CONTENTS

1. ACKNOWLEGEMENT 2

2. CERTIFICATE 3

3. INTRODUCTION 4

4. LITERATURE SURVEY 8

5. PHILOSOPHY 10

6. DEVELOPMENT 14

7. PRELIMINARY RESULTS 32

8. FUTURE WORK 33

9. REFERENCES 34

3. Introduction

1
 In today’s world, time is money. Time plays an important role in our day to
day life. As a result, efforts are taken in every field to design a system which reduces
time consumption and increase efficiency with least possible resources. So we have
chosen one such field, wherein the above issues are concerned which is Supermarket
retailing. The aim of our project is to design a system, for supermarkets, which is time
as well as cost efficient and uses least resources and to enhance the shopping
experience.

As we all know, the customer is the most important part of any retail sector.
As a result, utmost care is taken about customer satisfaction and various ways to
improve their shopping experience. A survey conducted by IBM and The Metro group
reveled that majority of the customers complain about long queues at the check-out
counter and about their time being wasted there. Hence there was a need to find a
solution for this problem. After further studies, it was found that the main problem in
the entire check-out process was the barcode. Here, as the barcode uses the line of
sight principle for its working each product has to be handed infront of the barcode
reader, moreover the reader cannot read multiple tags i.e. it will scan only one tag at a
time. As a result of this, each product had to be taken out of the shopping cart,
scanned over the bar-code reader one by one for it to be registered at the check-out
counter. Hence the entire process depended upon the ability of the person at the
check-out counter to scan the products as quickly as possible, the efficiency of the
bar-code reader and the number of products in the shopping cart. So, there was a need
to improvise or eliminate these problems.

Taking everything into consideration, it was found that RFID (radio frequency
identification) technology can significantly increase the efficiency of this process.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication
via electromagnetic waves (Radio frequency waves) to exchange data between a
terminal and an object such as a product, or person for the purpose of
identification and tracking. Some tags can be read from several meters away and
beyond the line of sight of the reader. Moreover, it has the ability to read multiple
tags at a time. Radio-frequency identification involves interrogators (also known
as readers), and tags (also known as labels). Tags store some information in the
digital form which is read by the reader or interrogator with the use of radio
frequencies (30 kHz to 300 GHz) and identifies a particular tag or object. The
2
details of the frequencies, algorithms and techniques used have been discussed
later.

This is how we project to implement our idea:

 Every product in the supermarket will be associated with an RFID tag

which will be unique for every product. All the information about the
product i.e. price, batch code, date of manufacturing etc. will be stored
in the tag in the digitalized form.

 The customer picks up the desired products in his shopping cart.

 As he is done with his shopping, he has to walk through the exit door
which will be equipped with RFID readers mounted on the frame.

 As he passes through the frame, the readers will read all the tags on
every product that is there in the shopping-cart almost instantly and
simultaneously.

 The database of all the products will be stored in a computer. The

reader communicates with the computer to give the information it has
read.

 Now, the bill is generated almost instantly in a few seconds by the

computer. Customer can select suitable mode of payment.

3
 Fig no 3.1
The customer having the products in the shopping cart, bag etc. just
passes by the scanner. The reader instantly identifies all the products, &
the bill is generated and displayed on the monitor. The customer swipes
his credit or debit card & just walks by with his receipt.

4
Comparison between barcode and RFID:

Parameter Bar Code RFID

Frequencies Optical frequencies Radio frequencies
used for tag
reading
Type of Line of sight Non-line of sight
communication communication communication
Data Volume Physical limitation Can carry relatively large
exists. It is very volume of data.
difficult to read a
very long barcode.
Range of data Very limited range, Can be read up to several
readability less than a foot or feet.
two.
Cost Cheap Expensive, but likely to
cost less as more
industries adopt the
technology.

Table no 3.1

In this way, the total time taken for the entire check-out process is reduced to a
matter of seconds. This not only saves time but also saves resources i.e. the number of
check-out counters can be reduced, the number of attendants can be reduced etc.
Thus, with the use of RFID, shopping in a supermarket can be made a pleasant
experience for the customers which are the main aspect of any retail industry. All in
all, RFID can revolutionize the retail sector & can play an important role in the future
replacing the conventional barcode system.

5
 4. LITERATURE SURVEY

We started searching for an idea for the final year project after the groups were
decided in the last semester. Our goal was to design a system which is actually
implementable on pilot scale and can be realized practically with some modifications
in the industry. And we came up with this idea-RFID while surfing internet. We
decided to take up this idea for our project.

In order to realize an RFID system for a supermarket, we were required to study

the detailed concepts related to RFID. We were helped to a very large extent by the
site www.wikipedia.com, but the description encompassed in
www.tutorialsweb.com/rfid/index.htm was of the greatest help.

We would really like to appreciate the clear knowledge imparted on this website,
starting with the root of what is the RFID technology, its necessity and use in modern
day environment and its major applications.

The website informed us of the advantages of RFID technology over the barcode
system. It also told us of the various components of an RFID system. Taking the lead
from this, we began viewing various other websites as well as journals from over the
internet.

We came across www.rfidjournal.com that gave us an in depth knowledge of the

different components that make up the RFID system, a reader and a tag.

We then began searching for more specifications of the different components,

beginning with the RFID tag. Although http://www.tutorialsweb.com/rfid/index.html
gave us an excellent description on the classification of tags, we also went in for
www.answers.yahoo.com that gave us a fairly clear difference on the classification of
tags.

Firstly, we had to decide which type of tag we would be using. Hence we made
use of the following white papers to help us and to keep a check on the design
considerations.

• System Design considerations for Highly Integrated UHF RFID

• Antenna Design for Passive RFID tag

6
 Next step was to think about software implementation. Microcontroller is the heart
of our system. Microcontroller will be programmed to govern and regulate the
communication between the tag and the reader. There are different protocols and
algorithms which we need to study. We are currently referring to some reference
books from our college library and some online tutorials to learn the basics of
programming.

Here are some of the websites that we used for gathering information at various
stages of our project.

• www.wikipedia.org

• www.google.com

• www.rfid-handbook.de : The website which provided the information about

the frequency ranges used worldwide, and their merits-demerits.

• www.ti.com : The official website of Texas instruments Ltd. which has

detailed information about RF components and respective datasheets.

• www.tutorialsweb.com : The source of free online tutorials on various

electronics related components and technology

• www.rfidjournal.com : It is a website which deals with the current scope of

RFID and its actual applications all over the world.

• www.alldatasheets.com : a website which provided us with the datasheets

required.

• www.sunrom.com : Another website which provided us with datasheets

required.

• www.electronicsforyou.com : we used this website to get information about

the RF transmitter and receiver .

Apart from the web sites, we referred following reference books:

7
 • R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I and A. Ittiphiboon, “Microstrip Antenna Design
Handbook”Norwood, MA : Artech House, 1995

• Radio-Frequency Electronics: Circuits and Applications by Hagen, Jon B.

5. PHILOSOPHY

RFID, short for Radio Frequency Identification, is a technology that enables

identification of a tag (that is normally attached with an entity) by using
electromagnetic waves. The function served by RFID is similar to bar code
identification, but line of sight signals are not required for operation of RFID.
Important components of an RFID system are:

i. An RFID reader (also called transceiver) with an antenna and a transceiver,

• Reader Antenna: It is a coil included in plastic or similar case.

• Reader: A reader captures the data provided by the tag within the
detectable area of the Reader. There can be one or more tags within the
capture area. A reader is typically capable of reading multiple tags
simultaneously.

ii. A transponder (Also called a tag) that includes an antenna and a chip)

• Tags: A tag is the data carrier and normally contains the ID number, and
unique EPC code programmed into the Tag
• Tag Antenna: The tag antenna is connected to the chip in tag. It could be wire
or printed using conductive ink.

Active and Passive RFID Tags:

There are primarily two types of RFID tags viz. active and passive tags. An active tag
is powered using internal battery, where a passive tag gets energized using the power
from a reader itself. A passive RFID tag will not have a battery or any kind of power

8
source by itself. It extracts the required energy from a reader. Hence, a passive RFID
tag reader must be able to emit stronger electromagnetic signals, and in return,
identify very weak signals from the passive RFID tag.

Given below are the primary differences between a Passive and Active RFID tags:

Passive RFID Active RFID

Power Source External (Reader provided) Internal (Battery)
Can provide signals over an
Only within the area covered by the
Tag Readability extended range, typically up to
reader, typically up to 3 meters.
100 meters..
A passive tag is energized only when An active tag is always
Energization
there is a reader present. energized.
High, since the tag draws power from Low, since the tag emits
Magnetic Field
the electromagnetic field provided by signals using internal battery
Strength
the reader. source.
Very high, ideally does not expire over Limited to about 5 years, the
Shelf Life
a life time. life of a battery.
Limited data storage, typically 128 Can store larger amounts of
Data storage
bytes. data.
Cost Cheap Expensive
Size Smaller Slightly bulky (due to battery)

Table no 5.1

As per the requirements of the system, the tag is stuck on every object, hence it is
necessary that the tags should not be bulky and must be available in the cheaper rates.
Hence, we chose Passive tags to serve our purpose.

9
RFID Block Schematic:

A simplified block schematic of an RFID tag (also called transponder) is shown in

the diagram below.

Fig no 5.1

The operation of a typical passive RFID system is described below:

• A typical passive RFID system consists of a reader and several passive tags.
The communication between the reader and the tags is half duplex.
• The forward data transfer (from the reader to tags) utilizes the ASK
modulation scheme while the return data transfer (from tags to the reader)
utilizes the back-scattered modulation scheme.
• First the RF carrier signal generated by the reader is radiated out through the
antenna and hits the tags. Tags absorb 70% of the EM wave energy and reflect
the remaining energy back to the reader. The absorbed energy is utilized to
power the tag.
• Once the tags are powered up, the reader sends commands to the tag by
modulating its carrier which sets the priority for reading of the tags.

10
 • After the commands are completed, the reader stops modulating the carrier
and sends an un-modulated CW (Continuous Waves) signal which is used to
provide power for the tags. At this time the selected tag encodes the data and
then changes the impedance of its antenna. The reader CW signal bounces off
the tag antenna and is demodulated by the reader receiver.
• The selected tag absorbs a small portion of the energy emitted by the reader,
and starts sending modulated information when sufficient energy is acquired
from the RF field generated by the reader.
• Backscatter Modulation: Backscatter is one of the most widely used
modulation schemes for modulating data on to RF carrier. In this method of
modulation, the tag coil (load) is shunted depending on the bit sequence
received. This in turn modulates the RF carrier amplitude as shown in the
diagram below. The reader detects the changes in the modulated carrier and
recovers the data.

Fig no 5.2

The above diagram provides a simplified modulated carrier signals from the RFID
tag. As seen in the diagram, the encoded binary digits modulate RF carrier. A 1 is
represented with high carrier level, and a 0 is represented by a low carrier level (tag
coil shunted). The reader demodulates the signals to recover the data, and notes that
this data is still encoded. The reader decodes the data using suitable decoder, and
forwards it for further processing to a computer (or any backend server).

11
 This comprised of the basis of the technology that we have studied.

6. DEVELOPMENT

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

+5V
Voltage
INPUT
regulator
RECTIFIED VOLTAGE circuitry +8v +5V

+5v

HOST
MICRO-
CONTROLL COMPUTER
ASK TRANS- ER
RECEIVER AT89C51 Buz-
zer
Buzzer
drive
r

Fig no 6.1

12
The basic block diagram of the reader consists of the following:

(i) Voltage follower:

The input rectified voltage from a step down transformer is fed to the voltage
regulator circuit that gives a constant 5v dc supply voltage( using I.C. 7805) which is
the voltage required to run the microcontroller.

(ii) Modulator and demodulator:

The modulator and demodulator circuitry is directly connected to the antenna which
sends as well as receives electromagnetic waves. These waves are modulated when
they are sent out of the receiver to the tags and are demodulated to receive the
information from the tags

(iii)Voltage follower circuitry:

The information received from the tags, after modulation consists of very weak
voltage signals which need to be amplified in order to extract the information from
these signals. Hence we make use of a voltage follower circuit to amplify these
signals

(iv) Microcontroller:
The microcontroller is the heart of the RFID reader circuit. The microcontroller
accepts the information received from the tag , processes the information and displays
the data contained within on the host computer. The coding of the microcontroller is
done either in assembly language or C language programming.

(v) Host computer:

The host computer is the computer on which the processed data received from the
microcontroller is displayed.

13
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Transmitter:

Fig no 6.2
14
Receiver:

Fig no 6.3

POWER SUPPLY:

Receiver section is powered by step down transformer of 230V to 9V with current

rating of 500 mA. The reason for using step down transformer is that a single 9V

15
battery is not capable of driving op- amp LM324, microcontroller, buzzer, due to its
low current ratings.

Now step down 9V rms signal is applied to a bridge rectifier consisting of four
diodes , diode 1N4007 . Ripples from the rectified voltage are removed by capacitor
of value 100uf. Regulated supply voltage is obtained by using IC regulator 7805 and
7808. As in normal circuit operation it requires 5V supply which is fulfilled by IC
7805, but analog op-amp requires supply voltage more than the input voltage, so IC
7808 is used to supply 8V to voltage follower. Regulator IC provides a stabilized
supply to the circuit. High frequency component from the regulated voltage is
removed using small value capacitor, 100nf and large capacitor of 100uf filters out the
low frequency component present in supply voltage. High frequency ripples are
generated due to clock circuitry and low frequency due to supply ripple of 50 Hz.

ASK RECEIVER:

Transmitter signal is received by using whip antenna which intercepts the

electromagnetic radiations radiated by the transmitter and converts it into electrical
signal which is applied to ASK demodulator. It is an 8 pin demodulator which has 3
ground pins which are shorted and grounded to a common point. 2 supply pins are
shorted and common supply is applied to both pins. Whip antenna is connected to
antenna pin of demodulator and 2 data pins are shorted and common signal is applied
to voltage follower. ASK receiver is superheterodyne module with PLL synthesizer
and crystal oscillator. It converts 433 MHz digital data into analog signal succeeded
by a voltage follower.

AT89C51 Microcontroller:

The AT89C51 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8bit microcontroller with
4kB of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (EPROM). The device is
manufactured using ATMEL’s high density non volatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry standardsMCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-
chip flash allows the program memory to be programmed in-system or by a
16
conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with flash on a monolithic chip, the ATMEL AT89c51 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded
control applications.

Pin Diagram:

Fig no 6.4

PIN DESCRIPTION:

PIN 21 VCC: Supply voltage.

PIN 20 GND: Ground.

Port 0 (pins 22 to 29):

17
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-
impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode
P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External
pullups are required during program verification.

Port 1(pins 1 to 8):

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are
pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source

current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and program verification.

Port 2(pins 33 to 40):

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled
high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program
memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses
(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting
1s. During accesses to external data memories that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @
RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives
the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and
verification.

Port 3(pins10 to 17):

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled
18
high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3
also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:

Table no 6.1

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and Programming
verification.

RST (pin9)

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.

ALE/PROG (pin31):

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory.

This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In
normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and
may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE
pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE
operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE
is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly

19
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in
external execution mode.

PSEN (pin32):

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access
to external data memory.

EA/VPP (pin30):

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to
FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched
on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also
receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming,
for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1 (pin 18):

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.

XTAL2 (pin 19):

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Microcontroller circuit consists of following associated circuitry.

20
  Reset Circuit

Whenever reset switch is pressed the voltage across capacitor C4 will be zero
so there will be supply voltage across resistor R2 which will reset the
controller. Due to reset, all ports will be at high level and stack pointer will
values 07H and all other resistors will be 00H. As the voltage will build across
capacitor, reset signal will be removed from the pin, and the normal operation
will continue. If again reset switch is pressed capacitor will discharge and the
whole process will be repeated. Here we have power on reset, so whenever
power will be on, reset signal is applied to controller will be at initial stage,
this will avoid errors in functioning of controller. Push to ON switch is used
for reset circuit.

 Oscillator Circuit

Oscillator circuit is formed by two capacitors C5, C6 and crystal. 12MHz

crystal is used so the controller works at 12MHz frequency which is internally
divided by 12. One T-state is of 1µsec. Oscillator circuit is connected at
XTAL1 and XTAL2 pin of controller.

 Pullup Resistor Pad

As microcontroller port 0 does not have pull up resistor internally, so we

require a pull up resistor pad for driving it. Resistor pad has 4.7K value and it
has 1 common pin whereas other 8 pins can be connected to corresponding
port pins of microcontroller and one common pin is connected to VCC to pull
up.

STT-433 RF Transmitter:
 Overview:

21
 The STT-433 is ideal for applications where low cost and longer range is
required. The transmitter operates from a 1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for
battery-powered applications. The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized
oscillator, ensuring accurate frequency control for best range performance.
Output power and harmonic emissions are easy to control, making FCC and
ETSI compliance easy. The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and
low-cost make the STT-433 suitable for high volume applications.

 Features:

• 433.92 MHz Frequency

• Low Cost

• 1.5-12V operation

• 11mA current consumption at 3V

• Small size

• 4 dBm output power at 3V

 Pin Diagram:

Fig no 6.5

Pin Name Description

ANT 50 ohm antenna output. The antenna port impedance affects output

22
 power and harmonic emissions. An L-C low-pass filter may be needed
to sufficiently filter harmonic emissions. Antenna can be single core
wire of approximately 17cm length or PCB trace antenna.

VCC Operating voltage for the transmitter. VCC should be bypassed with
a .01uF ceramic capacitor and filtered with a 4.7uF tantalum
capacitor. Noise on the power supply will degrade transmitter noise
performance.

DATA Digital data input. This input is CMOS compatible and should be
driven with CMOS level inputs.

GND Transmitter ground. Connect to ground plane.

Table no 6.2

STR-433 RF Receiver:
 Overview:

The STR-433 is ideal for short-range remote control applications where cost is
a primary concern. The receiver module requires no external RF components
except for the antenna. It generates virtually no emissions, making FCC and
ETSI approvals easy. The super-regenerative design exhibits exceptional
sensitivity at a very low cost. The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package
and low-cost make the STR-433 suitable for high volume applications.

 Features:

• Low Cost

• 5V operation
23
 • 3.5mA current drain

• No External Parts are required

• Receiver Frequency: 433.92 MH

• Typical sensitivity: -105dBm

• IF Frequency: 1MHz

 Pin Diagram:

Pin Name Description

ANT Antenna input.

GND Receiver Ground. Connect to ground plane.

VCC(5V) VCC pins are electrically connected and provide operating voltage
for the receiver. VCC can be applied to either or both. VCC should
be bypassed with a .1µF ceramic capacitor. Noise on the power
supply will degrade receiver sensitivity.

DATA Digital data output. This output is capable of driving one TTL or
CMOS load. It is a CMOS compatible output.

ST14 CODEC:
 Overview:

24
 ST14 CODEC is Radio Frequency and Infrared encoder/decoder IC for
applications having unique features and flexibility not available with other
remote control encoder decoder ICs. ST14 is truly a single-chip remote
control solution. Transmitter and Receiver can operate over Radio Frequency
or infrared having four address and eight data bits. Transmission and
Reception over Infrared is achieved by commonly available Infrared LED-
Detector and for RF any general purpose RF Transmitter-Receiver pair would
suffice. The ST14 combines the functionality of both encoder and decoder in a
single package with several unique features for enhanced operation and a
reduced component count for transmitter and receiver circuits. The MODE
RX-TX (pin15) pin configures ST14 IC for encode or decode operation
automatically at power-up.

 Features:

• Encode / Decode on single chip

• Built in Oscillator

• Minimum External Components

• Wide operating voltage range. (2.0 - 5.5V)

• Single chip Encoding Decoding Mode

• 40kHz carrier for infrared transmission medium

• 18 pin DIP package

 Pin Diagram:

25
Pin Name Description

1-4 A1-A4 4 bit Address Input

5 GND Ground

6-13 OUT1-OUT8 C1-C2, R1-R4 Output if configured as Decoder

2x4 Matrix Keypad input if
configured as Encoder

14 VCC 2 to 5V DC input power

15 MODE RX-TX Configure chip as Encoder or

Decoder Encoder at transmitter
side if pin is tied to GND
Decoder at receiver side if pin is
tied to VCC

16 DRIVE IR-RF Selects Transmit / Receive by

Infrared or Radio Frequency IR

26
 Mode if pin is tied to VCC RF
Mode if pin is tied to GND
Encoder sends 40khz Modulation
signal in IR Mode for driving IR
LED

17 RX-LAT-MOM In Decoder Mode Only Latching

output (Toggle Output) if pin is
tied to VCC Momentary output if
pin is tied to GND

18 DATA I/O Transmit data or Receive data

from this pin through IR/RF
Interface

MAX232:
 Overview:

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage

generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply.
Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels.
These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V,
and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels
into TIA/EIA-232-F levels.

 Features:

• Meets or exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU recommendation V.28.

• Operates with a single 5V power supply with 1µF Charge pump

capacitors.

27
 • Operates upto 120 kbits/s.

• Two drivers and two receivers.

• ±30V input levels.

• Low supply current. Typically 8mA.

• ESD protection exceeds JESD 22 – 2000 V Human body model

• Upgrade with improved ESD (15-kV HBM) and 0.1µF Charge pump
capacitors are available.

 Pin Diagram:

28
7. PRELIMINARY RESULTS

29
 Preliminary studies included understanding the basics of RFID technology in
detail. For this purpose, we referred to some white papers published by the renowned
universities and all over the world and some other web sites. They are listed in the
reference section. We also referred the reference books regarding the Radio frequency
communication and circuit design. From this study,

(i) We got the basic idea about RFID and how it works.

(ii) The next step was to decide the frequency which we were going to use. We
carried out a detailed survey of the various frequencies that are used for RFID in the
market and related circuits. After doing so, we came to know that there are mainly 3
ranges of frequencies used for this application viz. LF (30 kHz–300 kHz.), HF (3-
30MHz), UHF (300 MHZ-3GHz). Each frequency has its own merits and demerits
like read range, cost factor etc. Taking all this into account, we decided to use the HF
range for our application.

(iii) Now, we started working upon design considerations which is the most
important part. We have referred to various RF transmitter and receiver circuits on the
web.

(iv)The next step was to check the availability of all the required components. We
registered ourselves in some online forums and websites of the RFID product
manufacturers. We got all technical specifications and related information of the
every component referring to the datasheets.

8. FUTURE WORK
30
 Having looked into the detailed working of the RFID system, our future work for
the next semester would include the following step-wise implementations.

(i) With the help of the block diagram, create a circuit diagram using suitable
software.

(ii) Design a PCB layout and fix the components on the PCB.

(iii)Write a software program for the microcontroller used.

(iv) Purchase the passive RFID tags.

(v) Burn the software code on the microcontroller and test its working.

(vi)Finally, rectify any problems encountered while testing the system.

31
 9. REFERENCES

• www.google.com

• www.youtube.com

• www.discovercircuits.com

• www.rfidjournal.com

• www.ti.com

• www.sunrom.com

• electronics.howstuffworks.com.

• www.tutorialsweb.com

• www.rfid-handbook.de

• www.alldatasheets.com

• www.electronicsforyou.com

• R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I and A. Ittiphiboon, “Microstrip Antenna Design

Handbook”Norwood, MA : Artech House, 1995

• Radio-Frequency Electronics: Circuits and Applications by Hagen, Jon B.

• RFID at Ultra and Super High Frequencies: Theory and Application By

Dominique Paret

• The RF in RFID: passive UHF RFID in practice By Daniel Mark Dobkin

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