READPHILHIS
locate their place of origin and identify
- History as Reconstruction
- Historical Method
- Historical Sources
- Historical Criticism
HISTORY
- is the study of the beliefs and desires,
practices and institutions of human
beings.
- Active factor in the study of Philippine
Society.
WHY STUDY HISTORY?
- An examination in the past can tell us a
great deal about how we came to be
who we are. It means looking at the
roots of modern institutions, ideas,
values and problems. Looking at the
past teaches us to se the world thorugh
different eyes- appreciating diversity of
human perceptions, beliefs, and
cultures.
HISTORY AS RECONSTUCTION
- the historians is many times removed
from the events under investigation
- Historians rely on surviving records
- “only a part of what is in the past was
remembered by those who observed it;
only a part of what was remembered
was recorded; only a part of what was
recorded has survived; only of what has
survived has come to the historians
attendtion (Louis Gottschalk)
- Only a part of what is credible has been
grasped; and only a part of what has
been grasped can be expounded or
narrated by the historian.
HISTOICAL METHOD
- Historians have to verify sources to date
when ; to locate their place of origin
and identify their intended functions.
- Is verifying sources, to date them,
their intended functions, Hence it is the
process of critically examining and
analyzing the records and survivals of
the past
HISTORICAL SOURCES
*SOURCES - are objects from the past or
testimony concerning the past.
*TANGIBLE SOURCES – remains in the past.
WRITTEN SOUCES
1. (Published Sources)
- Books, magazines, journals, travelogue,
transcription of speech
2. Manuscript
- Any handwritten or type recorded that
has not been printed
- Archives materials, Memoirs, Diary
NON WRITTEN SOURCES
- Oral history , artifact, ruins, fossils, art
works, video recordings, audio
recordings.
PRIMARY SOURCES
- Testimony of an eyewitness
- Documents or physical objects which
was written or created during the time
under study.
- These sources were present during an
experience or time period and offer an
unside view of a particular event.
- Must have been provided by a
contemporary event it narrates
- Are characterized by context regardless
of weather they are available in original
format in microfilm, microfiche, in
digital format or an published formed.
- Are materials produced by people or
groups directly involved in the event or
topic being studied.
8 EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 3. Anachronistic Style ( Idioms,
orthography, punctuation)
1. Photographs 4. Anachronistic reference to events (too
2. Old Sketches and Drawings early, too late, too remote)
3. Old Maps 5. Provenance or custody (determines it
4. Cartoons For Political Expression or genuineness)
PROPAGANDA 6. Semantics – determining the meaning
5. Material Evidence of the Prehistoric of a text or word
Past 7. Hermeneutics – determining the
6. Statistical Tables, graphs, and charts ambiguities
7. Oral History or Recordings
8. Published and Unpublished Primary INTERNAL CRITICISM
documents.
- Problem of credibility
4 MAIN CATEGORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES - Relevant particulars in the document
- VERISMILAR – as close as what really
1. WRITTEN SOURCES happened from a critical examination of
2. IMAGES available sources.
3. ARTIFACTS
4. ORAL TESTIMONIES TESTS OF CREDIBILITY

SECONDARY SOURCES 1. Identification of the author (to

- Interprets and analyzes primary
sources.
- These sources may have pictures,
quotes or graphics of primary sources in
them.
- The testimony of anyone who is not an
eyewitness-that is of one who was not
present at the event of which he tells.
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
- Basic matters about context.
- In order for a source to be used as
evidence in history, basic matters is
about form an content must be settled
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
determine his reliability, mental
processes, personal attitudes)
2. Determination of the approximate date
(handwriting, signature, and seal )
3. Ability to tell the truth ( nearness of the
event, competence of witness, degree
of attention)
4. Willingness to tell the truth (to
determine if the author consciously or
unconsciously tells falsehoods)
5. Corroboration (historical facts-
particulars which rests upon the
independent testimony of two or more
reliable witnesses)
3 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF EFFECTIVE
HISTORICALK THINKING

- Problem of authenticity 1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation

- To spot Fabricated, forge, faked. 2. Sensitivity to Context
- To distinguished Hoax, misrepresented. 3. Awareness of the interplay of
Continuity and a change in human
TESTS OF AUTHENTICITY affairs.

1. Determine the date to see wether Perspective

anachronistic
2. Determine the author ‘s handwriting, - Refers to the point of view of the said
signature and seal. writer who was a witness to the event.
Context
1. Kidlat ng Apoy - Alvarez
- Condition 2. Long live in the Philippines – Masangcay
3. He study the weapons of the Tabon
Content
Cave Man – Scott
- Information 4. Cry of Revolution happened in 3 places
– Pio Valenzuela
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 5. Pamantayang Pananaw “Study of
History Philippine Perspective – Salazar
1. National Archives of the Philippines 6. MisEducation – Constantino
2. National Library of the Philippines
3. UP MAIN Library CORRECT ? INCORRECT
4. UST – oldest library
1. The day of 16000 – incorrect
FACTS / MYTH 2. Tabon cave Man was in Palawan –
correct
1. We came from the Malay Cave – Myth
(because we came from the Decalogue - Andres Bonifacio Version of
autopolenesian) Kartilya ng Katipunan was not completed
2. People Power was planned – Myth
3. The Europeans vwent to eat and find Twin Souls of the Katipunan – Emilio Jacinto
spices – myth
Independence
4. Aguinaldo was initiated by Bonifacio –
fact - Flag except VISAYAS
5. Marcos Declares Martial law to evade
communities – Myth Gregorio Del Pilar
6. Magellan discovered the Philippines –
Myth - Young member of the Katipunan @ the
7. Customs of Tagalog – facts age of 25

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES Manuel Tinio

1. Diary of Hukbalahap – Primary - Youngest general @ the age of 22

2. Artifacts – Primary
Pantayang Pananaw
3. Gunita ni Aguinaldo – Primary
4. Philippine History By Zaide – Secondary - first person (I , we)
5. Rizal Reading – Secondry
6. Sona of the President – Primary Theodoro Agoncillo - inclusion and exclusion
7. Voyage – Primary might happen when foreign historian is writing
8. Cry of the Revolution – Primary about phil. History.
9. Early Fil Communities – Primary
Alvin Scott – exchange theory
TEXT
Ferdinand Praudel the history must be
- Pio Valenzuela completed not only challenges and respond.
- Robert Fox
- William Henry Scott Renato Constantito
- Santiago Alvarez
- History is about the struggle of Filipino People
- Guillermo Masangcay
- Renato Constantino
- Revolve of the Masses

Arnold Toynbee 2. ACCOUNT OF SANTIAGO ALVAREZ

- "the phil history is about the challenges and - Meeting (Bahay taruc)
on how people respond to the challenges
- Kidlat ng Apoy
- credibility depends on the field of
interest/specialization of a person - Mabuhay ang anak ng mga bayan long

TABON CAVE MAN - long live the sons of the people

William Henry Scott 3. ACCOUNTS OF GUILLERMO MASANGCAY

- Secondary Sources - Montalban Cave

- reflect the migration theory
- Shouted "Viva Independencia Pilipinas"
- not malays
- pre mongoloid (Austronesians) - Cave 1985
- civilized “tools”
- states something about the culture and - long live to the Phillpine Rpublic
practices of the Cave Man since they
saw equipments like the jars and etc in JUNE 12, 1988
Cave.
- Independence day
- Tabon Cave Man already have tools
- Diosdado Macapagal
used for hunting and etc.
- Emilio Aguinaldo (Proclaimed) (friend
- Filipinos are not heathens
of macapagal)
Robert Fox
Perception/ Myth
- stating that the Tabon Cave Man is just the
- First point of view
same with the people from Indonesia and
Malaysia Facts
- Primary Sources - With according
- Women (22k -24k) 7 Name of the Philippine
3 ACCOUNT ON CRY OF THE 1. Mayi (first name by Chao Ju Kua)
REVOLUTION 2. Ma-I
3. Islas de San Lazaro
1. ACCOUNT OF PIO VALENZUELA
4. Filipinas ( chinese)
- pugad lawin, kangkong, balintawak 5. Pearl of the Orient Sea – rizal
6. Rizaline Republic – Dsiciples of Rizal
- cry of balintawak 7. Maharlika – Marcos

- pagpunit ng sedula 2 accounts of kartilya

- long live to the philippines 1. Kartilya ni Bonifacio - the decalogue

of Katipunan
2. Kartilya ni Jacinto - Kartilya ng
Katipunan
VOYAGE OF MAGELLAN - A well-educated young man possessing
an avid curiosity of the whole world
HISTORICAL CONTEXT / CODITION around him.
- Admitted as one of the sobresalientes
- RICH (PHILIPPINES )
(supernumeraries) or men coming fom
- LACKING OF RESOURCES
prominent families who will trip for the
- NO ROUTE
love of adventure and for the
- THERE IS NO BARTER
advancement of military services
- 2 ROUTE CONNECTED (EAST AND WEST
- He died in 1534
- RICH INS RESOURCES (COCONUT,
PEARL, GOLD) ABOUT THE BOOK
BENEFITS OF THE EUROPEAN CRUSADES - The original journal was not survived –
- Pigafetta present his njournal to POPE
- Discovery of some products that were
CLEMENT VII PHILIPPE DE VILLIERS
not available in their home country
L’ISLE ADAM (grand master of the
(porcelain, silk, incense, herbs,
Knights of Rhodes ) and to LOUISE OF
pefumes, fabrics, carpets, spices
SAVOY (mother of king francis 1 of
oriental products)
Rhodes)
Reason - COPIES |(3 of them in French and 2 in
the BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE IN
1. Food Preservation PARIS)
2. Food Enhancement
3. Medicine \ ACCOUNT OF PIGAFETTA

-270 men - Longest and most comprehensive

- 5 ships and only 3 reached the Philippines
- Elcano and 17 survivors arrived Spain in
September 7, 1522
Lapu Lapu
-chieftrain of Mactan
2 ships
1. Victoria – Juan Sebastian Victoria
2. Trinidad – her crew were captured by
the Portugese.
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
- Assistant of Magellan
- Born in town of Vicenza, Venize Italy.
- Eldest son of Giovanni Pigafetta and
Angela Zoga
- He studied astronomy and cartography.
- He owned by the Knights of Rhodes.
- It recounted the individual fates to five
ships (trinidad, san Antonio,
concepcion, Santiago and victoria)
- It narrated how lucidly they gallantly
survived the unforeseen problems and
challenges.
- Includes maps, glossaries of native
words an geographic info.
- Data about the economic activities of
the local folks and the goods they
offered for trade.
The Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589
Historical Context
– The role of the gobernadorcillos
– The pueblos outside the walled city or
Intramuros
– Observations and experiences
– Miguel de Loarca, Antonio de Morga, Fr.
Pedro Chirino, Colin, Alcina, et al
• Text Type/ Formalist Approach
– Testimonial document , parts are published in
Blair and robertson’s The Philippine Islands and
the Filipiniana Book guild
– Kept in Archivo General de Indias in Spain;
1589.
The Author, The Expressive Approach
– Fray Juan de Plasencia or Joan de Porocarrero,
Franciscan
– Arrival in the Philippines – 1578
– With Fray de Oropesa had mission works in
Southern Tagalog and Bulacan
– Wrote the Docrtina Christiana (Christian
Doctrines), first printed book in our country
– 1593 – Died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590
Excerpts/ Content Highlights, The Mimetic
Approach
– Chiefs of the barangay (pueblo) were called
‘Datos’ (datu)
– Nobles (maharlica), commoners (aliping
namamahay) and slaves (guiguilir, saguiguilid)
Worship of the Tagalogs
– No temples, simbahan or place of adoration
usually done in the large house of the chief
(temple)
-Celebrate a festival called pandot or worship
Bathala- all powerful, maker of all things, idols
Tala – morning star “seven little goats”
Mapolon – change of seasons
Balatic – Greater Bear
Dian Masalanta (patron of lovers);
Lacapati and Idianale (patrons of landand
husbandry )
Buaya – water lizards
Tigmamanuguin - a serpent , bird, rat
Forms of Song of the bird
1. Good Owen
2. Evil Owen
DISCTINCTION OF EVIL PRIEST
Catalonan (babaylan, mamallyan) equaled the
priests
Mangangauay – bad priest
Manyisalat – same as the mangangauay
Mancocolam – duty to emit fire from himself at
night
Hocloban – another kind of witch of greater
efficacy
Silagan - if they saw anyone with white
clotherd they will tear out their liver and eat it .
Magtatangal - his purpose was to show himself
at night at many persons withous his head
Mangagayoma - charms for lovers out of herbs,
stones and wood.
Sonat - “preacher”
- To help someone to die
Pangatahojan - was a soothsayer and predicted
the future.
Bayoguin – signified a “cotquen” a man whose
nature inclined toward that of a woaman
Maca – paradise or another life of rest.
Casanaan – place of punishment, grief, and
affliction
- Place of aguish
Sitan - demons Propaganda

Vibit – ghosts - Ilustrados

- Peaceful
Tigbalaang – phantoms
Jacinto
Patianac- woman died in birth and the child
suffered lamenting - Joined the Katipunan in 1894 at the age
18
SIBI – a temporary shed on each sie of the - He wrote the Kartilya as well as the
house oath of katipuneros
- Edited the katipunan newspaper ,
SORHILE – small lamps
kalayaan,
NAGAANITOS – barangay worship - Dimas Ilaw

June 7, 1982 – first move towards Kartilya

independence
- Best known of all katipunan texts
Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangan Katipunan - Ws printed in small pamphlet
ng mga Anak Ng bayan - Derived from the Spanish cartilla
(primer used for grade schools)
- a revolutionary society that espoused - Served as the primary lessons for the
independence and freedom for the Phil members of the katipunan.
thorugh force of arms - Presents teaching of the neophyte
- Ends with document of affirmation by
Masonic Initiation Rites the member to the society teachings.
- Established not onlyt the rules for the
- recruitment Process
members of the organizations but the
- based on Rizals’aborted reformist
principles for the citizes of a nation.
organization, the La Liga Filipina.
Acta de la Independencia
3 Membership
Historical Context
1. katipunan (associate) (black masks)
password : anak ng bayan – 1 st Phase of the revolution, led by Bonifacio
2. Kawal ( soldier) (red Mask) password : ended in stalemate between Spain and the
Gomburza Philippines
3. Bayani (patriot) green mask password:
rizal – 1897, Aguinaldo agreed to exile himself in
HongKong while the Spaniards paid an
The Kartilya of the Katipunan indemnity which did not last
- Andres Bonifacio (father of Phil – 1898 Spanish-Am War over Cuba; Aguinaldo
revolution) met up with Americans even before the mocked
- July 7, 1892 battle in Manila Bay; paid P117 thousand to
Rounseville Wildman who only gave a first
Katipunan
shipment
- Radicals
– Creation of Dictatorial Government
- Revolution
The Text, Formalist Approach
– Written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista for
Emilio aguinaldo on June 10, 1898
– 16 pages; signees at 177 according to Jim
Richardson
Blue red white – commemorating the us of
north America as manifestation of the gratitude
towards his great nations
CA’s Speech in the US Congress En Banc
• Historical Context

– Can be found at the National Library and was – 1981 lifting of Martial Law; 1983 death of
considered PRP Ninoy; 1985 Snap Elections;

The Author, Expressive Approach (Emilio
Aguinaldo )
– Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista for EA
Born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit; father was
capitan – Nom de guerre
– Magdalo, also a name of the Kawit branch of
the Katipunan – Pamahalaang panghihimagsik
in Tejeros
– His order on the killing of the Bonifacio
brothers weakened the Katipunan
– 1986 Edsa Uprising or People Power: two
Presidents; defection of Ramos and Enrile;
Cardinal Sin’s call in EDSA The Text Task of
writing was given to Teddy Boy Locsin, Jr, then
Executive Secretary of President CA Invitation
to speak in the US Joint Session, Sept 18, 1986
US approved emergency aid of $ 200 M The
Author
- CA was the 1st President of the 5th
Republic (11th President of the
Philippines

– Went to exile in 1897; declared

independence in 1898; 1899 c0nvened a
congress in Malolos; was captured, pledged .
loyalty to America; lost to Quezon in 1935 and
died on February 6, 1964

Content highlights

• Batis, pp 79 to 84

– History of Spanish Colonialization

– Divine Providence

Explanation of the Philippine Flag

white triangle - signifying the distinctive

emblem of the famous society of the katipunan

three stars – Luzon Mindano Panay

sun – gigantic steps

eight rays – manila cavite bulacan Pampanga

nueva ecija bataan laguna batangas