Effect of EDTA on reduction process in submerged paddy soil with rice straw

9 Aug 1993
Takuhito Nozoea, Koji Yoshidaa & Michio Yasudaa
Abstract
Submerged paddy soil with powdered rice straw was incubated anaerobically. In the presence of
10 p.M of EDTA, the amount of Fe(II) significantly increased during the early stage of
incubation. This finding suggests that EDTA extracted some part of Fe(III), which was utilized
then by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. These increase in the Fe(II) content was accompanied both by
the suppression of sulfate-reduction and by the enhancement of acetic acid (AA}-decomposition.
The addition of EDTA did not enhance the CH4 -production during the early stage of incubation.
These findings suggest that the reduction of the EDTA-extractable Fe (III) resulted in electron
deficiency and that the electron flow was mainly diverted from sulfate reduction to Fe(III)-
reduction in the early stage of incubation. As a result of this electron deficiency, Fe(III)reducing
bacteria may utilize AA as an electron donor. The addition of EDT A enhanced both the
production and the decomposition of AA in the late stage of incubation as well as the CH4 -
production. These facts suggest that the reduction of the EDTA-extractable Fe (III) in the early
stage of incubation decreased the redox potential, which in turn shortened the duration of the lag
period of the anaerobic reactions in the late stage.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00380768.1994.10414288#.Uf5M0
Evaluation of pretreatment with Pleurotus ostreatus for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Taniguchi M, Suzuki H, Watanabe D, Sakai K, Hoshino K, Tanaka T.
Abstract
The effects of biological pretreatment of rice straw using four white-rot fungi (Phanerochaete
chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, and Pleurotus ostreatus) were
evaluated on the basis of quantitative and structural changes in the components of the pretreated
rice straw as well as susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis. Of these white-rot fungi, P. ostreatus
selectively degraded the lignin fraction of rice straw rather than the holocellulose component.
When rice straw (water content of 60%) was pretreated with P. ostreatus for 60 d, the total
weight loss and the degree of Klason lignin degraded were 25% and 41%, respectively. After the
pretreatment, the residual amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose were 83% and 52% of those in
untreated rice straw, respectively. By enzymatic hydrolysis with a commercial cellulase
preparation for 48 h, 52% holocellulose and 44% cellulose in the pretreated rice straw were
solubilized. The net sugar yields based on the amounts of holocellulose and cellulose of
untreated rice straw were 33% for total soluble sugar from holocellulose and 32% for glucose
from cellulose. The SEM observations showed that the increase in susceptibility of rice straw to
enzymatic hydrolysis by pretreatment with P. ostreatus is caused by partial degradation of the
lignin seal. When the content of Klason lignin was less than 15% of the total weight of the
pretreated straw, enhanced degrees of enzymatic solubilization of holocellulose and cellulose
fractions were observed as the content of Klason lignin decreased.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16473773
Evaluation of the life cycle of bioethanol produced from rice straws 2-1-12
Poritosh Roya, , ,
Takahiro Orikasab,
Ken Tokuyasuc,
Nobutaka Nakamurac,
Takeo Shiina
This study evaluated the life cycle of bioethanol produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Net energy consumption, CO2 emission and production costs were estimated to determine
whether environmentally preferable and economically viable bioethanol can be produced from
rice straws. Two varieties of rice straw (Koshihikari and Leafstar), three energy scenarios (F-E-
RH: Fuel-Electricity-Residues used for Heat; F-E-RE: Fuel-Electricity-Residues used to generate
Electricity; F-RE: Fuel-Residues used to generate Electricity) and three types of primary energy
(heavy oil; LNG: liquefied natural gas; agri-residues) were considered. The net energy
consumption, CO2 emission and production costs were estimated to be 10.0–17.6 MJ/L, −0.5 to
1.6 kg/L and 84.9–144.3 ¥/L (1 US$ ≈ 100 ¥), respectively, depending on the feedstock and
scenarios of this study. A shift in energy scenarios or in the type of primary energy (heavy oil to
LNG or agri-residues) not only reduces emissions and production costs of bioethanol from rice
straw, but may also reduce the fluctuation in production cost over time and risk on investment,
which would encourage more investment in this sector.
highlights
The life cycle of bioethanol produced from rice straw were evaluated. ► Two types of rice
straw, three energy scenarios and three primary were considered. ► The net energy
consumption, CO2 emission and production cost are estimated. ► Energy consumption, emission
and cost are dependent on feedstock and scenarios. ► A shift in scenarios reduces the emission
and production cost of bioethanol.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852412001186
Evaluation of chemical pretreatment for enzymatic solubilization of rice straw

Masayuki Taniguchi,
Mitsuo Tanaka,
Ryuichi Matsuno,
Tadashi Kamikubo
Rice straw was treated with NaOH, peracetic acid (PA), and sodium chlorite (NaClO 2).
Quantitative changes in the composition of the treated straw, crystallinity of the treated straw and
extracted cellulose, and susceptibility of the treated straw to Trichoderma reesei cellulase were
studied. The alkali treatment resulted in a remarkable decrease in hemicellulose as well as lignin.
Consequently, the recovery of residual straw after NaOH treatment was lowest among the three
chemical reagents evaluated. The treatment with PA or NaCIO2 resulted in a slight loss in
hemicellulose and cellulose in the straw. The three chemical treatments caused little or no
breakdown of the crystalline structure of cellulose in the straw. The treated straw was solubilized
with the culture filtrate of T. reesei. The degree of enzymatic solubilization relative to the
amount of residual straw was 69% after treatment with 0.25 N NaOH, 42% after treatment with
20% PA, and 50% after treatments with NaClO2 (twice). The degree of enzymatic solubilization
relative to the amount of the untreated straw, however, was 30% after treatment with 0.25 N
NaOH, 32% after treatment with 20% PA, and 37% after treatments with NaClO2 (twice).
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00508001
Evaluation of rice straw — poultry droppings based rations supplemented with graded levels of
rice bran in fistulated buffaloes
D.V. Reddy

Abstract
The effect of supplementation of deoiled rice bran (DORB) at catalytic levels of 500 (D-1), 750
(D-2), 1000 (D-3) and 1250 (D-4) g along with a caged poultry droppings (CPD)-molasses-
mineral mixture of 810 g and ad lib rice straw (0.704% nitrogen) was evaluated with four rumen
fistulated graded Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) bull calves (176.5 ± 0.2) in a 4 × 4 latin square
design using criteria such as in sacco degradability of rice straw, voluntary dry matter (DM)
intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients and rumen parameters. Rumen degradation
characteristics of DM and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of rice straw were described by fitting
the data to the exponential equation P = a + b[1 − e(−ct)].
The rumen environment created by supplementation of DORB at 1000 g day−1 (D-3) to a rice
straw-based diet increased (P < 0.05) the potential degradability (a + b) and rate of degradability
(c) of DM and NDF of rice straw over those diets with 500 (D-1) or 750 (D-2) g day−1 of
supplementation.
Supplementation of DORB up to 1000 g (D-3) along with 500 g CPD and 250 g molasses to a
rice straw-mineral diet significantly increased the DM intake of basal rice straw and total feed
and digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP), NDF and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (P < 0.05) and
organic matter (OM) (P < 0.01). The digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients
(TDN) of diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, were 3.37, 50.47%; 3.75, 52.49%; 4.11, 56.47% and
3.88, 56.06% which were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the supplementation. The rumen
parameters (averages of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h postfeeding) revealed that pH and ammonia nitrogen
(NH3 N) of D-3 were conducive to rumen fermentative digestion of feed and total volatile fatty
acid (TVFA) concentrations were positively correlated with the DM intakes of the animals. It is
concluded that supplementation of DORB at 1000 g day−1 along with a poultry droppings-
molasses-mineral mixture to rice straw maximizes the utilization of rice straw in buffaloes and
thus paves the way to develop an economic feeding system.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0377840195009027
Evaluation of thermochemical pretreatment and continuous thermophilic condition in rice straw
composting process enhancement
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini,
Hamidi Abdul Aziz

Abstract
The effects of thermochemical pretreatment and continuous thermophilic conditions on the
composting of a mixture of rice straw residue and cattle manure were investigated using a
laboratory-scale composting reactor. Results indicate that the composting period of rice straw
can be shortened to less than 10 days by applying alkali pre-treatment and continuous
thermophilic composting conditions. The parameters obtained on day 9 of this study are similar
to the criteria level published by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. The
moisture content, organic matter reduction, pH level, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon
reduction, soluble chemical oxygen demand reduction, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, carbon-to-
nitrogen ratio, and germination index were 62.07%, 16.99%, 7.30%, 1058 μS/cm, 17.00%,
83.43%, 2.06%, 16.75%, and 90.33%, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the
application of chemical–biological integrated processes under thermophilic conditions is a novel
method for the rapid degradation and maturation of rice straw residue.

Highlights
► Biodegradability of rice straw will be improved after alkali pretreatment. ► CBITPCP as a
novel method is very significant on enhancing of rice straw composting. ► Maturated compost
products were obtained after composting for 9 days in the CBITPCP.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852413001211
Preparation and evaluation of Rice-Straw Compost

Rupela, O P and Sidhu, B S and Gopalakrishnan, S and Saini, S K and Beri, V (20-24 April 1998
, Vienna, Austria) Preparation and evaluation of Rice-Straw Compost. In: 2nd Research Co-
ordination meeting of the FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated Research Project on “The use of nuclear
techniques in the management of organic matters to enhance soil productivity and crop yields”,
20-24 April 1998 , Vienna, Austria.

abstract

Rice-straw is an important cattle field in several asian countries even though its quality is low.
But in some areas of at least five countries it is burnt. A procedure for rapid composting of rice
straw in lots of 10 kg straw in the semi-arid tropics was standardised using Aspergillus awamori,
Pseudomonas stritata and bacillus polymyxa...........

http://oar.icrisat.org/5893/
Static And Dynamics Of Mercury Adsorption Performance Evaluation Using Rice Straw Based
Biosorbents 24 Jun 2013
(Hau, Yin Fong, 2013) Static And Dynamics Of Mercury Adsorption Performance Evaluation
Using Rice Straw Based Biosorbents.Other thesis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering.
Abstract

Mercury (Hg) is one of the most hazardous and harmful pollutants that released into the
environment. Mercury and most of its compounds are extremely toxic to both human and the
environment even in relatively low concentrations. Several methods such as sulphide
precipitation, coagulation and ion-exchange have been used for their removal but have been
found to have only limited application. Currently, adsorption is viewed as one of the easiest,
safest and most cost-effective physic-chemical treatment process in removing heavy metal from
aqueous solutions and it has been widely used in effluent treatment process. Considerable
attention has been focused in recent years upon the field of biosorption for the removal of heavy
metal ions from aqueous effluents. In this study, biosorption using rice straw (one of the rice
residues) was focused on the removing of mercury form aqueous solution. The purpose of this
study was to evaluate the performance of adsorption using rice straw in batch mode and
continuous mode analysis. Rice straws were undergone modification of grafting with
organosilane. Biosorption of Hg (II) onto rice straw was fitted to Langmuir isotherm model. For
batch mode analysis, two parameters which are initial concentration and pH were evaluated
whereas for column analysis, parameters such as bed depth, initial feed concentration and flow
rate were evaluated to study on the performance of the biosorption process. It was found that the
breakthrough time increase with increase in the bed depth, but decrease on increasing the flow
rate and initial concentration of the liquid. In conclusion, the biosorption capacities of grafted
rice straw (GRS) is better than raw rice straw (RRS).
http://epublication.cheme.utm.my/18/
Rice straw, the role of silica and treatments to improve quality
P.J. Van Soest

Abstract
Rice straw is unique relative to other cereal straws in being low in lignin and high in silica.
Unlike other cereal straws taller varieties of rice straws tend to be leafy while the leaves are less
digested than stems. This may contribute to higher straw value with rice yield. There is genetic
variation in straw quality but has not been exploited and tends to be smaller than environmental
variation. Effort in plant breeding has been to develop short varieties with higher grain yield.
This development has reduced straw quantity but not nutritive value. The relationship between
plant genetics and silica metabolism is virtually uninvestigated, although reviews from plant
physiology indicate it is a major factor.
Silica and lignin in that order are the primary limiting factors in rice straw quality. Silicon is a
nutrient element which has been overlooked largely because of its assumed inertness, but also
because of its geochemical abundance that so greatly exceeds its metabolic use by plants and
animals. Silicon is involved in several major roles in rice: carbohydrate synthesis, grain yield,
phenolic synthesis and plant cell wall protection. These vectors interact with each other to
eliminate statistical association of silica and lignin with straw digestibility when varieties are
compared. Yield of grain is highly related to silica content of straw, which reflects soil
availability. There are no detailed studies on rice straw lignin. Most papers reporting lignin
contents in rice straw have used acid-detergent lignin by either the sulfuric acid or permanganate
versions. There are undoubtedly soluble phenolics in rice straw that need investigation. The
effects of ammonia and urea on silica is to crack the silicified cuticular layer. Silica is not
dissolved by these reagents in contrast to the action of sodium hydroxide.
The various papers reporting treatments have used animal digestion trials; a variety of in
sacco, in vitro digestions with rumen organisms or cellulase, some in combination with pepsin
digestion or neutral-detergent extraction. Gas production fromin vitro rumen fermentation has
also been used. Results are expressed mainly on dry matter basis and fewer reports on organic
matter. Results are difficult to compare and standardization of procedures is badly needed.
However, most treatments with ammonia and urea show some increase in digestibility and intake
where measured in in vivo trials. In vitro and in sacco evaluations tend to overestimate
improvement in digestibility.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840106000502
Porous Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup: A Review of Synthesis and
Absorbing Properties
M. O. Adebajo*, R. L. Frost, J.T Kloprogge and O. Carmody
Abstract
This paper reviews the synthesis and the absorbing properties of the wide variety of
porous sorbent materials that have been studied for application in the removal of
organics, particularly in the area of oil spill cleanup. The discussion is especially
focused on hydrophobic silica aerogels, zeolites, organoclays and natural sorbents
many of which have been demonstrated to exhibit (or show potential to exhibit)
excellent oil absorption properties. The areas for further development of some of
these materials are identified.
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/1594/1/Manuscript_revised.pdf
Evaluation of kapok (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) as a natural hollow hydrophobic–oleophilic
fibrous sorbent for oil spill cleanup
Teik-Thye Lim

Abstract
Oil sorption capacity and hydrophobic–oleophilic characteristics of an agricultural product,
kapok (Ceiba pentandra), was thoroughly examined. The kapok fiber has a hollow structure with
large lumen. Its performance was compared with that of a polypropylene (PP), a widely used
commercial oil sorbent for oil spill cleanup. The oils investigated were diesel, hydraulic oil
(AWS46), and engine oil (HD40). Reusability of the kapok after application to various oils was
also evaluated. Both loose (at its natural state) and densely packed kapok assemblies were
examined. Sorption capacities of the packed kapok assemblies were very much dependent on
their packing densities. At 0.02 g cm−3, its oil sorption capacities were 36, 43 and 45 g g−1 for
diesel, ASW46 and HD40, respectively. The values decreased to 7.9, 8.1 and 8.6 g g−1 at
0.09 g cm−3. Its sorption capacities for the three oils were significantly higher than those of PP.
When the oil-saturated kapok assemblies were allowed to drain, they exhibited high oil retention
ability, with less than 8% of the absorbed diesel and HD40, and 12% of the absorbed AWS46
lost even after 1 h of dripping. When applied on oil-over-water baths, the kapok exhibited high
selectivity for the oils over the water; almost all oils spilled could be removed with the kapok,
leaving an invisible oil slick on water. After the 4th cycle of reuse, the reused kapok assembly
only lost 30% of its virgin sorption capacity if packed at 0.02 g cm−3, and the loss in sorption
capacity was much less at higher packing densities. The hydrophobic–oleophilic characteristics
of the kapok fiber could be attributed to its waxy surface, while its large lumen contributed to its
excellent oil absorbency and retention capacity.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506007235
A Removal of emulsified food and mineral oils from wastewater using surfactant modified
barley straw
Shariff Ibrahim

Abstract
Barley straw, an agricultural waste, was chemically modified and evaluated for the removal of
emulsified oils from aqueous solution. The chemical modification was performed using NaOH
and a cationic surfactant, hexadecylpyridinium chloride monohydrate (CPC). The surface
textural and chemical properties of the surfactant modified barley straw (BMBS) were
characterized by N2 adsorption, FT-IR, SEM and water soluble mineral content. The adsorption
tests were carried out in batch adsorption system for removal of standard mineral oil (SMO) and
canola oil (CO) from water. For both emulsified oils in wastewater, adsorption was found to be
strongly related with solution pH. The isotherm study indicated that emulsified oil adsorption on
BMBS could be fitted well with the Langmuir model other than Freundlich model. The
maximum adsorption capacity for CO and SMO at 25 °C determined from the Langmuir
isotherm is 613.3 and 584.2 mg g−1, respectively. Desorption tests in water solution show that oil
is strongly bonded with adsorbent and desorption is only about 1–2% in 24 h.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852409007512