Chapter 5 – Thevenin.................................................................................. 1
5.1 Introduction...................................................................................... 2
5.2 Thevenin Norton Equivalent............................................................ 2
5.3 Equivalent impedance...................................................................... 2
5.3.1 Illustration ................................................................................. 3
5.4 Thevenin voltage.............................................................................. 3
5.4.1 Illustration ................................................................................. 3
5.5 Norton current.................................................................................. 3
5.5.1 Illustration ................................................................................. 4
5.6 Check-up .......................................................................................... 4
5.6.1 Example ..................................................................................... 4
5.7 Maximum power transfer................................................................. 5
5.8 Wheatstone bridge ........................................................................... 7
5.9 Problems .......................................................................................... 8
2 Electric Circuits Concepts Durham
5.1 Introduction
1
Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits are used to simplify any network to an
equivalent impedance and a single source (driver). These are the values of a two
Z1 terminal circuit that could replace the entire network. Yet the equivalent network
will produce the same effect at the terminals of a load or incident impedance
Z2
under investigation. The terminals will be across a load or incident impedance.
v
S = VI * The following rules help in finding the Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuits.
The equivalent network is calculated by taking the sources to the limit. The
V impedance L is manipulated the same as R. The impedance C in series is
Z=
I manipulated like R in parallel.
5.3.1 Illustration
Find the equivalent impedance at the terminals of the network in the figure.
Replace the voltage source with a short.
Calculate the remaining impedance.
Z1Z 2
Z EQ =
Z1 + Z 2
5.4.1 Illustration
Find the equivalent open-circuit voltage at the terminals of the network in the
figure. 1
Open terminals and calculate v. Z1
VTH = voltage across Z2. Z2
This is a series circuit with voltage divider. v
⎛ Z2 ⎞ 2
VTH = VS ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Z1 + Z 2 ⎠
Alternatively, the current through impedance R2 could be found. Then the voltage
across the impedance could be calculated.
VS
I=
Z1 + Z 2
VS Z 2
VTH = IZ 2 =
Z1 + Z 2
PAGE 3
4 Electric Circuits Concepts Durham
4) Calculate the current through the shorted terminal. This will be the current
that shorts (bypasses) the incident impedance.
5.5.1 Illustration
Find the equivalent short-circuit current at the terminals of the network in the
figure.
1
Z1 Short the terminals and calculate the current. Isc=I through terminals.
Z2 ISC Impedance R2 is bypassed. Compared to the short, R2→∞.
v The current is found from the remaining series circuit. Isc= I in series circuit.
2 VS
I SC = I =
Z1
5.6 Check-up
The open-circuit voltage is the Thevenin voltage. The short-circuit current is the
Norton current. They are related by the equivalent impedance
VTH
Z EQ =
I SC
This provides a check for the calculations. Substitute the values for the voltage
and current in the impedance equation. The results are the same as those
calculated directly.
⎛ Z2 ⎞
⎜ v⎟
VTH Z + Z2 ⎠
Z eq = =⎝ 1
I SC VS
Z1
Z1Z 2
=
Z1 + Z 2
If any two of the parameters are known, then the other can be found.
5.6.1 Example
a 2Ω b 4Ω c Find the equivalent circuit for the figure employed with other analysis methods.
Example
10Ω
Redraw the circuit with the two voltage branches in parallel.
6V 8V
g 2Ω 4Ω
10Ω
6v 8v
The voltage source in series with the impedance is a Thevenin source. The circuit
can be converted into a Norton souce with a current source in parallel with the
same impedance.
Chapter 1 Methods 5
Simplify the circuit. Add the current sources at the node. Calculate the parallel
impedance of the sources.
RTH = 2 // 4
2* 4 4
= = Ω
2+4 3
The Norton equivalent source can be used to find the current across the terminals.
This is a current divider through the 10Ω impedance.
4
I = 5A 3 = 0.588 A
4
+ 10
3
Notice a variety of methods have been used to solve the same network. Use the
method that is most convenient for the problem at hand.
Real power is the current squared on the resistance. The current from the
Thevenin circuit depends on the equivalent resistance and the load resistance.
PAGE 5
6 Electric Circuits Concepts Durham
VS
I=
RTH + RL
Then the power to the load resistance is arranged in terms of the voltage
2
⎛ VS ⎞
P=⎜ ⎟ RL
⎝ RTH + RL ⎠
Maximizing power can be found by finding the derivative of power with respect
to the load resistance, then setting the derivative to zero. The load resistance can
then be verified.
⎡ RL ⎤
P = VS 2 ⎢ 2⎥
⎢⎣ ( RTH + RL ) ⎥⎦
Take the derivative.
2 ( RTH + RL ) − RL × 2 ( RTH + RL )
dP ⎡ 2
⎤
= VS ⎢ ⎥
( RTH + RL )
4
dRL ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Maximize by setting the derivative to zero.
$
universal
( RTH + RL ) = 2 RL ( RTH + RL )
2
engineering
symbol RTH = RL
Maximum power transfer occurs when the load resistance is equal to the source
$, t, quality
resistance.
engineering trade-offs
EXAMPLES
PAGE 7
8 Electric Circuits Concepts Durham
The unknown impedance and the standard can be inductors or capacitors to make
a reactance. They can also be resistors. The other two impedances are generally
resistance. Interestingly, the frequency of the source does not enter the
calculation. Frequency can be divided from both sides of the equation. However,
a frequency generator must be used to excite the storage devices.
EXAMPLES
5.9 Problems
Practice Problem
SITUATION:
The circuit shown in the figure below is the pi representation of a transmission
line.
REQUIREMENTS:
Write a set of nodal equations for the circuit the “Ref” as the reference or
common terminal.
Solve the equations of requirement (a) above for Vo if
Vin = 100 0°
j100Ω
Ri=50Ω +
SOLUTION:
Simple circuits problem
a) Nodal equations use current – convert voltage sources to current sources.
a j100 b
Vin I3
50 -j50 -j50 50
50 Vout
I1 I2 I4 I5
Chapter 1 Methods 9
va − 0 va − 0 va − vb vb − 0 vb − 0
I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 = I5 =
50 − j 50 j100 − j 50 50
KCL @ a KCL @ b
Vin
= I1 + I 2 + I 3 I3 − I 4 − I5 = 0
50
va v v v
Vin va v v v − b − b − b =0
= + a + a − b j100 j100 − j 50 50
50 50 − j 50 j100 j100
∴
∴
j1va + (2 + j1)vb = 0
(2 + j1)va + j1vb = 2Vin
vb = vout
2 + j1 2Vin
j1 0 − j 2Vin 2V − 90
vout = = = in
2 + j1 j1 4 + j 4 − 1 + 1 4 2 45
j1 2 + j1
vout = 0.3535 − 135*Vin
b) For Vin=100∠0
PAGE 9