Maximum power harvesting from a Photo Voltaic

System by different techniques.

Haider Ali
Electrical Engineering Department,
University of Central Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan.
eh_alee@yahoo.com

Abstract—Energy disaster is one of the main
subject in a present world. That’s why world is now
moving to renewable energy resources. And among
all renewable resources solar energy is the one which
is readily accessible, easy to use and the clean
renewable source. This paper is about the evaluation
of two different techniques by which maximum
power point can be achieved. Once the maximum
power point is achieved then the algorithms are
tested in MATLAB/Simulink just to check the
robustness.
Keywords— Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Photo
Voltaic (PV), Fuzzy logic Control, Perturb and Observe
short circuit current and some are the combinations of
two like Perturb and observe + incremental
conductance method and Incremental conductance +
fractional open circuit voltage.
This paper also present a DSP based multiple maximum
power point tracking systems.
General IV characteristics and PV features of the P.V
cell are displayed in Fig. 1.

I. INTRODUCTION
Energy Crisis is the main issue in today’s world. And
about 85% of the electrical energy is being produced by Fig.1: IV & PV characteristics.
using fossil fuels which have the limited resources in
the world. Photo Voltaic is most clean renewable source
consisting of PV cells. II. SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM [1]
This paper presents the different techniques which can This technique tracks the sun and turn the face of a PV
be used to mine extreme power from a Photo Voltaic panel towards sun. This approach has three basic
(PV) system. components:
One way is to track the sun using different sensor and 1) Photo resistor.
turn the face of solar panels towards sun using a stepper 2) Microcontroller.
motor control system. 3) Stepper Motor.
Another way is to use diverse MPPT methods by which
the PV system functions at a point where in voltage will Photo resistor is element whose resistance will decease
be near to Voc and denoted as Vmp extreme voltage and when the light falling on it will increase. It has the
current should be close to Isc and denoted by Imp. At inverse characteristics which are shown in Fig. 2.
extreme power point voltage and current will be
extreme under such state which are Vmp and Imp.
MPPT techniques tries to achieve this Vmp and Imp.
Some MPPT procedures which are discussed in this
paper are Perturb and Observer, Incremental
Conductances, Fraction open circuit voltage, fraction
 Fig. 2: Photo resistor characteristics.

There is another resistor in series with photo resistor in

order to measure its change in resistance. Then there is
a microcontroller which is the brain of whole system
which controls everything. Then there is a stepper
which is controlled by a microcontroller used to rotate
the PV panels towards sun. Fig. 2 is showing its proteus
schematic.
Fig. 4: Controller Feed Flowchart.
This system by means of the photo resistor tracks the
sun and then microcontroller send a signal to stepper
motor to rotate the PV panel towards sun.

III. USING A HYBRID TECHNIQUE [2]

There are many MPPT methods in literature. Their
quality is patterned by checking its cost effectiveness,
type of sensors used, its algorithm and components used
in its hardware. The P.V system with MPPT control is
shown in Fig. 5:

Fig. 3: Proteus Schematic.

The process that feeds in the micro controller its Fig. 5: PV with MPPT controll.
flowchart is shown in Fig 4
Perturb and Observe (P&O) is the simple technique
which measures the power and if its less then the
previous one it increases the power until it reaches to
maximum power point. This is the most simpler, cheap A. INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE (INC)
and easy technique. But the problem is it keeps on It uses the slope of P.V curve. At maximum power point
perturbing or oscillating around maximum power point the slope of the PV curve is zero. It involves the
under static conditions. In partial shading conditions calculation of Conductance through voltage and
there can be multiple local maxima so this method fails current. Its algorithm flow chart is shown in Fig. 8
there.
PV cell is modeled as shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows
the IV characteristics of a PV model under different
conditions

Fig. 6: PV model.

Fig 7: IV Characteristics

The equations of currents in a PV cell are as follows:

Fig. 8: Algorithm of InC
B. FRACTIONAL OPEN CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE(FVOC)
It does not track the exact MPPT. It estimates the value
of open circuit voltage Vmp closed to Voc.

Fig 9. FVOC algorithm

 C. HYBRID INC AND FOVC MPPT TECHNIQUE
This hybrid technique is a combination of InC and
FOCV. Its works on two stages. In stage 1 it operates
on FOVC and in stage two it operates on Inc. Its
algorithm flowchart is shown in Fig, 10.
Fig. 10: Hybrid technique algorithm.
IV. THE MPPT WITH FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
[3]
The main purpose of this technique is to find the power
system design that can meet our requirements in case of
power tracking more efficiently with low losses in the
power system. For this we must make sure that the
power which we are delivering at the output must be the
maximum power output extracted from the arrays.
A. ALGO RITHM
There are three periods in fuzzy logic controller if we
talk about the general configuration of a control process:
 Fuzzification,
 Inference rules base
 Defuzzification.
During fuzzification, arithmetic input variables are
transformed into linguistic variable, In power and
voltage the inputs are taken as a change if we use the
MPPT controller with fuzzy logic. At sampler instants'
k for computing the error (E) and the alteration of the
error (dE) there is a block:
where P(k) is showing that power which is supplied by
PV unit and module terminal voltage is denoted by V(k).
The MPPT controller output rendering to the sign is
defined by rate of error E(k). By example, the sign of
the error E(k) will be taken as positive if the operational
point lies in the left of the MPP of the characteristic (P-
V.
In command to evade the final fluctuations around the
MPP, the speed of convergence to the operational point
becomes reduced if the change in the error dE(k)
declines. Which causes the decrease in diminishing
increment of duty factor d. This is the technique the
MPPT controller decides the variation of the duty cycle
which enforce the DC-DC boost converter approaching
the MPP. Once the values of E(k) and dE(k) are
determined then they are converted to the linguistic
variables and the fuzzy logic controller output can be
seen in a rule base table which is the duty ratio d of the
power converter.
In Matlab/Simulink environment, there is a Fuzzy
Toolbox that permits to the user to achieve this structure
and formulate fuzzy rules. User can program the
expertise used subsequenttly in the blockk Fuzzzy
Logic Controllerr with Rule observe using this tool the
r.
The Fuzzification. The following linguistic
variables have been used for the MPPT fuzzy
controller: PG (positive big), PP (Positive
Small), ZE (Zero), NP (negative small), and NG
(large negative). The generation of the
membership functions of these variables was
executed based on user experience. After
several tests under different atmospheric
conditions, the E(k) and dE(k) variables have
been defined for solving continuing problems of
MPP.
 The Inference Rules. For the MPPT fuzzy
controller it was chosen the Mamdani type
inference rules with logical operators MIN and
MAX. These rules are familiarized into the
controller to obtain the right decision for its
output d. In the TABLE II are shown the
selected rules.
The Defuzzification. This operation renovates
the inferred fuzzy control action into a
numerical value at the output by forming the
union of the outputs resultant from each rule.
The method of the gravity center has been
chosen for the defuzzification.
B. MATLAB / Simulink model of the P.V System
with M.P.P.T. Fuzzy Logic Control Algorithm
In Fig. 11 is shown the Matlab / Simulink model of a
P.V module with MPPT fuzzy logic controller. It holds
five key blocks: the climate circumstances, the DC/DC
converter, the P.V generator, the battery and the block
with fuzzy logic controll.
Fig. 11. Simulinkk model of the P-V modul e with M.P.P.T.
f.uzzy logic controller.
Figg. 12. Structure model of PV module
Fig. 14. The Matlab/Si.m ulink model of the DC/DC converter.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Under various environmental conditions, the proposed
hybrid MPPT schemes are verified and the results of the
MATLAB simulation evaluate their actions. The results
show that the desired performance has been achieved in
milliseconds. Figure 8 shows the output of the variable
pitch size incremental technique. Figure 14 (D) shows
how the step size of the duty cycle changes when it
reaches the point of extreme force. With respect to time,
one can see how powers, voltages and powers behave
individually in Figs. 14 (A), (B) and (C). The response
of the proposed technique under uniform environment
can be shown in FIG. The response of the F-InC
technique is shown in Fig. 15 (A). The characteristic
graph of the F-InC voltage time is shown in Fig. 15 (B).
When F-InC is at step I, the oscillation of the voltage is
initially high, but near MPP the oscillation begins to
decrease. The variation is negligible when the F-InC
method is moved from level 1 to level 2. Whereas in
step 2, after two to three steps, Vmpp is found and
remains at MPP with the lowest oscillations. The
characteristic curve of the performance time is shown
in Fig. 15 (C). Figure 15 (D) is approximately a timing
diagram and a duty cycle. The FOCV mechanism, when
the duty ratio is between 0.35 and 0.18 and 0.18, moves
the algorithm to InC until GM is reached. The
convergence time of the F-InC is reduced compared to
the variable pitch InC method, which is clearly visible
in the results, and in the uniform environment and the
PSC, the accuracy of the proposed technique is close to
MPP
 VI. CONCLUSIONS
Is this paper different procedures for drawing out the
maximum power output is discussed with their
algorithm and advantages and disadvantages. After
applying all these techniques, it is concluded that there
will always be a balance between different quantities
trying to achieve the maximum power output. MPP
accomplishing time from fuzzy logic control is shorter.
On the other second hybrid MPPT procedures which is
based on FOCV and InC is suggested and under
Standard Testing Condition (STC) simulation is
completed. It has been verified that the suggested
methods under uniform environmental condition
comparatively to conventional Inc has less fluctuation
power loss. The results which we concluded from the
above technique are near to MPP in partial shading
Fig. 14. Variable. stepp--sized InC. forr uniform. irradianc
scenario.
REFERENCES
[1] Md Khan, SM Shafi ul Islam, “Design and
Construction of an Automatic Solar Tracking
System”, DOI: 10.1109/ICELCE.2010.5700694,
December 2010
[2] Muhammad Yaqoob Javed, Muhammad Majid
Gulzar, “A Hybridd Techniquee to Harvest
Maximumm Power from PV Systems under Partal
Shadding Conditionss” .
[3] J. Aymenn, Z. Ons, A. Craciun escu and M. Popes
cu, ”Comparison of Fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy
Controllers for Maximum Power Point Tracking of
Photovoltaic Modules” Proceeding of IEEE
Internationa l Conferenc on Renewble Energies and
Power Quality(ICREPQ-16), 2016, ISS N 2172-
038 X, No.14 May 2016.

Figg. 15. F--InC -outputs f-or un-iform ir-radiance

Fig. 16. M.P.P.T. performances. Of Fuzzzy Logicc

Controller a nd ANN. Controllerr Type numberr