1.

INTRODUCTION

Garbage! In our daily life, we see the pictures of garbage bins being overfull and all the
garbage smells out. This leads to the number of diseases as large number of insects and
mosquitoes breed on it. A big face up to the smart cities is solid waste management, not only in
India almost all the countries in the world. This project gives the most efficient ways to keep our
environment clean and green. The upcoming large number of smart cities, large numbers of
responsibilities is also required to be fulfilled.

The most important need of a smart way of life begins with cleanliness and cleanliness
begins with smart dustbin. A people will get its waste dispatch properly only if the dustbins are
placed well and collected well. The main problem in the current waste management system in
most of the cities is the damaging status of dustbins

So, by using the new technology we send the information to the concern persons and
display the information on APP. The progress of waste across the entire city can be tracked and
thus can be monitored by a single system efficiently and concretely. This system can prove to be
a revolution for the whole waste management system of future smart cities.
2.BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. Block Diagram of IOT based Garbage Monitoring System

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
Figure describes the block diagram of the monitoring system. It consists of several ultrasonic
sensors, the Arduino Uno microcontroller, WIFI module ESP8266 and the servo motor. The
ultrasonic sensors are used to detect the level of garbage in each bin, and it will send this
information to the Arduino Uno, which acts as the system controller. In the case where the bins
are already full or almost full, then it will generate a warning message which will be sent to the
municipality via Application software by using the Blynk App.

a) Ultrasonic Sensor

A special sonic transducer is used for the ultrasonic proximity sensors, which allows for alternate
transmission and reception of sound waves. The sonic waves emitted by the transducer are
reflected by an object and received back in the transducer. After having emitted the sound waves,
the ultrasonic sensor will switch to receive mode. The time elapsed between emitting and
receiving is proportional to the distance of the object from the sensor.

Fig 2. Working of Ultrasonic SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensors generate high-frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received
back by the sensor, measuring the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the
echo to determine the distance to an object
 Fig 3: Principle of Sensor

b) Arduino-

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world expansion. The boards
feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
which are also used for loading programs from personal computers.

Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Fig 4: Pin diagram of Arduino

Power USB - Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All
you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection

Power (Barrel Jack) - Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply
by connecting it to the Barrel Jack.

Voltage Regulator - The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the
Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

Crystal Oscillator - The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does
Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top
of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16
MHz.

Arduino Reset - You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning.
You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board.
Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

(vi, vii, viii, ix) Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt

Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.

GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which

Can be used to ground your circuit.

Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external

power source, like AC mains power supply.

Analog pins- The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can
read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert
it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

Main microcontroller- Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it
as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different
from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know
what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This
information is available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and
functions, you can refer to the data sheet.
Power LED indicator- This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power
source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then
there is something wrong with the connection.

TX and RX LEDs- On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive).
They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to
indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX
led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on
the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

Digital I/O- The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to
read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays,
etc. The pins labelled can be used to generate PWM.

AREF- AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference
voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

Microcontroller- ATmega2560 Operating Voltage -5V

Input Voltage (recommended)- 7-12V Input Voltage (limit)- 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output) Analog Input 16

c) ESP8266 (Wi-Fi Module)

Fig 5. ESP8266.
 ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi module which will give your projects access to Wi-Fi or internet. It is
a very cheap device but it will make your projects very powerful. It can communicate with any
microcontroller and make the projects wireless. It is in the list of most leading devices in the IOT
platform. It runs on 3.3V and if you will give it 5V then it will get damage. The ESP8266 has 8
pins; the VCC and CH-PD will be connected to the 3.3V to enable the Wi-Fi. The TX and RX
pins will be responsible for the communication of ESP8266 with the Arduino. The RX pin works
on 3.3V so you will have to make a voltage divider for it as it used for implementation.

d) Servo Motor
A Servo Motor is a small device that has an output shaft. This shaft can be positioned to specific
angular positions by sending the servo a coded signal. As long as the coded signal exists on the
input line, the servo will maintain the angular position of the shaft. If the coded signal changes,
the angular position of the shaft changes. [8] In practice, servos are used in radio-controlled
airplanes to position control surfaces like the elevators and rudders. They are also used in radio-
controlled cars, puppets, and of course, robots.

Fig.6: Servo Motor

Servos are extremely useful in robotics. The motors are small, have built-in control circuitry, and are
extremely powerful for their size. A standard servo such as the Futaba S-148 has 42 oz/inches of torque,
which is strong for its size. It also draws power proportional to the mechanical load. A lightly loaded
servo, therefore, does not consume much energy. The guts of a servo motor is shown in the following
picture. You can see the control circuitry, the motor, a set of gears, and the case. You can also see the 3
wires that connect to the outside world. One is for power, ground, and the white wire is the control wire.
 Working of a Servo Motor
The servo motor has some control circuits and a potentiometer (a variable resistor, aka pot)
connected to the output shaft. In the picture above, the pot can be seen on the right side of the
circuit board. This pot allows the control circuitry to monitor the current angle of the servo
motor.

If the shaft is at the correct angle, then the motor shuts off. If the circuit finds that the angle is not
correct, it will turn the motor until it is at a desired angle. The output shaft of the servo is capable
of traveling somewhere around 180 degrees. Usually, it is somewhere in the 210-degree range,
however, it varies depending on the manufacturer. The power applied to the motor is proportional
to the distance it needs to travel. So, if the shaft needs to turn a large distance, the motor will run
at full speed. If it needs to turn only a small amount, the motor will run at a slower speed. This is
called proportional control.

Configuring Blynk App

To connect to the internet we make use of a prebuilt platform called Blynk app. After the user
installs the Blynk app on the smartphone, an account to be created in the app to access its
services. The services are enabled for the signed users. Let us create an account and add a new
project to get started. An unique authentication code is used by the code to communicate with the
project. The Blynk needs to be running in the background for the user to get real time
notifications. The working process of the proposed model can be clearly seen in the following
fig.

Fig.7 . Configuration with Blynk app and account creation

Fig.8. Working process of the BLYNK APP
HARDWARE USED

COMPONENT’S LIST:

SERIAL NO. ITEM QUANTITY

1 ARDUINO BOARD 2

2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 2

3 WIFI MODULE ESP8266 1

4 SMD CABLE 1

5 BREAD BOARD 1

6 JUMP WIRES 25

7 DUSTBIN 1

8 STATIONARY ITEMS 5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WORKING

The garbage containers transmit signals to indicate that they are over 80% or 90% full and
should be emptied via the mobile communications network, the signals are sent to a mobile
based software application used by the waste management company.

In the software, the capacity of the container is indicated, which is taken as a basis to plan the
best route for waste collection garbage trucks travel only to those containers that actually need
to be emptied.

A robust ultrasonic sensor is installed in the garbage container and detects the fill level
regardless of what has been deposited inside. The whole system contains ULTRASONIC
SENSOR, ARDUINO BOARD, WIFI MODULE ESP8266, DUSTBIN, BREAD BOARD.

The sensor is fixed on to the bread board. The connection between the arduino board and
sensor is made with the help of connecting wires. The working program is fed into the arduino
board. The WIFI module is also connected to the same arduino board with the help of wires.

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RESULT

The system was checked repeatedly by increasing and decreasing the level of garbage in the
bin. Notification was sent each time the level got changed. The user checked the notification
was checked by the user on the Blynk app, so it can be said that the system has worked in the
way we planned. Proper security was also given to the hardware components so that the output
which comes is accurate because further actions have to be taken based on the output.

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ADVANTAGES

1. Less time and fuel consumption as the trucks go only to the filled containers.

2. Our smart operating system enable two way communication between the dustbin
deployed in the city and service operator. Therefore the focus is only on collection of
route based fill level of the containers.

3. The sensors installed in the containers provide real time information on the fill level.
This information helps determine when and where to prioritise collection.

4. In this way both service providers and citizens benefit from an optimized system which
results in major cost savings and less urban pollution.

5. Reduces the infrastructure (trucks, containers), operating (fuel) and maintenance costs
of the service by upto 30%.

6. Applying this technology to the city optimises management, resources and costs, and
makes it a “SMART CITY”.

7. It keeps the surroundings clean and green, free from bad odour of wastes, emphasizes
on healthy environment and keep cities more beautiful.

8. Reducing manpower required to handle the garbage collection.

LIMITATIONS

1. The circuit becomes costly because of sensors and Arduino.

2. In rainy season malfunction or misbehaving of circuit may happen.

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APPLICATIONS

1. This can be best used by municipal corporation for their betterment of management
regarding collection of wastes.

2. With the help of proper technology (GPS & SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS) we can
guide the trucks to choose the shortest path.

3. It also favors the “SMART CITY” project and “DIGITAL INDIA”.

FUTURE SCOPE

Automatic Garbage Fill Alerting system helps us to reduce the pollution. Many times garbage
dustbin is overflow and many animals like dog or cow enters inside or near the dustbin. Also
some birds are also trying to take out garbage from dustbin. This project can avoid such
situations. And the message can be sent directly to the cleaning vehicle instead of the
contractor’s office. Apart from this, differentiation can be made between dry trash

bin and wet trash bin collecting plastic dry waste and biodegradable waste respectively. To
implement this methane and smell sensors can be used. This helps in distinguishing the waste
at the source and hence reducing the requirement of manpower. To enhance it further, an
automated system can be developed which is able to pick up waste in and around the bin,
segregate them and put them in respective bins.

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LIMITATIONS OF THIS CIRCUIT

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CONCLUSION

In this project, an integrated system of Wi-Fi modem, IoT, Ultrasonic Sensor is introduced for
efficient and economic garbage collection. The developed system provides improved database
for garbage collection time and waste amount at each location. We analysed the solutions
currently available for the implementation of IoT. By implementing this project we will avoid
over flowing of garbage from the container in residential area which is previously either loaded
manually or with the help of loaders in traditional trucks. It can automatically monitor the
garbage level & send the information to collection truck. The technologies which are used in
the proposed system are good enough to ensure the practical and perfect for solid garbage
collection process monitoring and management for green environment.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.instructables.com

2. www.electroschematics.com

3. www.howstuffworks.com

4. www.engineersgarage.com

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