VIRAL DISEASES
CDIO, Palode
Greenish diarrhoea
Post Mortem Lesions
• Pin pointed hemorrhages at the tip of
proventricular glands
• Hemorrhagic/ diphtheritic ulcers on the intestine
and caecal tonsils
Eggshell abnormalities
Post Mortem Lesions
• Catarrhal exudates in nasal cavity, caseous plugs
in bronchi in chicks
• Enlargement of kidney with urates deposition and
distention of ureters with pasty uric acid in uraemic
form
• Egg peritonitis in layers
CDIO, Palode
Diagnosis
Lesions are suggestive and can help in diagno-
Pro ventricular Hemorrhage sis. ELISA can also give a reliable diagnosis.
Prevention
Diagnosis
Vaccines are available for prevention.
Typical lesions are diagnostic. Laboratory diag-
Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro Disease)
nosis with hemagglutination and Inhibition tests can be
Infectious Bursal Disease(IBD) is a highly conta-
employed.
gious viral disease of young chicken causing serious eco-
nomic losses. The virus targets the Bursa of Fabricius, an Prevention
important part of immune system making the bird suscep- Vaccines are available for prevention.
tible to other infections. Vaccination failures may happen Avian Influenza
due to the associated immunosupression. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza(HPAI) is a
Signs highly lethal systemic disease affecting vast majority of
• Dullness, depression and death birds caused by the Influenza Type A virus. Because of
• Whitish diarrhea the zoonotic as well as pandemic potential, the disease
• Mortality heavy in the initial out breaks in a farm gained much public health importance. Water birds and
Post Mortem Lesions migratory birds act as carriers and spread the infection.
• Hemorrhages in the thigh and pectoral muscles Signs
• Bursa enlarged, edematous and hyperemic with • Sudden, heavy and unusual mortality reaching
bloody or mucoid contents inside. almost 100% without any clinical signs
• Bursa firm and atrophic in chronic form • Edema of face, cyanosis of comb and wattles in
• Kidney may show nephrosis and mottling less fulminating cases
• Nervous disorders like tremors, torticollis and
opisthotonus
Reoviral Arthritis
Reoviruses have been associated with many dis-
eases in chicken like arthritis, enteritis, nephrosis and
runting syndrome.
Reoviral arthritis affects mainly broilers of 6 to 7
weeks age. Turkeys are also susceptible.
Signs
• Lameness
CDIO, Palode
• Synovial sheaths of the tendons of foot pads or
Diagnosis hock joints are inflamed and swollen
Clinical signs, lesions and mortality pattern are Post mortem lesions
sufficient for a field diagnosis. • Foot pads and hock joints are swollen with puru-
lent fluid
Avian Encephalomyelitis
Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) is an infectious vi-
ral disease affecting young chickens, quail and turkeys
characterized by ataxia and tremors of head and neck.
Baby chicks of 1 to 2 weeks age are most severely af-
fected. AE is an egg born infection. Adult hens get
symptomless infection.
Signs
• New born chicks show paralysis in the first week
Diagnosis Post mortem lesions
Age of the birds affected and symptoms help in • Tumors (lymphomas) are present in one or
arriving a tentative diagnosis. ELISA, AGPT are used as more of visceral organs and tissues. Gonads
laboratory tests. (ovary), liver, spleen, lungs, kidney, skin etc
may be involved. Tumors cause nodular or
Adenoviral Infections diffuse enlargement of the affected organ.
There are many important disease conditions in Bursa is rarely affected.
poultry associated with adenoviruses. • In classical form, nerves become thickened
Egg Drop Syndrome slightly or as much as 3 or 4 times the normal
• Sudden and variable drop in egg production (30- and becomes rounded instead of the normally
40%) in laying hens striated appearance.
• Production of depigmented, cracked or shell less
eggs
• Disease runs for a few weeks and egg produc-
tion returns to normal.
Diagnosis
Presence of visceral tumors in sexually mature Diagnosis
birds with involvement of bursa and absence of skin Sudden onset, high mortality, septicaemic lesions
tumors are helpful in differentiating from Marek’s lym- on post mortem and presence of large number of bi-
phomas. polar organisms in blood smears and tissue smears
help in field diagnosis.
Bacterial Diseases Treatment
Fowl cholera Sulpha drugs are better choice as they can be
Fowl cholera (avian pasteurellosis) is an acute administrated in water. Other antibiotics like strepto-
contagious septicaemic disease with high morbidity mycin, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline are ef-
and mortality. But chronic form often occurs. Pas- fective parentally.
teurella multocida is the causative agent. Chicken,
turkey and ducks are commonly affected. However Salmonella Infections
the disease affects other type of birds also. Pullorum Disease (Bacillary White Diarrhoea) in
Signs chicks and fowl typhoid are septicaemic diseases
• Fever, anorexia, mucous discharge from the affecting primarily chicken and turkeys caused by
mouth caused by the non motile group of Salmonella sp.
• Diarrhoea, dehydration (Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum re-
• Cynosis of combs and increased respiratory spectively). Mortality due to pullorum disease is con-
rates fined to first few weeks of life although fowl typhoid is
• Odema of comb, wattles, sinusitis and arthri- frequently referred to as a disease of adult birds.
tis in chronic form Signs
Post mortem lesions • Chicks : weakness, poor growth, an inclina-
• Petechial hemorrhages on heart, serosa of tion to huddle together, chalky white diarrhea
intestine, abdominal fat and death. Mortality peaks during the second
• Generalized visceral congestion or third week of life.
• Enteritis • Adults : drop in egg production, feed con-
• Pneumonia and catarrhal inflammation of res- sumption, decreased fertility and hatchabil-
piratory passages ity, diarrhea, depression and dehydration.
• Pin pointed necrotic spots on hepatic paren-
chyma
• Fibrinous peritonitis, congested and ruptured
ova in layers
Post mortem lesions • Mortality may be heavy when flock is affected
• No gross lesions are seen in early stages in
chicks
• Unabsorbed yolk, discoloured and coagulated
yolk
• Congestion of liver with necrotic spots
• Pericarditis
• Enteritis and cheesy core in the caecum
Diagnosis
Heavy mortality in incubator and in very young
chicks with diarrhea must arise the suspicion. Labo-
ratory isolation is necessary for confirmation. Whole
blood agglutination test may be used in field to iden-
tify carriers and survivors.
Prevention
Frequent screening of breeding flocks helps to
control the infection in chicks. Strict zoo sanitary mea-
sures are to be adapted in face of outbreak.
Treatment Sinusitis (Swollen Head Syndrome)
Antibiotic treatment may reduce the mortality but • Swelling of head with inflammatory exudates
does not prevent the birds from becoming carriers. • Periorbital inflammation
Arthritis/Synovitis
Colibacillosis (E. coli infections) • Common sequel to colisepticemia in turkeys
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli are associated • Mild to severe lameness, progressive pare-
with many disease conditions in poultry mainly sis and paralysis
colisepticaemia, air sac disease, coligranuloma, • Joints are enlarged
omphalitis in chicks, peritonitis in layers, synovitis and • Greenish discoloration of liver
sinusitis. E.coli are important pathogens in bad man-
agement and stress and is the most common compli- Salpingitis/Peritonitis in Adults
cating organisms in other viral and respiratory infec- • Common cause of mortality inlayers
tions. • Decreased egg production and sporadic mor-
Signs and Post mortem lesions tality
Colisepticemia • Yellowish fibrinous or purulent material found
• Diarrhoea, loss of appetite,dyspnoea in the abdominal cavity
• Fibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis and air • Large caseated masses in abdominal cavity
saculitis
• Dark liver
• Mortality may be heavy in chicks
Infectious Coryza
It is an acute respiratory disease of chickens
caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum.
Signs
• Serum to mucoid nasal discharge
• Facial odema,
• Cojunctivitis
Turkeys:
• Sinusitis, swelling of paranasal sinuses
• Partial to complete closure of eyes
• Respiratory distress, depression, cough
• Synovitis
Post Mortem Lesions
• Catarrhal exudates in nasal and paranasal
passages, trachea and bronchi
• Air saculitis with caseous exudates
• Pericarditis and perihepatitis in complicated
Post mortem lesions infections
• Catarrhal inflammation of nasal passages and • Sinusitis prominent in turkey
sinuses • Synovitis with thick creamy or cheesy mate-
• Subcutaneous odema of face and wattles rial in synovial sacs of joints.
• Catarrhal conjunctivitis Diagnosis
Clinical signs and serological procedures are use-
Diagnosis ful in field diagnosis and control programs. ELISA is
Clinical signs and lesions are helpful. The disease commonly employed in diagnostic laboratories for di-
agnosis.
Treatment Excessive feeding of fish meal predisposes the
Tylosin and Tiamulin were reported to be effec- infection.
tive in treatment and prevention.
Botulisum
Clostridial Diseases Botulism is an intoxication caused by exotoxin of
A number clostridial organisms have been asso- Clostridium botulinum. Free ranging birds are mostly
ciated with diseases in poultry. C. perfiringes and C. affected.
septicum cause necrotic enteritis and gangrenous Signs
dermatitis. C.colinum is the cause of ulcerative en- • Flaccid paralysis of legs, wings, neck and
teritis. eyelids
Signs • Paralysis progress cranially
• Depression, decreased appetite, ruffled feath- • Reluctant to move and lame
ers Post mortem lesions
• Diarrhoea • Gross lesions are lacking
• Clinical course is very short Diagnosis
Post mortem lesions Clinical signs, lack of gross lesions are sugges-
• Intestine often friable and distended with gas tive.
• Mucosa of small intestine ulcerative/ necrotic
and thick and later forms diphtheritic mem- Treatment
brane Isolation and provision of drinking water may help
• Liver swollen, dark colored with necrotic foci in the recovery of some sick birds.
Avian tuberculosis
Avian tuberculosis is a chronic infection caused
by Mycobacterium avium. Though rare in commercial
farms, still occurs sporadically in backyard poultry.
Signs
• Progressive and striking loss of weight in spite
of good appetite
• Atrophy of breast muscle
• Comb, wattles and ear lobes appear pale, thin
and dry
Post mortem lesions
• Pin point to large yellowish or grayish white
nodules in liver, spleen, intestine and bone
marrow
• Rupture of liver
Diagnosis
Typical gross lesions of intestine with liver lesions
and presence of large number of large gram positive
bacilli with terminal spores in the intestinal scrapings
smear are sufficient for field diagnosis. Diagnosis
Treatment Clinical signs, lesions and presence of acid fast
Streptomycin, bacitracin and oxytetracycline have bacilli in the smears prepared from the lesion are suf-
been shown to be effective in prevention and control. ficient for a diagnosis
Treatment material prepared as wet mount also aid field diagno-
Impractical and rarely advised. Considering the sis. Confirmation should be made by cultural isola-
zoonotic potential, removal of the affected one may tion.
be the best approach. Prevention
FUNGAL DISEASES Provision of dry litter and adequate ventilation are
Aspergillosis essential. Moldy litter or feed should be avoided.
Aspergillosis (Brooder pneumonia) is an acute During outbreak, infected litter/feed should be burned
respiratory disease primarily of chicks caused by the off.
genus Aspergillus. Infections are acquired from the PARASITIC DISEASES
environment and the outbreak is more common in wet, Round Worm Infections
humid areas where contaminated litter acts as a Ascaridia galli is the most common round worm
source. Chicks below 10 days old are more suscep- of poultry. It may not significant mortality but may re-
tible. tard growth and egg production.
Systemic Aspergillosis also occurs less frequently. Signs and lesions
Signs • Lack of appetite
• Dyspnoea, depression and emaciation • Retardation of growth
• Diarrhea in later stages • Anaemia and diarrhea in heavy infection
Post mortem lesions • Heavy load can lead to intestinal blockage
• Whitish military foci in air sacs membranes and death
• Small pin head sized whitish nodules in the • Worms are found in the lumen of intestine
lungs occasionally in the esophagus, gizzard and
• Lesions in other organs in advanced gener- crop
alized cases
Prevention
Regular deworming can prevent the infection.
Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is one of the most common diseases
of poultry. Caecal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria
tenella and intestinal coccidiosis caused by several
species of Eimeria causes significant economic losses
in poultry industry. Severity of the infection vary with
the isolate, number of oocyst ingested and immune
status of the bird.
Signs
• Depression, loss of appetite
• Emaciation, poor growth
CDIO, Palode • Bloody diarrhoea
Post mortem lesions
Diagnosis • Caeca filled with blood tinged contents and
Lesions are characteristic. Age of the birds af- caecal wall show patchy hemorrhages in cae-
fected and detection of fungal hyphae in the lesion cal coccidiosis
Diagnosis
Characteristic signs, presence of worms in the
trachea and characteristic eggs in the feces are diag-
nostic.
Treatment
Thiabendazole orally has been used successfully.
Prevention
Moist localities where earthworms and snails oc-
cur should be avoided for poultry rearing. Rearing for
long periods on the same ground should be avoided
if possible.
MISCELLANEOUS
Mycotoxicosis
Mycotoxicosis, a disease caused by the toxic
metabolite of fungi, causes serious impact on poultry
industry directly and indirectly. Poultry are susceptible
to many mycotoxins of which aflatoxin, ochratoxin etc
draws considerable attention. Mycotoxicosis impairs
all important production parameters. Effects may be
acute or chronic. Many mycotoxins are immunosup-
CDIO, Palode pressive.
• Hemorrhagic pin point spots in intestinal mu-
cosa and hemorrhagic enteritis in intestinal Signs
coccidiosis • Non specific
Diagnosis • Inappetance, reduced growth
Presence of characteristic gross lesions and de- • Drop in egg production
tection of large number of oocysts in the contents and • Mortality rate vary depending on the level of
scrapings of the affected mucosa are diagnostic. toxicosis
Treatment Post mortem lesions
Anticoccidial drugs like sulphonamides are effec- • Liver friable, enlarged, congested and hem-
tive in outbreaks. It is essential to destroy the con- orrhagic
taminated litter. Anticoccidial drugs may be used in • Liver shrunken, firm and nodular in chronic
feed in preventive doses. cases
• Gall bladder distended
Syngamiasis(Gape worm infection) • Kidneys enlarged and congested
Syngamus trachea is the causative agent of • Ascitis and hydropericardium in more chronic
“gapes” in chicken, turkey and pheasants. Young birds cases
are most seriously affected. The worm may obstruct
the trachea and cause the birds to suffocate.
Signs
• Gaping movements, labored breathing
• Cough
Post mortem lesions
• Slender, reddish worms attaching to tracheal
mucosa
• Inflammation of tracheal mucosa
• Anemia
CDIO, Palode
Diagnosis broilers and has a complex etiology. Pulmonary hy-
Post mortem lesions and signs are not specific. If pertension causing right ventricular atrophy and fail-
suspected, feed should be tested for the detection of ure has been considered the main cause.
toxins. Signs
Visceral Gout • Abdominal distension
Visceral gout is a common finding during necropsy • Reluctant to move
of poultry. Many factors are attributed for out breaks
in poultry such as Lesions
• High protein diet • Presence of excess straw coloured watery
• Vitamin A deficiency fluid with or with out fibrin in abdominal cavity
• High salt/calcium level in the feed • Hydropericardium
• Fungal toxins in feed • Subcutaneous tissue appear jelly like
• Diseases of kidney Treatment
• Infectious causes like IB, Reo viral infection Change of feed, supplementation of phosphorus
Post mortem lesions and diuretics may reduce the mortality.
• Whitish chalky deposits on serous mem- DEFICIENCY DISEASES
branes, heart, liver etc. Vitamin A deficiency
• Kidney swollen, mottled and grayish It is a commonly encountered disease in poultry.
• Uraters dialated with white pasty material Signs
• Weakness
• Retardation of body growth
• Ruffled feathers
• Conjunctivitis in advanced cases
• Table eggs may show blood spots
CDIO, Palode
Lesions
• Vesicles or pustules on the oesophagal mu-
cosa
• Cheesy exudates on the mouth, esophagus
and upper respiratory tract
• Urate deposition in kidneys and other organs
• Cheesy core in the bursa
Rickets
Deficiency or imbalance of calcium, phosphorus
and vitamin D is the suggested etiology
Signs
CDIO, Palode • Stunted growth
• Sit on the hock
Prevention • Incordination of movements
Removal of the possible cause, adequate supply • Thin shelled eggs in layers
of Vitamin A, water and change of feed are to be Lesions
adopted in face of outbreak. • Nodular swelling at the constochondral junc-
Ascitis Syndrome tions of ribs
The disease is mostly seen in grower chicks in • Bending of keel bone
• Bones soft and flexible
Diagnosis
B Vitamin deficiency
Suggestive features of deficiency diseases are
• Pulling of the head towards neck (star gaz-
most or many birds in a flock show similar lesions,
ing) in B1 deficiency
mortality not sudden or serious and good response
• Perosis
after supplementation of specific nutrient.
• Inward curling of toes in B 2 deficiency
• Sitting on hocks
• Paralysis
• Stunted growth, staggering
Prepared for Kerala Poultry Development Corporation by: Dr. Swapna Susan Abraham, Veterinary Pathologist