Review of Related Literature

Cities been a vehicle for new ideas generation, culture, commerce, science, social development

and productivity, and until now they continue to enabled people social improvement and

profitable conditions. Different challenges are faced in keeping the city safe for resources and

lands. Cities are occupying only 3% of the surface of the Earth but they shoulder the

responsibility of 60%-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions. Schools are

constructed under Cities. Schools contains lot of people studying and even cars. The school’s

population keeps on doubling every year which in return causes some problems, it worsens the

pollution, and aging building and roadways are all taleteller signs that today’s school are

struggling to keep up with school’s dreams for sustainable and prosperous future for its students.

The World Bank will propose three big ideas that are necessary for successful implementation of

the New Urban Agenda namely; (i) financing the new urban agenda (ii) promoting territorial

development (iii) enhancing urban resilience to climate change and disaster risks.

K-12 are now offered in some schools and universities. In regards with this, cars are

highly be seen inside premises. Parking needs is changing dramatically. Nowadays, lot of cars

are getting bigger but the parking spaces are remained as they are. Stephan C. Howick , RLA,

LEED-AP, a landscape architect together with Fanning Howey , an architectural and engineering

firm with several specialties including K-12 schools and institutions of higher education, said

that measurement of 10 feet by 20 feet is considered as a traditional parking stall. Some schools

keep on welcoming new cars of students and employees but they keep on reducing the spaces
allotted for car parking. Tim Armstrong suggests that a school must develop an organized

parking system to eliminate mistakes which leads to liability.

Many colleges and universities priority is sustainability. Almost half of the population in

schools and universities are using different forms of transportation. Colorado State University

have this unique parking system that promotes sustainability. CSU installed a cutting edge

parking technology-- a sensor-based parking guidance system –in the university’s parking lots as

their updated green parking initiative. The parking guidance system have this installed parking

sensor that monitors the parked cars. A space indicator lights are installed in the front to give

better view to those drivers who looks for available parking space. This technology makes it

easier for drivers to park their cars inside the school premises. Smart parking must be applied to

prevent taking much time for parking and reducing the smoke belching of cars. John Williams

emphasize that parking problems are common nowadays and looking for available parking space

sometimes becomes a battle. For additional cars who needs to park their cars, parking spaces

must be also increased. In school setting, traffic congestion is associated with overcrowded

streets. Parking system are essential to maintain a smooth flow inside the school and make it

safer to both car drivers and students who needs and use the roads. Roads must be equally

divided among drivers and students because they both inside the university and they have the

right to use this. A camera-based smart sensor parking guidance system makes it easier in

tracking empty spaces in parking lots. Color coded sensors are used in University of Texas. This

indicates that it is feasible to have a parking system here in the Philippines. Most of the cars

which are seen in the universities are owned by students, this is what John L. Miller said. John L.

Miller proposed that some parts of the school which are not useful must be turned into parking

lot to address the increasing number of cars in the universities. One of the foundation needs
inside the universities are quality parking. DB KRIEG pavement maintenance stated six steps

that can be followed. First, identify the purpose of your lot. In relation to school setting, the

purpose of the lot is to fit all the cars which enters in the university. The parking layout must be

enough to entertain all the cars to be parked. Parking lot sizes, pavement thickness and parking

space angle must be taken in consideration when planning the parking layout. Second, you have

to do the math: sizing and spacing. Figuring out the number of spaces, determining parking lot

size, considering accessibility requirements and other uses for extra space must be observed.

Creating a flow: parking layout design guidelines will be the third step. Space efficiency, traffic

signage, painted asphalt markings, and concrete parking barriers must be present. Design for

Safety: Parking lot security provisions comes next. Fifth step is taking it up a notch: other design

elements to consider and last step is the design for the long run: asphalt maintenance solutions.

This steps must be visible in the layout of the school or university. According to Ayres, parking

lots are not considered as orderly environment in our present society. A well-planned, designed

and implemented parking system will result in efficient, organized and safer environment for

drivers and pedestrians/students. Proper entry and exit spacing are necessary to prevent traffic

build-up. Ayres including those essential things which can be used and reference in planning and

designing parking system.

References:

Zito, Alessandro (2018 July 2). Focus on Sustainable Cities and Communities. Retrieved from :

http://socisdg.com/en/blog/focus-on-sustainable-cities-and-communities/

Mangunsong, Ruby (2018 January 31). 3 Big Ideas to Achieve Sustainable Cities and

Communities. Retrieved from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-

story/2018/01/31/3-big-ideas-to-achieve-sustainable-cities-and-communities

Fickes, Michael ( 2017 July 1). The K-12 Parking Puzzle. Retrieved from:

https://webspm.com/Articles/2017/07/01/Parking.aspx?m=1

Smith, Bill (2016 April 1). Smart Parking. Retrieved from:

https://webcpm.com/articles/2016/04/01/parking-program.aspx?m=1

Williams, John (2016, October 18). Importance of parking system around high school streets.

Retrieved from: http://www.houstonsystem.com/blog/importance-of-parking-system-around-

high-schools-streets

SchoolNews (2017 March 16). Parking Guidance System. Retrieved from:

http://schoolconstructionnews.com/2017/03/16/parking-guidance-system/
Kilgannon, Corey (2018 March 9). A problem for high schools: More cars, and nowhere to park

them. Retrieved from:

Krieg, David (**). A six-step guide to parking lot design. Retrieved from:

https://www.dbkrieginc.com/parking-lot-design.php

Ayres Associates (2017 November 7). How to design a better parking lot. Retrieved from:

https://www.ayresassociates.com/how-to-design-a-better-parking-lot/