Drink Grapefruit Drink Orange Drink Orange-Grapefruit Drink

B Beer and Potatoes*** Frankfurtera*** Cream of Chicken Soup ShrLup Cocktail

Butterscotch Pudding Applesau�e Turkey and Gravy *** H� and Potatoes***
Brownies (4) Chocolate Pudding Cpeese Cracker Cubes ( 6) Fruit Cccktail
Chocolate Cubes (4) Dste Fruitcake (4)
I
Grape Punch Orange-Grapefruit Drink �
I
a Pine�pplc-Gropefruit Drink Grapefr�it urink 1\)
0
\.11
'1 I
(!)
I

c Sal.Jnon Salad Potato Soup Tuna Salad Beef Stew**

Chicken and Rice** Pork and Scalloped Potatoes** COicken Stew** Coconut Cubes (4)
Sugar Cookie Cubes (6) Pineapple Fruitcake (4) Butterscotch Pudding Banana Pudding
Cocoa Grape Punch Cocoa Grspe Punch
Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink Grapefruit Drink

•o.r l conaista of Meal B and C only

**Spoon-Bovl Package
***Wet-Pack Food
 AroLLO XI (ALDRIN )

MEAL DAY 1*, 5 iJAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4

11. Peaches Fn,U t Cocktail Peaches Canadian Ba�on and Applesauce
Bacon Squares (8) Sausage P&tties ** Bacon Squares (8) S1gar Coated Corn Fl a ke s
Strawberry Cubes (4) Cinn. Tstd. 9read Cubes (4) Apricot Cere11l C u � $ (4) Peanut C�hes (4)
Grape Drink Cocoa Grape Drink Cocoa
Orange Drink Grapefruit Drink Orange Drink Orange-Grapefruit Drink

B Beef and Potatoes*** Frankfurters*** Cream of Chicken Soup Shri111p Cocktail

Butterscotch Pudding Applesauce Turkey and Gravy*** H� and Potatoes***
Browni e s (4) Cracker Cubes (6)
I
Chocolate Pudding Cpeese Fruit Cocktail 1-'
Dste Fruitcake (4)
I
3 1'\)
Grape Punch Orange-Grapefruit Drink Chocolate Cubes (4) 0'\
0
'1 Pineapple-Gr6pefruit Drink Grapef�� i t urink I
(t)
I

c Sallnon Salad Chicken Salad Tuna Salad Pork and Scalloped Potatoes * *
Chicken and Rice** Chicken and Grsvy Chicken Ste... •• Coconut Cubes (4)
Sugar Cookie Cubes (6) Beef Sandwiches (6) Butterscotch Pudding Banana Pudding
(4)
-
Cocoa Pineapple Fruitcake Cocoa Grape Punch
Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink Grape Punch Grapefruit Drink

* Day 1 consists of Meal B 5nd C only

**Spoon-Bowl Package
***Wet-Pack Food
 - 1 2 7-

ACCESSORIES Un i t

Chevting gum 15
He t s kin c l e aning towe l s 30
Oral Hygiene Kit l

3 toothbrushe s

l edible toothpaste

l dental f l o s s

Contingency Feeding Sys tem l

3 food res trainer pouc h e s

3 beve rage packages
l valve adap t e r ( p ontub e )

Spoons 3

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 - 1 2 8-

Snack Pantry

Breakfast Un i t s

Peache s 6

Fruit Cocktai l 6

Canadian Bacon and App l e s au c e 3

Bacon Square s ( 8 ) 12

Sausage Pat t i e s * 3

Sugar Coat e d Corn Flakes 6

S trawberry Cub e s (4) 3

Cinn . Tst d . Bread C u b e s ( � ) 6

Apri c ot Cereal Cub e s ( � ) 3

Pe anut Cubes ( � ) __]_

51
Salads/Meats

Salmon Salad 3

Tuna Salad 3

Cre am of Chi cken Soup 6

Shrimp C ocktai l 6

Spaghe t t i and Meat Sauce* 6

Beef Pot Roast 3

Beef and Ve getab le s 3

Chicken and R i c e * 6

Chicken St ew* 3

Beef Stew* 3

P o rk and S c alloped P o t at o e s * 6

Ham and Potatoes ( \ve t ) 3

Turkey and Gravy ( We t ) 6

57

*Spoon-Bowl Package

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 - 129 -

Snacl" E'ant r:
:

Reh�dratable Desserts Uni t $

Banana ?uddins 6

outters cot ch Pudding 6

Applesauce 6

Choc o l a t e Pudding 6
2 !J

Beve rages

Orange Drink 6

Orange-Grapefruit Drink 3

Pineap p le - Grapefruit Drink 3

Grapefruit Drink 3

Grape Drink 6
Grape Punch 3

Cocoa 6
Coffee (B) 15
Coffee (S) 15

Coffee ( C and S) 15

75

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 -130-

Snack Pantry

Dried Frui t s Uni t s Stow

Ap r i c o t s 6 1

Peaches 6 1

Pears 6 1

Sand\'l i c h Spread

Ham Sa lad ( 5 o z . ) 1 1

Tuna Salad ( 5 o z . ) 1 1

C h i cken Salad ( 5 o z . ) 1 1
Cheddar Chee s e ( 2 o z . ) 3 1

Bread

Rye 6 6

vlhi te 6 6

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 - 1 3 1-

Snack Pantry

Bites Units

Che e s e Cracker Cub e s (6) 6

BBQ Beef B i t s ( 4 ) 6
Chocolate Cub e s (4) 6

Brm.,.ni es (4) 6
Date Fruit c ake ( !J ) 6
Pineapple Fruitcake ( 4 ) 6
J e llied Fruit Candy ( 4 ) 6
Caramel Candy ( !J ) 6
 - 132 -

Lr�L- 5 Food

Meal A . Bacon Square s ( 8 )

Pe aches

Sugar C ookie Cub e s (6)

C o ffee

Pineapple -Grapefruit drink

Meal B . Beef s t ew

Cre am of Chi cken Soup

Date Fruit C ake (4)

Grape Punch

Orange Drink

Un i t s
Extra Beverage 8

Dried Fruit 4
Candy Bar 4
Bread 2

Ham Salad Spread ( t ube food ) 1

Turkey and Gravy 2

Spoons 2

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 -133-

Personal Hygi ene

Crew personal hygiene equipment aboard Apollo 11 in­
cludes body c leanliness items , the waste management system
and one medical kit .
Packaged with the food are a toothbrush and a two -ounce
tube of toothpaste for each crewman . Each man-meal package
contains a 3 . 5-by-four-inch wet -wipe c leansing towe l .
Additionally, three packages o f 12-by-12-inch dry towe ls are
stowed beneath the command module pilot ' s couch . Each package
contains seven towels . Also stowed under the command module
pilot ' s couch are seven tissue dispensers containing 53 three ­
ply tissues each .
Solid body wastes are collected in Gemini-type plastic
defecation bags which contain a germicide to prevent bacteria
1n empty food containers for post-flight analysis .
and gas formation . The bags are sealed after use and stowed

Urine collection devices are provided for use while

wearing either the pressure suit or the inflight coveralls .
dump valve in the CM and stored in the LM .
The urine is dumped overboard through the spacecraft urine

Medical Kit
The 5x5x8-inch medical accessory kit is stowed in a com­
partment on the spacecraft right side wall beside the lunar
module pilot couch . The medical kit contains three motion
sickness injector8 , three pain suppression injec tors , one two­
ounce bottle first aid ointment, two one-ounce bottle eye
drops, three nasal sprays , two compress bandages, 12 adhesive
bandages , one oral thermometer and f�ur spare crew biomedical
harnesses . Pills in the medical kit are 60 antibiotic , 12
nausea, 12 stimulant, 18 pain killer, 60 decongestant, 24
diarrhea, 72 aspirin and 2 1 s leeping . Additionally , a smal l
medical kit containing four stimulant , eight diarrhea, two
sleeping and four pain killer pills , 12 aspirin, one bottle eye
drop8 and two compress bandage s is stowed in the lunar module
flight data file compartment .

Survival Gear
The survival kit i8 stowed in two rucksacks in the right­
hand forward equipment bay above the lunar module pilot.
Contents of rucksack No . 1 are : two combination survival
lights , one desalter kit , three pair sunglasses , one radio
beacon, one spare radio beacon battery and spacecraft connector
cable , one knife in sheath, three water containers and two con­
tainers of Sun lotion .

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 - 13 4 -

DYE
MAR KER

3-MAN LI FE RAFT W ITH S UN BON NETS

BEACON TRAN S CE I VER,

WATER
B ATTERY A N D CAB LE

F I R ST A I D K I T ----­
.. . . .. . .

TAB I.£TS (I6)

Ii4:::1"iit.6

DESALT I NG K I TS (2)

S URV I V A L L I G HTS

-11ore-
 -135-

inflater, one sea anchor, two sea dye markers , three iun­
Rucksack No . 2: one three -man life raft with co
bonnets, one mooring lanyard , three manline s , and two attach
bracke ts .
The survival kit is designed to provide a 48-hour
postlanding ( water or land ) survival capability for three
crewmen between 40 degrees North and South latitudes .
Biomedical InClight Monitoring
The Apollo 11 crew biomedical telemetry data received
by the Manned Space Flight Network will be relayed for in­
stantaneous display at Mission Control Center where heart
rate and breathing rate data will be displayed on the flight
range and deviation are computed and displayed on digital TV
surgeon ' s console . Heart rate and respiration rate average ,
screens .
In addition, the ins tantaneous heart rate , real-time and
delayed EKG and respiration are recorded on strip charta for
each man .
Biomedical te lemetry will be simultaneous from all crew­
switch in the LM .
men while in the CSM, but selectable by a manual onboard

Biomedical data observed by the flight surgeon and

his team in the Life Support Systems Staff Support Room will
be correlated with spacecraft and apace suit environmental
data displays .
Blood pressures are no longer telemetered as they were
in the Mercury and Gemini programs . Oral temperature , how­
vo iced down by the crew 1n case of inClight illness .
ever, can be measured onboard for diagnostic purposes and

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 - 1 36 -

Training

The crewmen of Apollo 11 have spent more than five hours

o r formal crew training for each hour o f the lunar -orbit
mission ' s e ight -day duration . More than 1 , 000 hours of training
were in the Apollo 11 crew training syl labus over and above
the normal preparations for the mission--technical brie fings
and reviews , pilot meet ings and s tudy .

The Apollo 11 crewmen also took part in spacecraft manu ­

fac turing checkouts at the North American Rockwe l l plant in

N .Y . , and 1n pre launch testing at NASA Kennedy Space Center.

Downey, Cal i f . , a t Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp . , Be thpage ,

Taking part in factory and launch area tes ting has provided the
crew with thorough operational knowledge o f the complex vehi c le .

Highlights of specialized Apo llo 11 crew training topics

are :

* Detailed series of brie fings on spacecraft ayatems ,

operation and modifications .

* Saturn launch vehicle brie fings on countdown, range

safety , flight dynamic s , failure modes and abort conditions .
The launch vehicle brie fings were updated periodcally .

* Apo llo Guidance and Navigation system brie fings at the

Massachusetts Institute o r Technology Ins trumentation Laboratory .

* Briefings and continuous training on miss ion phot o ­

graphic objectives and u s e o f camera equipment .

* Extensive pilot participation in reviews of a l l flight

procedures for normal as we l l as emergency s i tuation s .

* Stowage reviews and practice in training sessions in

the spacecraft, mockups and command module s imulators a l lowed
the crewmen to evaluate spacecraft stowage of crew-associated
equipment .

* More than 400 hours o f training per man in command modu le

and lunar module simu lators at MSC and KSC , inc luding c losed ­
loop s imulations with flight controllers in the Miss ion Contro l
Cente r . Other Apo llo s imulators at various locations were
used extensively for specialized crew training .

* Entry corridor dece leration pro files at lunar-return

conditions in the MSC Flight Acceleration Fac ility manned
centrifUge .

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 -137-

* Lunar surface briefings and 1-g walk-throughs of lunar

surface EVA operations covering lunar geology and microbiology
and deployment of experiments in the Early Apollo Surface
Experiment Package (EASEP ) . Training in lunar surface EVA
included practice sessions with lunar surface sample gathering
antenna and the modular equipment s towage as sembly ( MESA )
tools and return containers , cameras , the erectable S-band
housed in the LM descent stage .
* Proficiency flights in the lunar landing training
vehicle (LLTV) for the commander.
* Zero-g aircraft flights using command module and lunar
module mockups ror EVA and pressure suit doffing/donning
practice and training .
* Underwater zero-g training in the MSC Water Immersion
Facility using spacecraft mockups to further familiarize crew
with all aspects or CSM-LM docking tunnel intraveh1cular
transfer and EVA in pressurized suits .
* Water egress training conducted in indoor tanks as
well as in the Gulf of Mexico ( inc luded uprighting from the
Stable II position (apex down} to the Stable I position (apex
up) , egress onto rafts and helicopter p�ckup .
* Launch pad egress training from mockups and from the
actual spacecraft on the launch pad for possible emergencies
such as fire , contaminants and power failures .
* The training covered use of Apollo spacecraft fire
suppression eqUipment in the cockpi t .
* Planetar�um reviews a t Morehead Planetarium, Chapel
Hill, N . C . , and at Griffith Planetarium, Los Angeles , Calif . ,
of the celestial sphere with special emphasis on the 37
navigational stars used by the Apollo guidance coaputer .

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 -138-

N AT I O N A l A E R O N A U TI C S AND SPACE A D M I N I S T R AT I O N

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20S46

B I O G R A P H I C Al DATA

NAME : Neil A . Armstrong ( Mr . )

NASA Ast ronaut, Commander, Apollo 11
BIRTHPLACE AND DATE : Born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, on August 5 ,
1930 ; he is the son of Mr . and Mrs . Stephen Armstrong
of 'Wapakoneta.

PHYSICAL DES CRIPTION : Blond hair; blue eyes ; height : 5 feet

11 inche s ; weight : 165 pounds .
EDUCATION : Attended sec ondary school in Wapakoneta, Ohio ;
received a Bachelor of Science degree in Peronautical
Engineering from Purdue University in 1955 . Graduate
School - University of Southern california .

MARITAL STATUS : Married to the former Janet Shearon of Evanston,

Illinois , who is the daughter of Mrs . Louise Shearon of
Pasadena, california .

CHILDREN : Eric, June 30, 1957 ; Mark, April 8, 1963 .

OTHER ACTIVITIES : His hobb ies include soaring ( for which he is a
Federation Aeronautique Internationale gold badge holder ) .

ORGANIZATIONS : Associate Fellow of the Society o f Experimental

Tes t Pilots ; assoc iate fellow of the American Institute
of Aeronautics and As tronautics ; and member of the Soaring
Society of America .

SPECIAL HONORS : Recioient of the 1962 Institute of Aerospace

Sciences Octave Chanute Award ; the 1966 AIAA Astronautics
Award ; the NASA Exceptional Service Medal ; and the 1962
John J . Montgomery Award .

EXPERIENCE : Armstrong was a naval aviator from 1949 to 1952 and

flew 78 combat missions during the Korean action.

He j oined NASA ' s Lewis Research Center in 1955 ( then NACA

Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory ) and later transferred
to the NASA High Speed Flight Station ( now Flight Research
Center ) at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an
aeronautical research pilot for NACA and NASA. In this
capacity, he performed as an X-15 proj ect pilot, flying
that aircraft to over 200, 000 feet and approximately 4, 000
miles per hour .

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 -139-

Other flight test work included piloting the X-1 rocket

airplane, the 1"-100, F-101, F-102, F-104, FSD, B-47 , the
paragl ider, and others .

As pilot of the B-29 ''drop " aircraft, he participated in

the launches of over 100 rocket airplane flight s .

He has logged more than 4, 000 hours f lying time .

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT : Mr . Armstrong was selected as an as tronaut

oy NASA in September 1962 . He served as backup command
pilot for the Gemini 5 flight .

As command pilot for the Gemini 8 mission, which was launched

on March 16, 1966, he performed the first successful dock­
ing of t wo vehic le s in space . The rlight, originally
scheduled to last three day s , was terminated early due to
a malfunctioning OAMS thruster; but the crew demonstrated
exceptional piloting skill in overcoming this problem
and bringing the spacecraft to a safe landing .

He subsequently served as backup command pilot for the

Gemini 11 mission and is currently assigned as the
commander for the Apollo 11 mission, and wi ll probably
be the first human to s e t foot on the Moon .

A s a civil servant , Armstrong , a GS-16 Step 7 , earns

$30, 054 per annum

June 1969

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 -140-

N AT I O N A L AER ONAUTI CS AND S PACE ADMINI STRATION

'«A.SHIHGTOH, 0, C. 20546

8 1 0 G R A P H I C Al DATA

NAME : Michael Collins ( Lieutenant Colonel, USAF )

NASA Astronau t , Command Module Pilot, Apollo 11

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE : Born i n Rome , Italy, o n October 31, 1930 .

His mother, Mrs . James L. Collins, resides in Washington,
D.C.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION : Brown hair ; brown eye s ; height : 5 feet

11 inche s ; weight : 165 pounds .

EDUCATION : Graduated from Saint Albans School in Washington,

D . C . ; received a Bachelor of Science degree from the
United States Military Academy at West Point , New York ,
in 1952 .

MARITAL STATUS : Married to the f orrner Patricia M . Finnegan of

Bos ton, Massachusetts .

CHILDREN : Kathleen, May 6 , · 195 9 ; Ann S . , October 3 1 , 196 1 ;

Michael L . , February 23, 1963.

OTHER ACTIVITIES : His hobbies include fishing and handball .

ORGANIZATIONS : Member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots .

SPECIAL HONORS : Awarded the NASA Except ional Service Medal , the
Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wing s , and the Air Force
Distinguished Flying Cros s .

EXPERIENCE : Collins, an Air Force L� Colone l , chose an Air Force

career following graduation from West Point .

He served as an e xp erimental flight test officer at the Air

Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base , California,
and, in that capacity, tested pe rformance and stability and
control characteris tics of Air Force aircraft --primarily
j e t fighters ..

He has logged more than 4, 000 hours flying tim e , including

more than 3 , 200 hours in jet aircraft .

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 - 1 4 1-

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT : Lt. Colonel Collins was one of the third

group of astronauts named by NASA in October 1963 . He
has since served as backup pilot for the Gemini 7
mission .
As pilot on the 3-day 44-revolution Gemini 10 mission,
launched July 18, 1966, Collins shares with command
pilot John Young in the accomplishments of that record­
setting flight . These accomplishments include a success­
ful rendezvous and docking with a separately launched
Ag ena target venicle and, using the power of the Agena,
ma�euvering the Gemini spacecraft into another orbit for
a rendezvous with a second, passive Agena . Collins ' skill­
ful performance in compl eting two periods of extravehicular
activity, including his recovery of a micrometeorite
detection experiment from the passive Agena, added greatly
to our knowledge of manned space flight .
Gemini 10 attained an apogee of approximately 475 statute
miles and traveled a distance of 1 , 275, 091 statute miles-­
after which splashdown occurred in the West Atlantic
529 statute miles east of cape Kennedy . The spacecraft
landed 2 . 6 miles from the USS GUADALCANAL and became the
second in the Gemini program to land within eye and camera
range of a prime recovery vesse l .
He is currently assigned as command module pilot on the
Apollo 11 mission . The annual pay and allowances of an
Air Force l ieutenant col onel with Collins ' time in service
totals $17 , 147 . 36 .

June 1969

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 -14 2-

N AT I O N A l AERON AUTICS AND S P AC E A D M I N I S T R A T I O N

WASHINGTON, D. C . 20S46

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

NAME : Edwin E . Aldrin, Jr . ( Colonel, USAF )

NASA Astronaut, Lunar Module Pilot, Apollo 11
BIRTHPLACE AND DATE : Born in Montclair, New Jersey, on January
20, 1930, and i s the son of the late Marion Moon Aldrin
and Colonel ( USAF Retired ) Edwin E. Aldrin, who resides
in Brielle, New Jersey.
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION : Blond hair ; blue eyes ; height : 5 feet
10 inches ; weight : 165 pounds .
EDUCATION : Graduated from Montclair High School, Montclair, New
Jersey ; received a Bachelor of Science degree from the
United States Military Academy at West Point , New York,
in 1951 and a Doctor of Science degree in Astronautics
from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963 ;
recipient of an Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from
Gustavus. Adolphus C.o llege in 1967., Honorary degree from
Clark University, Worchester, Mass .

MARITAL STATUS : Married to the former Joan A . Archer of Ho-Ho-Kus,

New Jersey, whose parents, Mr . and Mrs . Michael Archer, are
residents of that city .
CHILDREN : J . Michael, September 2, 1955 ; Janice R . , August 16,
1957 ; Andrew J . , June 17 , 1958 .
OTHER ACTIVITIES : He is a Scout Merit Badge Counsellor and an
Elder and Trustee of the Webster Presbyterian Church .
His hobbies include running , scuba diving, and high bar
exercises .
ORGANIZATIONS : Associate Fellow of the American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics ; member of the Society of
Experimental Test Pilots , Sigma Gamma Tau ( aeronautical
engineering society ) , Tau Beta Pi ( nati onal engineering
society ) , and Sigma Xi ( national science research society ) ;
and a 32nd Degree Mason advanced through the Commandery
and Shrine .

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 -1� 3-

SPECIAL HONORS : Awarded the Distingui shed Flying Cross with one
Oak Leaf Cluster, the Air Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters ,
the Air Force Commendation Medal, the NASA Exceptional
Service Medal and Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings,
the NASA Group Achievement Award for Rendezvous Operations
Planning Team, an Honorary Life Membership in the Inter­
national Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers,
and an Honorary Membership in the Aerospace Medical
Association.
EXPERIENCE : Aldrin, an Air Force Colonel, was graduated third
in a class of 475 from the United States Military Academy
at West Point in 1951 and subsequently received his wings
at Bryan, Texas, in 1952 .
He flew 66 combat missions in F-86 aircraft while on duty
in Korea with the 5l�t Fighter Interceptor Wing and was
credited with destroying two MIG-15 aircraft . At Nellis
Air Force Base, Nevarla, he served as an aerial gunnery
instructor and then attended th e Squadron Officers ' School
at the Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama .
Following his assignment as Aide to the Dean of Faculty at
the United States Air Force Academy, Aldrin Flew F-100
aircraft as a flight commander with the 36th Tactical
Fighter Wing at Bitburg, Germany . He attended MIT,
receiving a doctorate after completing his thesis concern­
ing guidance for manned orbital rendezvous, and was then
assigned to the Gemini Target Office of the Air Force Space
Systems Division, Los Angeles, Calfornia . He was later
transferred to the USAF Field Office at the Manned Space­
craft Center wh tch was responsible for integrating DOD
experiments into the NASA Gemini flight s .
He has logged approximately 3, 500 hours flying time,
including 2 , 853 hours in jet aircraft and 139 hours in
helicopters . He has made several flights in the lunar
landing research vehicle.
CURRENT ASSIGNMENT : Colonel Aldrin was one of the third group
of astronauts named by NASA in October 1963 . He has since
served as backup pilot for the Gemini 9 mission and prime
pilot for the Gemini 12 mission.

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 - 1 4 4-

On November 1 1 , 1966, he and command pilot James Lovell

were launched into space in the Gemini 12 spacecraft on
a 4-day 59-revolution flight which brought the Gemini ·
Program to a successful clos e . Aldrin established a new
record for extravehicular activity ( EVA ) by accruing
s lightly more than 5� hours outside the spacecraf t . During

retrieved a micro-meteorite experiment package from the

the umbilical EVA1 he attached a tether to the Agena ;

spacecraft ; and evaluated the use of body restraints

specially designed for comp let ing work tasks ou tside the
spacecraft . He completed numerous photographic experiments
and obtained the first pictures taken from space of an
eclipse of t he sun.

Other major accomplishments of t he 94-nour 35-minute flight

included a third-revolution rendezvous with the previously
launched Agena, using for the first t�ne backup onboard
computations due to a radar failure , and a fully automatic
controlled reentry of a spacecraft . Gemini 12 splashed
down in the Atlantic Within 2i miles of the prime recovery
ship USS WASP .

Aldrin is current ly assigned as lunar module pilot for the

Apollo 11 flight . The annual p ay and allowances of an Air
Force colonel with Aldri n ' s time in service total $18 , 6 22 . 56 .

June 1969

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 -145-

E ARLY AP OLLO SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE ( EASEP )

The Apollo 1 1 s c i ent i fic experiments for deployment

on the lunar surface near the touchdown point of the lunar
module are s t owed in the LM ' s s c i entific equipment bay at
the left rear quadrant of the d e s cent s t age looking for­
ward .

The Early Ap ollo Scientific Experiments Package ( EASEP )

w i l l b e carried only on Apollo 1 1 ; subsequent Apo l lo lunar
landing m i s s ions w i l l carry the more comprehensive Apollo
Lunar Surface Experiment Package ( ALSEP ) .

EASEP c ons i s t s of two b a s i c experiment s : the p a s s i ve

s e ismic experiments package ( P SEP ) and the laser ranging
r e t ro-r e f l e c t or ( LRRR ) . Both experiments are independent ,
s e lf-contained packages that weigh a t o t al o f about 1 7 0
pounds and o c c upy 1 2 cubic f e e t of spac e .

PSEP u s e s three long-period s e i smometers and one short­

period vertical s e i smome ter for measuring meteoroid impacts
and moonquake s . Such data will be useful in det ermining the
interior s tructure o f the Moon ; for examp l e , does the Moon
have a core and mantle like Eart h .

The s e i smi c experiment package has four bas ic s ub s y s t ems :

s t ructure/thermal sub sy s t em for shoc k , vibration and thermal
prote c t i o n ; e lectrical power s ub sy s t em generat e s 3 4 to 46
wat t s by sol ar pane l array ; data s ub sy s t e m r e c e ives and d e c o d e s
MSFN uplink c ommands and downlinks experiment dat a , handles
power switching t as k s ; p a s sive s e ismic experiment sub s y s t em
measures lunar s e i smic activity with long-period and short­
period s e i s mometers which d e t e c t inertial mass displacement .

The laser ranging retro-r e f l e c t or experiment is a retro­

r e fl e c t or array with a folding s upport s tructure for aiming
and aligning the array toward Eart h . The array is built o f
c ub e s of f u s e d s i l i c a . Las e r ranging b eams from Earth w i l l
b e r e f l e c t e d b a c k t o t h e i r point o f origin f o r pre c i s e mea­
surement of Earth-Moon d i s t anc e s , motion of the Moon ' s center
of mas s , lunar radius and Earth geophy s i cal informat ion .

Earth s t a t i ons which w i l l beam lasers t o the LRRR in­

clude the McDonald Ob s ervatory at F t . Davi s , Te x . ; Lick Obs er­
vatory , Mt . Hami lton , Calif . ; and the Catalina Station of the
Univers ity of Arizona . Scient i s t s in other countries a l s o
p lan t o bounc e laser b e ams off the LRRR .

D r . c . 0 . A l ley , University o f Maryland ( La s er Ranging Retro

Principal invest igators for t h e s e experiments are

Feflector ) and Dr . Garry Latham, Lamont G e o l ogical Obs ervatory

( Pas sive Sei smic Experim ents Package ) .

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 -146-

EASEP/LM I NT E R FACE
LM
CENTERL I NE
FWD
'..

LUNAR
MODULE
(LM) LM S C I ENT I F I C
EQU I PMENT BAY
(SEQ)

EAS E P PACKAGES

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 -147-

E AS E P D E PLOY M E NT ZON E S

ZONE I D E PLOYM ENT OF EASEP R EST RI C T ED BY

T H ERMAL RADIATION FROM THE LM
Z O N E II S I GN I F I CANT AERODYNAMIC H EATI N G F ROM
LM A S C ENT ENGI NE PLU ME
ZONE ill PO S S I B LE C O NTA M I NATI ON BY KAPTON A N D
I NC O N EL D E B R I S
Z O N E Til D E S I RABLE DE PLOYMENT Z O N E S
(AVOID L M S HAD OW)

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 -148-

PSEP STOWED CONFIGURATION

PASSIVE S E I S M I C
EXPERI MENT
PACKAGE

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 PSEP DEPLOYED CON FIGURA TfON

ANTENNA

PASSIVE SEISMIC
EXPERIMENT

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 - 1 5 2-

SOLAR W I N D E X PERIME NT

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 -15 � -

APOLLO LUNAR RADIOISOTO PIC HEATER (ALRH)

An isotopic heater system built into the passive

seismometer experiment package which Apollo 1 1 astronauts
will leave on the Hoon wi l l protect the seismic recorder
during frigid lunar nights .

The Apollo Lunar Radioisotopic Heater ( ALRH ) , developed

by the Atomic Energy Commi ssion , w i l l be the first maj or use
of nuclear energy in a manned space flight mission . Each of
the two heaters is fueled with about 1 . 2 ounces of plutonium
2 38 . Heat is given off as the well shielded radioactive
material decays .

During the lunar day , the seismic device w i l l send b ac k

t o Earth data o n any lunar seismi c ac tivity o r "Hoonquakes . "
During the 3 4 0 -hour lunar night , vthen temperatures drop as low
as 279 degrees below zero F . , the 15-watt heaters will keep
the seismometer at a minimum of -65 degrees below zero F .
Exposure to lovtr temperatures vtould damage the devi ce .

Power for the seismic experiment , which operates only

during the day , is from two solar pane ls .

The heaters are three inches in diameter , three inches

long , and weigh two pounds and two ounces each including mul­
tiple layers of shielding �nd protective matcrinlo . The com­
plete seismometer package weighs 1 0 0 pounds .

They are moun ted into the seismic package be fore launch . The
entire un i t vti ll be carried in the lunar module s c ientific equipment
bay and aft er landing on the Moon w i l l be deployed by an astronaut a
short distance from the l unar vehi cle . There is no handling risk
to the as tronaut .

They are mounted into the seismic package before launch .

The entire unit w i l l be carried in the lunar module s c ientific
by an astronaut a short distance from the lunar vehicle .
There i s no handling risk to the astronaut .

The plutonium fuel i s encased in various materials chosen

for radiation shielding and for heat and shock resistance . The
materials include a tantalum-tungsten alloy , a plat inum-rhodium
alloy , t i t anium , fibrous carbon , and graphite . The outside layer
is stainless s t ee l .

Extensive safety analyses and tests \'lere performed by

Sandia Laboratories at Albuquerque , 1\ew t•iexi co , to determine
effects of an abort or any conceivable accident in connection
with the Moon flight . The safety report b y the Interagency
Safety Evaluation Pane l , 'l'lhi ch is made up of representatives of
NASA , the AEC , and the Department of Defense , concluded that
the heater presents no undue safety problem to the general pop­
ulation under any accident condition deemed possible for the
Apollo mission.

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 - 1 5 7-

Sandia Laborat ories i s operated for the AE C by W e s t ern

E l e c t r i c Company . The heater was fabricated by AEC ' s Mound
Laboratory at Miami sburg , Ohi o , which i s operat ed by Monsanto
Res earch Corporat ion .

The first maj or u s e o f nuclear energy i n space came in

1 9 6 1 w i t h the launching of a navigat i o n s at e l l i t e with an i s otop i c
generat or . P lutonium 2 3 8 fue l s the dev i ce whi c h i s s t i l l operat ing .
Two s imi lar uni t s were launched i n 1 9 6 1 and two more in 1 9 6 3 .

Las t Apri l , NASA launched Nimbus I I I , a weather s at e l l i t e

with a 2 -unit n u c l e ar i s o t op i c s y s t em for generat ing e l e ct r i ­
c al power . The Sy s t ems f o r Nucl ear Aux i l i ary Power ( SNAP - 1 9 )
generator , developed by AEC , provides supplementary power .

Apo l l o 1 2 i s s cheduled t o carry a SNAP - 2 7 radi o i sotope

thermo e l e c t r i c generat o r , also deve loped by AE C , to provide power
to operate the Ap o l l o Lunar Surface E xperiments Package ( ALSEP ) .
The SNAP - 2 7 also contains plutonium 2 3 8 as the heat s our c e .
Thermo e l e c t r i c element s convert t h i s heat d i r e c t l y into e l e c ­
t r i c al ene rgy .

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APOLLO LAUNCH OPERATIONS

Pre l aunch Preparations

NASA ' s John F . Kennedy Space Cent er pe rforms pre fligh t

checkout , t e s t and launch o f t h e Ap o l l o 1 1 space vehi c l e .
A government -industry team of about 5 0 0 w i l l conduct the
final countdown from Firing Room 1 of the Launch Control
Center ( L CC ) .

The firing room t e am i s b acked up b y more than 5 , 0 0 0

persons who are dire c t ly involved i n launch operations at KS C
from the time the vehi c le and spacecraft s t a ge s arrive at the
Center unt i l the launch i s comp l e t e d .

I n i t i al checkout of the Apo l l o space craft i s condu c t e d

in work s tands and i n t h e a l t i t ude chamb e r s i n the Manned
Space craft Operations Bui l ding ( MSOB) at Kennedy Space Cent e r .
After comp l e t i on o f checkout there , the a s s emb l e d space c raft
is taken to the Ve h i c l e A s s embly Bui lding ( VAB ) and mated with
the l aunch vehi c le . There the first int e grated s p ac e c raft and
launch veh i c l e t e s t s are conduc t e d . The assemb l e d space veh i c l e
is then rol l e d out t o the launch pad for final preparations and
countdown t o launch .

In e arly January , 1 9 6 9 , flight hardware for Ap o l l o 11 b e gan

arriving at Kennedy Space Cent e r , j us t as Apollo 9 and Apollo 1 0
were undergoing checkout at KS C .

The lunar module was the f i r s t p i e c e of Ap o l l o 11 flight

hardware t o arrive at KSC . The two s t age s of the LM were moved
into the a l t i t ude chamb e r in the Manned Spacecraft Operations
Bui lding after an ini t i al r e c e i ving inspe c tion in January .
In the chamber the LM underwent s y s t e ms t e s t s and both unmanne d
and manned chamb e r runs . During the se runs the chamb er air was
pumped out to s i mulate the vacuum of space at a l t i t udes in
e x c e s s o f 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 fee t . There the s p ac e c raft s y s tems and the
astronaut s ' l i fe support s y s tems were t e sted .

Wh i l e the LM was undergoing preparation for i t s manne d

al tit ude chamb e r runs , the Apo l l o 11 command/s ervi c e module
arri ved at KSC and after r e c e i ving inspe c t i on , it , too , was
placed in an a l t i t ude chamb e r in the MSOB for s y s tems t e s t s
and unmanne d and manned chamb e r run s . The prime and b ackup
crews part i cipated in the chamb e r runs on b oth the LM and the
CSM .

In early Apri l , the LM and CSM were removed from the

chamb er s . After i n s t a l l ing the landing gear on the LM and the
SPS engine no zzle on the CSM, the LM was e n c ap s ulated in the
spacecraft LM adap ter ( SL A ) and the CSM was mated to the SLA .
On Ap ri l 1 4 , the ass e mb led space craft was moved t o the VAB
where it was mated t o the launch vehi c l e .

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The launch vehi cle flight hard\-rare b e gan arriving at

KSC in mid - January and by March 5 the three s tages and the
instrument unit were ere c ted on Mob i l e Launcher 1 in h i gh
bay 1 . T e s t s were conducted on individual s y s t ems on each
of the s t ages and on the overall launch vehi cle b e fore the
spacecraft was e re c ted atop the ve h i c le .

After spac e c raft erection , the space craft and launch

ve h i c l e were e l e c tr i c ally mated and the first overa l l t e s t
( p lugs- i n ) o f the space veh i c le was conducted . I n accordance
with the philo s ophy o f a c c omp l i shing as much of the che ckout
as pos s ib le in the VAB , the overall t e s t was c onduc ted b e fore
the space veh i c le was moved to the l aunch pad .

The p l ug s - in t e s t ve rified the compatLb i l i ty o f the space

vehi c le s ys t ems , ground support equipment and off - s i t e support
fac i l i t i e s by demon s trating the ab i l i t y of the s y s tems to
proceed through a s imul ated c o untdown , launch and fl i ght .
During the s i mulated flight portion o f the t e s t , the s y s t e ms
were required t o respond to b o th emergency and normal flight
condit ions .

The move to Pad A from the VAB on May 2 1 o c c urred whi le

Apollo 10 was enroute to the Moon for a dre s s rehearsal of a
lunar landing mi s s ion and the firs t t e s t o f a comp l e t e space craft
in the near-lunar environment .

Ap ollo 1 1 w i l l mark the fi fth launch at Pad A on Complex

39 . The first two unmanned Saturn V launches and the manned
Apo llo 8 and 9 launches took p lace at Pad A . Apo l l o 1 0 was
the only l aunch to date from Pad B .

The space veh i c le F l i gh t Readin e s s Te s t was c onduc t e d

June 4 - 6 . Both the prime and backup c rews part i c ipate in
portions o f the FRT , which i s a final overal l t e s t of the space
vehi c le s y s t ems and ground support equipment when all s y s t ems
are as near as pos s ib l e to a launch configurat ion .

A fter hypergo l i c fue l s were loaded aboard the space

ve h i cle and the l aunch veh i c l e first s t age fuel ( RP- 1 ) was
brought ab oard , the final maj or t e s t of the space vehi c le b e gan .
Th i s was the countdown demons tration t e s t ( CDDT) , a dre s s re­
hears al for the final count down to launch . The CDDT for
Ap o l l o 11 was divided into a "we t " and a " dry" port ion . During
the· firs t , or 11\'le t " portion , the entire count down , inc luding
propel lant loading , was carried out down to T- 8 . 9 s e c ond s , the
time for i gn i t ion se quence s t art . The as tronaut crew did not
p ar t i c ipate in the wet CDDT .

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At the completion of the wet CDDT, the cryogenic pro­

pe llants ( liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) vrere off-loaded ,
and the final portion o f the c ountdown was re-run , this time
s imulating the fue ling and with the prime ast ronaut crew
parti cipating as they will on launch day .
By the time Apollo 11 was entering the final phase o f its
che ckout proce dure at Complex 39A , crews had already started
the checkout of Apol lo 12 and Apollo 1 3 . The Apol l o 12 space­
craft completed alt itude chamber testing in June and was later
mated t o the launch veh i c le in the VAB . Apollo 1 3 fligh t hard­
ware b egan arriving in June to undergo preliminary che ckout .
Be cause o f the comp lexity involved in the che ckout of the
363-foot-tall ( 1 10 . 6 me ters ) Apo l lo/Saturn V con figuration , the
launch teams make use of e xtensive automation in their checkout .
Automation i s one of the maj or di fferences in checkout used in
Apollo compared to the procedures use d in the Mercury and
Gemini programs .
Computers , data display equipment and digital data tech­
niques are used throughout the automati c che ckout from the t ime
the launch vehi cle is erected in the VAB through l i ft off . A
simi lar , but separate computer operation called ACE ( Ac ceptance
Che ckout-�quipment ) is used t o verify the flight readines s of
the space craft . Spacecraft che ck out is c ontrolled from separate
rooms in the Manned Space craft Operations Building .

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LAUNCH COMPLEX 39

were planned and built specifically for the Apollo Saturn v,

Launch Complex 39 facilities at the Kennedy Space Center

the space vehicle that will be used to carr.1 astronauts to

the Moon .

Complex 39 introduced the mobile concept of launch operations,

a departure from the fixed launch pad techniques used previously
at cape Kennedy and other launch sites . Since the early 1950 ' s
when the first ballistic missiles were launched, the fixed launch
concept had been used on NASA missions . This method called for

pad. In addition to tying up the pad, this method also often left
assembly, checkout and launch of a rocket at one site--the launch

the flight equipment exposed to the outside influences of the

weather for extended periods .

Using the mobile concept, the space vehicle is thoroughly

checked in an enclosed building before it is moved to the launch
pad for final preparations . This affords greater protection, a
more systematic checkout process using computer techniques and
a high launch rate for the future , since the pad time is minimal .

Saturn V stages are shipped to the Kennedy Space Center by

ocean-going vessels and specially designed aircraft, such as the
Guppy. Apollo spacecraft modules are transported by air . The
spacecra£t components are first taken to the Manned Spacecraft
Operations Building for preliminary checkout . The Saturn V
stages are brought immediately to the Vehicle Assembly Building
after arrival at the nearby turning basin.

The major components of Complex 39 include : ( 1 ) the

Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) where the Apollo 11 was
as sembled and prepared; ( 2 ) the Launch Control Center, where
the launch team conducts the preliminary checkout and final
countdown ; ( 3 ) the mobile launcher, upon which the Apollo 11
was erected for checkout and from where it will be launched;
( 4 ) the mobile service structure, which provides external access
to the space vehicle at the pad; ( 5 ) the transporter, which
carries the space vehicle and mobile launcher, as well as the
mobile service structure to the pad; (6 ) the crawlerway over
whi ch the space vehic le travels from the VAB to the launch pad;
and ( 7 ) the launch pad itself .

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Vehicle Assembly Building

The Vehicle Assembly Building is the heart of Launch Comple x

39 . Covering eight acre s , it is where the 363-foot-tall space
vehicle is assembled and tested.

The VAB contains 129, 48 2 , 000 cubic feet of space, It is

71 feet long, and 5 18 feet wide and it covers 3 43, 500 square
6
feet of floor space .

The foundat ion of the VAB rests on 4 , 225 steel pilings ,

each 1 6 inches in diameter, driven from 150 to 170 feet to bed­
rock . If placed end to end, these pilings would extend a distance
of 123 mile s . The skeletal structure or the building contains
approximately 6o , ooo tons or stru ctural stee l . The exterior is
covered by more than a million square feet or insulated aluminum
siding .

The building is divided into a high bay area 525 feet high
and a low bay area 210 feet high, with both areas serviced by�a
transfer aisle for movement of vehi cle stages .

The low bay work area, approximately 442 feet wide and 27 4
feet long, contains eight stage-preparation and checkout cells .
These cells are equipped with systems to simulate stage interface
and operation with other stages and the instrument unit of the
Saturn V launch vehicle .

After the Apollo 1 1 launch vehicle upper stages arrived at

Kennedy Space Center, they were moved to the low bay of the
VAB . Here, the s econd and third stages underwent acceptance and
checkout testing prior to mating with the S-IC first stage atop
the Mobile Launcher in the high bay area .

The high bay provides facilities for assembly and checkout

of both the launch vehicle and spacecraft. It contains four
separate bays for vertical as semb ly and checkout . At present ,
three bays are equipped, and the fourth will be reserved for
possible changes in vehicle configuration.

Work platforms -- some as high as three-story buildings -- 1n

the high b ays provide access by surrounding the vehicle at varying
levels . Each high bay has five platforms . Each platform consists
of two hi-parting sections that move in from opposite sides and
mate, providing a 3 60-degree access to the section of the space
vehicle being checked.

A 1 0 , 000-ton-capacity air conditioning system, sufficient

to cool about 3 1 000 home s , helps to control the environment within
the entire office, laboratory, and workshop complex located inside
the low bay area of the VAB . Air conditioning is also fed to
individual platform levels located around the vehicle .

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There are 1 4 1 lifting devices i n the VAB, ranging from one­

ton hoists to two 250-ton high-lift bridge cranes .

The mobile launchers, carried by transporter vehicles , move

in and out of the VAB through four doors in the high bay area, one
in each of the bays . Each door is shaped like an inverted T . They
are 152 feet wide and 1 1 4 feet high at the base, narrowing to 7 6
feet in width . Total door height is 45 6 feet .

The lower section of each door is of the aircraft hangar type

that slides horizontally on tracks . Above this are seven teles cop­
ing vertical lift panels stacked one above the other, each 50 feet
high and driven by an individual motor. Each panel slides over
the next to create an opening large e nough to permit passage of
the mobile launcher .

Launch Control Center

Adjacent to the VAB is the Launch Control Center ( LCC ) . This

four-story structure is a radical departure from the dome-shaped
blockhouses at other launch sites .
"
The electronic "brain of Launch Complex 39, the LCC was used
for checkout and test operations while Apollo 11 was being assembled
inside the VAB . The LCC contains display, monitoring, and control
equipment used for both checkout and launch operations .

The building has telemeter checkout stations on its seco nd

floor, and four firing rooms, one for each high bay of the VAB,
on its third floor. Three firing rooms contain identical sets of
control and monitoring equipment , so that launch of a vehicle and
checkout of others take p lace s�ultaneously. A ground computer
facility is associated with each firing room .

The high speed computer data link is provided between the LCC
and the mob ile launcher for checkout of the launch vehicle . This
link can b e connected to the mobile launcher at either the VAB
or at the pad.

The three equipped firing roams have same 450 consoles Which
contain controls and displays required ror the checkout proce s s .
The digital data links connecting wi th the high bay areas of the
VAB and the launch pads carry vast amounts of data required during
checkout and launch .

There are 1 5 display systems i n each LCC firing room, with

each system capable of providing digital information instantane­
ously.

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Sixty television cameras are positioned around the Apollo/

saturn V transmitting pictures on 10 modulated channel s . The LCC
firing room also contains 112 operational intercommuni cation
channels used by the crews in the checkout and launch countdown.

Mobile Launcher

The mobile launcher is a transportab le launch base and

umbilical tower for the space vehicle . Three mobile launchers are
used at Complex 39 .

The launcher base is a two-story steel structure, 25 feet high,

1 60 feet long, and 135 feet wide . It i s positioned on six steel
pedestals 22 feet high when in the VAB or at the launch pad. At
the launch pad, in addition to the six steel pedestals, four exten­
dable columns also are used to stiffen the mobile launcher against
rebound loads , if the Saturn engines cut off.

The umbilical tower, extending 398 feet above the launch plat­
form, i s mounted on one end of the launcher base . A hammerhead
crane at the top has a hook height of 37 6 feet above the deck with
a traverse radius of 85 feet from the center of the tower.

The 12-million-pound mobile launcher stands 445 feet high

when resting on its pedestal s . The base, covering about half an
acre, is a compartmented s tructure built of 25-foot steel girders .

The launch vehicle sits over a 45-foot-square opening which

al lows an outlet for engine exhausts into the launch pad trench
containing a flame deflector . This opening ie lined with a re­
placeable steel blast shi�ld, independent of the structure , and
i s cooled by a water curtain initiated two seconds after liftoff .

There are nine hydraulically-operated service arms on the

umbilical tower. These service arms support lines for the vehicle
umbilical systems and provide access for personnel to the stages
as well as the astronaut crew to the spacecraft .

On Apollo 1 1 , one of the service ar.ms is retracted early in

the count . The Apollo spacecraft access arm is partially re­
tracted at T- 43 minutes . A third service arm is released at T-30
seconds, and a fourth at about T-1 6 . 5 seconds. The remaining
five arms are set to swing back at vehicle first motion after T-o .

The service arms are equipped with a backup retraction system

in case the primary mode fail s .

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The Apollo access arm { service arm 9 ) J located at the 320-

foot level above the launcher base, provides access to the apace­
craft cabin for the closeout team and astronaut crews . The flight
crew Will board the spacecraft starting about T-2 hours, 4o minutes
in the count . The access arm will be moved t o a parked position,
12 degrees from the spacecraft, at about T-43 minutes . This is a
distance of about three feet, which permits a rapid reconnection
of the arm to the spacecraft in the event of an emergency condition.
The arm is fully retracted at the T-5 minute mark in the count .

The Apollo 11 vehicle is secured to the mobile launcher by

four combination support and hold-down arms mounted on the launcher
deck. The hold-down arms are cast in one piece, about 6 x 9 feet
at the base and 10 feet tall, weighing more than 20 tons . Damper
struts secure the vehicle near its top .

After the engines ignite, the arms hold Apollo 11 tor about
six seconds until the engines build up to 95 percent thrust and
other monitored systems indicate they are functioning properly.
The arms releaae on receipt of a launch commit signal at the zero
mark in the count . But the vehicle is prevented from accelerating
too rapidly by controlled release mechanisms .

The mobile launcher provides emergency e�ress for the crew and

two 600-feet per minute elevators or by a slide-wire and cab to a

cloaeout service personnel . Personnel may descend the tower via

bunker 2 , 200 feet from the launcher. If high speed elevators are
utilized to level A of the launcher, two options are then avai l­

room below the pad or take elevator B to the b ottoa of the pad
able . The personnel may slide down the escape tube to the blast

and board armored personne l carriers and depart the area .

Transporter

The six-million-pound transporters move mobile launchers

into the VAB and mobile launchers with assembled Apollo space
vehicles to the launch pad . 'l'hey also are used to transfer the
mobile service structure to and from the launch pads . Two
transporters are in use at Complex 39 .

The Transporter is 131 feet long and 114 feet wide . The
vehicle moves on four double-tracked crawlers, each 10 feet high
and 40 feet long . Each shoe on the crawler track is seven feet six
inches in length and weigh� about a ton.

Sixteen traction motors powered by four lJ OOO -kilowatt gen­

eratorsJ which in turn are driven by two 2, 750-horsepower diesel
enginesJ provide the motive power for the transporter. Two 750-
kw generatorsJ driven by two 1 , 065-horsepower diesel engines ,
power the jacking, steering, lighting, ventilating and electronic
systems .

Maximum speed ot the transporter is about one-mile-per-hour

to Pad A With Apollo 11 on ita mobile launchar took about six

loaded and about two-miles-per-hour unloaded. The 3 · 5 mile trip

hours since maximum speed ia not maintained throughout the trip.

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The transporter has a leveling system designed t o keep the

t op of the space vehicle vertical within plus-or-minus 10 minutes
of arc -- about the dimensions of a basketball.

This system also provides leveling operations required to

negotiate the five percent ramp which leads t o the launch pad and
keeps the load level when it is raised and lowered on pedestals
both at the pad and within the VAB.

The overall height or the transporter i s 20 feet from ground

level to the top deck on which the mobile launcher is mated for
transportation. The deck is flat and ab out the size or a base­
ball diamond (90 by 90 feet ) .

T�o operator control cab s # one at each end of the chassis

loeated diagonally opposite each other# provide totally enclosed
stations from which all operating and control functions are
coordinated.

Crawlerway

The transporter moves on a roadway 131 feet wide � divided

by a median strip . This is almost as broad as an eight-lane
turnpike and is designed to accommodate a comb ined weight of about
1 8 million pounds .

The roadway i s built 1n three layers with an average depth

of seven feet . The roadway base layer i s two-and-one-half feet

consists of three feet of crushed rock packed to maximum density,

of hydraulic fill compacted to 95 percent density . The next layer

followed by a layer of one foot of selected hydraulic fill . The

bed is topped and sealed with an asphalt pr�e coat .

On top of the three layers is a cover of river rock� eight

inches deep on the curves and six inches deep on the straightway.
This layer reduces the friction during steering and helps
distribute the load on the transporter bearings .

Mob ile Service Structure

A 4o2-foot-tall� 9 . 8 -million-pound tower is used to service

the Apollo launch vehicle and spacecraft at the pad. The 40-story
steel-trussed t ower� called a mobile service structure, provides
36o -degree platform access to the Saturn launch vehicle and the
Apollo spacecraft .

The service structure has five platforms -- two self-propelled

and three fixed, but movable . Two elevators carry personnel and
equipment between '�rk platforms . The platforms can open and close
around the 36 3-foot space vehi cle .

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After depositing the mobile launcher with i t s space

vehicle on the pad, the t ransporter returns to a parking
area about 7 , 000 reet rrom pad A . There it picks up the
mobile service structure and moves it to the launch pad .
At the pad , the hu�e tower is lowered and secured to four
mount mechanisms .

The top three work platforms are located in fixed

movable platforms serve the Saturn v.

positions which serve the Apollo spac ecraft . The two lower

The mobile service structure remains in position until

about T-11 hou rs when it i s removed from its Mounts and re­
turned to the parking area .

Water De luge System

A water deluge system will provide a �illion gallons

ot indu strial water for cooling and fire prevention during
launch of �pollo 1 1 . Once the service arms are retracted at
liftot:r, a spray system will come on to cool these arms from
the heat of the five saturn F-1 engines during liftoff.

On the deck of the mobile launcher are 29 water nozzles .

This deck deluge will start immediately after 11fto£r and will
pour across the race of the launcher for 30 Reconds At the rate
of 50, 000 gallons -per�inute . After 30 second s , the flow will
be reduced t o 20, 000 gallons-per-minute .

Positioned on both sides of the flame trench are a

series of nozzles which will begin pouring wate r at 8 , 000
gallons -per-minute, 10 secom s before liftoff . This water
will be directed over the flame deflector.

Other flush mounted nozz l e s , posit ioned around the pad,

will wash away any fluid spill as a protection a�ainst fire
hazards .

Water spray systems also are available along the

egress rou te that the astronaut s and c loseout c rews wou ld
follow in case an emergency evacuati on was required .

Flame Trench and Deflector

The flame trench is 58 feet wide and approximately six

feet above mean sea level at the base . The he ight of the
trench and deflector is approximately 42 feet .

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The flame deflector weighs abou t 1 . 3 million pounds and

i s stored outside the flame trench on rail s . When it is moved
beneath the launcher, it is raised hydrau lically into position .
The deflector i s covered with a four-and-one-half -inch thick­
ness of refractory concrete consist ing of a volcanic ash
aggregate and a calcium aluminate binder . The heat and blast
of the engines are expected to wear about three-quarters of an
inch from this refractory surface du ring the Apollo 11 launch .

Pad Areas
Both Pad A and Pad B of Launch Complex 39 are roughly
octagonal in shape and cover about one fourth of a square
mi le of terrain.
The center or the pad 1a a hardstand c onstructed or
heavily reinforced concrete . In additi on to supporting the
weight of the mobile launcher and the Apollo Saturn V vehi cle,
i t also must support the 9 . 8-mi llion-pound mobile service
structure and 6-mi llion-pound transporter, all at the same
time . The top of the pad stands some 48 feet above sea leve l .
Saturn V propellants - - liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen
and RP-1 -- are stored near the pad perimeter.
Stainless steel , vacuum-jacketed pipes carry the liquid
oxygen ( LOX ) and liquid hydrogen from the storage tanks to
the pad , up the mobi le launcher, and finally into the launch
vehicle propellant tanks .
LOX i s supplied from a 900, 000-gallon s torage tank . A
centrifugal pump with a discharge pressure of 320 pounds-per­
square-inch pumps LOX to the vehi c le at flow rates as high as
10, 000-gallons -per-minute .
Liquid hydrogen, used in the second and third stages ,
i s stored in an 850 ,000-gallon tank, and i s sent through
1 , 500 feet of 10-inch, vacuum-jacketed invar pipe . A vapor­
i zing heat exchanger pressurizes the storage tank to 60 psi
for a 10 , 000 gallons -per-minute flow rate .
The RP-1 fue l , a high g rade of kerosene is stored in
three tanks --each with a capacity of 86, 000 gallons . It is
pumped at a rate of 2 , 000 gallons-per-minute at 175 psig .
The Complex 38 pneumatic system includes a converter­
compressor facility, a pad high-pressure gas storage battery,
a high-pressure storage battery in the VAB, low and high-pres­
sure , c ross-c ountry supply lines , high-pressure hydrogen storage
and conversion equipment , and pad distribution piping to pneu­
matic control panels . The various purging systems require
187, 000 pounds of liquid nitrogen and 21 , 000 gallons of helium.

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Mission Control Center

The Mission Control Center at the Manned Spacecraft
Center, Houston, is the focal point for Apollo flight control
activities . The center receives tracking and te lemetry data
from the Manned Space Flight Network, processes this data
through the Mission Control Center Real-Time Computer Complex ,
and displays this data to the fl ight controllers and engineers
in the Mission Operations Control Room and staff support rooms .
The Manned Space Flight Network tracking and data
acquisition stations link the flight controllers at the center
to the spacecraft .
For Apollo 10 all network stations will be remote sites ,
that is, without flight control teams . All uplink commands and
voice commu nications will originate from Houston, and telemetry
data will be sent back to Houston at high speed rates ( 2 , 400
bits -per-second ) , on two separate data line s . They can be
either real time or playback information.
Signal flow for voice circuits between Houston and
the remote sites is via commerc ial carrier, usually satellite,
wherever possible using leased lines which are pa rt of the NASA
Communications Network .
Commands are sent from Houston to NASA ' s Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt , Md . , on lines which link computers
at the two points . The Goddard communication computers pro­
vide automatic switching facilities and speed buffering for the
command data . Data are transferred from Goddard to remote sites
on high speed ( 2 , 400 bits-per- second ) line s . Command loads also
can be sent by teletype from Hou ston to the remote sites at 100
words-per-minute . Again, Goddard computers provide storage and
switching functions .

the RP receivers, processed by the pulse code modulation

Telemetry data at the remote site are receiv�d by
ground stations, and transferred to the 642B remote-site
telemetry computer for storage . Depending on the format
selected by the telemetry controller at Houston, the 642B
will send the desired format through a 2010 data trans
mission unit which provides parallel to serial conversion,
and drives a 2 , 400 bit-per-second mode .
The data mode converts the digital serial data to
phase-shifted keyed tones which are fed to the hi�h speed
data lines of the communications network .

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(
(
Tracking data are sent from the sites in a low
speed 100 words ) teletype format and a 240-bit block hi�
speed 2 , 400 bits ) format . Data rates are one sample-6
seconds for teletype and 10 samples ( frames ) per second for
high speed data .

All high-speed data, whether tracking or telemetry,

which origin� te at a remote site are sent to noddard on high­
speed line s . Goddard reformat s the data when necessary and
sends them t o Hou ston in 600-bit blocks at a 40, 800 bits-per­
second rate . or the 600-bit block, 480 bits are reserved for
data, the other 120 bits for addre s s , syn c , interc�puter instru­
ctions, and polynominal error encoding .

A l l wideband 40, 800 bits-per-second data originating at

Houston are c onverted to high speed ( 2 , 400 bits-per-second )
data at Goddard bP.fore being transferred to the designated
remote site .

-more -
 - 17 1 -

MANNED S PACE FLIGHT NETWORK

Tra cking, command and communi cation -- Apollo ll ' s vital links
w i th the Earth -- w i l l be performe d , in two broad phases .

For the first phase , the Manned Space Flight Network ( MSFN )
will depend largely on its worldwide chain o f s tations equipped
wlth 30-foot antennas \i hile Apollo is launched and orb i ting ne�r
the Earth . The second phase begins when the space c raft moves out
more than 10 , 000 miles above Earth , Hhen the 85-foot diameter
antennas b ring the i r greater pO\'t'e r and ac curacy into play .

\d th
The Ne t\"orl< must furnish re liable , instantaneous c ontact
the as tronauts , the i r launch veh i c le and spacecraft , from
li ftoff th rough Earth orb i t , �ioon landing and lunar takeoff to
splashdown in the Pac i f i c Ocean .

For Apollo 1 1 , NSFN \·I ill use 17 ground stations , four shi ps
and six to eigh t j e t aircraft -- all directly or indire c t ly
linked Nith lU ssion Control Center in Houston . Hh ile the Earth
turns on i t s axis and the Moon travels in orbit nearly one-
quarter million mi les aHay and Apollo 11 moves be t\·teen the m , ground
controllers \"i 11 be kept in the c losest pos s ib le contac t . Thus ,
only for s ome 4 5 minutes as the spacecraft flies behind the Moon
in each orbi t , w i l l this link with Earth be out of re ach .

A l l elements o f the NetHork get ready early in the countdown .

As the Apollo Saturn V ascends , voi c e and data w i l l be transmi t ted
ins tantaneously to Hou s ton . The data are sent direc tly through
computers for visual display to flight controllers .

Depending on the launch azimuth , the 30-foot antennas \•li l l

keep tabs on Apollo 1 1 , beginning w i th the s tation at Merri tt
I sland, thence Grand Bahama Is land ; Bermuda ; tracking ship
Vanguard ; the Canary I s lands ; Carnarvon , Austral i a ; HaNai i ; another
tracking ship ; Guaymas , Mexi co ; and Corpus Chri s t i , Te x .

'l'o i n j e c t Apollo 11 into trans lunar flight path , f11ission

Cont rol \>l i l l send a signal t hrough one o f the land st ations or one
of the tracking ships in the Paci fi c . As the spacecraft heads for
the l�oon , the engine burn \>li l l be monitored by the ships and an
Apollo range ins trumentat ion aircraft (ARIA ) . The ARIA provides
a rel ay for the as tronauts ' voi ces and data commun i c ation \'lith
Houston .

-more-
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M A N N E D S PA CE FLIGHT T RA C K I N G N ET WOR K
 -173-

When the spacecraft re ach e s an alti tude of 10 , 0 0 0 mi les the

more powerful 85-foot antennas w i l l j o in in for pri mary s upport
of the flight , although the 30 - foot " di s hes " will continue to
t rack and record data . The 85 -foot antennas are locate d , about
120 degrees apart , near Madri d , Spain ; Golds tone , Cali f.; and
Canberra , Aus tral i a .

�li t h the 12 0 -degree spac ing around the Earth, at least one o f
the large antennas w i l l have the Moon i n view at all time s . A s the
Earth revolves from we s t t o eas t , one 85 -foot s t ation hands over
c ontrol to the next 85-foot s t at i on as it moves into view o f the
space craft . In this way , data and c ommuni c at i on flow i s maintaine d .

Data are re layed b ack through the huge antennas and transmitted
via the NASA Communi cation s Net work ( NA S COM ) -- a two-mi l lion mi l e
hookup o f landline s , unde rsea c ab le s , radio c i r c u i t s and c ommuni ca­
t i on s at e l li te s -- to Hous ton . This informatin is fe d into
compu ters for vis ual d i s p l ay in Mi s s ion Control -- for example , a
disp lay of the pre c i s e posit ion o f the space craft on a large map .
Or , returning data my indi c at e a drop in power or s ome other
difficulty in a space craft s y s t e m , whi c h would energize a red light
to alert a flight cont ro l le r to act ion .

Ret urning data flowing through the Earth s t at i on s give the

neces sary informat ion for c ommanding midcourse mane uvers to keep
Apo l l o 1 1 in a proper traj e c t ory for orb i t in g the r<ioon . After
Apollo 1 1 is in the v i c inity of the Moon , these data indic ate the
amount of retro burn neces s ary for the servi ce module engine t o
place the space craft i n lunar orb i t .

Once the lunar module s e p arate s from the c ommand module and
goe s into a separate lunar orbit , the MSFN w i l l b e required t o
keep track o f both spacecraft at once , and provide two-way c ommun i c a­
t i on and te leme t ry b e t'tt e en them and the Earth . The prime antenna
at e ach of the three 8 5 - foot tracking s t a t ions w i l l handle one
space craft \>Thile a wing, or b ackup , antenna at the s ame s i t e 'lt i l l
handle the othe r s pace craft during each pass .

Tracking and acqui s i t i on of dat a bet\oJeen Earth and the two

space craft \>t i l l provide s upport for the rendezvous and docking
maneuvers . The information w i l l als o be used t o determine the
tlme and durat i on of the servi ce module prop u l s i on engine burn
required to place the command module i n t o a pre c i s e traj e c tory for
reentering the Earth ' s atmosphere at the p lanne d location .

-more-
 As the space craft c omes toward Earth at h i gh s peed -- up t o
more than 2 5 , 0 0 0 miles per hour - - i t mus t reenter at the proper
angle . To make an a c c urate reentry , information from the tracking
s tations and s h i p s is fed i n t o the MCC computers where flight
contro l lers make de c i s ions that w i l l provide the Apo l lo 1 1 crew
wi th the ne c e s s ary in format ion .

Appropriate MSFN s t at i ons , inc luding the s h i p s and aircraft

in the Pac i fi c , are on hand to provide s upport during the reentry .
An ARIA aircraft \•t i l l re l ay as tronaut voice commun i c a t i ons t o MCC
and antennas on re entry s h i p s will follow the s pace craft .

Through the j ourney t o the Moon and return , television w i l l

b e re c e i ve d from the spacecraft a t the three 8 5 - foot antennas around
the world . In addi t i on , 2 1 0 - foot diame t e r antennas in Cali fornia
and Aus tralia w i l l be u s e d to augment the t e l e vi s i on coverage while

s tat ions permi t imme diate transmi s s i on o f commercial qual i t y TV

the Apo l l o 11 is near and on the Moon . Scan converters at the

via NASCOM to Houston , where i t w i l l be re l e a s e d t o TV network s .

NASA C ommun icat i ons Network

The NASA Commun i c a t i ons Network ( NASCOM) cons i s t s of s e veral

s y s tems of dive r s e l y routed commun i c at i ons ch anne ls leased on
communications s a t e l l i t e s , c ommon c arri er s y s t ems and high frequency
radio fac i l i t i e s where ne c e s s ary to provide the a c ce s s link s .

The s y s tem c on s i s t s o f both narrow and w i de - band channe l s ,

and s ome TV channe l s . Inc luded are a vari ety of t e l e grap h , voi c e ,
and data s y s tems ( di gi t a l and an alog ) w i t h s e veral digital data rate s .
Wide-�and s y s tems do not e x tend overseas . A l t e rnate rou t e s or
redundancy provide added re l i abi l i t y .

A primary s w i t c h i n g c e nter and intermediate svti t c hing and

and S \'li t ching operations under direct NASA contro l . The primary
con t ro l points provide cent ral i z e d fac i l i t y and t e chnical contro l ,

switching center is at the Goddard Space Fl i gh t Cent e r , Greenb e l � ,

Md . Interme diate swi t c h ing cent ers are located at Canb erra ,
Madri d , London , Honolu lu , Guam , and Kennedy Spac e Cente r .

For Ap o l l o 11 , the Kennedy Space Center i s c onne c t e d directly

to the Mi s s ion Control Cent e r , Hous t on vi a the Apoll o Launch Data
Sys tem and to the Marshal l Spa ce F l i gh t C e nt e r , Hun tsvi l l e , A l a . ,
b y a Launch Information Exchange Fac i l i t y .

.O.fter laun ch , all net\'lork tracking and te lemetry data hubs

at GSFC for transmi s s ion t o MCC Hou s t on via two 5 0 , 00 0 b i t s -per­
s e cond c i rcui t s u s e d for redundancy and in cas e of data ove rfl ow .

-more-
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NASA COMM U N I CATI O N S N ETWORK

 -176-

'I\o1o Intelsat communi cations s atelli tes ,·r ill be used for
Apollo 1 1 . The Atlantic sate llite w i l l service the Ascension
I s land unified S-band ( US3 ) s tation , t�e Atlantic Ocean ship and
the Canary Is lands s i te .
The second Apollo Intelsat communi cation s s atellite over
the mid-Pa c i fi c wi ll service tne Carnarvon , Aus trali a USB s i t e
and the Pac i fi c Ocean ships . A l l these s t at i ons >'li l l b e able to
t ransmit s imultaneously through the satellite to Houston via
Brewster Flat , Wash . , and th� Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbe l t .
r1d .
Ne twork Computers
At fraction-of-a-second in tervals , the ne twork ' s digital
data process ing sys tems , with NASA ' s Manned Space craft Center as
the focal point , " talk " to each other or to the space craft . High­
speed computers at the remote s i te ( tracking ships included ) i s s ue
commands or "up-link " data on such matters as control of cab in
pre s s ure , orbi tal guidance commands , or "go-no-go" indi cations to
perform ce rtain fun c tions .
When information originates from Houston , the computers re fer
to the i r pre-programmed i n formation for validi ty be fore transmi t t ing
the required data to the space craft .
Such "up-link "information i s comm.mi cated by ultra-high­
frequency radio about 1 , 20 0 bits-per-second . Communi c ation between
remote ground s i te s , vla high-speed communi cat ions links , occurs
at about the same rate . Hous ton reads in formation from these ground
s i te s at 2 , 400 b its-per-second , as well as from remote sites at
100 words-per-minute .

The computer sys tems perform many other functions , inc luding:
Assuring the quali ty of the transmission lines by
continually exerci sing data paths .
Verifying accuracy of the messages by repetitive operations .
Cons tantly updating the flight s tatus .
For "ClO\'In link" dat a , sensors built into the spacecraft
continually s ample cabin temperature , pre s s ure , phys ical information
on the as t ronauts s uch as heartbeat and respiration , among other
items . These data are transmi tted t o the ground s tation s at 5 1 . 2
kilobits ( 12 , 800 b inary digits ) per-second .

-more-
 - 17 7 -

At MCC the comput e rs :

De t e c t and s e le c t changes o r devi a t i ons , compare \d th

their s t ored programs , and i nd i c at e the problem areas
or pertinent data t o the fli ght controllers .

Pro v i de d i s p lay s to mi s s i on personne l .

Assemble output data in proper formats .

Log data on magne t i c tape for rep lay for the flight
c ontrolle r s .

Keep t ime .

-more -
 -1 7 8-

The Apo llo Sh ips

The mis s i on \'li l l b e s upported by four Apollo ins t rumen tat ion
s hips operating as integral s t ations o f the Manne d Space Fligh t
Network ( MSFN ) t o provide coverage i n areas b eyond the range o f
land s t ations .

The ships , USNS Vanguard , Reds tone , Mercury , and Hunt s v i l l e will
pe rform trac k i n g , t e lemetry , and c ommuni cat i on fun c t i ons for the
launch phas e , Earth orb i t insertion , translunar inj e c t i on , and
reentry .

Vanguard w i l l b e s t at i oned about 1 , 0 0 0 mile s s outheast of

Bermuda ( 25 degre e s N . , 4 9 degrees \•1 . ) to b ridge the Bermuda­
Antigua gap during Earth orbit inse rtion . Vanguard a l s o fun c t i ons
as part of the At l an t i c recove ry fleet i n the event o f a launch
phase contingency . Red s t one ( 2 . 2 5 degrees S . , 166 . 8 degre e s E . ) ;
the Mercury ( 1 0 N . , 175 . 2 W . ) and the Huntsville ( 3 . 0 N . , 1 5 4 . 0 E . )
provide a triangle o f mob i le s t at ions b e tween the MSFN s t at ions at
C arnarvon and Hawaii for cove r age o f the b urn interval for t ran s ­
lunar inj e c t i on . In the event the launch date s lips from July 1 6 ,
the ships wi l l all move genera lly northeastward t o cover the
changing trans lunar inj e c t i on l o cation .

Redstone and Hun t s v i l le w i l l b e repos i t i oned along the

reentry c orridor for tracking , te lemetry , and c ommun i cat ions fun c t ion s
during reentry and landing . They l'li ll t rack Apollo from about
1 , 0 00 mi les away through c ommun i c at ions b l ackout when the space-
craft wi l l drop b e l ovl the hori z on and w i l l b e p i cked up b y the ARIA
airc raft .

The Apollo ships vre re deve loped j ointly by NASA and the
Department of De fens e . The DOD operate s the ships in s upport of
Ap ollo and other NASA and DOD miss ions on a non-interference b as i s
with Apollo requi rement s .

Management of the Apollo ships is the re s p on s ib i l i ty of the

Commande r , Air Force \•/est ern Te s t Range ( AFVITR ) . The Military S e a
Transport Service provide s the mari time c re'lrs and the Federal
Elec tric Corp . , Internati onal Te l ephone and Te le graph , under
contract to AFWTR , provides the te chnical i n s t rumen tation c rews .

The t e chn i c a l crews operate in a c c ordance w i th j oint NASA/

DOD standards and spe c i fi cations wh ich are c ompati b le with MSFN
operational proce dure s .

-more -
 - 1 79 -

Apo llo Range Ins t rumentat i on Ai rcraft ( ARIA )

During Ap ollo 1 1 , the ARIA w i l l b e u s e d primarily to fi l l

cove rage gaps b etween the land and ship s t ations i n the Pac i f i c
b e t\'>'een Australia and Hawaii during the trans lunar inj e c ti on
interval . Prior t o and during the burn , the ARIA rec ord te lemetry
data from Ap ollo and provide re alt ime voice c ommun i c at i on b e t\>leen
the a s t ronauts and the Mi s s ion Control Center at Hou s t on .

E i ght aircraft wi l l part i c ipate in this mi s s ion , operating

from Pac i fi c , Australian and Indian O c e an air fie lds in pos i t i on s
under t h e orb i tal track of t h e space craft and launch ve hicle . The
aircraft \'lill b e de p loyed in a north\'lest\'>'ard direc t i on in the event
of l aunch day s l i p s .

For reentry , two ARIA w i l l be deployed t o the landing area

to cont inue commun i c at i on s b e tween Ap o l l o and Mis s ion Control at
Houston and provide posi t i on informat ion on the space craft after
the b lackout phas e of reentry has pas s e d .

The t otal ARIA f le e t for Ap o l l o mi s s ions c ons i s t s of e ight

E C - 1 3 5 A ( Boeing 7 0 7 ) j e ts equipped s p e c i fi c a l ly to meet mi s s ion
needs . Seven-foot paraboli c antennas have been installed in the
nose s e c ti on of the plane s giving them a large , bulbous look .

The a i rcraft , as we l l as fli ght and i n s t rumen tation c rews , are

provided by the Air Force and they are equipped through j oint Air
Force -NASA contract act i on to operate in a c c ordance wi th MSFN
pro c e dure s .

-more-
 -180-
Ship Pos i t ions for Apol l o
July 16 , 1969
Insert ion S h ip (VAN )
Inj e ction Ship ( ME R )
Inj e c t i on Ship ( RE D )
Inj e c t i on Ship ( HTV)
Reentry Support
Reentry Ship ( HTV)
Re entry Ship ( RE D )
July 1 8 , 1969
I n s ertion S h i p ( VAN )
Inj e c tion Shi p ( MER )
In j e ction Ship ( RED )
Inj e c t i on Ship ( HTV)
Reentry Support
Reentry Ship ( HTV)
Reentry Ship ( RE D )
July 2 1 , 1969
In sert ion Sh ip ( VAN )
Inj e c tion Ship ( MER )
Inj e ction Ship ( RE D )
Inj e ction Ship ( HTV)
Reentry Support
Re entry Ship ( HTV)
Reentry Ship ( RED)
-more-
11
25 de gre e s N 49 degre e s W
2 . 25 degre e s S 16 6 . 8 degre e s E
10 degre e s N 175 . 2 degrees W
3 . 0 degre e s N 154 . 0 degre e s E
5 . 5 degrees N 1 7 8 . 2 degrees \v
3 . 0 degre e s s 165 . 5 degrees E
2 5 degrees N 49 degrees W
15 degrees N 166 . 5 degrees W
1 0 . 0 de gr e e s N 15 7 . 0 degrees E
4 . 0 degrees N 172 . 0 degrees E
1 7 . 0 degrees N 1 7 7 . 3 degre e s W
6 . 5 degre e s N 16 3 . 0 degrees E
25 degre e s N 4 9 degre e s W
1 7 7 . 5 degree s w
16 . 5 degre e s N 15 1 degrees W
1 1 . 5 degrees N
12 . 0 degrees N 16 6 . 0 degre e s E
2 6 . 0 degrees N 1 76 . 8 degrees w
17 . 3 degrees N 1 6 0 . 0 degrees E
 -181-

CONTAMINATION CONTROL PROGRAM

In 1 9 6 6 an Int e ragency Commi t t e e on Back C on t amination ( IC B C )

was e s t ab l i s he d . The fun c t ion o f this Commi t t e e was t o a s s i s t NASA
in deve loping a program to prevent the cont aminat ion o f the Earth
from lunar materials fol lowing manned lunar e xp l oration . The
c ommi t t e e chart e r included s p e c i fic authority to review and approve
the p lans and pro cedures to prevent back con taminat i on . The
c ommi t t e e membership i n c ludes repre s entative s from the Pub li c
Health Servi c e , Department o f Agr i cu l ture , Department o f the Interi o r ,
NASA , and the National Academy o f S c i e nce s .

Over the last s e ve ra l years NASA has deve loped fac i l i t i e s ,

equipment and operat ional procedures t o provide an adequate back
c ontamination program for the Ap ollo mi s s i on s . This program o f
fac i li t i e s and proce dure s , whi c h i s we l l b e y ond t h e current s t at e ­
of-the -art , and the overall e ffort have r e s u l t e d in a laborat ory
with capab i l i t i e s wh ich have never previous ly exis t e d . The s cheme
of i s o lation of the Ap ollo crewmen and lunar s ample s , and the
exhaus tive t e s t programs to be conducted are e xt e n s i ve in s cope
and comple xity .

The Ap ollo Back Contamin ation Program c an b e divi ded into

thre e phas e s . The first phase covers the proce dures wh ich are
followed by the crew while in flight to re duce and , i f p o s s i b l e ,
e l iminate the re turn o f lunar surface contaminants in the c ommand
module .

The se cond phase i n c lude s s pace craft and c rew re c overy and the
provi s i ons for is olation and transport of the c re w , s pace craft ,
and lunar s amples t o the MannedSpa c e c raft Cent e r . The third phase
encomp a s s e s the quarantine ope rat ions and pre l iminary sample ana l y s i s
in the Lunar Re ce iving Lab oratory .

A primary s t ep in preventing b a c k con t aminat ion i s c areful

at t e n t i on to spac e c raft c l e an line s s fol lowing lunar surface
operation s . Thi s include s use of spe ci al c l e aning equipment ,
s t owage provi s i ons for lunar-exposed equi pmen t , and crew procedures
for proper "hous ekeeping . "

Lunar Module Operations - The lunar module has been d e signed w i th

a b ac t erial filter s y s tem t o prevent c ontamination o f the lunar
s urface when the cabin atmosphere is re leas ed at the s t art of the
lunar e xp lorat i on .

-more-
 �
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O PERAT I ONS --� �

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LRL S PACECRAFT

LRL

A P O L L O B A C K C O N T A M I N ATI O N P R O G R A M
 -183-

Prior to reentering the LM after lunar surface e xploration ,

the crewmen \'lill b rush any lunar surface dus t or dirt from the space
suit using the suit glove s . They will s crape the ir overboots on the
LM footpad and ...1hile ascending the LM ladder dislodge any clinging
parti cles by a kicking action .
After entering the LM and pressurizing the cabin , the crew \'li l l
doff their portable life support system, oxygen purge system, lunar
boots , EVA glove s , etc .
The equipment shown in Table I as j e ttisoned equipment will be
assembled and bagged to be subsequently left on the lunar s urface .
The lunar boot s , likely the most contaminated items , will be placed
in a bag as early as possib le to minimize the spread of lunar
particles .
Following LM rendezvous and docking with the C M , the CM tunnel
will be pres surized and che cks made to insure that an adequate
pres suri zed seal has been made . During this period , the LM , space
sui t s , and lunar surface equipment will be vacuumed . To accomplish
this , one additional lunar orbit has been added to the mi ssion .
The lunar module cabin atmosphere will b e circulated through
the environmental control system suit circuit lithium hydroxide
( Li�H ) canister to filter particle s from the atmosphere . A
minimum of five hours weightless operation and fil tering \'l ill
reduce the original airb orne contaminat ion to about 1 0 -15 per cent .
To prevent dust particles from being transferred from the LM
atmosphere to the CM, a constant flow of 0 . 8 lbs/hr oxygen will be
initiated in the CM at the st art of combined LM/CM operation .
Oxygen \'l ill flow from the CM into the LM then overboard through the
LM cabin relief valve or through spacecraft leakage . Since the
flow of gas is always from the CM to th e LM , diffusion and flow o f
dust contamination into the CM will b e minimi zed . After this
posi tive gas flow has b een es tab lished from the C M , the tunnel
hatch will be remove d .
The CM pilot will transfer the lunar surface equipment stow­
age b ags into the LM one at a time . The equipment listed in Tab le
1 as equipment transferred will then be bagged using the "Buddy
System" and transferred b ack into the CM where the equipment will
be s towe d . The only equipment which wi l l not be bagged at this time
are the c rewmen ' s space suits and flight logs .

-more-
 LUNAR SURFACE EQUIPMENT - CLEANING AND TRANSFER

Tab l� I

L'1-CM
LOCAT ION EQUIPMENT
AFTER LOCAT ION AT
I T EM J ETIISON LUNAR LAUNCH TRANSFER REMARKS

Jetti soned Eau ioment:

Overshoes ( I n Conta i ner) lunar surface

II II
Portabl e L i fe Support System
II ..
Camera
II II
Lunar tool tether
.. II
Spaces u i t connector cover

EQuipment Left i n Lf4 :

I
I 1-'
3 CX>
0 EVA tether RH side stowage �H s i de stowage Equi�ent .r::
"1 container Brushed prior I
<I> conta i ner
I to s towag e for
EVA v i sors Helmet bag Helmet bag
. l aunch
EVA g l oves Helmet bag Helmet bag

a�sy
Purge val ve Interim s towage I nterim s to't1age
assy

Oxygen purge system Eng i ne cover Eng i ne cover

I
EQu ipment Transferred to CM

Spacesu i t On crew On crew Stowed i n t'\g Al l equi pment to be

c�eaned by vacuum
L i q u i d-cooled garment On crew On crew On crew
Stowed i n bag
brush prior to trinsz

fer to at
Helmet On crew On crew

Watch On crew On crew On crew

Lunar grab sampl e LH s towage LH s towage Stowed i n bag

Lunar sample box SRC rack SRC rack Stowed i n bag

F i l m magazine SRC rack SRC rack Stowed i n bag

----
 POSIT I V E G A S F L O W
F R O M C M TO lM A FT ER POSTLA N D I N G D O C K I N G

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FLOW THRU LM CAB I N
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 -187-

Fol lot'iing t h e trans fe r of the L N creN and equipment , the

space craft \'l i l l o e separated and the three cre\.,rmen w i l l s t art
the return to Earth . The s e parated LM cont ains the remainder of
the lunar e xposed equi�ment l i s te d in Tab le 1 .

Command Module Operations - th rough the use of ope rat i onal and
hous ekeeping procedure s the command module cabin N i l l be purged
of lunar surface and/or oth er particulate contamination prior t o
Earth reeent ry . Th e s e procedure s s tart \'Jhile the L l"'l i s docked
with the CM and c ont inue th rough reentry into the Earth ' s
atmosph ere .

The LM crewmen \'li ll doff their s pace s u i t s immediately

upon s e parat i on o f the LM and CM . The s pace s ui t s w i l l be
s t owed and wi l l not be used again during the t rans-Earth pha s e
un l e s s a n emergency o c curs .

Sp e c i f i c p e ri ods for c leaning the spacecraft usine the vac uum

b rush have been e s t ab l i she d . V i s i b le liquids w i l l be removed by
the liquid dump s y s t e m . Towels w i l l be used by the crew t o \oJipe
surfaces c l e an of liquids and dirt part i c l e s . The three ECS s u i t
h o s e s w i l l b e l o c a t e d a t random pos i t i on s around t h e space craft t o
insure p o s i t ive ven t i l at i on , cabin atmosphere fi ltration , and avo i d
part i t i on ing .

During the t rans e arth phas e , the command module atmosphere

wi l l be cont inually f i l tered through the envi ronme ntal control
sys tem lithium hydroxide canis t e r . This will remove es sentially
all airborne du s t part i c l e s . After ab out 63 hours operat i on
es sent i ally none ( l 0 - 9 0 per cent ) o f the original contaminates
will remain .

Lunar Mi s s i on Re covery Operati ons

F o llowing landing and the attachment of the flotat i on c o l lar

t o the command module , the swimme r in a b i o logi cal i s olat i on
garment ( B IG ) w i l l open the s pa c e c raft hat ch , pass three B I G s
i n t o t h e space craft , a n d c l o s e t h e hatch .

The crew w i l l don the B IGs and then egre s s into a l i fe raft
containing a de c on t aminant s o l ut i on . The hat ch w i l l be c l o s e d
immedi ately a f t e r egre s s . T e s t s have sh o\'m that the crew can don
the ir B!Gs in l e s s than 5 minut e s under ideal s e a condi tions .
The space craft hatch w i l l only b e open for a matter of a few minut e s .
The space c raft and crew w i l l b e de contaminat ed b y the swimmer u s i n g
a l iquid agent .

-more-
 - 1 8 8-

Crew re trieval w i l l b e accomp l i s h e d by h e l i c op t e r t o the

c arrier and s ub s e quent crew transfer to the Mob i le Quarantine
Fac i l i ty . The spac e c raft w i l l be re tri eved b y the aircraft
c arri er .

Bio logi c a l I s o l at i on Garment - Biological i s o l at i on garme nt ( B IGs ) ,

w i l l b e donned in the CM j us t prior t o egress and h e l i c op t e r p i ck ­
u p and w i ll b e worn unt il the crew enters t h e Mob i le Quaran t i ne Fac­
i l ity aboard the primary recovery s h ip .

The s u i t i s fabri cated of a light we i gh t c loth fab ri c whi ch

comp le t e l y covers the wearer and s erve s as a b i o l ogi c al barri e r .
Bui l t into t h e hood are a i s a face mask with a p l as t i c visor , air
inlet flapper valve , and an a i r outlet b i ologi cal fi lt e r .

��o types o f BIGs are used i n the rec overy operation . One i s
worn b y the re cove ry swimme r . In t h i s type garment , the infl o�r
air ( inspire d ) i s f i l te re d by a b i ological f i l t e r t o pre c lude
p o s s ib le contaminat i on of s upport pers onne l . Th e s e cond type i s worn
by the as tronaut s . The i nf l ow gas i s not fi lter e d , but the out flow
gas ( re s p i red ) i s passed through a b i o l ogi c al flter to pre c lude
contamination of the ai r .

Mob i l e Quaran t i ne F a c i l i t y - The Mob i l e Quaran t ine Facil i t y , i s

equipped t o house s i x people for a p e riod u p t o 1 0 day s . The
interior i s divided into three s e c t ions - - lounge are a , gal ley , and
sl eep/bath are a . The fac i l i ty is powered through seve ral s y s tems
to interface with various ships , air craft , and t ransportat i on
ve h i c le s . The she l l is ai r and water t i ght . The pri ncipal
method of ass uring quarantine is t o fi l t e r e ffluent air and provide
a ne gative pres sure di fferent i al for b i o logical c ont ainment in the
event of le aks .

Non - fe c al liquids from the trai l e r are chemi c a l ly t re at e d and

s t ored in spe c i a l containers . Fecal was t e s w i l l b e c ontained unt i l
after the quarantine period . I t ems are pas s e d i n or out of the MQF
through a s ub mers i b l e t rans fer lock . A complete c ommun i c at i ons
system i s provided for interc om and e x t ernal commun i c a t i ons t o land
b as e s from s h ip or aircraft . Eme rgency alarms are provided for
oxygen alert s while in transport by aircraft for fire , l os s of
power and los s of negative pressure .

S p e c i ally packaged and cont rol l e d me als w i l l b e pas s ed into

the f a c i l i ty where they w i l l be prepared in a mi cro-wave ove n .
Me d i c al equipment t o comp le t e imme d i at e p o s t landing c rew examination
and t e s t s are provided .

-more-
 - 1 89 -

program is comp l e t e d in the r1JS C Lunar ?.e ce i ving Laborat ory .

Lunar Re cei ving Laboratory - Til e final pnase o f the c ack contamination
The ere\·:
and space c raft are quarantined for a mini�um o f 2 1 days after lunar
liftoff and are re leased based upon the cc::.p l e t i on of t: r e s c ri b e d
t e s t requirements and result s . Th e lunar s ample ·,r i l l b e quarant ined
for a period of 5 0 to 8 0 days depending upon the res ult of e x t e n s i ve
b i o l ogical t e s t s .

The LRL s e rves four b asi c purpos e s :

Th e quarantine o f the lunar m i s s ion crew and space craft , the

c ontainment of lunar and lunar-expos ed materials and quarantine
t e s t i ng t o � e arch for adve rse e ff e c t s o f lunar material upon
terre s trial life .

The preservation and prote ct ion o f the lunar s amp le s .

The perfo rmance of time criti cal inve s tigations .

The pre liminary e x amination o f returned s amp l e s t o as s i s t i n

an intel ligent d i s t ribution o f s amp les to principal inv e s t i gators .

The LRL h a s the only vacuum s y s tern in the \'lO r l d with space
glov e s operated by a man leading dire c t ly into a vacuum chamber at
pre s s ures of l0 - 7 torr . ( mm Hg ) . It has a low l e ve l counting
fa c i l i ty , who s e b ackground count is an order o f magnitude b e t t e r
than o t h e r known counters . Addi t i on a l ly , it i s a fac i lity t h a t can
handle a large variety of b i ologi c al s p e c imens inside Clas s I I I
bi ologi cal cab ine t s d e s i gned t o contain e x t remely hazardous patho­
gen i c mate ri a l .

The LRL , covers 83 , 0 0 0 square feet o f floor s pace and i n c lude s

several d i s t i nct areas . Th e s e are the Crew R e c e p t i on Are a ( C RA ) ,
Vacuum Laborat ory , Sample Lab oratori e s ( Ph y s i c al and Bio-Science )
and an admini s t rat ive and support are a . S p e c i a l bui lding s y s t ems
are' employed to maintain air flow int o s ample handling areas and
the CRA to s te ri lize liquid was t e and to incinerate contaminated air
from the primary containment s y s t ems .

The b i omedi cal laboratories provide for the required quarantine

t e s t s to de termine the e ff e c t of lunar s amp l e s on terre s t ri � l li fe .
These t e s t s are d e s igned t o provide data upon which t o b a s e t h e
d e c i s ion t o re lease lunar material from quarantine .

Among the tes t o :

a. Germ-free mice w i l l b e exposed t o lunar material and

ob s e rved continuously for 2 1 days for any abnormal changes . Period­
i c a l l y , groups will b e s acri f i c e d for pathologic ob servat i on .

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 -190-

b. Lunar material w i l l b e app l i e d t o 12 di fferent culture

media and maintained under s e veral environmental condi t i ons . The
med i a wi l l then b e ob s erved for b ac t e rial or fungal growth . De t a i l e d
inventorie s of the mi crob i a l f l o r a of the s pace craft and c r e w have
b e e n maintained so that any living material found in the s amp le
t e s t ing can b e compared against t h i s li s t o f p ot e n t i a l contaminants
t aken to the Moon by the crew or s p ac e c raft .

c. Six types o f human and animal t i s s ue c u l t ure c e l l lines

will be maintained in the lab orat ory and toge ther with embryonated
eggs are e x p o s e d t o the lunar mat erial . Based on c e l lu lar and/or
other change s , the presence of viral mate r i al can be e s tab l i shed
so that spe c i al t e s t s can be c on du c t e d to ident i fy and i s o late the
type of virus present .

d. Thirty-three s p e c i e s o f p lant s and s e e d l ings w i l l b e e x p o s e d

t o lunar materi al . Seed germinat ion , growth o f p lant c e l l s or the
health of s e ed lings then ob served , and h i s t o l ogi cal , mi crob i o logi cal
and b i o chemical t e chnique s used t o d e t e rmine the cause of any
s u s p e c t e d abnormality .

e. A numbe r of lower animals w i l l b e e x p o s ed t o lunar mat e r i a l .

The s e s p e cimens include fish , b i rds , oys ters , shrimp , c o ckroache s ,
h o u s ef l ie s , planaria , p arame c i a and euglena . I f abnormal i t i e s are
n ot e d , further t e s t s w i l l be condu c t e d to determine i f the condit i on
i s t ransmi s s i b l e from one group t o anothe r .

The crew r e c e p t i on area provide s b i o lo g i c a l cont ainment for the

flight crew and 12 support p e r s onne l . The nominal o c cupancy is
about 1 4 days but the faci lity is des igned and equipped t o operate
for c onsi derably l onger i f n e c e s s ary .

Sterili zation And Re l e a s e Of Th e Spa c e craft

P o s t flight t e s t i ng and inspect ion of the space craft is pre s ently

limi t e d t o i nvest igation of anoma l i e s which happened during the
fligh t . General ly , t h i s ent ails some s p e c i f i c t e s t i ng of the space­
craft and removal of certain comp one n t s o f s y s t ems for further
analys i s . The t iming of pos t f l i ght t e s t i ng i s important s o that
c orre c t ive a c t i on may b e taken for subs equent f l i gh t s .

The s chedule c a l l s for the space craft t o b e returned t o port

where a t e am w i l l deactivate pyrot e c hn i c s , flush and drain fluid s y s ­
t e m s ( ex c e p t wat e r ) . This operat ion w i l l b e confined t o t h e e x t e r i o r
o f the s pa c e craft . The space craft wi l l then b e flown t o t h e LRL and
p l ac e d in a s p e c i a l room for s t o rage , s t e r i l i z at i on , and p o s t flight
c h e ckout .

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 -192-

APOLLO PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

The Apollo Program, the United St ates e f fort t o land

men on the Moon and return them safely to Earth b e fore 1 9 7 0 ,
i s the r e s p ons i b i l ity of the O f f i c e of Manned Space F l ight
( OMSF ) , National Aeronaut i c s and Space Adminis trat ion , Wash­
ington, D . C . Dr . George E . Mue ller is A s s o c ia t e Admi n i s t at or
for Manned Space F l i gh t .

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center ( MSC ) , Hous t o n , i s re­

sponsible for deve lopment of the Apollo space craft , flight
crew training and f l i ght control . Dr . Robert R . G i lruth i s
Center D i r e c t or .

NASA Marshall Space F l i ght Center ( MSFC ) , Hunt s v i l l e , Ala . ,

i s respons ible for development of the Saturn launch v e h i c le s .
Dr . Wernher von Braun i s Center D i re ctor .

NASA John F . Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) , F la . , i s re­

sponsible for Apol lo/Saturn launch operat i ons . Dr . Kurt H .
Debus i s Center Director .

The NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acqu i s i t i on (OTDA )

directs the program of tracking and data flow on Apollo 1 1 .
Gerald M . Truszynski i s A s s o c iate Adminis trator for Tracking
and Data Acqui s i t i o n .

NASA Goddard Spa c e F l ight Center ( GSFC ) , Greenb e l t , Md . ,

manages the Manned Space F l i ght Network (MSFN ) and Communi ca­
t i ons Network ( NASCOM ) . Dr . John F . C lark i s Center Director .

The Department of Defense i s supporting NASA in Apollo 1 1

during launch , tracking and r e c overy operat ions . The Air Force
Eastern Test Range i s respon s i b l e for range a c t i v i t i e s during
launch and down-range tracking . DOD deve loped j ointly with
NASA the tracking ships and aircraft . R e c overy operations in­
clude the u s e of recovery ships and Navy and Air Force air­
craft .

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 -193-

Apo l l o/Saturn Officials

NASA Headquarters

DR . THOMAS 0 . PAINE was appointed NASA Administrator

March 5 , 1 9 6 9 . He was born in Berke ley , C a l i f . , Nov . 9 ,
1921 . Dr . Paine was graduated from Brown Univers i ty in
19 42 with an A . B . degree i n engineering . After serv i c e
as a submarine officer during World War I I , he attended
Stanford Univer s i t y , receiving an M . S . degree in 1947 and
Ph . D . in 1 9 4 9 in phy s i c a l metallurgy . Dr . Paine worked as
r e s earch a s s oc iate at Stanford from 1 9 4 7 t o 1949 when he
j oined the General E l e c t r i c Research Laboratory , Schenec­
tady , N . Y . In 1 9 5 1 he transferred t o the Meter and Instru­
ment Department , Lynn , Mas s . , as Manager of Material s De­
v e l opment , and later as laboratory manager . From 1 9 5 8 t o
1 9 6 2 he was resear c h a s s o c iate and manager o f engineering
app licat ion s at G E ' s Res earch and Development Center i n
Schene c t ady . In 1 9 6 3 � 6 8 he was manager of TEMPO , GE ' s
Center for Advanced Stud i e s i n Santa Barbara , Cal i f .

On January 3 1 , 1 9 6 8 , Pre s i dent Johnson appointed Dr .

Paine Deputy Admin1s �rator of NASA , and he was named A c t i ng
Adminis trator upon the retirement of Mr . James E . Webb on
Oct . 8 , 19 6 8 . His nomination as Administrator was announced
by Pres ident Nixon on March 5 , 1 9 6 9 ; t h i s was confirmed by
the Senate on March 2 0 , 1 9 6 9 . He was sworn in by V i c e Pres­
ident Agnew on April 3 , 1 9 6 9 .

* * *

L I EUTENANT GENERAL SAMUEL C . PHILLIPS d i r e c t or of the

United Stat e s Apollo Lunar Landing Program, was born in Ari­
zona in 1921 and at an early age he moved t o Cheyenne , Wyoming
which .be c a l l s h i s permanent home . He graduated from the Uni­
vers ity of Wyoming in 1 9 4 2 with a B . S . degree in e l e c t r i c a l
engineering and a presidential appointment as a second lieu­
t e nant of infantry i n the regular army . He transferred t o
the Air Corps and earned h i s p i l ot ' s wi�gs i n 1 9 4 3 . F o l l owing
wartime service a s a combat pi lot in Europe , he studied at
the Univer s i ty of M i c higan where he rece ived h i s master of
s c i ence degree in e lectrical engineering i n 1 9 5 0 . For the
next s i x years he s p e c i alized in res earch and developtnent
work at the Air Mat eriel Command , Wright Patterson AFB , Ohi o .
In June 1 9 5 6 h e returned t o England a s Chief of Logi s t i c s
for SAC ' s 7 t h Air D i v i s i on where h e part i c ipated i n writ ing
the international agreement with Great Britain on the u s e of
the Thor IBM . He was a s s igned to the Air Res earch and Devel­
opment Command i n 1 9 5 9 and for four years he was dire c t or of
the Minut eman program . General Phil lips was promoted t o V i c e
Commander of the Ball i s t i c Systems Divis ion i n August 1 9 6 3 ,
and in January 1 9 6 4 he moved t o Washington t o b e c ome deputy
director of the Apollo program . His appointment as Dire c t or
of the Apollo program came i n Octob e r of that year .
* * *

- more -
 -19 4 -

* * *

GEORGE H . HAGE was appointed Deputy Director , Apollo

Program , in January 1 9 6 8 , and s erve s as "general manager"
a s s i s t ing the Program Dire c t or in the management of Apollo
deve lopmental activi t i e s . In add i t ion h e i s t h e Apollo
M i s s ion Dire c t or .

Hage was born i n Seat t l e Washingt on , Oc t . 7 , 1 9 2 5 , and

r e c e ived h i s bache lor ' s degree in e le c t r i ca l engineering
from the Unive r s i t y of Washington in 19 4 7 . He j o ined Boeing
that year and h e ld responsible p o s i t i ons a s s o c i a t e d with t h e
Bomarc and Minut eman s y s t ems , culminating i n re spons ib i li t y
for direct ing engineering funct ions t o act ivate t h e Cape
Kennedy Minuteman A s s embly and t e s t comp le x i n 19 6 2 . He then
took charge of Boeing ' s unmanned Lunar Reconnaissance effort s
unt i l b e ing named Boeing ' s engineering manager for NASA ' s
Lunar Orbiter Program i n 1 9 6 3 .

Hage j oined NASA as Deputy A s s o c i at e Administrator for

Space S cience and Appl i c at i ons ( Engineering ) July 5 , 1 9 6 7 ,
and was ass igned t o t h e Apollo Program i n O c t ob e r 1 9 6 7 a s
Deputy Direct or ( Engineering ) .

* * *

CHESTER M . LEE, U . S . NAVY ( RET . ) was appointed A s s i s tant

Apo llo M i s s ion Director i n August 19 6 6 . He was born i n New
Derry , P a . , in 1 9 1 9 . Lee graduated from the U . S . Naval Acad­
emy in 1 9 41 with a BS degree i n e le c t r i c a l engineering . In
add i tion to normal s e a a s s ignment s he s erved with the Dire c t or­
ate of R e s e arch and Engineerin� Offi c e of Secretary of De­
fense and the Navy Polaris mis s i l e program . L e e j oined NASA
in August 1 9 6 5 and served as Chief of Plans , M i s s i ons Oper­
at ions Dire c t orat e , OMSF , prior to h i s present p o s i t i on .

* * *

COL . THOMAS H . McMULLEN ( U SAF ) has � e en A s s i s tant

M i s s ion Dire c t or , Apollo Program , since March 19 6 8 . He was
born July 4 , 1 9 2 9 , in Dayt on , Ohi o . Co lon e l McMullen graduated
from t h e U . S . M i l i t ary Academy in 1 9 5 1 wi th a BS degre e . He
also r e c e ived an MS degree from t h e A i r For c e I n s t i t u t e of
Technol ogy in 1 9 6 4 . His Air Force a s s ignments included :
fighter pilot , 1 9 5 1-19 5 3 ; acc eptanc e t e s t p i l ot , 1 9 5 3 - 19 6 2 ;
deve lopment engineer , Gemini launch vehicle program offic e ,
1 9 6 4 - 1 9 6 6 ; and Air Forc e L i a i s on Offi cer , 2 5 t h Infantry
Divi s i o n , 1 9 6 7 . He served in t h e Korean and Viet Nam
campaigns and was awarded several high m i l i t ary de corations .

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 -195-

* * *

GEORGE P . CHANDLER , JR . , Apollo 1 1 Mission Engineer ,

Apollo Operations Directorat e , OMSF, Hq . , was born in
Knoxville , Tenn . Sept . 6 , 1 9 3 5 . He attended grammar
and high schools in that city was graduated from the
University of Tenne ssee with a B . S . degree in electrical
engineering in 1 9 5 7 . He received an army ROTC commission
and served on active duty 30 months in the Ordnance Corps
as a missile maintenance engineer in Germany . From 1960
until 1 9 6 5 he was associated with Philco Corp . in Germany
and in Houston , Texas . He j o ined the NASA Office of Manned
Space Flight in Washington in 1 9 6 5 and served in the Gemini
and Apollo Applications operations offi ces before assuming
his present position in 1 9 6 7 . Chandler was the mission
engineer for Apollo 9 and 10 .

* * *

MAJOR GENERAL JAMES W . HUMPHREYS , JR . , USAF Medical

Corp s , j oined NASA as Director of Space Medicine , on June
1 , 1967 . He was born in Frederi cksburg , Va . , on May 2 8 , 1 9 1 5 .
Humphreys graduated from the Virginia Military Institute
with a BS degree in chemical engineering in 1 9 3 5 and from
the Medical College of Virginia with an MD in 1939 . He served
as a medical battalion and group c ommander in the European
Theater in World War II and later as mi litary advisor to the
Iranian Army . Humphreys was awarded a master of sc ience in
surgery from the Graduate school of the University of Colo­
rado in 1 9 5 1 . Prior t o his association with NASA , General
Humphreys was. As s istant Director , USAID Vietmam for Pub l i c
Health on a two year tour of duty under special assignment
by the Department of State .

Manned Spacecraft Center

ROBERT R . GILRUTH, 5 5 , Dire ctor , NASA Manned Spacecraft

Center . Born Nashwauk , Minn . Joined NACA Langley Memorial
A eronau ti cal Laboratory in 1 9 3 6 working in aircraft stability
and Contro l . Organized Pilotless Aircraft Research Division
for transonic and supersonic flight research, 1 9 4 5 ; app ointed
Langley Laboratory assistant director , 1 9 5 2 ; named to manage
m�ned space flight program , later named Proj ect Mercury , 1 9 5 8 ;
named director of NASA Manned Spacecraft Cent e r , 196 1 . BS and
MS in aeronautical engineering from University of Minnesota;
holds numerous honorary doctorate degree s . Fellow of the Insti­
tute of Aerospace Sciences , American Rocket Club and the Amer­
ican Astronautical Societ y . Holder or numerous professional
society , industry and government awards and honorary memberships .

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* * *

G e orge M . Low , 4 3 , manager , Apol l o Spacecraft Program .

Born Vienna , Austri a . Marri e d t o former Mary R . McNamara .
C h i ldren : Mark S . 1 7 , Diane E . 1 5 , G . David 1 3 , John M .
1 1 and Nancy A . 6 . Joined NACA Lewi s R e s earch Cent e r
1 9 4 9 spec ializing i n aerodynamic heating and b oundary layer
r e s e ar ch ; a s s i gned 1 9 5 8 t o NASA Headquart ers a s a s s i s tant
director for manned space flight program s , later b e c oming
Deputy A s s o c iate Administrator for Manned Space Flight ;
named MSC Deputy D i r e c t or 1 9 6 4 ; named manager , Apollo Spac e ­
craft Program i n Apr i l 1 9 6 7 . BS and MS in aeronau t i c a l engi­
neering from Rens s alaer Polytechnic Ins t i tu t e , Troy , N . Y .

* * *

CHR ISTOPHER C . KRAFT , JR . , 4 5 , MSC D i r e c t or of F l i ght

Operat ions . Born Phoebus , Va . Married to Former Eli zab eth
Anne Turnbull of Hampton , Va . Chi ldren : Gordon T . 1 7 , and
Kri s t i-Anne 1 4 . Joined NACA Langley Aeronau t i cal Laboratory
in 1 9 4 5 speciali zing i n aircraft s t a b i l i t y and contr o l ; b e ­
came member of NASA Space Task Group in 1 9 5 8 where he devel­
oped basic concepts of ground control and tracking of manned
spacecraft . Named MSC Director of F l ight Operations i n Nov­
ember 1 9 6 3 . BS in aeronau t i c a l engineering from Virginia
Polyt e c hnic Institut e , Blacksburg , Va . Awarded honorary
doc torates from Indiana Institute of Technology and Parks
College of St . Lou i s Univers ity .

* * *

KENNETH S . KLEINKNECHT, 5 0 , Apollo Spacecraft Program

manager for c ommand and s er v i c e modu les . Born Washington ,
D.C. Married to former Pat r i c i a Jean Todd of C leve land ,
Oh i o . Children : Linda Mae 1 9 , Pat ri c i a Ann 1 7 , and Fred­
erick W . 14 . Joined NACA Lewis Res earch Center 1 9 4 2 in
aircraft f l i ght t es t ; transferred t o NACA F l i gh t R e s e arch
Center 1 9 5 1 in d e s ign and deve lopment work i n advanced
r e s earch aircraft ; transferred to NASA Space Task Group
1 9 5 9 as technical a s s i s tant to the d i r e c t or ; named manager
of Proj e c t Mercury 1 9 6 2 and on comp l e t i on of Mercury , deputy
manager Gemini Program i n 1 9 6 3 ; named Apo l l o Spacecraft Pro­
gram manager for c ommand and s ervice modules early 1 9 6 7 after
Gemini Program completed . BS in mechanical engineering
Purdue Univer s i t y .

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* * *

CARROLL H . BOLENDER , 4 9 , Apollo Spacecraft Program

manager for lunar modu l e . Born Clarksvi lle , Ohi o . He and
h i s wife , Virginia , have two children--Carol 22 and Robert
13 . A USAF Brigadier general as s i gned to NASA , Bolender
was named lunar module manager in July 1 9 6 7 after serving
as a mi s s ion direc tor in the NASA Office of Manned Space
F l i ght . Prior to j o ining NASA , he was a memb e r of a studies
group in the office of the USAF chief of staff and earlier
had worked on USAF aircraft and guided m i s s i l e sys tems pro­
j ects . During World War I I , he was a night fighter p i lot
in the North African and Medit erranean theater s . He holds
a BS from Wilmington C o l l e ge , Ohi o , and an MS from Ohio
State Univer s i ty .

* * *

DONALD K . SLAYTO N , 4 5 , MSC Director of F l i ght Crew

Operat i ons . Born Sparta , Wi s . Married to the former Mar­
j orie Lunney of Los Ange l e s . They have a s on , Kent 12 .
Selected i n Apr i l 1 9 5 9 a s one of the seven original Mercury
astronauts but was taken off flight s t atus when a heart
condition was d i s covered . He subs equently b e c ame MSC Director
of Fl ight Crew Operations i n November 196 3 after r e s i gning
his commi s s ion as a USAF maj or . Slayton entered the A i r
Force i n 19 4 3 and flew 56 combat mi s s i ons i n Europe as a
B-25 pi lot , and later · flew seven mi s s i ons over Japan . Leaving
the service in 1 9 4 6 , he earned h i s BS in aeronaut i cal engi­
neering from Univer sity of Minne s ota . He was r e c al le d to
active duty i n 1951 as a fighter p i lot , and later attended
the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB , C al i f . He was a
test pi lot at Edwards from 1 9 5 6 unt i l h i s s e l e c t i on as a
Mercury astronaut . He has logged more than 4 0 0 0 hours flying
time---more than half of which are in j et aircraft .

* * *

CLIFFORD E . CHARLESWORTH , 3 7 , Apollo 1 1 prime flight

director ( green team ) . Born Redwing , Minn . Married t o
former Jewe l l Davi s , of Mount Olive , M i s s . Chi ldren :
David Alan 8 , Le s l i e Anne 6 . Joined NASA Manned Spacecraft
Center April 1 9 6 2 . BS i n phy s i c s from M i s s i s sippi C o llege
1958 . Engineer with Naval Mine Defense Lab , Panama C i ty ,
Fla . 1958- 6 0 ; engineer with Naval Ordnance Lab , Corona ,
Calif . � 1 9 6 0 -6 1 ; engineer with Army Ordnance M i s s i l e
C ommand , Cape Canaveral , F la . , 1 9 6 1 - 6 2 ; flight s y stems
test engine er , MSC Flight Control Divi s i on , 1962- 6 5 ; head ,
Gemini Flight Dynam i c s S e c t i on , FCD , 1 9 6 5-66 ; a s s i stant
F l i ght Dynam i c s Branch c h i e f , FCD , 1 9 6 6-68 .

* * *

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* * *

EUGENE F . KRAN Z , 3 5 , A p o l l o 1 1 f l i ght director ( wh i t e

team ) and M S C F l i ght Control Divi s i on chie f . Born Toledo ,
Oh i o . Marr ied t o former Marta I . Cadena o f Eagle Pas s , Texas ,
Chi ldren : Carmen 1 1 , Lucy 9 , Joan 7 , Mark 6 , Brigid 5 and
Jean 3 . Joined NASA Spac e Task Group Oc tober 1 9 6 0 . Super­
v i s or of mi s s i le f l i ght t e s t for McDonn e l l Aircraft 1 9 5 8 - 19 6 0 .
USAF fighter p i l o t 1 9 5 5- 19 5 8 . McDonne l l Aircraft f light t e s t
engineer 1 9 5 � - 5 5 . BS in aeronau t i c a l engineering from Parks

d i r e c t or of Gemini 3 , 4 , 7/6 , 3 , 9 and 1 2 ; A p o l l o 5 , 8 and 9 .

C o l l ege , St . Louis Univer s i t y , 1 9 5 4 . A s s igned as f l i ght

* * *

GLYNN S . LUNNEY , 3 2 , A p o l l o 1 1 f l i ght d i r e c t or ( b lack

t e am ) . Born Old Forge , Pa . Married to former Marilyn J e an
Kurtz of C leve land , Ohi o . Chi ldren : Jenifer 8 , G lynn 6 ,
Shawn 5 and Bryan 3 . Joined NACA Lewi s R e s earch Center
August 1 9 5 5 as c o l lege c o-op emp l oy e e . Transferred t o NASA
Spac e Task Group June 1 9 5 9 . A s s i gned as f l i ght director o f
Gemini 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 and 1 2 , A p o l l o 20 1 , 4 , 7 , 8 and 1 0 . BS in
aeronaut i c a l engineering from Univer s i t y o f D e t ro i t .

* * *

M I LTON L . WINDLER , 3 7 , A p o l l o 1 1 f l i ght director ( Maroon

t e am ) . Born Hampton , Va . Married t o former Betty Se lby o f
Sherman , T e xa s . Chi ldren : Peter 1 2 , Marion 9 and Cary 7 .
Joined NACA Langley Res earch Center June 1 9 5 4 . USAF fighter
p i l o t 1 9 5 5 - 5 8 ; rej o ined NASA Space Task Group D e c ember 1 9 5 9
and a s s igned t o R e c overy Branch of F l i ght Operat i ons Divi s i on
in deve l opment of Proj e c t Mercury re covery equipment and t e ch­
nique s . Later b e c ame chief of Landing and R e c overy D i v i s i on
Operational T e s t Branch . Named A p o l l o f l i ght director team
April 1 9 6 8 .

* * *

CHARLES M . DUKE , 3 3 , a s t ronaut and A p o l l o 1 1 spacecraft

former Dorothy M . C laiborne o f At lant a , Ga .

c ommunic ator ( CapCom ) . Born Char l o t t e , N . C . Married t o
Chi ldren ; Char l e s
M . 4 , Thomas C . 2 . Selected a s astronaut in April 1 9 6 6 . Has
rank of maj or in USAF , and is graduate of the USAF Aerospace
R e s earch P i lot Scho o l . Comm i s s i oned in 1 9 57 and after comple­
tion of fl�ght training , spent three years a s fighter p i l o t at
Ram s t e i n Air Bas e , Germany . BS i n naval s c i e n c e s from US
Naval Ac ademy 1 9 5 7 ; MS in aeronau t i c s and a s tronaut i c s from
Massachu s e t t s Institute of Techno logy 1 9 6 4 . Has more than
24 hours flying t ime , most of whi c h is j et time .

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* * *

RONALD E . EVANS , 3 5 , astronaut and Apollo 1 1 spacecraft

c ommunicator ( CapCom ) . Born St . Franc i s , Kans . Married t o
former Janet M . Pol lom of Topeka , Kans . Chi ldren : Jaime D
9 and Jon P . 7 . S e lected an astronaut i n Apr i l 1 9 6 6 . Has
rank of lieut enant c ommander in U . S . Navy . Was flying c om­
bat mi s s ions from USS Tic onderoga off Viet Nam when s e l e c t ed
fo � the astronaut program . Combat flight instructor 1 9 6 1 -
l 9 b 2 ; made t w o West Pac i f i c aircraft carrier cru i s e s prior
to instructor a s s i gnment . Commi s s i oned 1 9 5 7 through Univer­
s i ty of Kansas Navy ROTC program . Has more than 3 0 0 0 hours
flying t ime , most of whi ch is in j e t s . BS in electrical
engineering from University of Kansas 1 9 5 6 ; MS in aeronau t i c a l
engineering from US Naval Postgraduate S c h o o l 1 9 6 � .

* * *

BRUCE McCANDLESS I I , 3 2 , astronaut and Apo l l o 1 1 space­

craft c ommunicator ( CapCom ) . Born B o s t on , Mas s . Married t o
former Bernice Doyle o f Rahway , N . J . Children : Bruce I I I
7 and Tracy 6 . S e le c t ed a s astronaut April 1 9 6 6 . Holds
rank of lieutenant c ommander i n US Navy . After flight train­
ing and earning naval aviator ' s wings in 1 9 6 0 , he saw s e a
duty aboard the carriers U S S Forre s t a l and U S S Enterpr i s e ,
and later was a s s i gned as instrument flight instructor at
Oceana , Va . Naval Air Stat ion . He has logged almost 2 0 0 0
hours flying t ime , mos t of whi ch is in j e t s . BS in naval
s c iences from US Naval Academy ( s e c ond in c la s s of 8 9 9 )
19 5 8 ; MS in electrical engineering from Stanford University
19 6 5 ; working on PhD in electrical engineering at Stanford .

* * *

CHARLES A . BERR Y , MD , � 5 , MSC Director of Med i c a l

Research and Operat i ons . Born Roger s , Ark . Married t o form­
er Adella Nance of Thermal , Cali f . Chi ldren : Mike , Char lene
and Jani c e . Joined NASA Manned Space c raft Center July 1 9 6 2
a s chief of Center Medi c a l Operations Offi c e ; appointed MSC
Direc t or of Medical Research and Operat ions May 1 9 6 6 . Pre­
v i ou s ly was c h i e f of f l i ght medicine i n the office of the
USAF Surgeon General 1 9 5 9 - 6 2 ; as s i s tant chief , then c h i e f
of department of aviation me dic ine at t h e S c h o o l of Aviat i on
Medicine , Randolph AFB, Texas 1 9 5 6 - 5 9 and served a s Proj e c t
Mercury aeromedical moni t o r ; Harvard School o f Pub lic Health
aviation medicine res idency 1 9 5 5 -5 6 ; base flight surgeon
and c ommand surgeon in s t ateside , Canal Zone and Carribean
A s s i gnment s , 1 9 5 1 - 19 5 5 . Prior t o entering the USAF in 1 9 5 1 ,
Berry interned at University o f Cali fornia ; service at San
Franc i s c o City and County Hospital and was for three years
in general pract i c e in Indio and C oache lla , Cal i f . BA from
University of Cali fornia at Berkeley 1 9 4 5 ; MD Univers i t y of
Cal ifornia Medi cal Scho o l , San Franc i s c o , 1 9 4 7 ; Master of
pub l i c health , Harvard School of Pub l i c Health , 1 9 5 6 .

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* * *

DR . WILMOT N . HES S , � 2 , MSC D i r e c t or of Sci ence and

App l i c a t i ons . Born Oberlin , Ohi o . Marri ed t o former Wini­
fred Lowdermi lk . Chi ldren : Wal ter C . 1 2 , A l i s on L . 1 1 and
Carl E . 9 . J o i ned NASA Goddard Space F l i ght Center 1 9 6 1
a s c h i e f o f Laboratory for Theor e t i c a l Studi e s ; transferred
to NASA Manned Spacecraft C e nt e r 1 9 6 7 as D i r e c t o r of S c i ence
and App l i c a t i ons . Previous ly leader , Plowshare Divi s i on of
Univer s i t y o f Cal ifornia Lawrence Radiat i o n Lab oratory 1 9 5 9 -
6 1 ; phy s i c s i n s t ru c t or Ob e r l i n C o l lege 1 9 4 8- 1 9 4 9 ; phy s i c s
i n s tru c t or Mohawk C o l lege 1 9 4 7 . B S i n e le ct r i cal engineering
from C o lumb i a Unive r s i t y 19 4 6 ; MA in phy s i c s from Ob e r l i n
C o llege 1 9 � 9 ; and PhD in p hy s i c s from Univer s i t y of Cali fornia
1954 .

* * *

DR . P . R . BELL, 5 6 , c h i e f MSC Lunar and Earth S c i e n c e s

D i v i s i o n and manager of Lunar R e c eiving Laborat ory . Born
Fort Wayne , Indiana . Married t o t h e former M o z e l l e Rank i n .
One s o n � Raymond Thomas 2 7 . Joined NASA Manned Spac e c raft
Center July 1 9 6 7 . Formerly with Oak Ridge Nat i onal Labora­
t or i e s in thermonuclear r e s earch , ins trumenta t i on and p lasma
physi c s , 1 9 4 6- 6 7 ; MIT Rad i a t i on Laboratori e s in radar s y s t ems
development , 1 9 4 1- 4 6 ; Nati onal Defense R e s earch C ommit t e e
Proj e c t Chi cago , 1 9 4 0 - 4 1 . Holds 1 4 patents o n e le c tronic
measurement devi c e s , thermonuc lear reactor c omponent s . BS
in chem i s t ry and d o c t or of s c ience from Howard C o l l e ge ,
Birmingham , Ala .

* * *

JOHN E . McLEA I SH , 3 9 , A p o l l o 1 1 m i s s i o n commentator

and chi e f , MSC Pub l i c Information Offi c e . Born Houston ,
Texas . Married t o former Patsy J o Thomas of Holliday , Texas .
Childre n : J o e D . 19 , Car o l Ann 1 4 , John E . Jr . 1 4 . J oined
NASA Manned Spacecraft Center 1 9 6 2 , named Pub l i c Informat i on
O f f i c e c h i e f July 19 6 8 . Prior t o j o ining NASA McLeaish was
a USAF information officer and rated navigator from 1 9 5 2
t o 19 6 2 . BA i n j ournalism from University o f Hou s t on . A s s i gn­
ed t o mi s s ion c ommentary on Gemini 1 1 and 12 and Apo l l o 6 and
8.

* * *

JOHN E . ( JA C K ) �ILEY , 4 4 , A p o l l o 11 mi s s i on c ommentator

and deputy c h i e f MSC Pub l i c Information Offi c e . Born Trent on ,

Chi ldr en : Kevin � . 1 7 , Sean P . 1 5 , Kerry E . 1 3 , Brian T . 9

�o . Married t o former Pat r i c i a C . Pray of Kansas C i t y , Kans .

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and Colin D . 6 . Joined NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Pub­

lic Informat ion Office April 1 9 6 3 . A s s igned to mi s s ion
commentary on Gemini 9 , 10 and 11 and Apollo 7 , 9 and 10 .
PIO liai son with Apollo Spacecraft Program Offi c e . Prior
to j oining NASA wes pub l i c relation s representative with

Independence , Mo . Examiner 1 9 5 9 - 6 1 ; c i ty editor , Kansas

General Dynam i c s/Astronau t i c s 1 9 6 1 - 6 3 ; executive e d i t or ,

C i ty Kansan 1 9 5 7 -5 9 ; report er , C i nc innat i , Ohio Time s ­

Star 1 9 5 7 ; report er-copy edi tor , Kansas C i t y Kansan 1 9 5 0 -
57 . Served in US Navy in Pac i fic-Asiatic Theaters 1 9 4 2 - 4 6 .
BA in j ournalism University of Kansas .

* * *

DOUGLAS K . WAR D , 29 , born Idaho Fal l s , Idaho . Married

to former Susan Diane S e l lery of Boulder , Colorad0 . C h i ldren :
Edward 7 ; Eli sabeth , 4 ; and C r i s t ina , 4 . Jofned NASA Pub l i c
Affairs Office June 1 9 6 6 . Responsible for news med ia a c t i v i t i e s
r e l a t ed t o engineering and deve lopment and admini s trative oper­
ations at MSC . A s s igned to m i s s ion c ommentary on Apollo 7 , 8 ,
and 1 0 . BA in political s ci e n c e from the Univer s i ty of Colorado .
Be fore j o ining NASA worked for two years with the U . S . Infor­
mation Agency , V o i c e of Ameri c a , wr i t i ng and editing news for
broad c a s t to Lat i n America and s erved as a s s i stant space and
s c ience editor for the VOA news d i v i s ion .

* * *

( ROBERT ) TERRY WHITE , 4 1 , born Denton , Texas . Married

to former Mary Loui s e Gradel of Wac o , Texa s . Children : Robert
Jr . , 4 , and Kathle e n , 2 . Joined NASA Manned Spacecraft Center
Pub l i c Affairs Office Apr i l 1 9 6 3 . Was editor of MSC Roundup
( house organ ) for four years . A s s i gned to mi s s i on commentary
on 12 previous Gemini and Apollo mi s s ions . BA in j ournalism
from North Texas State Univer s i t y . Prior to j oining NASA ,
was with Employers Casualty C ompany , Temco A i rcraft Corpora­
t i on , ( now LTV ) , Johnston Printing C ompany and Ayres Compton
A s sociate s , all of Dallas , Texas .

Marshall Spa c e Fl igh t Center

DR . WERNHER VON BRAUN became the d irector of MSFC when

it was created in 1 9 6 0 . As a field c enter of NASA , the Mar­
shall Center provides space launch vehicles and payloads ,
condu c t s related r e s earch , and studie s advan c e d spac e trans­
portation s y s t ems . Dr . von Braun was born in Wirs i t z , Ger­
many , on March 2 3 , 1 9 1 2 . He was awarded a bachelor of s c ience
degree at the age of 2 0 from the Ber lin Institute of Technology .

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Two years later , he received h i s doctorate in phy s i c s from

the University of Berli n . He was technical director of
Germany ' s rocket program at Peenemunde . Dr . von Braun
came to the U . S . in 1 9 � 5 , under a contract t o the U . S .
Army , along with 1 2 0 o f h i s Peenemunde c o lleagues . He
directed high altitude firings of V-2 rockets at White
Sands M i s s i le Range , N . M . and later b e c ame the proj ect
director of the Army ' s guided mi s s ile development unit in
Fort Bliss . In 1 9 5 0 he was transferred t o Redstone Arsenal ,
Ala . The Redstone , the Jupiter and the Pershing missile
systems were developed by the von Braun team . Current pro­
grams include the Saturn IB and the Saturn V launch veh i c les
for Proj ect Apollo , the nation ' s manned lunar landing program
and part i c ipation in the Apollo Applications program .

* * *

DR . EBERHARD F . M . REES i s deputy director , technical ,

of NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center . Dr . Rees was born
April 2 8 , 1 9 0 8 , in Tros singe n , Germany . He rece ived h i s
technical education i n Stuttgart and a t Dresden Institute
of Technology . He graduated from Dresden in 1 9 3 4 with a
master o f s c ience degree in mechanical engineering . During
World War I I . Dr . Rees worked at the German Guided Missile
Center in Peenemunde . He came t o the United States in 1 9 4 5
and worked in the Ordnance Research and Development , Sub­
Office ( rocket ) , at Fort Blis s . In 1 9 5 0 the Fort Bliss act­
ivities were moved to Redstone Arsenal , Ala . Ree s , who became
an American c i ti zen in 19 5 4 , was appointed deputy director
of Research and Deve lopment o f Marshall Space Flight Center
in 1960 . He held this p o s it ion until h i s appointment i n
1 9 6 3 to deputy director , technical .

* * *

DR . HERMANN K . WEIDNER i s the director o f Science and

Engineering at the Marshall Space Flight Center . Dr . Weidner
has had long and varied experience in the field of rocketry .
He became a member of the Peenemunde rocket deve lopment group
in Germany in 19 4 1 . In 1 9 4 5 , he came t o the United States as
a member of the von Braun res earch and development team.
During the years that followe d , t h i s group was stationed at
Fort Bli s s , as part of the Ordnance Research and Development .
After the Fort Bliss group was transferred t o Huntsville , Dr .
Weidner worked with the Army Bal l i s t i c M i s s i le Agency at Red­
stone Arsenal . He was formerly deputy director of the Pro­
pulsion and Veh i c l e Engineering Laborat ory . He was also
director of propulsion at MSFC . Dr . Weidner received his
U . S . c i t izenship in April of 1 9 5 5 .

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MAJ . GEN. EDMUND F . O ' CONNOR i s director of Program

Management at NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center . He i s
responsible for the technical and administrative manage­
ment of Saturn launch vehicle programs and that portion
of the Saturn/Apollo Applications Program assigned t o
Marshall . O ' Connor was born o n March 3 1 , 1 9 2 2 in Fit ch­
burg, Mas s . He graduated from West Point in 1 9 4 3 , he
has a bachelor of sc ience in both mi litary engineering
and in aeronautical engineering . During World War II ,
O ' Connor served in Italy with the 4 95th Bombardment
Group , and held several other mi litary as signment s around
the world . In 1962 he went t o Norton Air Force Base , as
deputy director of the Bal l i s t i c Systems Division , Air
Force Systems Command , He remained in that pos ition unt il
1964 when he became director of Industrial Operations ( now
designated Program Management ) at Marshall Space Flight
Center .

* * *

LEE B . JAMES i s the manager of the Saturn Program Office

in Program Management , Marshall Space Fl ight Center . A retired
Army Colone l , he has been in the rocket field since its infancy .
He s t arted in 1 9 4 7 after graduating in one of the early c lasses
of the Army Air Defense School at Fort Bliss . He i s also a
graduate of West Point and he holds a master ' s degree from the
University of Southern Cali fornia at Los Angeles . He j oined
the rocket development team hearled by Dr . Wernher von Braun

Defenoe t o the newly created NASA 1n 1 9 6 0 , James remained as

in 1956 . When the team was transferred from the Department of

direct or of the Army ' s Research and Development Divi s i on at

Reds t one Arsenal . In 1 9 6 1- 6 2 , he was transferred to Korea for
a one year tour of duty . After the assignment in Kore a , he
was transferred by the Army to NASA-MSFC . In 1 9 6 3 he became
manager of the Saturn I and IB program . For a year he served
in NASA Headquarters as deputy to the Apollo Program manager .
He returned in 1 9 6 8 to manage the Saturn V program .

* * *

MATTHEW W . URLAUB i s manager of the S-IC stage in the

Saturn Program Office at NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center .
Born September 2 3 , 1 9 2 7 in Brooklyn , he i s a graduate of
Duke University where he earned his bachelor of sc ience de­
gree in mechanical engineering . Urlaub entered the army
in 1950 and finished his tour of duty in 19 5 5 . During the
period of 1 9 5 2 - 1 9 5 3 he completed a one year course at the
Ordnance Guided Missile School at Redstone Arsenal . Upon
becoming a civilian he became a member of the Army Ballistic

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M i s s i le Agency ' s Industrial Division Staff a t Reds tone Arsena l .

Specifically , he was the ABMA senior resident engineer for the
Jupiter Program at Chrysler Corporation in Detroit . He trans­
ferred to MSFC in 1 9 6 1 . The field in which he soe cializes
·

is proj e c t engineering/management .

* * *

ROY E . GODFREY per�orms dual role s , one as deputy manager

of the Saturn program and he is also the S-II stage manager .
Born in Knoxville on November 2 3 , 1 9 2 2 , he earned a bachelor
of science degree in mechanical engineering at the University of
Tenne s s e e . Godfrey served as s e c ond lieutenant in the Air Force
during WWII and began h i s engineering career with TVA . In
1 9 5 3 he was a member of the research and development team at
Redstone Arsena l , when he accepted a position with the Ordnance
M i s s i le laboratories . vfuen the Army Ballis t i c Mis sile Agency
was created in 1956 he was transferred to the new agency . He
came t o Marshall Center in 1 9 6 2 to bec ome the deputy director
of the Quality and Reliab ility Assurance Laboratory .

* * *

JAMES C . McCULLOCH is the S - IVB stage project manager

in the Saturn Program Office at the NASA-Marshall Space Flight
Center . A native of Alabama , he was born in Huntsville on
February 2 7 , 1920 . McCulloch holds a bachelor of science de­
gree in mechanical engineering from Auburn University , and a
master ' s degree in busine s s administration from Xavier Univer­
sity . Prior to coming to the Marshall Center in 1 9 6 1 , he had
been a s s ociated with Consolidated - Vultee Aircraft Corp . ,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronaut i c s ; Fairchild Engine
and Airplane Corp . , and General Electric Co .

* * *

FREDERICH DUERR i s the ins trument unit manager in the

Saturn Program Office at NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center .
Born in Muni ch , Germany , on January 2 6 , 19 0 9 , he is a grad­
uate of Luitpold Oberealschule and the Ins titute of Techno logy ,
both in Muni c h . He h�lds B . S . and M . S . degrees in electrical
engineering . Duerr specializes in the design of electrical
network sys tems for the rocket launch vehi cles . Duerr j oined
Dr . Wernher von Braun ' s research and deve lopment team in 1 9 4 1
a t Peenernuende , and came with the group t o the U . S . i n 19 4 5 .
This group , stationed at White Sands , N . M . , was transferred
to Hunt sville in 1 9 5 0 to form the Guided M i s s i le Development
Division of the Ordnance Missile Laboratorie s at Reds tone
Arsenal .

* * *

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DR . FRIDTJOF A . SPEER is manager of the M i s s ion Oper­

ations Office in Program Management at the NASA-Marshall
Space Flight Center . A member of the rocket research and
development team in Huntsville since March 1 9 5 5 , Dr . Speer
was assi stant professor at the Technical University of Ber­
lin and Phy s i c s Editor of the Central Chemical Abstract
Magazine in Berlin prior to coming to this country . He
earned both his master ' s degree and Ph . D . in phy s i c s from
the Technical Univers ity . From 1 9 4 3 unt i l the end of the
war , he was a member of the Guided M i s sile Development
group at Peenemunde . D r . Speer was chief of the Fli�ht
Evaluation and Operations Studies Division prior to accep­
ting his present position in August 1 9 6 5 . He became a U . S .
citi zen in 1 9 6 0 .

* * *

WILLIAM D . BROWN i s manager , Engine Program Office in

Program Management at MSFC . A native of Alabama , he was
born in Huntsville on December 17 , 1 9 2 6 . He i s a graduate
of Joe Bradley High School in Huntsville and attended Athens
Col lege and Alabama Polytechnic Institute t o earn his bache­
lor of sc ience degree in chemical engineering . Following
graduation from Auburn Univers ity in 195 1 , he returned t o
Hunt sville to accept a position with the Army research and
deve lopment team at Redstone Arsena l , where he was involved
in catalyst deve lopment for the Redstone m i s s i le . Shortly
after the Army Ballistic M i s s i le Agency was act ivated at
Reds tone , Brown became a rocket power plant engineer with
ABMA . He transferred enmasse to the Marshall Space Flight
Center when that organization was establi shed in 1 9 6 0 .

* * *

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Kennedy Space C e nter

DR . KURT H . DEBUS , Direc tor , Kennedy Spac e C enter , has

b een respon s i b l e for many s t ate of the art advanc es made in
launch technology and is the c onceptual arc h i t e c t of the
Kennedy Spac e Center with i t s mob i le fac i l i t i e s sui table for
hand l i ng e x tremely large rockets s uc h as the Saturn V . Born
in Frankfur t , G e rmany , in 1 9 0 8 , he attended Darmstadt Univer s i t y
where he earned h i s i n i t i a l and advanced degrees in mechanical
engineering . In 1 9 39 , he obtained h i s engineering doct orate and
was appointed a s s i s tant profe s s or at t h e Univer s i ty . During t h i s

Dr . Debus came to the United S t a t e s in 19 4 5 and

period he b e came engaged i n the rocket res earch program at
Pee nemunde .
played an a c t ive role in the U . S . Army ' s b a l l i s t i c mi s s i l e
development program . In 1 9 6 0 , he was appointed Dire c t or o f the
Launch Operations D i r e c torat e , G e orge C . Marshall Space F l ight
C enter , NASA , at Cape Canavera l . He was appointed to h i s
pres ent p o s t in 1 9 6 2 . He brought into b e ing the government/in­
dustry launch forc e wh i c h has carr i e d out more than 1 5 0 s uc c e s s fu l

s a t e l li t e , the first manned launch a n d t h e A p o l l o 8 f l i ght , f i r s t

launc he s , inc luding t h o s e o f Explorer I , t h e Free World ' s f i r s t

manned orb i t o f the moon .

* * *

MILES ROS S , Deputy D i r e c tor , C enter Operat i ons , Kennedy

Space Center , is respons i b l e for operat i ons r e l ated to engineer­
ing matters and the conduct of the C e nt e r ' s t e chnical opera t i ons .
He has h e l d the p o s ition s i nce September 1 9 6 7 . Born in Brunswic k ,
N . J . , i n 1 9 1 9 , h e i s a graduate o f Massachu s e t t s Inst it u t e of
Technology where h e maj ored in Mechan i c a l Engineering and
Engineering Admin i s t rat i on . Prior t o h i s a s s i gnment at the
Kennedy Spa c e Cent e r , Ross was a proj e c t manager of the Air Forc e
Thor and �linuteman M i s s i le syst ems Ni th TR\v , Inc . He was later
appoi nted D i r e c t or o f Fl ight Operations and Manager o f Florida
Operations for TRW .

* * *

ROC CO A . PETRONE, Director o f Launch Operat ions , Kennedy

Space C e nt e r , is responsible for the management and t echnical
direction o f preflight operati ons and integra t i on , t e s t , c h e c k­
out and launch of a l l space vehic l e s ) b o t h manned and unmanned .
Born i n Amsterdam, N . Y . , in 1 9 2 6 , h e i s a 1 9 4 6 graduate of the
U . S . M i l i tary Academy and r e c e ived a Masters Degre e in
Mechanical Engineering from Mas sachu s e t t s Ins t itute of Technol ogy
in 1 9 5 1 . H i s career in rocketry b e gan shortly after graduat i on
from MIT when h e was a s s igned t o t h e Army ' s R e d s t one Arsenal ,
Hunt s vi l l e , A l a . He part i c ipated i n the development o f t h e
R e d s t o n e mi s s i l e i n the early 1 9 5 0 ' s and w a s d e t a i l e d t o t h e
Army ' s General Staff a t the Pentagon from 1 9 5 6 t o 1 9 6 0 . He
c arne t o K S C a s Saturn Pro j e c t O f f i c e r in 1 9 6 0 . He later became
A p o l l o Program Manager and was aprointed to his present p o s t
in 1 9 6 6 .
* * *

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I I I

RAYMOND L . CLARK, Director of Technical Support , Kennedy

Space Center, i s responsible for the management and technical
direction of the operation and maintenance of KSC ' s test and
launch complex fac i lities , ground support equipment and ground
instrumentation required to support the assemb ly , test , check­
out and launch of all space vehicles - both manned and unmanned .

State University and i s a 1 9 4 5 graduate o f the u . s . Military

Born in Sentine l , Oklahoma , in 1 9 2 4 , C l ark attended Oklahoma

Academy with a degree in military s c i ence and engineering . He

received a master of sc ience degree in aeronautics and guided
missi les from the University of Southern California in 1 9 5 0 and
was a senior proj e c t officer for the Reds t one and Jupiter missile
proj e c t s at Patrick AFB from 1954 t o 1 9 5 7 . He j oined KSC i n
1 96 0 . Clark retired from the Army with the rank of lieutenant
colonel in 19 65 .

• I I

G . MERRITT PRESTON, Director o f Design Engineering , Kennedy

ment , structures and facilities for launch operations and support

Space Center, i s responsible for design of ground support equip­

elements at the nation ' s Spaceport . Born in Athens , Ohi o , in

1916 , he was graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute i n
New York with a degree i n aeronautical engineering in 19 3 9 . He
then j o i ned the National Advis ory Committee for Aeronaut i c s (NAC A )
at Langley Research Center , Virginia, and was transferred i n 1 9 4 2
to the Lewis Flight Propulsion Center a t C leveland , Ohio , where he
b e c ame chief of flight res earch engineering in 19 4 5 . NACA ' s respon­
sibilities were later absorbed by NASA and Preston played a major
role in Proj e c t Mercury and Gemini manned space flights be fore
being advanced to his present post in 1 9 6 7 .
* * *

FREDERIC H. MILLER , Director o f Installation Support ,

Kennedy Space Center , i s responsible for the general operation
and maintenance of the nation ' s Spaceport . Born in Toledo , Ohio ,
in 1911 he c laims Indiana as his home stat e . He was graduated
from Pu �due Universit� with a bachelor ' s degree in electrical
engineering in 19 3 2 and a master ' s degree in business administra­
tion from the Univers ity of Pennsylvania in 19 4 9 . He is a graduate
of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces and has taken
advanced management s t udies at the Harvard Busine s s School . He
entered the Army Air Corps in 1 9 3 2 , took his flight training at
Randolph and Kelly Fields , Texas , and held various ranks and
p o s itions in the military service be fore retirtng in 196 6 as an
Air Force major general . He has held ·his present p o s t since 196 7 .

* * *

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* * *

REAR ADMIRAL RODERICK 0 . MIDDLETON , USN , i s Apollo Program

Manager , Kennedy Space Center, a post he has held since Augu s t ,
1967 . Born in Pomona , F la . , in 1 9 1 9 , he attended Florida Southern
C o l lege in Lakeland and was graduat ed from the U . S . Naval Academy
in 1 9 3 7 . He served in the South Pac ific during World War II and
was awarded a master of s c i ence degree from Harvard University in
1946 . He j oined the Polaris development program as head of the
Missile Branch in the Navy ' s Special Proj ect Office in Washington,
D . C . , and was awarded the Legion of Merit for his role in the
Polaris proj e c t in 1 9 6 1 . He held a number o f command pos t s , in­
c luding that as C ommanding Officer of the USS Observation I s land ,
Polaris mis s i le t e s t ship , before being a s s igned to NASA in
October 196 5 .

* * *

WALTER J . KAPRYAN, Deputy Director of Launch Operat ions ,

Kennedy Space Center, was born in Flint , Michigan , in 1 9 2 0 . He
attended Wayne University in Detroit prior to entering the Air
Force as a First Lieutenant in 19 4 3 . Kapryan j oined the Langley
Res earch Center , National Advisory Committee for Aeronaut i c s
( NACA ) in 1 9 4 7 and t h e NASA Space Task Group a t Langley in March ,
1959 . He was appointed proj ect engineer for the Mercury Redst one 1
spac ecraft and came to the Cape in 1960 with that spacecraft . In
19 6 3 , he estab lished and headed the Manned Space craft Center ' s
Gemini Program Offi ce at KSC , part i c ipating in a l l 10 manned Gemini
flights as w e l l as Apollo Saturn lB and Saturn V mi s s i ons before
advancement to his present pos t .

* * *

D R . HANS F . GRUENE, Director , Launch Veh i c l e Operations ,

Kennedy Space Center, i s responsible for the preflight t e st ing,
preparations and launch of Saturn veh i c l e s and operation and
maintenance of a s s ociated ground support s y stems . Born in
Braunschwe i g , Germany , in 1910 , he earned h i s degrees in
electrical engineering at the Technical University in his home­
town . He received h i s PhD in 1 9 4 1 and began h i s career in guided
missile work as a research engineer at the Peenemunde Guided
M i s s i l e Center in 19 4 3 . He came t o the United States with the
Army ' s Ordnance Research and Deve l opment Facility at Fort Bli s s ,
Texas , in 1 9 4 5 and held a number of management posts at the Marshall
Space F light C e nter , Hunt sville , A la . , be fore being permanent ly
a s s igned to NASA ' s Florida launch s i t e in June 1965 .

• * *

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* * *

JOHN J . WILLIAM S , Director, Spacecraft Operations ,

Kennedy Space Cent er , i s responsible t o the Director of Launch
Operations for the management and technical integration of KSC
Operations related to preparation , checkout and flight readiness
of manned spacecraft . Born in New Orleans , La . , in 19 2 7 , Wi ll iams
was graduated from Louis iana State University with a bache lor of
sc ience degree in electrical engineering in 1 9 4 9 . Will iams per­
formed engineering a s signments at Wright Patterson Air Force Bas e ,
Dayton, Ohi o , and the Air Force Mis s i le Test Center , Patrick AFB,
Florida, before j oining NASA in 1 9 5 9 . Williams played important
roles in the manned Mercury and Gemini programs before moving to
his current post in 196 4 .

* * *

PAUL c . DONNELLY , Launch Operations Manager , Kennedy Space

Cent e r , i s responsible for the checkout of all manned space
vehicle s , including both launch vehicle and spacecraft . Born in
A l t oona, Pa . , in 1 9 2 3 , Donnelly attended Grove C i t y College in
Pennsylvania , the University of Virginia and the U . S . Navy ' s
electronics and guided mi s s i le technical schools . Donnelly per­
formed engineering assignments at naval fac i lities at Chincoteague ,
Va . , and Patuxent Naval Air Station, Md . Prior to a s suming h i s
present post , h e was Chief T e s t Conductor for manned spacecraft
at Cape Kennedy for the Manned Spacecraft Center ' s Florida
Operations , his respons ibilities extending to planning, scheduling
and directing all manned spacecraft launch and pre launch acceptance
tests .
* * *

ROBERT E . MOSER , C h i e f , Test Planning Off i c e , Launch

Operations D i rectorate , Kennedy Space Center , i s respons i b l e for
developing and cpordi nating KSC launch operat ions and test pla ns
for the Apollo/Saturn programs . Born i n Johnstown , Pa . , in
1928 , M o s e r regards Daytona Beac h , Fla . , a s his hometown. A

engineering, M o s er has been a s soc iated w i th the u . s . space pro­

1 9 5 0 graduate of Vande rbi l t Un ivers i ty w i th a degree i n el e c tri cal

gram s ince 1953 and s e rved as t e s t conductor for the launc hes of
Explorer 1 , the f i rs t American satell i t e ; P ioneer , the f i rs t l unar
pro be ; and the first American manned s pa c e fl ight - Freedom 7 -

wi th As tronaut Alan B . Shepard aboard .

* * *

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* * *

ISOM A . R I GELL , Deputy Direc t or f o r Engineering , Launch

Veh i c l e Opera t i ons , Kennedy Spa c e Cent e r , i s respons ible for all
Saturn V launch veh i c l e engineer ing personnel in the f i ring room
during pre launch prepara t i ons and countdown , pro viding on-s i t e
resolut ion fo r eng ineering problem s . B o rn i n Slocomb , Ala . , i n
1 9 2 3 , Rigell i s a 1 9 5 0 graduate o f the Georgia Ins t i tute o f
Technology w i th a degree in el ectrical engineering. He has
played an a c t i v e role in the nati on' s space programs s i nc e May ,
1 95 1 .

* * *

ANDREW J . PIC KETT , C h i e f , T e s t and Operat ions Management

Of f i c e , Directorate of Launch Vehicle Opera t ions , Kennedy Space
C ent e r , is respons ible for direct ing the overall planning of
Sat urn launch vehicle preparat ion and prelaunch tes t ing and
checkout . Born in Shelby County , A la . , P i c k e t t is a 1950 graduate
o f the Univer s i t y o f A labama w i th a degree i n mechanical engineer­
ing . A veteran of well over 100 launch es , P ickett began h i s
rocketry career a t Hunts v i l l e , A la . , i n t he early 1950 s . He
was a member of the Army Bal l i s t ic M i s s i l e Agency launch group
that was transferred to NASA in 1960 .

* * *

GEORGE F . PAGE, C h i e f o f t he Spacecra f t Operat i ons D i v i s i o n ,

Di rectorate o f Launch Opera ti ons , Kennedy Space Cent e r , i s respon­
s i ble fo r pre - f l ight checkout operati ons , countdown and launch o f
the Apollo spacecra f t . Pri or to h i s present a s s ignmen t , Page was
Chie f Spacecraft T e s t Conduc tor a nd respons ible for prelaunch
operati ons on Gem ini and Apol l o. spacecraft at KSC . Born in
Harrisburg, Pa . , in 1924 , Page is a 1 952 gradua te of Pennsy l vania
State Uni vers i ty w i th a bachelor of s c i ence degree in aeronaut i cal
engineering.

* * *

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* * *

GEORGE T . SASSEEN , C h ie f , Engineering Di v i s i on , Spacecraft

Operat ions , Kennedy Space C ent er , is resp ons ibl e f or t e s t planning
and t e s t procedure defini t i on fo r all spacecraft prelaunch opera­
t i ons . Born at New Rochel l e , N . Y . , in 192 8 , he regards Wes t on ,
C onn . , a s h i s home town. A 1949 gradua te o f Yale Uni vers ity w i t h
a degree i n electrical eng ineering, h e j o ined NASA i n July 1961 .
P r i o r to his present appo intment in 1967 , he s erved as Chie f ,
Ground Sy s tems D i v i s ion, Spacecraft Operati ons D i rectorate , KSC .
S as s e en ' s spacecraft experience extends through t he manned
M e rcury , Gemini and Apollo programs .

* * *

DONALD D . BUCHANA N , Launch Complex 39 Engineering Manager

for the Kennedy Space C en t e r Des ign Engineering Directo rate , i s
responsible for cont inuing engineering support a t Launch Complex 39 .
H e played a key role in th e des ign , fabr i cat i on and a s s embly o f
such complex mobile s t ructures a s the mobi l e launchers , mobi l e
s e rv ice structure and transporters . Born i n Macon, Ga . , i n 1 9 2 2 ,
Buc hanan regards Lynchburg , Va . , as h i s home town. He i s a 1949
graduat e of the Univer s i ty of Virginia w i t h a degree in mechanical
engineering. During the Spaceport cons truc t i on pha s e , he was
C h i e f , C rawler-Launch Tower S y s t em s Branch , at KSC .

O f f ic e o f Track ing and Data Acqu i s i tion

GERALD M . TRUSZYNSKI , A s sociate Adm inis trator for Tracking

and Data Acqu i s i t ion , has held h i s present pos i t i on s inc e
Januar�, 196 8 , when he was promoted from Deputy in the same
office . Trus zynski has been involved in tracking, communicat ion ,
and data handl ing since 1947 , at Edwards , Cal . , where he helped
develop tracking and inst rumentation for the X-1 , X-1 5 , and othe r
high speed research a i rcraft for the Nat i onal Advi sory Comm i t t e e
f o r A eronau ti c s ( NACA ) , NASA ' s predec es sor . He d i rec�ed tech­
nical d e si gn and development of the 500-m i l e aerodynami c t e s t i ng
range at Edwards . Truszynski j o ined NACA Langley Laboratory in
1944 , a f t er gradua t ion from Rutgers Univer s i t y w i th a degree in
el e c trical engineering . H e was transferred t o Headquarters in
1960 , and became Deputy A s s ocia t e Adm inis t rator in 1961 . He is
a nat i ve of Je r se y C it y , N . J .

* * *

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* * *

H R BROCKETT was appointed Deputy A s s ociate Administrator

for Tracking and Data Acquisition March 10 , 196 8 , after serving
five years as director of operations . He began his career with
NACA , predecessor of NASA , in 19 4 7 , at the Langley Res earch Cente r ,
Hampton, Va . , i n the instrumentation laboratory . In 1958-59 he
was a member of a group which formulated the tracking and ground
instrumentation plans for the United State s ' first round-the-world
tracking network for Proj ect Mercury . In 19 5 9 , he was transferred
t o NASA Headquart ers as a technical a s s i stant in tracking opera­
t ions . Brockett was born Nov . 12 , 19 2 4 , in Atlant a , Neb . He i s
a graduate o f Lafay ette College , 19 4 7 .

* * *

NORMAN POZ INSKY, Director of Network Support Implementation

D iv i sion , Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, has been
a s s ociated with tracking deve lopment s ince 1 9 5 9 , when he was
detailed to NASA as a Marine Corps officer . He a s s i s t ed in
negotiations for fac i lities in Nigeria, Canada , and other countries
for NASA ' s worldwide tracking network . He retired from the marine s
in 19 6 3 , and remained in his present position . Before j oining NASA
he was involved in r�cket and guided mi s s ile development at White
Sands , N . M . , and China Lake , Cal . , and served in 1 9 5 6 - 5 9 as as sis­
tant chief of staff , USMC for guided mi s s ile systems . Born in
New Orleans in 1 9 1 7 , he is a 1 9 3 7 graduate of Tulane University ,
the Senior C ommand and Staff College , and the U . S . Navy Nuclear
Weapons School .

* * *

FREDERICK B . BRYANT, Director of DOD Coordination Division,

Office of Tracking and Data Acqui sition, has been involved with
technical problems of tracking since he j oined NASA ' s Office o f
Tracking and Data Acquisition a s a staff s c ient i s t i n 19 6 0 . He
headed range requirements planning until he assumed his present
position in September 19 6 4 . He has charge of filling technical
requirements for tracking ships a�d aircraft of the Department
of Defense in support of NASA flight s . Before j oining NASA ,
Bryant spent 21 years as an electronic sc ient i s t at the U . S . Navy ' s
David Taylor Model Bas i n , Carderoc k , Md . He worked on ins trumenta­
tion , guidance contro l , and t e s t programs for ship s , submarines ,
and underwater devi ces . Bryant received a B . S . degree in elec tronic
engineering in � 9 3 7 at Virginia Polytechnic Inst itute .

* * *

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* * *

CHARLES A . TAYLOR became Director of Operat ions , C om­

muni cations , and ADP Divi sion, OTDA , when he j oined NASA in
November 1968 . He is responsible for management and direct ion
of operations of OTDA fac i lities and has func tional responsi­
b i l i t y for all NASA Automat ic Data Pro c e s s ing . He was em­
ployed from 1 9 4 2 to 1955 at NASA Langley Research Cente r ,
Hampton , Va . , i n research instrumentation for high speed air­
craft and rockets . He worked for the Burroughs Corp . , Paoli ,
Pa . , in 1955-6 2 , and after that for General Electric C o . ,
Valley Forge , Pa . , where he had charge o f reliab i l ity and
quality assurance , and managed the NASA Voyager space probe
program . Born in Georgia , April 2 8 , 1 9 1 9 , he received a
B . S . degree at G e orgia Ins titute of Technology in 19 4 2 .

* * *

PAUL A . PR I C E , Chief of C ommunications and Frequency Man­

agement , OTDA , has held h i s position since he j oined the NASA
Headquarters staff in 1960 . He i s responsible for long-range
planning and programming stat i ons , frequenci e s , ea uinment , ann
communicat ions links in NASCOM , the worldwide communications
network by which NASA supports i t s proj e c t s on the ground and
in space flight . Before he came to NASA , Pri c e was engaged in
communicat ions and elec tronics work for 19 years for the Army ,
Navy , and Department of Defense . Born January 27 , 19 1 3 , in
Pittsburgh , he received his education in the pub lic s c hools and
was graduated from the Pennsylvania State University in 19 3 5 ,
and did graduate work at the University o f Pitt sburgh .

* * *

JAMES C . BAVELY , Director of the Network Operations

Branch , OTDA , i s responsible for operations management of NASA ' s
networks in tracking , communication , command , and data handling
for earth satellit e s , manned space craft , and unmanned lunar and
deep space prob e s . Savely held te chnical positions in private
industry , the Air Force and Navy b e fore j oining NASA in 1 9 6 1 ,
with extensive experience i n ins trumentation , computer systems ,
te lemetry , and data handling . Born in Fairmont , W . Va . in
1924 , he is a 1 9 4 9 graduate of Fairmont Stat e C o l lege , and
has since completed graduate s c ience and engineering courses
at G e orge Washington Univers ity , University o f Wes t Virginia
and University of Maryland .

* * *

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* * *

E . J . STOCKWELL , Program Manager of MSFN Operat ions , OTDA ,

has held his present pos it ion since April 1 9 62 , when he j oined
the NASA Headquarters staff . Before that he had charge of ground
instrumentation at the Naval Air Test Center , Patuxent River , Md .
Stockwell was born May 3 0 , 1 9 2 6 in Howe l l , Mich . He received h i s
education a t Uniontown, Pa . , and Fairmont , W . Va . H e attended
Waynesburg College and earned a B . S . degree in sc ience from
Fairmont State Col lege . He is a director of the International
Foundation �or the Advancement of Telemet ry .

* * *

LORNE M . ROBINSON, MSFN Equipment Program Manager , OTDA , is

respons ible for new fac i lities and equipment supporting NASA ' s
manned space flight proj ect s . He has been with OTDA since
July 1 9 6 3 . He j o ined NASA from the Space Divi sion of North
Ameri c an Rockwe ll , Downey , Cal . , where he ha� been a senior
research engineer on manned flight proj e c t s for five years .
Previou s ly , he was engaged in research at the University of
Michigan Research Institute and the Phi l l ips Chemical C o . , Dumas ,
Tex . He was born December 2 0 , 1 9 3 0 , in Detroit . He holds a
degree in chemical engineering from Carnegie Institute of
Technology ( 1 9 5 2 ) and electrical engineering from the University
of Michigan ( 19 5 8 ) , and completed graduate courses at UCLA .

Goddard Space Fl ight Center

OZRO N . COVINGTON is the A s s i s t ant Director , Manned Fl ight

Support at the Goddard Center . Before j oining NASA in June 1 9 6 1
h e was with the U . S . Army Signal M i s s i l e Support Agency a s Technical
Director for fifteen years . He studied e lectrical engineering at
North Texas Agricultural College in Arlington , Texas , before
embarking on an extensive career in radar and communications
app licat ions and research and development .

* * *

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 -215-

* * *

HENRY F . THOMPSON is Deputy A s s i st ant Director for Manned

F l i ght Support at the Goddard Center . Thomp son graduated from
the University or Texas with a B . A . degree in 1 9 4 9 and a B . S . i n
1952 . His studies included graduate work at Texas Western College
in ElPaso and at the New Mexico State College , Las Cruc e s . Before
j oining NASA in 1 9 5 9 he was Technical Director or the U . S . Army
Electronics Command at White Sands M i s s i l e Range , N . M .

* * *

LAVERNE R . STELTER i s chief or the Communicat ions D ivis ion

at the Goddard Center . Mr . Stelter received h i s B . S . in e lectrical
engineering from the Univers ity or W i s c onsin in 1 9 5 1 . After work­
ing with the Army Signal Corp s , he j oined NASA in 1 9 5 9 as head of
the Goddard C ommunications Engineering Sect ion . In 1961 he was
appointed Ground Systems Manager for TIROS weather satellites and
was later as s igned the same respon s i b i lity for Nimbus . He was
appointed to his present p o s i t i on in 19 6 3 .

* * *

H . WILLIAM WOOD i s head of the Manned Flight Operations

D ivis ion at the Goddard Center . Before j o ining NASA he was a
group leader at the Langley Research Center with responsibility
for implementing the Proj ect Mercury Network . Mr . Wood earned
h i s BSEE degree at the North Carolina State University .

Department of Defense

MAJOR GENERAL DAVID M . JONES is Commander , Air Force Eastern

Test Range and Department or Defense Manager for Manned Space
F l i gh t Support Operations .

He was born December 18 , 1 9 1 3 , at Mars hfield , Oregon, and

attended the Univer s i ty of Ari zona at Tucson from 1 9 3 2 to 1 9 3 6 .
He enl i s t ed in the Ariz ona National Guard and s erved one year in
the Cavalry prior to entering pi lot training in the summer of
1937 .

His military decorations include the Legion of Merit ,

D i s t inguished Flying Cros s with one Oak Leaf C luster , Air Medal ,
Purple Heart , Yum Hwei from the Chinese government , and the NASA
Except ional Service Medal with one device .

* * *

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 - 216-

* * *

REAR ADMIRAL FRED E . BAKUTIS i s Commander , Task Force 1 30 ,

the Pac ific Manned Spacecraft Rec overy Force , in addit ion t o his
duty assignment as Commander , Fleet Air Hawai i .

He was born November 4 , 1 9 1 2 , in Bro ckton, Massachuset t s ,

and graduated from the U . S . Naval Ac ademy June 6 , 1 9 3 5 .

Admiral Bakutis holds the Navy Cros s , the Legion of Merit

with C ombat " V , " the D i s t inguished Flying Cross with Gold Star and
the Bronze Star Meda l .

* * *

REAR ADMIRAL PHILIP S . McMANUS i s the Navy Deputy t o the

Department of Defense Manager for Manned Space Flight Support
Operations and C ommander , Task Force 1 4 0 , the Atlantic Manned
Spacecraft Recovery Forc e .

He was born in Holyoke , Massachusett s , on July 1 8 , 1919 ,

graduat ion from the U . S . Naval Ac ademy , in 19 4 2 .

and was commi s s ioned an ensign in the U . S . Navy following his

Admiral McManus ' decorations include the Legion of Merit

with c ombat " V ; " Navy and Marine Corps Medal; Navy Commendation
Medal with c ombat " V ; " and two Bronze Stars . His campaign medals
include the European-African-Middle Eastern C ampaign Medal with
three Bronze Campaign Stars and the A s iatic-Pac ific Campaign
Medal with one S i lver and four Bronze Campaign Stars .

* * *

BRIGADIER GENERAL ALLISON C . BROOKS i s the C ommander o f

Aerospace Res cue and Recovery Service (ARRS ) . H e has t h e maj or
responsib i li t i e s for both planned and contingency air recovery
operations during Proj e c t Apol l o .

H e was born i n Pitt sburgh , Pennsylvani a , June 26 , 1 9 1 7 .

General Brooks att ended high school in Pasadena , California, and
earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of
Cali forni a , Berke ley , California , in 1 9 3 8 . He enlisted a year
later as a flying cadet in the Air Force and was graduated from
Kelly Field in 1 9 4 0 .

General Brooks was awarded the Legion o f Merit with one Oak
Leaf C lu s ter , the Dis tinguished Flying Cross with two Oak Leaf
C lu s ters , the Soldier ' s Meda l , the Bronze Star Meda l , the A i r
Medal w i t h seven Oak Leaf C lusters and the French Croix de Guerre .

* * *

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 -2 1 7-

* * *

COLONEL ROYCE G . OLSON i s Director , Department of Defense

Manned Space Flight Support Offi ce , located at Patrick AFB ,
Florida . He was born March 2ij , 1 9 1 7 , and i s a nat ive of I l linoi s ,
where he attended the University of I l l i no i s .

He i s a graduate of the National War Colle�e and holder o f

the Legion of Merit and A ir Meda l , among other decorat ions .
 - 2 1 8-

Major /
Apollo Saturn V Contractors

Contractor Item

Be l lcomm Apo l lo Systems Engineering

llashington, D. C .

Washington, D. c .
The Boeing Co . Technical Integration and
Evaluation

General Electric -Apol lo Apo l lo Checkout, and Quality and

Support Dept . , Reliability
D�Utona Beach., Fla .

North American Rockwe ll Corp. Command and Service Module5

Space D1v ., DowneT, Calif.
•

Grumman A1rc ra rt Engineering Lunar Module

Corp . , Bethpage, N.Y.

Massachusetts Institute of Guidance & Navigation

Techno logy , Cambridge , Mass . (Technical Management )
Guidance & Navigation
Electron i c s D1Y . , Mi lwaukee , W1 s .
Genera l Motors Corp • • AC
( )
l'llanufacturlng

'l'RW Inc . TraJectory Analysi s

Systems Ol"'up LM Descent Engine
Redondo Beach, Cali f . LM Abort Guidance System

Div . , Lowe l l , Mass .

Avco Corp . , Space Systems Heat Shield Ablative Material

J-2 Engines., P-1 Bnginea

Rocketdyne D1 v .
North American Rockwe ll Corp.

Canoga Park, C&l1 f .

The Boeing Co . P1rst Stage SIC ( or Satum v

)
New Orleans Launch Vehic le s , Saturn V
Systema Engineering and Inte­
gration, Ground Support Equip­
ment

Space Di v .
NOrth American Rockwe ll Corp. Development and Production of
Saturn V Second Stage S-II ( )
Seal Beach, Cali f .

Saturn V Thi rd Stage

McDonne ll Douglas Astl"'naut!cs Development and Production or
Co. (
S-IVB )
Huntington Beach, C&ll f .

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 - 2 19 -

International :ats1ness Machines Instrument Unit

Federal Systems Div.
Huntsville, Ala .

Bendix Corp. Guidance Components for Instru­

Navigation and Control Div. ment Unit ( Including ST-124M
Teterboro, N . J . Stabilized Platform)

Federal Electric Corp. Commun ications and Instru­

mentation SUpport, ltSC

Bendix Field Engineering Corp . Launch Operations/Complex

Support, KSC

Catalytic-Dow Facilities Engineering and

Modifications, KSC

LM ECS
Hamilton Standard Division Portable Lite SUpport System;
United Aircraft Corp .
Windsor Locka, Conn.

ILC Industries Space Suita

Dover, De l .

Radio Corp . o t America llOA Computer - Saturn Checkout

Van Nuys , Calif.

Sanders Associates Operational Display Systems

Nashua , N . H . Saturn

Brown Engineering Discrete Control s

Huntsville, Ala .

Reynold s , Smith and Hill Engineering Design o t Mobile

Jacksonvil l e , Fla. Launchers

Ingalls Iron Works Mobile Launchers (ML)

Birmingham, Ala . ( structural work)

Smith/Ernst (Joint Venture ) Electrical Mechanical Portion

Tampa , Fla. or MLs
Washington , D. C .

Power Shovel , Inc . Transporter

Marion, Ohio

Birmingham, Ala.
Hayes International Mobile Launcher Service Arms

Bendix Ae ro sp a c e Systems Early Apollo Sci entific Experi­

Ann Arbor . Mi ch ments Package (EASEP)

Aerojet-Gen. Corp Serv i c e Propul sion System Engi ne

El Monte . Cal i f .

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 APOLLO 1 1
PRINCII•AL INVESTIGATORS AND INVESTIGATIONS
OF LUNAR SURFACE SAMPLES

Investigator Insti tution Inve s t igation

Adams , J . B . Caribbean Research Inst . Visible and Near-Infrared

Co-Inves tigator: St . Thomas , V . I . Re fle ction �pectrosc opy o f
Jones , R . L . NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Ret urned Lunar Sample at CRI
Houston , Texas & Lunar Receiving Lab . ( LRL)

Adle r , I . NASA Goddard Space Flight Elemental Analysis by Ele c t ron

Co-Inve stigators : Cente r , Greenbe l t , Md . Mi croprobe
Ha lter, L . S .
Golds tein , J . I .
Philpot ts , J . A .

French , B . l>t .
I Lo\o:man , P . D . I
f\.)
El f\.)
0
� 0
� I
I Agre ll , S . O . Univers ity Cambridge , Broad Nineralogic Studies
Co-Inve s t igator : England
Hui r , I . 0 .

Alvare z , L . \v . University of Cal i fornia, Search for Magne tic f.1onopoles

Co-Inve s t igators : Berke ley , Cali fornia at LRL
Hat t , R . D .

Anders , E . University of Chicago , a ) Determine 1 � Elements By

Co-Inve s t igator s : Chicago Neutron Activation Analysis
Ke ay s , R . R . b ) z.teasure Cosmic Ray Induced
Ganapathy , R . A l 2 6 Content
Je ffery , P . �1 .
 Investigator Institution Inve s t i gation

Anders on , 0 . Lamont Geol . Ob s . l\teasure Sonic Ve locity , Thermal

C o-Investigators : Columbia Univ . Expansivity , Specific Heat ,
Saga, N . Palisade s , N . Y . Dielectric Constant , and Index
Kumazawa, f.l . of Refraction

Arnold , J . R . Univ . Cali f . , San Diego Determine Cosmic Ray and Solar
Co-Investigators : La Jolla, Cali f . P article A c t i vation Effects
Sue ss , H . E .
Bhandari , N .
Shedlovsky , J .
Honda, M.
Lal, D .

Arrhenius , G . O . Uni v . Calif . , S an Diego Determine Microstructure

C o-Inve stigators : La Jol la, Cali f . Characteris tics and Composition
I Re i d , A . I
a f\)
0 Fitzgerald, R . f\)

�
'1 ......
CD I
I Barghoorn , E . Harvard Univ . E lect ron Microscopy of Return­
Co-Investi ator : Cambri dge , Mass . ed Lunar Organ i c Samp les
Philpott , • NASA Ames Res . Center,
Moffett Field, Calif.

Bastin , J . Queen Mary Col lege Measure Electric Properties

Co-Inves tigator: London , England and Thermal Conductivity
Clegg, P. E .

Be l l , P . M . Carnegie Insti tution Determine Cry s t al Structure of

Co-Investigator: of Washington , Washington Separated Mineral Phases
Finger, L . D.C.

Biemann , K . Mas s . Ins t . Tech . Mass Spectrometric Analy ses

Cambridge , Mas s . f or Organic Matter in Lunar
Crust
 Inve s t i gator Insti tution Inve s t igation

Birkebak , R . C . Univ . Kentucky Measure Thermal Radiative

Co-Inve s t igators : Le xington , Ky . Feature s and Thermal Condu c t ­
Cremers , C . J . i vity
Da\>lson , J . P .

Bowie , S . H . U . Ins t . of Geo l . D e t e rminative Mineralogy f o r

Co- Inve s t igat ors : S c i e n ce s , London England Opaque Mat e ri al s by E l e c t ron
Horne , J . E . T . Mic roprob e , D i s t ri b u t i on of
Sne l ling, N . J . Radi oact ive Mat e r i a l by Aut o­
Radiograp h , Anal y s i s for Pb ,
U and Th I s otopes by Mass
S p e c t rometry

I BrO\'In , G . M . Un i v . Durham P e t ro logi c Analy s i s by

s Co -Inves tigat ors : Durh a m , England S t andard Methods ; E l e c tron
0 I
"1 1\)
Eme leu s , C . H . Probe Analy s i s Refle c t e d 1\)
C1)
I Holland, J . G . Light M i c r o s c o py 1\)
I
Phillip s , R .

Burlin g ame , A . L . Uni v . of Cali f . , Organ i c Mass Spec trome t e r

C o - Inve s t igat o r : Berke ley , Cali f . Devel opment for LRL
Biemann , K . Mas s . Ins t . Tech .
Cambridge , Ma s s .

Calvin , M . Uni v . of Calif . , S t udy of Lunar Samp les by Mass

C o - Inve s t igators : Berkeley , Cali f . S p e c t rometry ( C omputeri z e d )
Burlingame , A . L . and Othe r Analyt i c a l I n s t ru­
mentation

Cameron, E . N . Uni v . Wis cons in D e t e rmine Structure , C omp o s i t ­

Madi s on , Wis . i on Texture , and Phas e s o f
Opaque Mate rial b y Many
Methods
 Inve s t i gator Insti tution Inve s t igation

Cart e r , N . L . Yale Uni v . Det ermine Effe c t s o f Shock on

New Have n , Conn . Lunar Mat erials Using O p t i c a l
X-Ray , and E l e c t ron M i c ro s c o p i c
Methods

Chao, E . C . T . U . S . Geol . Survey Shocked Mineral Studi e s by

Co-Inve stigators : Vlash ington , D . C . Opt i c al , X-Ray and Mi croprobe
Jame s , O . B . Te chniques
vli l c q x , R . E .
Minkin , J . A .

Clayton , R . N . Uni v . Ch i cago Det ermine Stable I s o t op e o f

Oxygen

C loud , P . Uni v . Calif . , Los Ange les E l e c t ron M i c ro s copy o f R e t urned

C o -Inve s t igat o r : NASA Ames Res . Ct r . Lunar Organic Samp l e s I
I 1\.)
9 Ph ilpot t , D . 1\.)
0 w
1-$ I
Cb Geol . Survey , Det e rmine E l e c t r i c a l
I
Collet t , L . S .
C o - Inve s t igat o r : Canada Condu c t i v i t y
Be cke r , A .

Comps ton , Vl . C . Aust ralian Nat . S� and S r I s otopes B y X-Ray

Co- Inve s t igators : Uni versity , Canberra Fluore s c e n c e and Mas s Spe ctro­
Arriens , P . A . metry
Chappe l l , B . W .
Vernon , M . J .

Dalrymp l e , G . B . U . S . G e o l . Surve y , Measure Natural & Indu c e d

C o � Inve§t igator : Men l o Park , Cal i f . The rmolum i n e s cence t o deter­
Dde l l , R . R . mine H i s t o ry and Environmental
Features of Lunar !>fat eri als
37 39
Davis , R . Brookhaven Nat . Lab . , L . I . , Determine A r , Ar Content

S t oenner , R . lv .
Co-Investigat o r : New York
 Inve s t i gator Ins titut i on Inve s t igation

Doell , R . R . U . S . Geo l . Survey Measurement o f Magn e t i c Pro­

Grorrune , c . s .
C o� Inve s t igators : Nenlo Park , Cal i f . p e rt i e s at LRL and USGS Lab­
oratori e s , Survey of Remnant
Senftle , F . Magne t i s m o f Lunar S amp les in
Vacuum in the LRL

Dougla s , J . A . V . Ge o l . Survey o f Canada Pe trolo gi c , Minera l ogic and

Co-Inve s t igat ors : Ott awa, Canada Textural S t udies
Curri e , K . L .
Dence , f1 . R .
Trai ll, R . J ,

Duke , M . B . U . S . Geol . Surve y , Determine Size Frequency D i s t ­

C o-Inves tigato r : Vlas h ington , D . C . rib ut ion , Phy s i c al Proper t i e s
Smi th , R . L . and Compos i ti o n o f Lunar
Materials of Sub - 1 0 0 Mi cron
I
Grain S i z e
5
I
I\.)
'i I\.)
ro Edgington , J . A . Queen Mary C o l lege , Measure Lumin e s c e nt and .1::
I
I
Co-Inve s t igat or: Uni v . London Thermo-lumines c e n t Prop e r t i e s
Blair, I.M . Atomic Ene rgy Res . Under Proton ( 1 4 7 NEV )
Es tab lishmen t Bombardment
.

Eglinton , G . Univ . Bri s t o l To Es tab li sh the Pre c i s e

Co- Inve s t igat o r : Bri s t o l , England Nature of Organic Compounds
Love lock , J . E . in Lunar Mat e r i a l

Ehmann , \V . D . Uni v . Kentucky Analy s i s f o r Maj o r R o c k Form­

Morgan , J . \-.' .
Co-Inve s t igat o r : Lexington , Ky . ing Elements using 14 MEV
Neut ron Ac t i va t i on

Enge l , A . E . Uni v . Cal i f . , San Diego Wet Chemical Analy s i s for

Co-Inves tigator: La J o l l a , Cal i f . Maj or Elements
Enge l , A . C . J .

I s otopes of o , C , H , and Si by
Eps tein , S . Cal . Ins t . Te ch . Determine Con tent of Stable
Co-Inve s t igator : Pasaden a , Cal i f .
Taylor, H . P . Mass Spect rome t ry
 Inve s t i gator Institution Inve s t igation

Evan s > H . T . U . S . Ge o l . S4rvey , Crys tal Structures o f Sul fides

Co-Inve s t igat ors : Hash ington , D . C . and Related Minerals
Barton , P . B . , Jr .
Roseboom > E . H .

F i e ld s , P . R . Argonne Nat . Lab . Meas ure by Mass Spe c t rome t ry

Co- Inve s t igat ors : Argonne , Il l . the I s o t o p i c Abundan c e s o f
Hes s > D . C . He avy Elements
Stevens , C .
37 39
Fireman , E . L . Smi thsonian Ins t . ( a ) Meas ure the Ar and Ar
A s t rophy s ical Obs . Content by Mass Spe c trome t ry
Cambridge , Mas s . ( b ) D e t e rmine Tritium Content
by Low Le ve l Counting Tech­
niques
I I
I\)
s F l e i s cher , R . L . General E l e c t ri c ( a ) Measure S t ruct ural De fe c t s I\)
0
"1 C o-Inve s t igat ors : Schne ctady, N . Y . in Lunar f<1ate rials 'l'h ro ugh Vl
<t> I
I Hanneman , R . E . Study o f Opt i c a l , Ele c t ri cal
Kasper, J . S . and Me chan i c a l Propert i e s
Price > P . B . ( b ) Det ermine the Effe c t o f
\valker, R . M . Washington Uni v . C o smic Radiation on Lunar
St . Louis , Mo . Sampl e s by Study of Fo s s i l
Tracks Re s ul t ing from Charged
Part i c le s

Fox , S . Uni v . Mi ami Analy s is of Organ i c Lunar

Co-Inve s t igators : Coral Gab le s > Fla . Samp les for ALPHA Amino A c i d s
Harada , K . a n d Po lymers There o f
Mue ller> G .

Fredrik s s on > K . Smithsonian Ins t . Element al Analy s i s by E l e c tron

Co-Inve s t igat o r : Nat . Museum M i c roprob e
Ne len , J . \vashington , D . C .

Frie dman > I . U . S . Geol . Survey Is o t opic Comp o s i t i o n o f H , D ,

Co � Inve stigator : Denve r , C o l o . and Oxygen
O ' Ne i l , J . R .
 Investigator Ins t i t ut i on Inve s t igation

Fronde l , C . Harvard Uni v . Broad Studies o f the Texture ,

Klein , c .
Co-Inve s t igat ors : Camb ridge , Mas s . Compos ition, and Re lat ionship
of Minerals
Ito , J .

Gas t , P.W. Lamont Geol . Obs . D e t e rmine Concentration of t h e

Columbia Univ . , Palisade s , Alkal i , Alkaline Earth and Lan­
N.Y. thanide E lemen t s by Mas s
S p e c t rome t ry

G ay , P . Un i v . Camb ridge X-Ray Cry s t al lograph i c Studies

�nve s t igators : Cambri dge , England
Brown, M . G .
McKi e , D .
I
s I
Measure Fluore s c ence Emi s s ion 1\)
0 Geak e , J . E . Univ . Manch e s t e r 1\)
'1
Cb Co- Inves tigato r : Manch e st e r , England and other E x c i t at i on S p e c t ra ; 0'\
I I
Garli ck, G . F . J . Optical Po lar i z at i on ; X-Ray
Fluore s c ence ; E l e c t ron Spin
R e s onan c e ; Neutron A c tivat ion
Analy s i s

Geis s , J . Un i v . Berne Measure Rare G a s Content and

Co-Inve s tigators : Berne , Swi t zerland C o s mi c Ray Produced Tritium by
Eberhardt , P . Mass Spe ctrometry
Grogle r , N .
Oes chge r , H .

Gold , T . Corne l l Uni v . Part i c le S i z e Analy s i s , Photo­

Ithaca , N . Y . metric Studi e s of Radiation
Effe c t s from Several Types o f
Rays ; Direct Meas ure o f Radia­
tive Propert i e s ; Di e l e ct ri c
Cons t ant and Loss Tangent
 Inve s t i gator Ins t i t ut i on Inve s t igation

Gole s , G . G . Univ . Oregon Elemental Aoundan c e s by Neutron

Eugene , Ore . A c t i vat ion Analy s i s

Greenman , N . N . McDonn e l l - Douglas Corp . D e t e rmine t h e Lumine s c ence

C o -Inves tigator: Santa Moni c a , Calif . S p e c t ra and Effi c i e n c i e s of
Cros s , H . G . Lunar Material and Compare w i th
Mineral C o mp o s i t i on

Gros sman , J . J . McDonnel l-Douglas Corp . Microphy s i c a l , Mi crochemi cal

C o - Inve s t igators : Sant a Monica , Calif . and Adh e s ive Charac teris t i c s
Ryan, J . A . of t h e Lunar Mate rials
Mukher j e e , N . R .

Hafne r , S . Univ . C h i c ago Us ing Mos s o auer and NMR Te ch­

I Chicago , I l l . niques Meas ure the Oxidation
3 Co-Inve s t igat o r : I
1\)
0 Virgo , D . State of Iron, Radiation 1\)
"1 -..1
<t> Damage and A l , N a , Fe Energy
I
I State in Cryst als

Halpe rn , B . Stanford Un i v . Determine Terre s t rial & Ext ra­

C o -Inve s t igator : Palo A l t o , Cal i f . t e rre s t rial Porphyrins in
Hodgs on , G . H . A s s o ciation with Amino A c i d
Compounds

Hapke , B . W . Univ . P i t t sb urgh De t e rmine Effe c t s of S o l ar

Co-Inve s t igators : Pittsburgh , Pa . Wind on Lunar Mat erial

Cas s idy , vl .
Cohen , A . J .

Haskin , L . A . Uni v . Wis consin Determine Rare Earth E lement

Madi son , Wi s . Cont ent by Neutron A c t i vati on
Analys i s
 Inve s t i gator Ins titut i on Inve s t igation
Helsley , c . E . Grad. Res . Center Remanent Magnet i s m Studies
Co-Inves tigators : of the Southwest
Burek, P . J . Dallas , Texas
Oetking, P .

�
Hel z , A . W . U . S . Geol . Survey Special Trace Elements by
Co-Inves t i ator : Washington , D . C . Emission Spe ctroscopy
Annel l , C . .

Herr, w. Univ . Cologne a ) Determine 1�5 3 Content by

Co-Investigators: Cologne, Germany H i gh Flux Neutron Bombardment
Kaufhold, J . b ) Determine Age of Lunar
Skerra, B . Mat erials Using ?iss ion Track
Herpers , U . t1e thod
c ) I"feasure Thermoluminescence I
I 1\)
3 to Determine Effe ct of Intrinsic 1\)
0 Radioactive and Cosmic Ray co
� I
� Particles and Thermal History
I

Herzenberg, C . L . I l l . Ins t . Of Te ch . �1easure the Energy States o f

Chicago the Iron Bearing Minerals and
Pos sible Effects of Cosmic
Radiation

Hes s , H . H . Princeton Uni v . Determine Pyroxene Content by

Co-Inves t igator: Princeton, N . J . X-Ray and Optical Methods
Ot olara, G.

Heymann , D . Rice Uni v . Determine Rare Gas e s and Radio­

Co-Inve s t igators : Houston, Texas active Isotopes b y Hass Spectro­
Adams , J . A . A . metry
Fryer, G . E .
 Investigator Ins t i t ut i on Inve s t igation

�
Hintenberger, H . Max Planck Ins t . a ) Abundance and Isotopic
Co-Investi at or: Fur Chemie , Composition of Hydrogen
13e gemann , . Mainz , Germany

Begemann , R . b ) Measure Concentration and

Schult z , L . Isotopic Composition of Rare
Vilcsek, E . Gases
Wank e , H .
Wlotzka, A .

Voshage , H . c ) Isotopic Composition of

Schul t z , L .
Wanke , H . Nitrogen

� I
I\)

for c l 3;c l2 and D/H of Organ i c

0

Co- Inve s t igator:

Carnegie Inst . , D . C . Analyti cal Lunar Sample Analyses I\)
>1 Haering, T . \0
(!)
I I
Kaplan, I . R . Univ. Calif . , L . A . Matter

Hurley, P . M . Mass . Inst . Tech. Analyze for Rb , Sr, and their

Co-Investigator: Cambri dge , Mass . I s otopes
Pinson, W . H . , Jr.

Jedwab , J . Univ. Libre De Bruxe lles Determine the l>torphological ,

Brus s e ls , Be lgium Optical and Petrographic Pro­
perties of Magnetite and its
Chemical Composition b y
Ele ctron Microprobe

Johnson, R . D . NASA Ames Res earch Ctr . Analy s i s of Lunar Sample for
Organic Carbon Behind the
B arrier System of the LRL
 Inve s t i gator Ins titution Inve s t igation
Kaplan , r . n . Univ . Cali f . , Ratios of Carbon Hydrogen,

l3erger, R.
Co-Inve s t igators : Los Ange le s , C al i f . Oxygen, and Sulphur I s otope
Ratios by Mass Spect rometry
Schop f , J . W .

Co-Investigators : J apan
Kanamori , H . Uni v . Toyko Determine Elas t i c Constants
by She ar/Compre s s i ons /Wave
Mizutani , H . Ve l ocity
Takeuchi , H .

Keil , K . Uni v . New Mexico Elemental Analysis and

Co-Inve s t igators : Albuquerque , N . M . Mineral Phase Studies by
Bunch, T . E . Electron Microprobe
Prinz , l<l .
Snetsinger, K . G .

Non-De s t ructive I•lineralogy &

I
I 1\)
� King, E.A. NASA 1\lanned Spacecraft w
0 0
6
Co-Inve s t igators : Center Petrolo gy ; Analysis of the I
I Morri s on , D . A . Fine S i z e Fraction of Lunar
Greenwood , vl . R . Materials Inc luding Vitreous
Phas e s

Kohman , T . P . Carnegie Ins t . of Tech . Determine I s otopic Abundance

Co-Investigat or: Pittsburgh, Pa . o f Pb , Sr, Os , T l , N d , and Ag
Tanner, J. T . b y Mass Spe c t rometry

Kuno , H . Univ. Tokyo Pet rogra.phic Analy s i s for

C o-Investigator: Japan Mineral Identification and
Kushiro , I . Chemical Compo s i t i on

Laroche lle , A . Geol . Survey , Thermomagne t i c , Magn e t i c

Co-Inve s t igat or: Ottaw a , Canada Susceptibility and Remanent
S chw-arz , E .J. Magnetism Studies
 Inve s t igator
Lipsky, S . R .
Horvath, C.G.
Co-Investigators :
McMurray , W . J .
Lovering , J . F .
Co-Inves tigat ors :
Butterfie ld , D . ( a )
Kleeman , J . D . ( b )
Ve ize� , J . ( b )
Ware , N . G . ( c )
f•1acGre gor , I . D .
I
Co- Inves tigator:
3 Diffraction and OPti c a l Methods
0 Carter, J . L .
'1
(1)
I
Manat t , S . L .
C o-Inves tigat ors :
Elleman , D . D .
Vaughan , R . W .
Chan, S . I .
f.1a:;on , B .
Co- Inves tigat or::; :
Jaro::;ewi ch , JL
Fredriksson , K .
Wh ite , J . S .
Maxwe l l , J . A .
Co-Inve s t iga t o rs :
Abbey , S .
Champ, W . H .
Ins titution Inve s t igation
Yale Uni v . Iden t i fi c at i on of Organic
New Haven , Conn . Compounds in Lunar Mate ri al by
Me�ns o f Gas Chromatography­
f.la'ss Spect rome t ry , NMR , High
Speed Liquid Chromatography ,
and Vari ations on t h e s e t e ch­
niques
a) Neut ron A c tivat i on for u ,
�, K
Australian Nat . Uni v .
Canberra , Australia
b ) Fi s s i on Track Analy s i s for U
c ) E l e c t ron Microprobe Analysis
for Elemental Comp o s i t i on
Grad. Research C t r . S . W . Petrographi c Analysis by X-Ray
Dallas , Texas I
1\.)
w
,_..
I
Including NMR & ESR Analys i s for
NASA J e t Propulsion Lab . , Nuclear Radio Frequency Analy s i s
Pasadena, Cal i f .
Oxyge n , Hydroge n , Water Content
and other Elements and their
Cal . Ins t . Te ch . Chemical State
Smithsonian Ins t . f.11neralogic Inve s t i gations
Nat . l•lu seum
Washington , D . C .
Geol . Survey , Canada Wet Chemi cal , X-Ray Fluorescence
O t t aw a , C anada and Emi s sion Spe c t r o s c opy ;
Flame Photometry for Maj or/
Minor Element s : Atomic Ab s orp­
tion Spectroscopy
 Inve s t i gator Institution Inve s ti p.:ation

Mc Kay , D . S . fllanned Spacecraft Center Determine fl1orpho logy and

Co-Inve s t igators : Compos ition of Fine Partic l e s
Ander:.;on , D . H . U s i n g E l e c t ron Microprobe and
Greenwood, W . R . Scanning E l e c t ron Mic ro s c op e .
Horrison , D . A . Analy s i s t o b e Undertaken After
Quarantine and not within the
LRL

1'-te inschein, W . G . Indiana Univ . Determine the Alkane C l � To

Bloomington , Ind . C 30 Content By Gas Chromat o­
graphic an d r.tass Sp e c t rome t r i c
Techniques

of Carbon and Nitrogen

Moore , C . Arizona State Univ . Determine Total Conce ntration
Templ e , A ri z .
I
a Cornell Uni v . Elemental Analysis using I
0 Morri s on , G . H . N
'1 Spark Source Mass S p e c trometry w
(l) N
I I
Mui r , A . H . , J r . North Ame rican Rockwe l l Corp . Conduct Mossbauer Effect and
Science Cent e r , Thousand Spectrosc op i c Study of Iron­
Oaks , Cali f . Bearing Mineral Separates

Murthy , V . R . Uni v . Minnesota Determine Rare -Earth Elemental

Minneapo lis , Minn . and Low Abundance I s otopes o f
K , C a , V and C r Content by
Neutron A c t ivation

Nagat a , T . . Univ. Tokyo Remanen t Magnet i s m Studies

Ozima, f\1 .
Co-Inve stigators : Japan

Ishikaw a , Y .

Nagy , B. Uni v . Cal i f . , San Diego The Pre s e n c e o r Ab s en c e o f

La Jol l a , Cali f .
Co-Inves tigator: Lipids , Amino Acids , and
Orey, H . "Po lymer-Type " Organic Matter
 Inve s t i gator Ins titut i on Inve s t igation

Nash , D . B . NASA Jet Prop uls ion Lab . Measure Lumine s cence , and
Phys i cal/Chemi c a l R e ac t i o n o f
Lunar Mat e ri a l t o Bombardment
by o . 5 t o 10 KeV Prot ons

O ' Hara, M . J . Uni v . Edinburgh H i - P r e s s ure/Temperature Phase

Co-Inve s t igator : S c o t land S t ud ie s , D e t e rmine Temperature
Bi ggar, G . M . o r C ry s t al l i z at i on o f Minerals ;
P e t r o l o g i c S t udi e s

O ' Ke l le y , G . D . Oak Ridge Nat . Lab . Deve lop t he Equipment/Methods

�1 , and C o s mi c Ray Induc e d

Co- Inve s t igat ors : Tenne s s e e for L R L ; Measure the K 4 0 , U ,
Be l l , P . R . MSC
Eldridge , J . S . ORNL Radi onuc l i d e C ontent
Schonfe ld, E . MSC
R i chardson , K . A . MSC I
!\.)
I w
3 A Compre h e n s i ve S t udy o f the w
0 Oro , J . Un1 v . Hous t on I
� Hous ton , Texas Carbonaceous and Organoeenic
� Co-Inve s t igat ors :
I Z l at k i s , A . Mat t e r Pre s en t in R e t urned
Lovelock , J . E . Lunar Samp l e s w i th Comb in a t i on
Becker, R . S . o f Gas Chromatograph i c and Mas n
Updegrove , H . S . S p e c t rome t r i c Te chniques
F lory , D . A . Manne d Spacecraft C t r .

Oyama , V . I . NASA Ame s Res . C t r . I so l at ion and Cult ure of

C o - Inve s t igators : M o ffett F i e ld , Cali f . Viab l e Organisms
Merek , E .
S i l verman , M . P .

Peck , L . C . U . S . Ge o l . Survey Standard We t Chemi cal Analy t i c al

Denve r , C o lo . Te chniques for Maj o r Eleme n t s

Pepin , R . O . Uni v . Minne s ota Meas ure t h e Element al and

C o - Inve s t igat o r : Minneapo l i s , Minn . I s o t o p i c Abundan c e s of He , Ne ,
Nier, A . O . C . Ar , K r , and Xe by Ha�s S p e c t r o ­
me t ry
Inve s t i gator
Perkins , R . \L
Co-Investigat ors :
\1/ogman , N . A .
Kaye , J . H .
Cooper , J . A .
Rancit e l li , L . A .
Philpotts , J . A .
C o- Inve s t iga tors :
Schne t z le r , C .
Masuda, A .
Thomas , H . H .
Ponnamperuma, C . A .
Oyama, V . I .
Co-Inve s t igators :
Gehrke, C . H .
Pollack , G .
Zill, L . P .
Quai de , \.J . L .
Wri g l e y , R . C . ( a )
Co-Inve s t igators :
Deb s , R . J . (a)
Bunch , T . E . (b )
Ramdohr , P .
Co-Inve s t igator :
ElGore s y , A .
Ins titut i on
Batt e l le Mem. Ins t .
R i ch land , Wash .
NASA Goddard Space F light
Cen t e r , Greenbe l t , Md .
NASA Ames Res . Ce nte r
Moffe tt Field , Cali f .
Uni v . russo uri
Ames Re s . Cent e r
Ame s Re s . Center
Max Planck Institut
He i de lb e r g , Germany
Inve s t igation
Spe c t rome t ry for C o:..; mi c Hay
Non-De s t ruct ive Gamma-Ray
Induced and Natural Hadio­
N u c l i des
Dete rmine tne Rare Earth Ele­
ment C o n t e n t U � i n e Dl l u� i on
Technique and Mass Spe c t rometry
Analy t i c a l Lunar Sample Ana­
lyse s for Amino Acids , Nucl e i c I
Acids , Sugars , Fatty Acids , 1\.)
w
Hydrocarb o n s , Porphyrins and .::
I
The i r Comp onents
a ) By Non-De s t ruc t i ve Gamma-Ray
S p e c t rometry D e t e rmine the
Al2 6 , Na2 2 , and �n 5 � Content
b ) lU c ros copic , X-RaJ Di ffrac t ­
ion Analy� is t o D e t e rmine the
E f fe c t s of Sh o c k o n Minerals
and Rocks
Identi fi cation of Opaque
b y X-Ray , M i c roprob e , and
It!i ner als , PhaseG and Compos ition
Mi cro s c op ic Analy s i s
 Inve s t i gator Ins titut i on Inve s t igation

Re e d , G . YJ . Argonne Nat . Lab . C oncentrat i on , I s o t o p i c Comp o s ­

Co- Inve s t igat ors : Argonne , I l l . i t i on and D i s tribution o f Trace
Huizenga, J . Eleme n t s by N e utron Ac ti vation
J ovanov i c , S . Analy s is
Fuchs , L .

Reyno lds , J . H . Uni v . Cali f . , Berkeley ( a ) Rare Gas Content by Mas s

R ovse , M . \-1 .
C o -Inve s t igat ors : S p e c t rome t ry
( b ) Mass S p e c t rometry t o I dent­
Hohenb e r g , C . M . ify C os mi c Ray Produced
N u c l i de s
( c ) Mass S pe c t rometry t o D e t e r ­
mine Rare Gas , K and U C ontent ;
I de n t i fy Cosmic Ray Produced
I Nuclides
s
0 I
'1 I\)
ro Rho , J . H . NASA Jet Propulsion Lab . Det e rmine He t a l l i c and Non­ I.JJ
I
Pasaden a , Cal ifo rn i a Me t a l l i c Porphyrin Content b y V1
Co-Inve s t igators : I
Bauman , A . J . Fluore s c ence S p e c t rophoto­
Bonne r , J . F . Ca l . In s t . Tech . metry

Richards on , K . A . NASA Manned Spac e c raft Center By Autoradiography and Alph a

Co-Inve s t igat ors : Houston , Texas Part i c le Spectros c opy Ident i fy
. McKay , D . S . Alpha Emi tting N u c l i d e s
Fos s , T . H .

Ringwood, A . E . Australian Nat ' l Uni v . P e t rograph i c Analy s i s by Study

C o - Inve s t igat o r : Canberra of Thin and P ol i s h e d Se c ti ons
Gree n , D . H .

Rob i e , R . A . U.S. Ge o l . Survey , D . C . Calorimetry ( Thermal Propert i e s )

Roedde r , E . U . S . Ge o l . Survey , D . C . D e t e rmine the Nature and

C omp o s i t ion o f F luid I n c l u s i on s ,
i f P r e s ent , i n Lunar Mat e r i a l
 Inve s t i gator Ins titut i on Inve s t igation

Ros e , H . \'1 . , J r . U . S . Ge o l . Surve y , D . C . X-Ray Fluore s cence Methods for

C o-Inve s t igators : Elemental Analy s i s
cutti tt a , F .
Dv1 ornik , E . J .

Ros s , M . U . S . Ge o l . Survey Determine t h e Cry s t a l lographic

Co- Inve stigators : Washington , D . C . Parame t e r s and C omp o s i t i on or
Warne r , J . NASA l1SC Pyroxene s , M i c as , Amphi b o le s ,
Papike , J . J . USG S , D . C . and Host S i l i cate Minera l s b y
C lark , J . R . X-Ray D i r frac t i on and Ele ctron
M i c roprobe

Runcorn , S . K . Uni v . o r Newc a s t l e Magn e t i c Prope r t i e s in C on j un c t ­

Upon Tyn e , England ion with Mine ralogic Studi e s
I
s Schaeffe r , O . A . State Uni v . of N . Y . Det ermine Rare G as Content b y
0

Zahringer, J .
Co-Inve s t igators : at Stony Brook , N . Y . I
"1 �� s s Spect rometry at LRL 1\,)
<1) Max Planck Ins t . - Ge rmany w
I 0'\
Bogard , D . Manned Spacecraft C t r . I

Schmidt , R . A . Oregon State Uni v . Determine Rare-Earth and S e l e c t ­

Co-Inve s t igat o r : Corval l i s , Ore . e d Trace Elemen t s Content b y
Love land , \'1 . D . Neutron A c t ivat i on Analy s i s .
I s o t opes o r Sm, E u , Gd w i l l b e
Determined b y Mass S p e c t rometry

Schopr, \'/ . Uni v . o r Cali f . , L . A . Micropaleonto l o g i c al Study

Lo s Ange le s Using Transmis s i on and Scanning
Ele ctron Mi croscopy

Sclar, C . B . Bat t e l le Mem. Ins t . Using Re p li cation and Thin

Co- Inve s t igator : C o l umbus , Ohi o S e c t i on E l e c t ron Mi cros copy
Helton , C . \� . Determine the D amage in Minerals
and Rocks Due to Sho ck

Scoon, J . H . Uni v . Cambridge \vet Chemi c al Ana l y s i s for Maj o r

England Elements
 Investigator Institution Inve s t igation
Short , N . M . Uni v . Houst on By Pet rograph i c Studi e s
Hous t on , Texas D e t e rmine Effe c t o f Shock on
Rocks and Minerals and Pre d i c t
Magnitude o f Shock and Line
of Imp a c t i n g Mi s s i le

Silve r, L . T . Cal i f . Ins t . Tech . D e t e rmine Lead I s o t op e s , Con­

Co-Inve s t igator : Pasadena, Cal i f . c e n t ra t i ons of U , Th , Pb , and
Pat terson , C . C . their o c c urrence in Minera l s

Sinunons , G . Mas s . Ins t . Tech . a ) Ca l c u l ate E l a s t i c Prop e r t i e s

Co- Inve s t igat ors : Camb ri dge , Mas s . From �1e asurement o f Compre s s i on·
-- P art s A & B only
Brace , W . F . ) al Shear Wave Ve lo c i t i e s at STP
Wone s , D . R . ) b ) Me as ure Thermal Conduct ivity ,
Expans i on and Di ffus i vi ty at
STP
I c ) D e t e rmine Die l e c t r i c I
13
0 Cons tan t , R e s i s t ivity 1\.)
1-j w
� -..J
I
I D e t e rmine Thermal Propert i e s
at STP o n Samples of C o re From
Lunar Surface

Sippe l , R . F . Mob i l Res . and De v . C orp . Apply Lumine s cence Fe tro(5raphy

Co-Inve s t igat o r : Dallas , Texas t o St udy o f Lunar Ma te rials
Spe nce r , A . B .

Skinne r , B . J . Yale Uni v . Examine the Ret urned Samp l e s for

Co-Invest igato r : New Haven , Conn . C ondens e d Sub limates and i f
\o/inche l l , H . Pre s e n t D e t e rmine the Mineral
Phas e s Pre s en t and Ele me n t a l
Comp o s i t ion

Smal e s , A . A . Atomic Energy R e s e arch E s t ab . , Elemental and I � o t op i c Abund­

Harwe l l , England an c e s by Neut ron A c t i vat ion
Analy s i s and by Emi s s i on , Spark
Source , and X-Ray Fluores cence
S p e c t ro � raphy
 Investigator Ins titut i on Inve s t igation

Smi th, J . V . Univ . Chicago Mineralogic-Petrographic

Co-Investigators : Chicago , I l l . Analysis Using Microprob e ,
Wyl lie , P . J . X-Ray Diffraction and Micro­
Elders , W . A . scopic Methods

Stephens , D . R . Lawrence Radiation Lab . Phys i cal Properties-Equation

Co-Inve stigat or : Livermore , California of State
Keeler, R . N .

Stewart , D . B . U . S . Geol . Survey , D . C . Crystal Structure and

Co-Inve s t igators : Stab ilities of Feldspars
Appleman , D . E .
Papike, J . J .
Clark, ,r . R . I
I Ro ss , M . T\)
w
g ())
.., Determine Magnet i c Prop erties I
� Strangway , D . W . Univ. Toronto
I Canada Including Remanen t , Susceptibil­
ity , Therma l , Demagnetization ,
Identify Magnetic Minerals

Tat surnoto, M . U . S . Geol . Survey Pb Analysis by Mass Spectro­

Co-Inve stigat or : Denv e r , Colo . metry ; U and Th Analy s i s by
I5oe , B.R. Mass Spectrometry and Alpha
Spectrometry

Tolansky , s . Royal Hol loway College , Isotopic Abundances of U and Th

Univ . London , England by Microscopic Studie s of
Diamonds

Turekian , K . K . Yale Univ. Determine 20 Elementn Having

New Haven , Conn. Halflives Greater Than 3 Days
By Neutron Activation Analys i s
 Inve s t i gator Institut i on Inve s t igation
Turkevich , A . L . Uni v . of Chicago a ) Det e rmine Long Lived
Chicago , I l l . I s otopes o f K , U, and Th by
Gamma Ray Spe c t rome try
b ) Neutron A c t i vat ion Analy s i s
for U , Th , Bi , Pb , Tl , and Hg .
40 39
Turn e r , G . Univ . She ffield Determine AR !Ar for Age
Dating

Ure y , H . C . Univ . Calif . , S . D . I s o t op i c Abundan c e s by Mass

Co-Inv e stigator : La Jolla , Cal i f . Spectros copy
Marti , K .

Von Engelhardt , W . Un i v . Tubingen P e t rographic Study to D e t e r­

Co-Inv e s t igators : Tubinge n , Germany mine Shock Effe c t s
I S t o ffl e r , D .
3 Muller , W . I
0 1\)
� Arndt , J . w
Cl) \0
I
I
Ha lker , R . M . Washington Uni v . a ) Measure t h e Structural Damage
St . Loui s , Mo . to C ry s t a l l i n e Mat e r i a l by
Several Te chniques
b ) Geochrono logi cal Studi e s by
Inve s ti gation of Fis s i on Tracks
From Radioactive and Cosmic Ray
Part i c l e s

\o/anke , H . Max Planck Inst . a ) Determine K , Th , U Content

Co-Inv e stigat ors : Fur Chemi e , Mainz Germany
Begemann , F .
Vi lcse k , E .
Voshag e , H .

�
Be gemann , F . b ) Measure Cosmic Ray f� duced
V i l cs e k , E . Ra � oactive Nuc l i d e s C and
Cl

This inve s t igation continued on next page .

 Inve s t i gator Ins t i t ut i on Inve s t igation

Riede r , R . c ) Maj o r Elemental Abundan c e s

b y F a s t Neutron Act ivation

Riede r , R . d ) Minor Elemental Abundan c e s by

\Ho t z k a , F . Thermal Neutron A c t i vat ion

Han l e s s , R . K . Ge ol . Survey , D e t e rmine Concentrat i ons o f Pb ,

Co-Inve stigators : Ottaw a , Canada U , Th , Rb , Sr , A r , & K and the
Stevens , R . D . Is o t o p i c Comp o s i t ions o f Pb
Loveridge , vl . D . and Sr .

Hasserburg, G . J . Cal . In s t . Te ch . Determine K , A r , Rb , Sr and

Burnett , D . s .
Co-Inves tiga t or : Rare Gas ( He , N e , A r , K r , Xe )
Content by Mass S p e c trometry
I
I !\)
3 \'las son , J . T . Uni v . Calif . , Elemental Abundan c e s for G a .l::"
0 0
>j Co- Inve s t igator : Los Ange les , Cal i f . and Ge b y Neutron A c t ivat ion I
ro Baede cker , P . A .
I

vleeks , R . A . Oak Rdige Nat . Lab . Determine the Valence State and
Co-Investigat or : Oak Ridge , Tenn . Symme try of the Crys tall ine Mat­
Kolopus , J . e r i al Using E l e ctron Spin and
Nuclear Magne t i c R e s onance Tech­
nique s and Spin Lat t i c e Re lax­
ation Studi e s

vle i l l , D . F . Uni v . Oregon Determine Tempe rature o f Rock

Eugene , Ore . Formation by Study o f Plagio­
c lase Pr operties

Hetheri 1 1 , G . \>1 . Un i v . Calif . , D e t e rmine Is o t op e s of Rb , S r ,

Los Ange l e s , Cali f . U , and Pb by Mass S p e c t rometry

Hi i k , H . B . G e o l . Survey Wet Chemi cal Methods to D e t er­

Co-Inve s t igat or : He l s inki , Finland mine Maj or Elemental Abundance
Ojanpera, P . M .
 Investigator Institution Inve s t igation

Wood, J . A . Smithsonian Ins t . Mineralogic and Petrologic

Co- Inve stigat or : Astrophysical Obs . Studies b y Opti c al Microscopy ,
Marvin , U. B . Cambridge , Mas s . X-Ray Diffract ion and Elect ron
Microprobe Measurements

Zahringer, J . Max Planck Ins t . Heidelberg By Microprobe Analys i s an d Mass

Co-Invest igators : Heidelberg, Germany Spect rome try Determine Gas
Kirsten , I . Content and Solar Wind P ar t i c le
Lammerzah l , P . D i s t ribu t i on

Zus sman , J . Univ . r�anchester Geochemi c a l , Mineralogi c , and

Manche s t e r , England Petrological Studies

I
I
:J
0 1\)
"1
It> =
1-'
I I
 -242-

APOLLO GLOSSARY

AblattQs Materials - -Special heat-dissipating aaterials on the

surface o r a spacecraft that vaporize during reentry.

Abort--�e unacheduled termination of a mission prior to its

completion .

Accelero•eter--An instrument to sense acce lerative forces and

convert thea into corresponding electrical quantities
usually for contro lling, measuring , indicating or recording
purposes .

Adapter Skirt --A flange or extension o f a stage or section that

provides a ready means of fitting another stage or section
to i t .

Antipode--Point o n surface o r planet exact� 180 degrees opposite

from rec iprocal point on a line projected through center o f
body . In Apo llo usage, antipode refers to a l ine from the
center o r the Moon through the center o f the Earth and pro ­
jected to the Earth surface on the opposite aide. The anti­
pode crosaes the mid-Pac ific recover,y line along the 165th
meridian of longitude once each 24 hours .

Apocynth1on--Point at which object 1n lunar orbit is farthest

from the lunar surface - - object having been launched from
body other than Moon . (Cznth1a , Roman goddess of Moon )
Apogee - -The point at which a Moon or artificial satellite 1n its
orbit ia farthest fro• Earth.

Apolune--Point at which object launched from the Moon into lunar

orbit i s farthest from lunar surface, e . g . : ascent stage
o f lunar module after stag� into lunar orbit fo l lowing
lunar landing .

Attitude--The position of an aerospace vehicle as determined by

the inc l ination o r its axes to some frame of reference ;
for Apo l lo , an inertial, apace-fixed reference i s used.

Burnout - -The point when combustion ceases in a rocket engine .

escape tower to provide CM blunt end forward aerodynamic

Canard --A short , stubby wing -like e lement affixed to the launch

capture during an abort .

Celestial Guidance --�e guidance of a vehic le by reference to

celestial bodies .

-more -
 -2 4 3 -

Celestial Mechanics- -The science that deals primari ly with the

effect o r force as an agent in determining the orbital
paths of celestial bodies .

C i s lunar--Adjective referring to space between Earth and the Moon,

or between Earth and Moon ' s o rb i t .

Closed Loop--Automatic contro l units linked together with a

process to form an endless chain .

Deboost--A retrograde maneuver which lowers either perigee or

apogee o r an orbiting spacecraft . Not to be contused with
deorb 1 t .

Dec lination--Angular measurement of a body above o r below celestial

equator, measured north or south along the body ' s hour
circ le . Corresponds to Earth surface lati tude .

Delta V--Velocity change .

Digital Computer--A computer in which quantities are represented

numerically and which can be used to solve complex problems .

Down-Link--The part of a communication system that receive s , pro ­

cesses and displays data from a spacecraft .

Entry Corridor- -The final flight path of the spacecraft before

and during Earth reentry .

Ephemeri s - -Orbital measurements ( apoge e � perigee , inc lination,

period , etc . ) of one celestial body in relation to another
at g1ven t1me s . In spaceflight, the orbital measurements
of a spacecraft relative to the celestial body about which
it orbite d .

Escape Velocity--T.ne speed a body mu s t attain t o overcome a

gravitational field, such as that of Earth; the velocity
or escape at the Earth ' s surface is 36, 700 feet-per-second .

Explosive Bolts--Bolts destroyed or severed by a surrounding

explosive charge which can be activated by an electrical
impulse .

Fairing--A piece, part or struc ture having a smooth, stream­

l ined outline, used to cover a nonstreamlined object or to
smooth a junc tion .

Pl ight Contro l System--A system that serves to maintain attitude

s tab i l ity and contro l during flight.

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Fue l Cell--An electrochemical generator in which the chemical

energy from the reaction of oxygen and a fue l is con­
verted directly into electricity.

reaction to acceleration or deceleration, aa 1n a change

g or g Porce - -Force exerted upon an object by gravity or by

of direction: one g is the measure o f force required to

accelerate a body at the rate o f 32 . 16 feet-per-aeoond .

Gimba led Motor--A rocket motor mounted on g imba l ; i . e . : on a

tation, so as to obtain pitching and yawing correction aoments .

contrivance having two mutual� perpendi cular axes of ro­

Guidance System--A system which measures and evaluates flight

information, correlates this with target data, converts

desired flight path, and commun icates this data 1n the form
the result into the conditions necessary to achieve the

o f commands to the flight control system.

Heliocentric - -Sun-centered orb i t or other activity which has the

Sun at its center.

Inertial Guidance - -Guidance by means o r the measurement and

A sophisticated automatic navigation system using gyro ­

integration o f acceleration from on board the spacecraft.

scopic device s , accelerameters etc . , for high-speed vehic les .

It absorbs and interprets such data as speed, position , etc . ,
and automatically adjusts the vehic le to a pre -determined
flight path . Essentially, it knows where i t ' s going and

It does not give out any radio frequency s ignal so

where i t is by knowing where i t came from and how it got
there .
it cannot be detec ted by radar or jamme d .

Injection--The process o f boosting a spacecraft into a calcu­

lated trajectory .

Insertion--The process of boos ting a spacecraft into an orbit

around the Earth or other celestial bodies .

Multiplexing--The simultaneous transmission o f two or more sig­

nals within a single channel . The three basic methods
of mu l t iplexing involve the separation or signals by time
division , frequency division and phase division .

Optical Navigation--Navigation by sight, as opposed to inertial

methods , using stars or other visible objects as reference .

Oxidizer--In a rocket propellant, a substance such as liquid

oxygen or nitrogen tetroxide which supports combustion o f
the fuel .

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cut off, e . g . : surface ot Moon or Barth away from SUn where

Penumbra--Semi-dark portion or a shadow in which light i s partly

the diec or the Sun is only partlY obscured.

Pericynthion--Point nearest Moon or object in lunar orbit--object

having been launched trom body other than Moon.

Pe�igee--Point at which a Moon or an artificial satellite in its

orbit ia closest to the Earth .

Perilune --The point at which a satellite ( e . g . : a spacecraft ) 1n

in that the orbit is Moon-originate d .

its orbit is closest to the Moon . Differs from pericynthion

Pitch--The movement o r a space vehicle about an axis (Y) that i s

perpendicular t o its longitudinal axis .

Reentry- -The return or a spacecraft that reenters the atmosphere

after flight above it.

Retrorocket--A ro cket that givee thrust in a direction opposite

to the direction of the object ' s motion .

Right Ascension- -Angu lar measurement or a body eastward alon$ the

celestial equator from the vernal equinox (0 degrees RAJ to
the hour c ircle o f the body . Corresponds roughly to Earth
surface longitude , except as expressed in hrs : min: sec instead
o f 180 degrees west and east from 0 degrees ( 24 hours=360
degree s ) .

Roll--�e movements o f a space vehicle about its longitudinal

(X) axis .

S-Band - -A radio-frequency band o f 1 , 550 to 5 , 200 megahertz .

Specifically, positions on lunar surrace as measured 1n

Se lenographic --Adjective relating to physical geography or Moon.

latitude from lunar equator and in longitude from a

reference lunar meridian .

Selenocentric --Adjec tive referring to orbit having Moon as center.

(Selene , Gr . Moon)

or angle 1n relation to the celestial sphere and the vernal

Sidereal--Adjective relating to measurement or time , position

equinox .

State vector--Ground-generated spacecraft position, velocity and

t�tng information uplinked to the spacecraft computer for
crew use as a navigational reference .

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Te lemetering--A system for taking measurements within an aero­

space vehicle in flight and transmitting them by radio to
a ground station.

of celestial body which 1a not self luminous.

Terminator- -Separation line between lighted and dark portions

Ullage--The volume 1n a c losed tank or container that is not

occupied by the s tored liquid; the ratio of this vo lume
to the total volume o f the tank; also an acceleration to
force propel lants into the engine pump intake lines before
ignition.

Umbra--Darkes t part o f a shadow in which light is complete ly

absent, e . g . : surface o f Moon o r Earth away from SUn where
the disc o f the Sun i s completely obscured .

Update pad- -Information on spacecraft attitud e s , thrust values ,

event time s , navigational data , e tc . , voiced up to the crew
in standard formats according to the purpose , e . g . : maneuver
update, navigation check , landmark tracking, entry update ,
e tc .

Up-Link Data--Information fed by radio s ignal from the ground t o

a spacecraft.

Yaw- -Angu lar d i sp lacement of a space vehicle about its vertical

(ZJ axis .

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APOLLO ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

( Note: This l is t makes no attempt to inc lude a l l Apollo

program acronyms and abbreviations , but several are l isted
that will be encountered frequently in the Apollo 11 mission.
Where pronounced as words in air-to -ground transm1ss1ons ,
acronyms are phone tica l ly shown in parentheses . Otherwise,
abbreviations are sounded out by letter . )

AGS ( Aggs ) Abort Guidance System ( LM)

AK Apogee kick

APS ( Apps ) Ascent Propulsion System (LM)

Auxiliary Propulsion System ( S-IVB etage )

BMAG (Bee-mag ) Body mounted attitude gyro

CDH Constant delta height

CMC Command Module Computer

COl Contingency orbit insertion

CRS Concentric rendezvous sequence

CSI Concentric sequence initiate

DAP ( Dapp) Digital autopilot

DEDA ( Dee -da) Data Entry and Display Assembly

( LMAGS)

DFI Development flight instrumentation

DOl De scent orbit insertion

DPS ( Dips) Descent propulsion system

DSKY ( Diskey) Display and keyboard

EPO Earth Parking Orbit

FDAI Flight direc tor attitude indicator

FITH ( Fith) Fire in the hole ( LM ascent abort

staging )

FTP Full throttle position

HGA High-gain antenna

IMU Inertial measurement unit

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IRIG ( Ear-ig) Inertial rate integrating gyro

LOI Lunar orbit insertion

LPO Lunar parking orbit

MCC Mission Control Center

MC&W Master caution and warning

MSI Moon sphere o f influence

MTVC Manual thrust vector control

NCC Combined corrective maneuver

PDI Powered descent initiation

PIPA ( P ippa) Pulse integrating pendulous
accelerometer

PLSS (Pliss) Portable life support system

PTC Passive thermal contro l

PUGS ( Pugs ) Propellant utilization and gaging

system

REFSMMAT (Re fsmat) Reference to stable member matrix

RHC Rotation hand controller

RTC Real-time oommand

scs Stab i lization and contro l system

SHE ( Shee ) Supercritical helium
SLA ( S l ah ) Spacecraft LM adapter

SPS Service propulsion system

TEI Transearth injection

THC Thrust hand contro l ler

TLI
TIG (Tigg ) Time at 1gn1 tion
Trans lunar injection

TPF Termina l phase finalization

TPI Terminal phase initiate

'l'VC Thrust vector contro l

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CONVERSION FACTORS

MultiEl;E By To Obtain

Distan ce :
feet 0 . 3048 meters

meters 3 . 281 feet

kilometers 3281 feet

kilometers 0 . 6214 statute m i l e s

statute miles 1 . 609 kilometers

nauti cal m i l e s 1 . 852 kilometers

nautical miles 1 . 1 508 statute miles

statute miles 0 . 86898 nauti c al miles

statute mile 1760 yards

Velocity:
feet/sec 0 . 3048 meters/sec

meters/sec 3 . 281 feet/sec

meters/sec 2 . 237 statute mph

reet/sec 0 . 6818 statute miles/hr

feet/sec 0 . 5925 nautical m i l e s/hr

statute rniles/hr 1 . 609 km/hr

nautical rni les/hr 1 . 8 52 km/hr

( knot s )

krn/hr 0 . 6214 statute mile s/hr

Liguid measure, weight :

gallons 3 . 785 l iters

l i ters 0 . 2642 gallons

pounds 0 . 4536 kilograms

k i l ograms 2 . 205 pounds

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Multiply To Obtain

Vohune :

cubic feet 0 . 02832 cubic meters

Pre s sure :

pound s/sq inch 70. 3 1 gram s/sq em

Propellant Weights

RP-1 ( kerosene ) --- - ----- Approx . 6.7 pounds per gal lon

Liquid Oxygen ----------- Approx . 9.5 pounds per gallon

Liquid Hydrogen --------- Approx . 0.56 pounds per gallon

NOTE : Weight of LH2 will vary as much as plus or minus 5�

due to variations in density.

-end-