GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE UDHAMPUR

INDUSTRIAL VISIT ON

SALAL HYDROPOWER STATION

WITH RESPECT TO NHPC LIMITED

BY:- KARAN BUCHA

ROLL NO. :-502

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION OF SALAL HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

2. NHPC-AN OVERVIEW

3. SALAL-AN OVERVIEW

4. HISTORY OF SALAL HYDRO POWER PLANT

5. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

6. WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

7. MAIN FEATURES OF SALAL HYDRO POWER PLANT

8. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

9. DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

10. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION OF SALAL HYDRO-ELECTRIC
POWER STATION
Salal power station is run-of-the-river (purely ROR) scheme with
an installed capacity of 690 MW (Stage-I of 3 x115 MW & Stage-II
3 X115 MW) to harnesses the Hydropower potential of river
Chenab.It is located in Reasi district of Jammu & Kashmir. The
project comprises of a 118 M high, 630 M long rockfill dam and
113 M high, 450 M long concrete dam with 6 penstocks of 279m
length and 5.23m diameter each. The surface power house with
installed capacity of 690MW houses 6 units of 115MW capacity
each designed to operate under the net rated head of 94.5 M and
designed to generate 3082 million units in a 90% dependable
year with 95% machine availability. Units I, II & III of stage-I were
commissioned in the month of November 1987 and Unit IV, V & VI
of Stage-II in the month of June 1993, March 1995 & February
1995 respectively. The beneficiary states of this power station are
Chandigarh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu &
Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttrakhand & Uttar Pradesh.
NHPC - AN OVERVIEW

•Set up in 1975 with an authorized capital of Rs. 200 Crores

•Single largest organization for hydro power development in India in

the central sector

•Capabilities to undertake all the activities from conceptualization to

commissioning in relation to setting up of hydro power projects

•Schedule ‘A’ Enterprise w.e.f. 15.5.1990

•NHPC has been granted ISO 9001 Certificate for its quality system

•Installed capacity : 2475 MW

•Projects constructed on Turnkey/deposit basis : 3

•Projects under O&M : 7

•Projects under construction : 11

•Projects under investigation : 20

•Projects under joint ventures : 4

•Projects under construction

•On turnkey/deposit basis : 2

SALAL-AN OVERVIEW

State : Jammu & Kashmir

District : Reasi

Dam Site : Dhyangarh in Reasi

River : Chenab

Capacity : 6 X 115 MW

Annual Generation Target : 3100 MU

Rated Head : 94.5 m

Total Reservoir Capacity : 285 million Cumecs

Rockfill Dam : 1

Concrete Dam : 1

Penstocks : 6

Tail Race Tunnels : 2

Tariff Rate : 41.56 paise/unit

History

The project was conceived in 1920. The feasibility studies on the

project commenced in 1961 by the state government of J&K and
construction was started in 1970 by Central Hydroelectric Project
Control Board under the Ministry of Irrigation and Power.

In 1978 construction of the projects was entrusted to NHPC on

agency basis. After completion of project, it was handed over
to NHPC on ownership basis for Operation and Maintenance.
Stage-I of the project was commissioned in 1987. First unit of
Stage-II of the project was commissioned in 1993, second in 1994
and third in 1995.

At the peak of construction, about 12,000 personnel including

contractors worked around the clock to complete the project from
1970s to present day, under proper guidance and maintenance of
India's most successful company NHPC (National Hydroelectric
Power Corporation). The project was taken by HCC and various
contractors.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

 In hydroelectric power plants the potential energy of water due to

its high location is converted into electrical energy. The total
power generation capacity of the hydroelectric power plants
depends on the head of water and volume of water flowing
towards the water turbine.
 The hydroelectric power plant, also called as Dam or Hydropower
plant, is used for generation of electricity from water on large
scale basis. The dam is built across the large river that has
sufficient quantity of water throughout the river. In certain cases
where the river is very large, more than one dam can built across
the river at different locations.
 The water flowing in the river possesses two type of energy: The
Kinetic energy due to flow of water and The Potential energy due
to the height of water. In hydroelectric power and potential
energy of water is utilized to generate electricity.
 The formula for total power that can be generated from water in
hydroelectric power plant due to its height is given, P = r*h*g 7
Where, P = Total power that can be produced in Watts.
r = Flow rate of water measured in Cubic meters per second.
h = It is difference in height between the source of water (from
where water is taken)and the water’s outflow (where the water is
used to generate electricity, it is the place near the turbines).
g = Gravity Constant = 9.81 meter per second sq.
  The formula clearly shows that the total power that can be
generated from the hydroelectric power plants depends on
two major factors, the flow rate of water or volume of flow
of water and height or head of water.
 More the volume of water and more the head of water
more is the power produced in the hydroelectric power
plant. To obtain the high head of water the reservoir of
water should as high as possible and power generation unit
should be as low as possible. The maximum height of
reservoir of water is fixed by natural factors like the
heightofriverbed, the amount of water and other
environmental factors.

WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

 A hydroelectric dam converts potential energy (and/or kinetic
energy) to electrical energy by means of a turbine and alternator.
 A typical hydroelectric dam has the following main parts:
 Water reservoir: A large quantity of water is stored in a reservoir
(or dam). The height or depth of the stored water determines how
much electricity can be generated. As the depth increases, the
generation of electricity also increases.
 Gate: A control gate is used for releasing/blocking water from the
dam. Depending upon the electricity requirements, the gate is
opened.
 Penstock: The released water from the dam reaches the turbine
blade through the penstock. The proper slope and diameter of the
penstock is important for the efficiency of the dam.
 Turbine: The turbine consists of a number of large fan blades and a spindle.
The spindle rotates when water strikes the blades. Thus the power of
flowing water is converted to the rotational power of the spindle
 . Alternator: The spindle of the turbine is connected to the alternator,
where rotational power of the spindle is converted intoelectrical power.The
produced electricity is then distributed to the grid.
 River: The outflow of water from the turbine is released to a river.

Working of Turbine
 The theory is to build a dam on a large river that has a large
drop in elevation (there are not many hydroelectric plants in
Kansas or Florida). The dam stores lots of water behind it in the
reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam wall there is the water
intake. Gravity causes it to fall through the penstock inside the
dam. At the end of the penstock there is a turbine propeller,
which is turned by the moving water.
 The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which
produces the power. Power lines are connected to the
generator that carries electricity to your home and mine. The
water continues past the propeller through the tailrace into the
river past the dam. By the way, it is not a good idea to be playing
in the water right below a dam when water is released!
  As to how this generator works, the Corps of Engineers explains it
this way:"A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water
into mechanical energy. A hydroelectric generator converts this
mechanical energy into electricity.” The operation of a generator is
based on the principles discovered by Faraday.

Pumped storage: Reusing water for peak electricity

demand
 Pumped storage is a method of keeping water in reserve for peak
period power demands by pumping water that has already flowed
through the turbines back up a storage pool above the power
plant at a time when customer demand for energy is low, such as
during the middle of the night.
 The water is then allowed to flow back through the turbine-
generators at times when demand is high and a heavy load is
placed on the system.
 The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing power in the form
of water when demands are low and producing maximum power
during daily and seasonal peak periods. An advantage of pumped
storage is that hydroelectric generating units are able to start up
quickly and make rapid adjustments in output.
 They operate efficiently when used for one hour or several hours.
Because pumped storage reservoirs are relatively small,
 construction costs are generally low compared with conventional
hydropower facilities.

Run-of-the-river:
 Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no
reservoir capacity, so that the water coming from upstream must
be used for generation at that moment, or must be allowed to
bypass the dam.

MAIN FEATURES OF SALAL HYDROPOWER PLANT

• 118 m high, 630m long rockfill dam.

• 113 m high, 450 m long concrete dam
• 11 m dia, 2.46 km long tail race tunnel.
• 6 nos. Penstocks 5.23 m dia, 279 m long each.
• Sub-surface power house containing 6 units of 115 MW
each.
Salal Hydroelectric Power Station Stage-I of 345 MW (115X3) and Stage-
II of 345 MW (115X3) is constructed on river Chenab in the state of
Jammu & Kashmir. The project was conceived in 1920. The feasibility
studies on the project commenced in 1961 by the state government of
J&K and construction was started in 1970 by Central Hydroelectric
Project Control Board under Ministry of Irrigation and Power. In 1978
construction of the projects was entrusted to NHPC on agency basis.
After completion of project, it was handed over to NHPC on ownership
basis for Operation and Maintenance. Stage-I of the project was
commissioned in 1987. First unit of Stage-II of the project was
commissioned in 1993, second in 1994 and third in 1995. At the peak of
construction, about 12,000 personnel including contractors worked
around the clock to complete the project from 1970s to present day,
under proper guidance and maintenance of India's most successful
company NHPC (NATIONAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION.
The project was taken by HCC and various contractors.
 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-
 No fuel charges.
 Running cost almost nil.
 No stand by losses
 . Highly reliable.
 Efficiency does not decrease with time.
 Construction and operation wise very simple.
 Maintenance cost very less.
 Starts quickly and synchronizes fast.
 Minimum staff when plant is operational.
 No ash problems thus pollution frees.
 Also useful in flood control and irrigation and drinking water
purpose.
 Comparatively quiet long life.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

 Higher initial cost.
 Takes long time of erection
 Plants are setup at distant places so transmission losses
increase.
 Totally dependent on the availability of water.
 Larger area required.
 Period of installation time is high.

CONCLUSION
 Hydro is a flexible source of electricity since plants can
be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to
changing energy demands.
 The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination
of the cost of fuel.
 Hydroelectric power stations that use dams would
submerge large areas of land due to the requirement
of a reservoir.