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Plane Geometry Sum of interior angles = 180

Triangle: B
Sine Law
a b c
= =
c a sin A sinB sinC

Cosine Law:
A
b
C c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C

Right Triangle:
B
Pythagorean Theorem
c 2 2 2
a c =a +b

A C
b
Plane Area
Area:
Triangle: Given base (b) and altitude (h):
A=½bh
B
Given two sides (a and b) and
c a included angle :
h
 A = ½ a b sin 
A C
b
Given three sides:
B
A = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
c
h
a where

s = semi-perimeter
A b C a+b+c
s=
2
Circle:

Arc

Center
A tangent to a circle is
perpendicular to the radius at the
point of tangency; and conversely.

Center

90
Circle:
Area = r2 = (/4)D2
Circumference, C = 2r = D
Arc = r radians = r/180
Diameter, D = 2r  r

r
Sector Sector:
Area = ½ r2  =  r2 /360

Segment:
Segment of Circle: Area = Sector – Triangle
 r r Area = ½ r2(r – sin )
r 
r
Circle: C
 = Central angle

C


 = Inscribed angle

O
 = 2
B
r

C  r

A
Circle:

C
C
90
90
C
C 90
90
C
90
O
A B
180
Triangles and Circles
Circle Inscribed in a Triangle A circle is inscribed in a triangle if it is
tangent to the three sides of the
C triangle.

AT = r s
s = semi perimeter
a
a+b+c
b
s=
r r 2

B
c
A
Circle Circumscribed about a Triangle

abc
b r
r=
a 4At
r
r
A
c
B

A circle is circumscribed about a


triangle if it passes through the
vertices of the triangle.
Circle Escribed about a Triangle
A circle is escribed about a triangle if it is
tangent to one side and to the prolongation of
the other two sides. A triangle has three
escribed circles.

ra
AT = ra (s – a)
rb
b
a
AT = rb (s – b)
c
AT = rc (s – c)

rc
Quadrilaterals
Area = ab
Rectangle

a Perimeter = 2(a + b)
Diagonal, d = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
b

Area = a2
Square

a
d
Perimeter = 4a
Diagonal, d = 𝑎 2
a
Parallelogram

d1
Perimeter = 2(a + b)
a  d2 Area = ab sin 
 Area = ½ d1 d2 sin 
b
Area = a2 sin 
Rhombus
d1
a 90
d2 Area = ½ d1 d2

a

b
Trapezoid

Area = ½ (a + b) h
h

a
c
C Area = ½ (ab sin A + cd sin C)
B
Area = ½ d1 d2 sin 
Quadrilateral

d2
b 
General

d Given 4 sides and sum of two opposite angles:


d1 A = 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos 2 𝜃
A
s = semi-perimeter
a 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
s=
2
D
Polygons
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
Cyclic Quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
circumference of a circle
Polygons
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
Cyclic Quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
circumference of a circle

b
c

A
d2

d1
a

D
Polygons
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
Cyclic Quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
circumference of a circle

B
A + C = 180°
B + D = 180°
b
c Area = (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
a+b+c +d
Semi-perimeter, s =
A 2
d2

Ptolemy’s Theorem
C “For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product
of the diagonals equals the sum of the
d1
products of the opposite sides”
a
d1d2 = (a)(c) + (b)(d)
d

D
Polygons
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
Cyclic Quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
circumference of a circle

B
A + C = 180°
B + D = 180°
b
c Area = (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
a+b+c +d
Semi-perimeter, s =
A 2
d2

Ptolemy’s Theorem
C “For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product
of the diagonals equals the sum of the
d1
products of the opposite sides”
a
d1d2 = (a)(c) + (b)(d)
d

D
Polygons
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
Cyclic Quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
circumference of a circle

B
A + C = 180°
B + D = 180°
b
c Area = (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
a+b+c +d
Semi-perimeter, s =
A 2
d2

Ptolemy’s Theorem
C “For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product
of the diagonals equals the sum of the
d1
products of the opposite sides”
a
d1d2 = (a)(c) + (b)(d)
d

D
Polygons
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
Cyclic Quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
circumference of a circle

B
A + C = 180°
B + D = 180°
b
c Area = (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
a+b+c +d
Semi-perimeter, s =
A 2
d2

Ptolemy’s Theorem
C “For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product
of the diagonals equals the sum of the
d1
products of the opposite sides”
a
d1d2 = (a)(c) + (b)(d)
d

D
Polygons
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
Cyclic Quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
circumference of a circle

B
A + C = 180°
B + D = 180°
b
c Area = (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
a+b+c +d
Semi-perimeter, s =
A 2
d2

Ptolemy’s Theorem
C “For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product
of the diagonals equals the sum of the
d1
products of the opposite sides”
a
d1d2 = (a)(c) + (b)(d)
d

D
General Polygons
There are two basic types of polygons, a convex and a concave polygon.
A convex polygon is one in which no side, when extended, will pass
inside the polygon, otherwise it called concave polygon.
The following figure is a convex polygon.

 = interior angles
4
4 Sum of interior angles
3
Sum = 180(n - 2)
5 5
3

 = exterior angles
2
2 6
Sum of exterior angles = 360
1 6
1
Number of diagonals
𝑛
D = (n – 3)
2
Regular Polygon
Polygons whose sides are equal are called equilateral polygons.
Polygons with equal interior angles are called equiangular polygons.
Polygons that are both equilateral and equiangular are called regular polygons. The area of regular
polygons can be found by considering one segment, which has the form of an isosceles triangle.

360°
=
x n
n n
Area = sin 
R2 = ( xr)
R 2 2
Perimeter, P = n x
n−2
R

/2
Interior angle =  = 180°
n
r a/2 360°
/2 Exterior angle =  ==
𝑛

a/2 360
 =
 n
n 2 n
Area = R sin  = (xr)
2 2
Perimeter, P = (n)(x)
n−2
R = Radius of circumscribing circle Interior angle =  =  180°
n
r = apothem = radius of inscribed circle
360
 = Interior angle Exterior angle =  =  =
n
 = exterior angle

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