College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
CE 410
Soil Mechanics, Lecture
Assignment no.3
Phase- Relationships
Cuizon, Stephen A.
12-205-033
Date of Submission:
July, 23 2015
Solution:
𝑊
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
𝑉
𝑊𝑠 + 𝑊𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
𝑉
𝑊𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 +
𝑉
𝛾𝑤𝑉𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 +
𝑉
𝛾𝑑(𝑉𝑣 − 𝑉𝑎)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 +
𝑉
𝛾𝑤𝑉𝑣
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 +
𝑉
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 + 𝛾𝑤𝑛
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝜸𝒅 + 𝒏𝜸𝒘
Solution:
𝑊
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
𝑉
𝑊𝑠 + 𝑊𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
𝑉
𝛾𝑤𝑉𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 +
𝑉𝑣 + 𝑉𝑠
𝛾𝑤𝑉𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 +
𝑒𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑠
𝛾𝑤𝑉𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 +
𝑉𝑠(1 + 𝑒)
𝛾𝑤(𝑉𝑣 − 𝑉𝑎)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 +
𝑉𝑠(1 + 𝑒)
Since the soil is saturated, Va = 0
𝛾𝑤𝑉𝑣
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 +
𝑉𝑠(1 + 𝑒)
𝒆
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝜸𝒅 + ( ) 𝜸𝒘
𝟏+𝒆
Solution:
𝑤𝑤
𝛾𝑑 =
𝑉
𝑊𝑤 𝑊
Where, 𝑤 = 𝑊𝑠 → 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑤𝑤
𝑊𝑤
𝛾𝑑 = 𝑤 → 𝑊𝑤 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉𝑤
𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑣
𝛾𝑤 𝑉𝑤
𝛾𝑑 =
𝑤(𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑣)
Where,
𝑉𝑤
𝑆= → 𝑉𝑤 = 𝑆𝑉𝑣
𝑉𝑣
𝛾𝑤 𝑆𝑉𝑣
𝛾𝑑 =
𝑤(𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑣)
Where,
𝑉𝑣
𝑒= → 𝑉𝑣 = 𝑒𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑠
𝛾𝑤 𝑆𝑒𝑉𝑠
𝛾𝑑 =
𝑤(𝑉𝑠 + 𝑒𝑉)
𝛾𝑤 𝑆𝑒𝑉𝑠
𝛾𝑑 =
𝑉𝑠(1 + 𝑒)𝑤
𝒆𝑺𝜸𝒘
𝜸𝒅 =
(𝟏 + 𝒆)𝒘
4. A 0.4-m³ moist soil sample has the following:
Moist Mass = 711.2 kg
Dry Mass = 623.9 kg
Specific Gravity of Soil Solids = 2.63 Estimate:
a. Moisture content
b. Moist density
c. Dry density
d. Void ratio
e. Porosity
Given:
Volume: 0.4 m3
Moist mass = 711.2 kg
Dry mass = 623.9 kg
Specific gravity of soil solids = 2.68
Required:
w=? ρ=?
ρdry = ? e=?
n=?
Illustration:
Soil
V = 0.4 m3
Solution:
a. Moisture Content
𝑀𝑤
𝑤=
𝑀𝑠
Where:
𝑀𝑤 = 𝑀 − 𝑀𝑠
𝑀 − 𝑀𝑠 711.2 − 623.9
𝑤= =
𝑀𝑠 623.9
b. Moist density
M 711.2
ρ= =
V 0.4
𝛒 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑
c. Dry density
Ms 623.9
ρdry = =
V 0.4
d. Void ratio
𝑉𝑣 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑠
𝑒= =
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝑊𝑠
𝑉− 𝛾
𝑠
𝑒=
𝑊𝑠
𝛾𝑠
𝑊
𝑉 − 𝐺 𝛾𝑠
𝑠 𝑤
𝑒=
𝑊𝑠
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤
623.9(9.81)
0.4 −
2.68(9810)
𝑒=
623.9(9.81)
2.68(9810)
e. Porosity
𝑉𝑣 𝑉𝑣 𝑉𝑠
𝑛= = +
𝑉 𝑉𝑣 + 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝑒
𝑛=
1+𝑒
0.7182
𝑛=
1 + 0.7182
Given:
Volume = 0.33 ft3
Weight of Soil = 39.93 lb
Weight of Soilid = 34.54 lb
Sp. Gravity of Solid = 2.67
Required:
w=? γ=?
e=? n=?
S=?
Illustration:
Soil
V = 0.33 ft3
Solution:
Moisture Content
𝑊𝑤 𝑊 − 𝑊𝑠
𝑊= = 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑤 + 𝑊𝑠
𝑊𝑠 𝑊𝑠
39.93 − 34.54
𝑤=
34.54
𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟏 %
𝒍𝒃
𝜸 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏
𝒇𝒕𝟑
Dry Unit – Weight
34.54
𝛾𝑑 =
0.33
𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟕 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
Void Ratio
𝑉𝑣 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑠
𝑒= =
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝑊𝑠
(𝑉 − 𝑉𝑠 )
𝑒=
𝑊𝑠
𝛾𝑠
34.54
2.67(62.4)
𝑒 = 0.33 −
34.54
2.67(62.4)
𝑒 = 0.5918
6. The moist weight of 0.2 ft3 of a soil is 23 lb. The moisture content and the specific
gravity of the soil solids are determined in the laboratory to be 11% and 2.7,
respectively. Calculate the following:
Given:
W = 23 lb
V = 0.2 ft3
GS = 2.67
w = 11%
Required:
𝛾=? 𝛾𝑑 = ?
e=? n=?
S=? 𝑉𝑤 = ?
Illustration:
Soil
V = 0.2 ft3
Solution:
Moist unit weight:
𝑊 23 𝑙𝑏 𝒍𝒃
𝛾= = 𝜸 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑉 0.2 𝑓𝑡 3
Void ratio:
𝑙𝑏
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 (2.7) 62.4 3 )
𝑓𝑡
𝑒= ( − 1) = ( 𝑙𝑏 − 1) 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟐
𝛾𝑑 103.603 3
𝑓𝑡
Porosity:
𝑒 0.6262
𝑛= = 𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟏
𝑒+1 0.6262+1
Degree of saturation:
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.11(2.7)
𝑆= = 𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟑
𝑒 0.6262
7. The saturated unit weight of a soil is 19.8 kN/m3. The moisture content of the soil
is 17.1%. Determine the following:
Given:
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.8 kN / m3
w = 17.1%
Required:
𝛾𝑑 = ? 𝐺𝑠 = ?
e=?
Illustration:
Soil
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.8 kN / m3
Solution:
Dry unit weight:
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 19.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝒌𝑵
𝛾𝑑 = = 𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟎𝟗
1+𝑤 1+0.171 𝒎𝟑
Specific gravity of soil solids:
𝑒
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 + (1+𝑒) (𝛾𝑤 )
𝑒
19.8 = 16.908 + (𝑒+1) (9.81) 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟗
Void ratio:
𝑆𝑒 = 𝑤 𝐺𝑠
1(0.418) = 0.171(𝐺𝑠 ) 𝑮𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟗
8. The unit weight of a soil is 95 lb/ft3. The moisture content of this soil is 19.2%. when
the degree of saturation is 60%. Determine:
a. Void ratio
b. Specific gravity of soil solids
c. Saturated unit weight
Given:
lb
γ = 95
ft 3
w = 19.2 %
S = 60 %
Required:
e=? 𝐺𝑠 = ?
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ?
Illustration:
Soil
γ = 95 lb / ft3
Solution:
Void ratio:
𝛾 95
𝛾𝑑 = =
1+𝑤 1+0.192
𝑙𝑏
𝛾𝑑 = 79.698 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑆𝑒
𝛾𝑑 = 𝛾
(1+𝑒)𝑤 𝑤
0.6 (𝑒)
79.698 = (62.4) 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟐
1+𝑒(0.192)
9. For a given soil, the following are given: Gs = 2.67; moist unit weight, γ = 112 lb/ft3;
and moisture content, w = 10.8%. Determine:
a. Dry unit weight
b. Void ratio
c. Porosity
d. Degree of saturation
Given:
Gs = 2.67
lb
γ = 112 ft3
w = 10.8 %
Required:
𝛾𝑑 = ? e=?
n=? S=?
Illustration:
Soil
γ = 112 lb / ft3
Solution:
Dry unit weight:
𝛾 112 𝒍𝒃
𝛾𝑑 = = 𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟑
1+𝑤 1+0.108 𝒇𝒕𝟑
Void ratio:
𝐺𝑠
𝛾𝑑 = 𝛾
(1+𝑒) 𝑤
2.67
101.083 = (62.4) 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟐
1+𝑒
Porosity:
𝑒 0.6482
𝑛= = 1+0.6482 𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟑
1+𝑒
Degree of saturation:
𝑆 𝑒 = 𝑤 𝐺𝑠
𝑆(0.6482) = 0.108(2.67) 𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟗
10. Refer to Problem 9. Determine the weight of water, in pounds, to be added per cubic
foot of soil for:
a. 80% degree of saturation
b. 100% degree of saturation
Given:
S1 = 100 %,
S2 = 80 %,
γ = 112 lb/ft3
w = 10.8%
Required:
𝑊𝑤 = ? 𝑖𝑓 𝑆 = 80%
𝑊𝑤 = ? 𝑖𝑓 𝑆 = 100%
Illustration:
Solution:
𝑆 𝑒 = 𝛾𝑠
From problem 9: s = 0.4449
𝑊𝑤 = 0.4449 (0.6482)(62.4)
𝑊𝑤 = 17.9952 𝑙𝑏
11. The moist density of a soil is 1680 kg/m3. Given w = 18% and Gs = 2.73, determine:
a. Dry density
b. Porosity
c. Degree of saturation
d. Mass of water, in kg/m3, to be added to reach full saturation
Given:
𝜌 = 1680 𝑘𝑔/m3
𝑤 = 18 %
𝐺s = 2.73
Required:
Dry density, porosity, degree of saturation, mass of water in full saturation
Illustration:
Soil
ρ = 1680 kg / m3
Solution:
Dry density:
𝜌 1680 𝐤𝐠
𝜌𝑑 = = 𝛒𝐝 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝟑
1+𝑤 1+0.18
Porosity
𝑠 𝐺
𝜌𝑑 = (1+𝑒) 𝜌𝑤
2.73
1423.7288 = (1000)
1+𝑒
𝑒 = 0.9175
𝑒 0.9175
𝑛 = 1+𝑒 = 𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟓
1+0.9175
Degree of saturation:
𝑆 𝑒 𝛾𝑤 = 𝑊𝑤
𝑆(0.9175) = 0.18(2.73) 𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟓𝟔
Required:
Moisture content (w)
Illustration:
Soil
ρd = 1780 kg / m3
Solution:
𝐺𝑠
𝜌𝑑 = 𝜌
(1+𝑒) 𝑤
2.68
1780 = (1000)
1+𝑒
𝑒 = 0.5056
𝑆 𝑒 = 𝑤𝐺𝑠
1(0.5056) = 𝑤 (2.68) 𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟕%
Illustration:
Soil
γ = 17.5 kN / m3
Solution:
Saturated unit weight:
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (𝛾𝑤 )
1+𝑒
𝑛
𝑒= 𝑛−1
𝑛 0.35
𝐺𝑠 + 2.69+
𝑛−1 0.35−1
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑛 (𝛾𝑤 ) = 0.35 (9.81) 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑
1+ 1+
𝑛−1 0.35−1
Moisture content:
𝛾 = 17.5 𝑘𝑛/𝑚3
𝐺𝑠 + (1+𝑤)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (𝛾𝑤 )
1+𝑒
𝑛
𝑒= 𝑛−1
2.69+(1+𝑤)
17.5 = 0.35 (9.81) 𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 %
1+
0.35−1
14. A saturated soil has w = 23% and Gs = 2.62. Determine its saturated and dry
densities in kg/m3
Given:
𝜔 = 23%
𝐺𝑠 = 2.62
Required:
𝜌𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ?
𝜌𝑑 = ?
Illustration:
Soil
w = 23%
Solutions:
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 𝜔𝐺𝑠
a. 𝜌𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑥 𝜌𝑤 ∶ 𝑒 = 𝑆 = 1 (𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒)
1+𝑒 𝑆
𝐺𝑠 + 𝜔𝐺𝑠
𝜌𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑥 𝜌𝑤
1 + 𝜔𝐺𝑠
𝒌𝒈
𝝆𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟒
𝒎𝟑
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 𝜔𝐺𝑠
b. 𝜌𝑑 = 𝑥 𝜌𝑤 ∶ 𝑒 = 𝑆 = 1 ( 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 )
1+𝑒 𝑆
𝐺𝑠
𝜌𝑑 = 𝑥 𝜌𝑤
1 + 𝜔𝐺𝑠
2.62
𝜌𝑑 = 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
1 + (0.23 𝑥 2.62)
Given:
w = 21.5 % 𝐺s = 2.71
𝑒 = 0.75
Required:
𝛾, 𝛾𝑑 , S
Illustration:
Soil
w = 21.5 %
Solution:
Moist unit weight (pcf):
𝐺𝑠 (1+𝑤)
𝛾= 𝑤 𝛾
1+𝑒
2.71(1+0.215)
𝛾= (62.4) = 117.4065 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 𝜸 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟏 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
1+0.75
16. The soil has w = 18.2%, Gs = 2.67, S = 80%. Determine the moist and dry unit
weights of the soil in pcf.
Given:
w =18.2 %
𝐺s = 2.67
S = 80%
Required:
𝛾, 𝛾𝑑
Illustration:
Soil
w = 18.2 %
Solution:
Moist weight:
𝑆 𝑒 = 𝑤 𝐺𝑠
0.8 𝑒 = (0.182)(2.67)
𝑒 = 0.6074
𝐺𝑠 (1+𝑤) 2.67 (1+0.182)
𝛾= 𝛾𝑤 = (62.4) 𝜸 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟏 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
1+𝑒 1+0.6074
17. The moist unit weight of a soil is 112.32 lb/ft3 at a moisture content of 10%. Given
Gs = 2.7, determine:
a. e
b. saturated unit weight
Given:
w = 10 %
𝐺s = 2.7
𝛾 = 112.32 lb/m3
Required:
e, 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡
Illustration:
Soil
w = 10 %
Solution:
For e:
𝐺𝑠 (1+𝑤)
𝛾= 𝛾𝑤
1+𝑒
2.7 (1+0.10)
112.32 = (62.4) 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟓 %
1+𝑒
18. The moist unit weights and degrees of saturation of soil are given in the table.
𝜸 (𝒑𝒄𝒇) S (%)
105.73 50
112.67 75
Determine:
a. e
b. Gs
Given:
𝛾1 = 105.73 lb/ft3
𝛾2 = 112.67 lb/ft3
𝑆1 = 50 %
𝑆2 = 75 %
Required:
e, Gs
Solution:
Void ratio, (e):
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆 𝑒
𝛾= 𝛾𝑤
1+𝑒
𝐺𝑠 + 0.5(𝑒)
105.73 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 = (62.4) Eq. 1
1+𝑒
𝐺𝑠 + 0.75(𝑒)
112.67 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 = (62.4) Eq. 2
1+𝑒
From Equations 1 and 2: 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝟎. 𝟏𝟒%
19. Refer to problem 18. Determine the weight of water, in lb, that will be in 2.5 ft3 of the
soil when it’s saturated.
Given:
S=1
𝑒 = 0.8014
𝑉 = 2.5 ft³
Required:
Weight of water when saturated
Solution:
𝑆𝑒 1.0 (0.8114)
𝑊𝑤 = (1+𝑒) 𝛾𝑤 𝑉 = [ ] (62.4)(2.5) 𝑾𝒘 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟒 𝒍𝒃
1+0.8014