PROBLEMS ON EVAPORATION

Problem 16.1: McCabe & Smith: 7th Edition

A solution of organic colloids in water is to be concentrated from 8 to 45% solids in a

single-effect evaporator. Steam is available at a gauge pressure of 1.03 atm (120.5C). A
pressure of 102 mm Hg is to be maintained in the vapor space. The overall heat transfer
coefficient can be taken as 2800 W/m2.C. the solution has a negligible elevation in boiling
point and a negligible heat of dilution. Calculate the steam consumption, the economy, the
economy, and the heating surface required if the feed is (a) 51.7C (b) 21.1C (c) 93.3C. The
specific heat of the feed solution is 3.77 J/g.C and the latent heat of vaporization may be
taken equal to that of water. Radiation losses may be neglected.

GIVEN:
VAPOR
P = 102 mm Hg

FEED STEAM
8% solids P = 1.03 atm gage
Mf = 20000 kg/hr

U = 2800 W/m2.K
Cp = 3.77 J/g.C CONDENSATE

THICK LIQUOR
REQUIRED: 45% solids
a) Steam consumption, ms
b) Economy, mv/ms
c) Heating surface

SOLUTION:
q=ms λ s =mf cpf  ΔT  +mv λ v
q=mf cpf  T  Tf  +mv λ v

 0.92 0.55 
mv =0.08  20,000    =16444.444kg/hr
 0.08 0.45 

Flash evaporation = The introduction of feed to a temperature higher than the boiling point

Fromappendix7
Btu J
 v    P  102mmHg
 1.973psi  1022.54  2371965.587
lb kg
 Forsteam
P  1.03  1.00 2.03atm
 s  2.19x106 J / kg

kg  J  g  kg
q  20000
hr 
3.77
g.C 

1000   T  Tf   16444.444
kg  hr
 
2.37x106 EQUATION1

TF (C) Q from EQN 1 Ms (kg/hr) Economy Area, m2

51.7 3.897x1010 17794.52 0.924 56.193
21.1 4.128 x1010 18849.32 0.872 59.524
93.3 3.584 x1010 16365.30 1.005 52.058

Sample Problem
An evaporator is concentrating F Kg/hr at 311K of a 20% by wt NaOH solution to 50%.
The saturated steam used for heating is at 399.3 K. the pressure in the vapor space of the
evaporator is 13.3 kPa. The overall coefficient is 1420 W/m 2.K and the area is 86.4 m2.
Calculate the feed rate F.

GIVEN:
VAPOR
P = 13.3 kPa abs

FEED STEAM
20% NaOH Ts=399.3 K
311 K

U = 1400 W/m2.K
A = 86.4m2 CONDENSATE

THICK LIQUOR
50% NaOH

REQUIRED: F

SOLUTION:
ms s mv Hv  mH  mf Hf  UATEQUATION1
 
butmf  F
mv  F  m

Appendix7 :
@P  13.3kPa1.929psi
BPH2O 124.44F51.36F324.51K

Fig16.3 :
BPsolution 195F
BPE 195  124.4470.56F

 0.8 0.5 
mv  F  m  0.20F    0.6F
 0.2 0.5 

Hv  Hy  0.45 BPE 
fromAppBPH2O  124.44F 
Hy  1115.41Btu/lb

Hv  1115.41  0.41 70.56   1147.162Btu/lb

195F 
H   218Btu/lb
50% NaOH 
311K   100.13F 
Hf     58Btu/lb
 20% NaOH 

q  UAT


W 
 
q   1420 2  86.4m2  399.3  363.7  K  4.37x10 6 J/s14.91x10 6 Btu/hr
m .K 


...SubstitutingvaluesinEQUATION1

14.91x106 Btu/hr  0.6F 1147.16   F  0.6F  218   F 58 
F  20784.03lb/hr

F= 9447.285 kg/hr
Sample Problem
A single-effect evaporator is being used to concentrate a feed of 10000 lb/hr of a cane
juice at 80F and containing a sugar content of 15 Brix to 30Brix for use in food process.
Saturated steam of 240F is available for heating. The vapor space in the evaporator will be at
1 atm abs pressure. The overall heat transfer coefficient U = 350 BTU/hr.ft2.F and the heat
capacity of the feed is 0.91 BTU/lbm.F. The boiling point rise can be estimated from the
equation BPR (F) = 3.2x+11.2x2 where x is the fraction by wt of sugar in the solution. The heat
of dilution can be estimated negligible. Calculate the area required for the evaporator and the
amount of steam used per hour.

GIVEN:
VAPOR
1 atm, 212F

FEED STEAM
15% solids T=240F
80F
Mf = 20000 kg/hr

U = 350 CONDENSATE
BTU/hr.ft2.F BPR (F) = 3.2x+11.2x2
Cp = 0.91
BTU/lbm.F
THICK LIQUOR
30% solids

REQUIRED:
a) Area required for evaporator
b) Amount of steam/hr

SOLUTION:
lb  0.15 
m  10000    5,000lb/hr
hr  0.30 

BPR3.2x  11.2x 2 wherex  massfraction

2
BPR  3.2  0.3   11.2  0.3   1.968F

BPsolution  BPH2O  BPR  212  1.968  213.968F

FromApp7 : v@212F  970.3Btu/lb

q  qF  qV  mF cpF  T  TF   mv Hv
lb  Btu  Btu  lb 
q  10000  0.91   213.968  80  F  970.3  5000 
hr  lb.F  lb  hr 
q  6070608.8BTU/hr
 Q 6070608.8BTU / hr
A   666.2798 ft 2

UT BTU
350
hr.ft .F
2
240  213.968  F

q  m s s

FromApp.7 :  952.3Btu / lb

s @ 240 F

q 6070608.8BTU / hr
m    6374.681lb / hr
 952.3BTU / lb
s

s
 PROBLEMS ON MOLECULAR DIFFUSION

Equimolar counterdiffusion in Gases problem 1

A mixture of helium and nitrogen is contained in a pipe at 298 K and 1 atm total
pressure which is constant throughout. At one end of the pipe at point 1 the partial pressure
PA,1 of He is 0.60 atm and at the other 0.2 m, P A,2 = 0.20 atm. Calculate the flux of Helium at
steady state is DAB of the He & N2 is 0.687x10-4 m2/s.

GIVEN:

Point 1 L=0.20 M Point 2

He & N2 He & N2
P1=0.60 atm P2=0.20 atm

DAB =0.687x10-4 m2/s

REQUIRED: J He PT= 1 atm

SOLUTION:

D v m
JHe  PA 1  PA 2 
PT B T

P 1atm kmol
m    0.0409 3
RT  m .atm 
3
m
 0.08205   298K 
 kmol.K 

 kmol 
D
 0.687x10 4

m2 / s  0.0409 3 
 m  kmol
JHe  v m  PA 1  PA 2    0.6  0.2  atm  5.6194x10-6 2
PT B T  1atm  0.2m  m .s
Equimolar counterdiffusion in Gases problem 2
Ammonia Gas (A) and Nitrogen Gas (B) are diffusing in counter-diffusion through a
straight glass tube 2.0 ft long with an inside diameter of 0.080 ft at 298 K and 101.32 kPa. The
partial pressure of NH3 in one chamber is constant 20.0 kPa and 6.666 kPa in the other
chamber. The diffusivity at 298 K and 101.32 kPa is 2.30x10 -5 m2/s.

GIVEN:

L=2.0 ft
D=0.08 ft
NH3 NH3
P=20kPa P=6.666 kPa

N2 N2

T=298 K
PT=101.32 kPa
Dv=2.30x10-5 m2/s

REQUIRED: a) molar and mass flowrate of ammonia (lbmol/hr and kg/s)

b) JN2
c) PNH3 @ BT=1 ft

SOLUTION:

D v m
JB  PA 1  PA 2 
PT B T

m 
P

 101.32 / 101.325  atm  0.0409 kmol
RT  m3 .atm  m3
 0.08205
kmol.K 
  298K 


 kmol 
D
 2.3x10 5

m2 / s  0.0409 3 
 m  kmol
JA  v m  PA 1  PA 2    20  6.666  atm  2.0301x10-7 2 totheright
PT B T  2  m .s
 101.32atm   3.28 m 
 
kmol
J B  2.0301x10 -7 totheleft
m 2 .s

nNH3 J.A
   0.08  2   2.2lbmol   3600s  lbmol
nNH3 2.0301x10 7   m       7.5122x10 -7
 4  3.28    1kmol   1hr  hr
Problem 17.2 M&S 7th Edition
An open circular tank 8m in diameter contains n-propanol at 25C exposed to the
atmosphere in such a manner that the liquid is covered with a stagnant air film estimated to be
5 mm thick. The concentration of propanol beyond the stagnant film is negligible. The vapor of
propanol at 25C is 20mm Hg. If propanol is worth $1.20 per liter, what is the value of the loss
of propanol from this tank in dollars per day? The specific gravity of propanol is 0.80.

GIVEN:
________
P propanol (25C) = 20 mm Hg ________5 MM
Cost = $1.20/Li propanol
SG propanol = 0.80 @25C

REQUIRED: Value of loss per day, $ per day

SOLUTION: Unicomponent Diffusion
D  1  yA2 kmol
NA  V M ln in 2
BT 1  yA1 m .s

ApplyingRaoult ' slaw :PA  PA x

PA PA x  20mmHg  1 
yA1     0.0263
PT PT  760mmHg 
PT 1atm kmol
m    0.0409 3
RT  m .atm 
3
m
 0.08205   25  273.15 
 kmol.K 

cm2
Fromhandbook :D v at0C  0.085 
s
1.75 2
cm2  25  273.15  
1atm   1m    6 m
2
D V @25C0.085    9.908x10
s  273.15  1atm
   100cm  s
 2
6 m   kmol 
 9.908x10   0.0409 3 
s  m  1 0 kmol
NA   ln  2.1601x10 6 2
 5  1  0.0263 m .s
 m
 1000 
kg
n  propanol C3H7 OH  :SG  0.8;MW  60
kmol
kmol   2 kmol
n  N.A  2.1601x10 6 2    8m  1.08577x10 4
m .s  4  s
 60kg  3 kg
m  n  MW   1.08577x10 4    6.5146x10
 kmol  s
kg
6.5146x10 3
v s  3600s   24hrs   1000li   703.579 Li
kg  1hr 
 
  day   m3 
 day
0.8x1000 3
m
Li  $1.2 
Cost  703.579  $884.29/day
day  Li 
Problem 17.3 McCabe and Smith
Ethanol vapor is being absorbed from a mixture of alcohol vapor and water vapor by
means of a nonvolatile solvent in which alcohol is soluble but water is not. The temperature is
97C, and the total pressure is 760 mm Hg. The alcohol vapor can be considered to be diffusing
thorugh a film of alcohol-water vapor mixture 0.1 mm thick. Themore percent of the alcohol in
the vapor at the outside of the film is 80 percent, and that on the inside, ext to the solvent is
10 percent. The volumetric diffusivity of alcohol-water vapor mixtures at 25C and 1 atm is
0.15 cm2/s. Calculate the rate of diffusion of alcohol vapor in kg per hour if the area of the
film is 10 m.

GIVEN:
Ethanol-water vapor

A=10m2 YA1=0.80
T=97C
DV@25C=0.15 cm2/s
BT=0.1 mm
YA2=0.10

Non-volatile solvent
REQUIRED: Mass flowrate of diffusion

SOLUTION:
D V M 1  y A 2
NA  ln 
BT 1  yA1

PT 1atm kmol
m    0.0329 3
RT  m .atm 
3
m
 0.08205   97  273.15 
 kmol.K 
1.75 2
cm2  97  273.15   1atm   1m  5 m
2
D V @25C0.15  1atm   100cm   2.1902x10
s  273.15     s

 5 m  
2
kmol 
 2.1902x10   0.0329 3 
s  m  1  0.10 kmol
NA   ln  0.01084 2
 0.1  1  0.80 m .s
 1000 m 
 
kmol  46kg  3600s  kg
m  0.01084
m2 .s

10m2 


kmol  1hr   17984.07 hr
 
Problem 17.4 McCabe and Smith
An ethanol-water vapor mixture is being rectified by contact with an alcohol-water
liquid solution. Alcohol is being transferred from gas to liquid and water form liquid to gas. The
molal flow rates of alcohol and water are equal but in opposite directions. The temperature is
95C and the pressure 1 atm. Both components are diffusing through a gas film 0.1 mm thick.
The mole percentage of the alcohol at the outside of the film is 80 percent, and that on the
inside is 10 percent. Calculate the rate of diffusion of alcohol and of water in pounds per hour
through a film area of 10m2.

GIVEN:

YA1=0.10 YA2=0.80
Water-Ethanol Liquid Ethanol-water vapor

A=10m2
T=95C
DV@25C=0.15 cm2/s
BT=0.1 mm

REQUIRED: Mass flowrate in lbs/hr

SOLUTION: Equimolar counterdiffusion

D V M
NA   y A 1  y A 2 
BT

PT 1atm kmol
m    0.0331 3
RT  m .atm 
3
m
 0.08205   95  273.15 
 kmol.K 
1.75 2
cm2  95  273.15   1atm   1m  5 m
2
D V @25C0.15  273.15   1atm   100cm   2.1696x10
s      s

 5 m  
2
kmol 
 2.1696x10   0.0331 3 
s  m  kmol
NA    0.8  0.1   5.02696x10 3 2
 0.1  m .s
 1000 m 
 

kg
MWOFCH3 CH 2 OH46
kmol
kmol  46kg  kg
m  5.02696x10 3 2
m .s
10m2  
 kmol 
 
 2.312
s
 kg   lb   3600s  lbs
m   2.312   2.2     18314.23
 s  kg   hr  hr
 MOLECULAR DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS

An ethanol-water solution in the form of a stagnant film 2.0 mm thick at 293K is in

contact at one surface with an organic solvent in which ethanol is soluble and water is
insoluble. In point 1, the concentration of ethanol is 16.8 wt% and the solution density is 972.8
kg/m3. At point 2, the concentration of ethanol is 6.8 wt% and the solution density is 988.1
kg/m3. The diffusivity of ethanol is 0.740x10 -9 m2/s. Calculate the steady-state flux of ethanol.

GIVEN:
Ethanol-water vapor

T=293 K 16.8wt% EtOH

DV =0.74x10-9 cm2/s 978.2 kg/m3
BT=2 mm

6.8 wt% EtOH

998.1 kg/m3

Ethanol
REQUIRED: NA

SOLUTION: Unicomponent Diffusion

D V C Ave 1  x A 1
NA  ln
BT 1  xA2

xA1 
 16.8 / 46   0.0732x   6.8 / 46   0.0278
A2
16.8 83.2 6.8 93.2
 
46 18 46 18

 1   2 
  
M M
C Ave  1  2  
2

M1   0.0732  46    1  0.0732  18   20.0496

M2   0.0278  46    1  0.0278  18   18.7784

 972.8   998.1 
 20.0496    18.7784 
C Ave      50.8356 kmol
2 m3

  kmol 
 0.074x10 9

m2 / s  50.8356 3 
 m  1  0.0732 kmol
NA  ln  8.9953x10-7 2
 2  1  0.0278 m .s
 1000 m 
 

Calculate the rate of diffusion of sugar thorugh a stagnant film of coffee 0.10 cm thick when the
concentrations at 15% and 5% respectively, on either side of the film. Assume the diffusivity of sugar
through coffee under the given conditions to be 0.70x10 -5 cm2/s and the density of a 10% solution is 1.0139
g/cc.

GIVEN:
Ethanol-water vapor

DV =0.7x10-5 cm2/s 16.8wt% sugar

BT=0.10 cm
10%=1.0139 g/cc

6.8 wt% sugar

998.1 kg/m3

Ethanol
REQUIRED: NA

SOLUTION: Unicomponent Diffusion

x 10% 
 10 / 342   0.005814
10 90

342 18
M10%   0.005814  314    1  0.005814  18   19.8837G / mol

g
Ave 10% 1.0139
cc gmol
C Ave     0.0509
MAve M10% g cc
19.8837
mol

 5 cm  
2
mol 
 0.7x10   0.0509 3 
s  cm  1  0.0028 gmol
NA   ln  2.2986x10 -8
0.1cm 1  0.0092 cm 2 .s
 The solute HCl (A) is diffusing through a film of H 2O (B) 2.00 mm thick at 283 K. The
concentration of HCl at point 1 at one boundary of the film is 12% wt HCl and at the other boundary at
point 2 is 6% wt HCl. The diffusivity of HCl in water is 2.5x10-9 m2/s. Assuming the steady-state and one
body impermeable to water, calculate the flux of HCl in kmol/m 2.s.

GIVEN:
kg
12%  1060.7 B T  2mm
m3
kg m2
6%  1030.3 3 D v  2.5x109
m s

REQUIRED: NA

SOLUTION:
D C 1  xA1
NA  V Ave ln
BT 1  xA 2

xA1 
 12 / 36.45   0.0631x 
 6 / 36.45   0.0306
A2
12 88 6 94
 
36.45 18 36.45 18

 1   2 
  
M M
C Ave   1   2  
2

M1   0.12  36.45    0.88  18   20.214

M2   0.06  36.45    0.94  18   19.107

 1060.7   1030.3 
 20.214    19.107 
C Ave      53.1981 kmol
2 m3

 kmol 
 2.5x10 9

m2 / s  53.1981 3 
 m  1  0.0631 kmol
NA  ln  2.268x10 -6 2
 2  1  0.0306 m .s
 1000 m 
 

 SPECIAL CASES OF MOLECULAR DIFFUSION

A. DIFFUSION WITH CHANGE IN PATH LENGTH

Zo
Zf

Z0 @ t=0 Zf @ tf

tF 

PA RT ZF 2  Z O 2  x P T  PA L
2MA D V PT PA 1  PA 2

PT  PA 2   PT  PA 1   PA 1  PA 2
PT  PA L 
P  PA 2 
ln T
P  PA 2 
ln T
 T A1 
P  P PT  PA 1 

 
 
  A1
P  PA2  
  PT  PA 2  
 ln 
tF 

A ZF 2  ZO 2  X
  PT  PA 1  


A ZF 2  ZO 2 
2MA D V M PA 1  PA 2
2MA D V M ln
PT  PA 2 
PT  PA 1 
An Arnold cell is used to measure the diffusivity of acetone in air at 20`1C and 100 kPa pressure.
At time=0, the liquid acetone surface is 1.10 cm from the top of the tube and after 8 hrs of operation, the
liquid surface drops to 2.05 cm. If the concentration of acetone in air that flows over the top of the tube
is zero. What is the diffusivity of acetone in air? At 20C, the vapor pressure of acetone is 24 kPa and
density is 790 kg/m3.

GIVEN:
PT=100 kPa
Zo=1.10 cm
Pacetone = 24kPa
Zf= 2.05 cm A=790 kg/m3
TF =8 hrs

REQUIRED: DV
SOLUTION:

tF 

A ZF 2  ZO 2 
2MA D V M ln
PT  PA 2 
PT  PA 1 

M 
 100 / 101.325atm   0.04103
kmol
m3 .atm m3
0.08205
kmol.K
 20  273.15 
Px 24kPa  1 
yA    0.24
PT 100kPa

2
 1m 
 790kg / m2 
2.052  1.1 2 cm2   
 100cm   0.0226 m
2
DV 
 58kg   kmol  10 hr
2   8hr   0.04103 3  ln 1  0.24 
 kmol   m 

B. DIFFUSION THROUGH VARYING CROSS-SECTION

dy A
NA  1  y A   D v M
From r1 to r2 dr
nA dy A
 1  y A   DvM
A dr

butA  D  D   2 r  r  2   4 r 2

nA r2 dr y A 2 dy
  D v M  A

4 r1 r y A1 1  y
A

nA  1 1  1  yA1
    D V M ln
4   r1 r2  1  yA2

1  yA2
4 D v M ln
1  yA1
nA 
1 1

r1 r2

butifr2  
1
nA 4 r1D v M ln
1  yA1
Evaporation of Naphthalene Sphere
A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2.0 mm is suspendedin a large volume of still air at 318 K
and 1 atm. The surface temperature can be assumed to be 318K and its vapor pressure at 318 K is 0.555
mmHg. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 318 K is 6.92x10-4 m2/s. Calculate the rate of the
evaporation of naphthalene from the surface in kg/s.

GIVEN:
Air
r = 2.0 mm T=318 K
P=1atm
P naphthalene = 0.555 mmHg
Dv= 6.92x10-4 m2/s

REQUIRED: mass flowrate

SOLUTION:
m  n.MA

Assumey A 2  0;r2  
10
nA  4 r1D V m ln
1  yA1
1atm kmol
m  3  318K   0.0383 3
m .atm m
0.08205
kmol.K
Px 0.555 1 
ya    7.3026x10 4
PT 760mmHg

 2  m2   kmol  1 kg
nA  4   m   6.92x10 6   0.0383 3 ln 4
 4.8661x10 -12
 1000   s  m  1  7.3026x10 s
Time to completely evaporate a Sphere

4
Vlostbydiffusion 
3

 r1 3  r2 3 
From r1 to r2
1
nA 4 r1D v M ln
1  yA1
mA dV
butnA  butm A  
MA dt

4 3
V r
3
 dv 4  2 dr 
   3r
dt 3  dt 

 dr 
A  4 r 2 
dt  1
nA    4 rD V m ln
MA 1  yA1

A r 1 t

MA r1
rdr  D V m ln
1  yA1 
0
dt

A r1 2  r2 2 
t
1
2MA D v M ln
1  yA1

A drop of liquid toluene is kept at a uniform temperature of 25.9 and is suspended in air by a
fine wire. The initial radius is 2.0 mm. the vapor pressure at 25.9 is 3.84 kPa and the density of liquid
toluene is 866 kg/m3. Calculate the time, in seconds for complete evaporation.

GIVEN:

Air
r = 2.0 mm T=25.9C
=866kg/cu.m
P naphthalene = 3.84 kPa

REQUIRED: Time to completely evaporate the sphere

SOLUTION:

A  r1 2  r2 2 
t
1
2MA D v M ln
1  yA1

FromApp.18 :
D V  0C   0.275ft 2 / hr
1.75 2
 25.9  273.15   1   1m   1hr  6 m
2
D V  25.9C   0.275         8.32017x10
 273.15   1   3.28ft   3600s  s

1atm kmol
M   0.0408 3
0.08205  25.9  273.15  m
Px 3.84
yA1    0.0379
PT 101.325

kg  2 
 m 866
m3  1000 
t  1435.3758sec  23.9223 min
 kg   6 m  
2
kmol  1
2  92   8.32x10 s   0.0408 3  ln 1  0.0379
 kmol    m 

C. DIFFUSION THROUGH A CIRCULAR CONDUIT OF VARYING CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA

r1 r2

Equimolarcounterdiffusion Z
NA  NB  JA
dy A
NA  D V M butdb  dz
db

nA
butNA  whereA  r 2
A
nA z

r 2 0
dz D v M  dy A
By similar triangles

r - r1
r2 - r1

z z2 - z1
r2  r1 r  r1
letK   r  kz  r1
z2  z1 z

nA z kdz
 D v M  y A 1  y A 2 
k z 1  kz  r1  2

nA   kz  r1  
2  1

   D v M  y A 1  y A 2 
k  2  1 

nA  1 1 
    D v M  y A 1  y A 2 
k  kz 1  r1 kz  r1 
 MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT THROUGH KNOWN AREAS

WETTED WALL TOWER

Liquid Sh  0.023Re 0.81 Sc 0.44

Gas

A wetted wall column has an internal diameter of 2 inch and is to be supplied with water at the
top and is at supplied by air at the bottom. The air velocity is to be 8.3 ft/s and the average air
temperature is 15C at atmospheric condition. Estimate the mass transfer coefficient.

GIVEN:
Water

P=1atm
T=15C=59F
D= 2 in

REQUIRED: K
SOLUTION:
kDM Air
Sh   0.023Re 0.81 Sc 0.44
D v

DG DV 
Re   ;Sc 
  D v

Vair  8.3ft / s
D  2 / 12ft
 1.75
 15  273.15  ft 2
D V  0.853    0.9367
 273.15  hr

Assume :airisideal


PM

 1atm  29   0.0765 lb
RT  0.7302  59  460  ft3
 air  0.0185cp

Re  

DV  2 / 12ft  8.3ft / s  0.0765lb / ft
3

 8512.30695

  
0.0185 6.72x10 4 lb / ft.s 

Sc 
 0.0185  6.72x10  lb / ft.s
4

 0.62457
 ft 2   1h 
 
0.0765lb / ft 3  0.9367 
hr   3600s 


Sh  0.023  8512.30695   0.62457 

0.8 0.44
 28.5182
 2  lb 
k  ft   29 
28.5182   12   lbmol 
lb  ft 2 
0.0765 3  0.9367 
ft  hr 

lbmol
k = 0.4228
ft 2 .hr

FLOW PAST A SINGLE SPHERE

Sh  2  0.6Re 1/ 2 Sc 1/3
Calculate the value of the
mass transfer coefficient and the flux for a mass transfer from a sphere of naphthalene to air at 45C and
1 atm abs flowing at a velocity of 0.305 m/s. The diameter of the sphere is 25.4 mm. The diffusivity of
naphthalene in air at 45C is 6.92x10-6m2/s and the vapor pressure of solid naphthalene is 0.555 mm Hg.

REQUIRED: kY, NA
SOLUTION:
1  yA2
NA  k y ln
1  yA1
k y DM DV 
Sh  Re  Sc 
D v  D v

Assume :Airbehavesasanidealgas


PM

 1atm  29  kg
 1.109 3
RT  m .atm 
3
m
 0.08205   45  273.15 
 kmol.K 
 air @ 45C  0.019cp

 25.4   m  kg 
 1000 m   0.305 s   1.1109 3 
m 
Re      452.9679
3 kg
0.019x10
m.s
0.019x10 3
Sc   2.4716

1.1109 6.92x10 6 

Sh  2  0.6  Re  Sc 
1/ 2 1/3

Sh  2  0.6  452.9679   2.4716   19.2654

1/ 2 1/3

 kg   m2 
19.2654  1.1109 3   6.92x10 6 
ShD v  m  s  kmol
ky    2.0106x10 -4 2
DM  25.4  kg  m .s
 1000 m   29 kmol 
  

1  yA2
NA  k y ln buty A 2  0
1  yA1
Px 0.555
yA1    7.3026x10 4
PT 760
1 kmol
NA  2.0106x10 4 ln  1.4688x10 -7 2
1  0.00073 m .s
FLOW PAST A BED OF SPHERES
Sh  1.17Re 0.585 Sc 1/3

Air at 40C and 2.0 atm is passed through a shallow bed of naphthalene spheres 12mm in
diameter at a rate of 2m/s, based on the empty cross section of the bed. The vapor pressure of
naphthalene is 0.35 mmHg. How many kilograms per hour of naphthalene will evaporate from 1m 3 of
bed, assuming a bed porosity of 40%.

GIVEN:

D=12mm
P=0.35 mm Hg =0.40

D of bed=26 mm
T=40C

Air
2m/s

REQUIRED: kg/hr from 1m3 of packed bed

SOLUTION:
4
V  r 3  no.ofspheres 
3
3
4  6 

0.6 1m3   m  no.ofspheres 
3  1000 
no.ofspheres663, 145.5962
2
 6 
A  4    663145.5962   300m
2

 1000 

 m  kg 
DV
 12x10 3

m  2   2.257340077 3 
 s  m   2928.441181
Re  
 3 kg
0.0185x10 
m.s

Assu min gthatairisanidealgas

 2atm   29 kmol 
kg
PM   kg
   2.257340077 3
RT  m3 .atm  m
 0.08205   40  273.15  K
 kmol.K 
  0.0185cp

1.75
 ft 2 cm2 / s   273.15  40   2atm  cm2
D V   0.199 x0.2581 2    1atm   0.13047752
 hr ft / h   273.15    s
 kg
0.0185x10 3 
 m.s  0.628114819
Sc  
D v kg
2.253740077 3
m

Sh  1.17  2928.441181   0.628114819 

0.585 1/3
 106.868053
2
kg   cm2   1m 
 106.868053   2.257340077  0.3047752  
kY 
ShD V

 m3   s   100cm   0.021127361 kmol
DM  kg  m2 .s
12x10 3 m 29 
 kmol 

0.35mmHg
yA1   2.302631579x10 4
2 760mmHg 
 1  yA2  2  kg  kg  3600s  kg
m   0.02112731ln
1  yA1 

 300m  29
 kmol 
 
 0.0423 
s  1hr    152.3847
hr


FLOW NORMAL TO CYLINDER

Sh  0.61Re 1/ 2 Sc 1/3

See seatwork as an example

FLOW INSIDE PIPES

(a) Turbulent Flow

Sh  0.023Re 0.083 Sc 0.33

See seatwork as an example

(b) Turbulent Flow (tubes of benzoic acid in water)

Sh  0.0096Re 0.913 Sc 0.846

(c) Laminar Flow

Moderate Graetz Number, Gz

Sh  1.62Gz 1/3

D
whereGz  ReSc
4  L 
FLOW PARALLEL TO FLAT PIPES

SH  0.664Re X 0.5 Sc 1/ 3

DETERMINING BT

k y MD 
Sh  butm 
D v M
k C M  D   D  DV
Sh     kc  butk C 
M  D v   DV  BT
DV  D  D
Sh   
BT  DV  BT

D
BT 
Sh
 HUMIDIFICATION

1.AbsoluteHumidity
massvapor m n M PA  MA 
  A  A A   
massinertgas mB nBMB PB  alsoequaltoPT  PA   MB 

Example :PA  10mmHg@30C

10  18  lbH 2 O
    0.00828
760  10  29  lbdryair

2.SaturationHumidty, S
PA   18 
S 
PT  PA   29 

Antoine ' sEquation

1730.63
LogP  8.07131 
233.426  C

U sin gthesameexample,at30C
1730.63
LogP  8.07131  ;P  31.74mmHg
233.426  30
31.74  18  lbH 2 O
s   0.0271
760  31.74  29  lbd.a

3.Re lativeHumidty
%saturation  %    R

PA 10
R   100    100   31.506%
PA  31.74

4.PercentSaturationPercentHumidity A
PA  MA 
 
 PT  PA  MB  PA  PT  PA  
% A   
100  
S PA   MA  PA   PT  PA 
 
PT  PA   MB 
0.00828
% A   100   30.55%
0.0271
5.HumidVolume   H  basedon1unitmassofinertgas
PV  nRT
nT RT
H 
PT
 1   RT
H    
 MB MA  P

m3
 H   2.83x10 3  4.56x10 3    T,K in
kgd.a
ft3
 H  0.0252  0.0405  T, R in
lbd.a

m3
 H   2.83x10 3  4.56x10 3  0.00828    30  273.15   0.8694
kgd.a

6.HumidHeat,C  CpB  Cp A 
kJ
C S ,  1.005  1.88
kgd.a
BTU
C S ,  0.24  0.45
lbd.a

BTU
C S  0.24  0.45  0.00828   0.243726
lbd.a

7. Dew Point
cooling
Gas Mixture, Cooled Gas
, T , Td.p , 100%
ForP  100mmHg Pa to Pa
1730.63
log10  8.07131 
233.426  T,C

Td.p  11.31C

8. Total Enthalpy, Hy

Liquid Vapor Vapor

TO TO T

At O CpA(T-TO)

Inert Gas Inert Gas

TO T
CpA(T-TO)
HY   O  CpA  T  TO   CpB  T  TO 
HY   O   CpA  CpB  T  TO 
HY   O  C S  T  TO 

9. Q=0 (Adiabatic Saturation)

Heat input = Heat output

S   CpA  T  TS   CpB  T  TS    S  S
S    CpA  CpB  T  TS    S  S
S  C S  T  TS    S S
    S  S  C S  T  TS 

   S C S

T  Ts S

GIVEN:
Dry bulb Temp = 80F
Wet bulb Temp = 67F

REQUIRED:
a) 
b) T dew point
c) %R
d) %A
e) Enthalpy at saturation
f) Enthalpy Deviation
g) Enthalpy
h) Humid Volume, vH

SOLUTION:
a)

=0.011 lb water/lb d.a

b) Dew Point = 60F

c) % Relative Humidity=51%
d)
 P  Pa  
% A  % R  T 
 PT  PA 

PA  18 
0.011  PA  13.23mmHg
760  PA  29 

1730.63
logPA   8.07131  PA   26.15mmHg
233.426  26.67C

 760  26.15 
%  A   0.51x100     50.12%
 760  13.23 
e) Enthalpy at Saturation = 31.6 BTU/lb d.a; Enthalpy Deviation= -0.1 BTU/lb d.a

g) Enthalpy = 31.6-0.1 = 31.5 BTU/lb d.a

ft3
h)H  0.0252  0.0405  0.011    80  460   13.85
lbd.a

Note :Wetbulbtemp  Sat ' mTemperature

foradiabaticcondition forwaterandair 
 Air enters an adiabatic saturator at 76.7C and a dew point of 40.6C. It leaves a saturator at
90% relative humidty. What is the initial humidity and final humidity and temperature of the air? What
are these if the gas becomes 100% saturated?

GIVEN:

Air ADIABATIC 90% RH

SATURATOR
Dry bulb = 76.7C
Dew point=40.6C

REQUIRED: H1, H2, T2 at 90% RH and 100% saturated

SOLUTION:
Using Psychrometric Chart

a)
lbH 2 O
 1  0.051
lbd.a
lbH 2 O
 2  0.0646
lbd.a
T2  117F

b)ifairbecomes100%saturated
lbH 2 O
 1  0.051
lbd.a
lbH 2 O
 2  0.065
lbd.a
T2  113F
 Air entering adiabatic chamber has a temperature of 32.2C and %HR of 65. It is cooled by a
cold water spray & saturated with water vapor in the chamber. After leaving, it Is heated to 23.9C. The
final air has a %RH of 40%. (a) What is the initial humidity of the air? (b) What is the final humidity
after heating? (c) What is the temperature before heating?

GIVEN:

Air 65%RH ADIABATIC HEATER Air 40%RH

CHAMBER
T=32.2C T=23.9C

REQUIRED: H1, H2, T2

SOLUTION:
lbH 2 O
 1  0.02
lbd.a
lbH 2 O
 2  0.0076
lbd.a
T2  49F beforeheating 

Air having a dry bulb temperature of 37.8C and a wet bulb temperature of 26.7C is to be
dried by first cooling to 15.6C to condense water vapor and then heating to 23.9C. (a) Determine the
initial humidity and % relative humidity, (b) Determine the final humidty and % Relative humidity.

GIVEN:
Air 65%RH COOLING T=15.6C HEATING Air 40%RH

T=37.8C T=23.9C
TWET=26.7C

REQUIRED:  and %R at point 1 and point 3

SOLUTION:
lbH 2 O
 1  0.0174
lbd.a
%  R 43%

inpo int3
lbH 2 O
 3  0.0114
lbd.a
%  R  60%
Problem 3 handout
The following data was obtained from a test on a forced-draft cooling tower
Water entering: 640 gal/min
Temperature of entering water: 109.9F
Temperature of leaving eater: 90.5F
Humidity of entering air = 0.012
Humidity of leaving air = 0.031
Temperature of entering air: 83F
Temperature of leaving air: 95F
Volume of Tower: 2200 cu.ft
Find:
a) The ft3 of air entering the tower per minute
b) The value of coefficient Uga

GIVEN:
AIR
WATER
640 gal/min 0.031=
Txa=109.9F Tya=95F

V=2200 cu.ft

Txb=90.5F
AIR
=0.012
SOLUTION: Tyb=83F
HeatlostbythewaterHeatgainedbytheair
mw cpw  Txa  Txb   md.a  Hya  Hyb 
gal  1ft3   lb  lb
mw  q.  640   61.86 3   5292.1267
min  7.481gal   ft  min

HY   O   CpA  CpB  T  TO 
BTU
Hyb  0.012  1075.4   0.24  0.45  0.012    83  32   25.4502
lbd.a
BTU
Hya  0.031  1075.4   0.24  0.45  0.031    95  32   49.34
lbd.a

ft3 .air
 H  0.0252  0.0405  0.012    83  460   13.95
lbd.a
  lb   BTU 
 5292.1267 min   1 lb.F   109.9  90.5  F lbd.a
md.a     4292.1099
BTU min
 49.84  25.45  lbd.a

ft3  ft3 .air   lbd.a  ft 3

a) airentering 13.95   492.1099   59874.9326
min  lbd.a   min  min

b)md.a Cs ave  Tya  Tyb   Uga  Tx  Ty L SZbutSZ  VT

 109.9  95    90.5  83   10.78
Tx  Ty L 
109.9  95
F
ln
90.5

Cs a  0.24  0.45  0.031   0.254

Cs b  0.24  0.45  0.012   0.245
0.254  0.245 BTU
Cs ave   0.2497
2 Lb.F

 lb   60min   BTU 
md.a Cs ave  Tya  Tyb   4292.1099 min   1hr   0.2497lb.F   95  83  F BTU
Ug a       35.5372
T x  Ty L SZ  10.78F  
2200 ft 3
 hr.°F.ft 3

Problem 5 Handout
A coke-packed humidifier is to be designed to cool 2200 ft 3/min of saturated air from 130F to 65F at
atmospheric pressure. Cooling water at 55F will be allowed to heat up to 110F. Gas Velocity is 1150
lb/hr.ft2 overall coefficient of sensible heat transfer. From air to water is 250 BTU/hr.ft 3.F. Calculate the
height and diameter of cooling water required and the amount of cooling water needed per hour.

GIVEN:

AIR
WATER
Tya=65F
Txa=55F

Gas velocity=1150 lb/hr.ft2

Uga=250 BTU/hr.ft2.F

Txb=110F
SATURATED AIR
QD.A=2000 ft3/min
Tyb=130F
REQUIRED:
a) D, H
b) mw

SOLUTION:
md.a Cs ave  Tya  Tyb   Uga  Tx  Ty L SZ

lbH 2 O
 a  0.0069
lbd.a
lbH 2 O
 b  0.011
lbd.a

 130  110    65  55   14.43F

T x  Ty L 
130  110
ln
65  55

Cs a  0.24  0.45  0.0069   0.243105

Cs b  0.24  0.45  0.11   0.2895
0.243105  0.2895 BTU
Cs ave   0.2663025
2 Lb.F

a)
ft3 .air
 H   0.0252  0.0405  0.11    130  460   17.49645
lbd.a
2000ft3 / min lbd.a
md.a   114.3089027
ft3 .air min
17.49645
lbd.a

lbd.a  min 
114.3089027 60
min  hr 
S  5.963942748ft 2
lbd.a
1150
hr.ft 2
 2
S D  5.963942748;D = 2.7556ft
4

lbd.a  60min   BTU 

md.a Cs ave  Tyb  Tya 
114.3089027
min  1hr  
0.2663025
lbd.a.F 
 130  65  F
Z    5.5191 ft
Tx  Ty L SUga  
 250
BTU 
  14.42695041F 5.963942748 ft 2

 hr.ft3 .F 
mw cpw  Txb  Txa   md.a  H yb  H ya 
HY   O   Cp A  CpB  T  TO 
BTU
Hyb  0.11  1075.4   0.24  0.45  0.011    130  32   146.665
lbd.a
BTU
Hya  0.0069  1075.4   0.24  0.45  0.0069    65  32   15.442725
lbd.a

 lbd.a  BTU
md.a  Hyb  Hya   114.3089027 min   146.665  15.442725  lb lb
mw     272.725
cpw  Txb  Txa   BTU  min
 1 lb.F   110  55F 
 

Problem 7 Handout
20000 cfm of air are to be cooled from 90F to 72F, by the use of a horizontal spray type humidifier,
employing a counterflow of air and water. The air has an initial humidity of 0.011 lb of water vapor per
lb of dry air/ |The unevaporated water collects inside the apparatus, to be recirculated to the spray
nozzles, and “make-up” water at 70F, is fed to the pump. Based on the data given below, circulate:
a) cross-section of the spray chamber, in square ft
b) lbs of water sprayed per hour
c) pounds of make-up water required per hour
d) Length of the spray chamber in ft
e) Humidty of the air leaving the chamber
DATA: The spray chamber will operate substantially adiabatically, and normal barometric pressure
prevails within the apparatus. When spraying, 1200 lb of water/hr.ft 2 of cross section of the spray
chamber and emnploying an air rate of 2400 lb of dry air/hr.ft2 of cross section of the spray chamber.
Test data show that the overall coefficient of heat transfer, Uga is 90 Btu/hr.F(mean difference).ft3 of
spray chamber.

GIVEN:

Make up
water
ADIABATIC
T=70F SATURATOR
Air
Gas Mixture
20000 cu.ft/min
Dry bulb = 76.7C
Tyb=90F
Dew point=40.6C
=0.011 lb H2O/lb d.a
2400 lb d.a/hr.ft2

Uga=90 BTU/Hr.F.ft3
SOLUTION:
a)
ft3
 H  0.0252  0.0405  0.011    90  460   14.11
lbd.a
ft3
20000
mdryair 
q air
 min  1417.98 lbdryair
H ft3 min
14.11
lbdryair
lbd.a
1417.98
S min  35.45 ft 2
lbd.a
2400
hr.ft 2

lbH 2 O lb
b)H 2 Osprayed  1200
hr.ft 2  
35.45ft 2  42538.08
hr
c)H 2 Omakeup  H 2 Otransferred md.a   a   b 
psychrometricchart
 Tdb  72F  lb H 2 O
 A    0.0153
T
 wb  70 F  lb d.a

lbsmakeupH 2 O lbd.a lbH O 60min 

 0.0153  0.011  2 
lbs
 1417.93   365.83
hr min lbd.a  hr  hr

d)md.a Cs ave  Tya  Tyb   Uga  Tx  Ty L SZ

 90  70    72  70   7.8173F
Tx  Ty L 
90  70
ln
72  70

Cs a  0.24  0.45  0.0153   0.246885

Cs b  0.24  0.45  0.011   0.24495
0.246885  0.24495 BTU
Cs ave   0.2459
2 Lb.F

 lbd.a  min  BTU 

 1417.93 min  60 hr  0.2459 lb.F   90  72  F
Z     15.10 ft
 BTU 
 90 
 hr.ft .F 
3
7.8173F  35.45 
ft 2

 2000 ft3 per hour of air at110F, saturated with vapor, is to be dehumidified. Part of the air is
sent through a unit where it is cooled and some water condensed. The air leaves the unit saturated at
60F. It is then remixed with air which by-passed the unit. The final air contains 0.02 lb H2O/ lb d.a.
Determine the humidity of the original oir. (b) The amount of water condensed in lbm/hr (c) lbs dry air
bypassed per lb of dry air sent to the dehumidifier.

GIVEN: X

2000 cu.ft/hr =0.02 lb H2O/lb d.a

saturated ADIABATIC
SATURATOR
T=110F
REQUIRED:
a) 1
b) water condensed
c) lb dry air/ lb dry air by passed to the dehumidifier
Water
SOLUTION:
a)Fromthepsychrometricchart
lbH 2 O
 1  0.059
lbd.a
lbH 2 O
 2  0.0111
lbd.a

b)TMB :
H 2 Ocondensed md.a   1   3 

Fortheoriginalair :
ft3 air
 H   0.0252  0.0405  0.059    110  460   15.73
lbd.a
2000ft3 air
md.a   127.18lbd.a
ft3 air
15.73
lbd.a

lbH 2 O lb H 2 O
H 2 Ocondensed  127.18lbdryair 0.059  0.02   4.96
lbd.a lb d.a
Aroundthedehumidifier :
H 2 Ocondensed md.a @2 1   2 
lbs
md.a  103.33
hr

md.a @ x md.a @ 1  md.a @ 2 127.18  103.33 lbdryairbypassed

   0.2308
md.a @ 2 md.a @ 2 103.33 lbdryairfedtothedehumidifer
 DRYING OF SOLIDS

1. An insoluble wet granular material is dried in a pan 0.457x0.457 m and 25.4 mm deep. The
material is 25.4 mm deep in the pan, and the sides and bottom can be considered to be insulated.
Heat transfer is by convection from an air stream flowing parallel to the surface at a velocity of 6.1
m/s. The air is at 65.6C and has a humidity of 0.010 kg water/kg dry air. Estimate the rate of
drying for the constant-rate period.

GIVEN:

AIR 0.457 m
  6.1m/s 25.4 mm
t  65.6C
2 kg H O
H  0.01 kg da 0.457 m

REQUIRED:
R c (constant-rate period)

SOLUTION:
h = 0.0204G 0.8
Tw  H=0.01
65.6°C 
= 28.78°C»83.8°F
 
Appendix7 :M / S / H;7 / e : lw = 1046.172 BTU = 2431858.45 J
lb kg

G = rn
totalmassofdryair  dryair+H 2 O  volume of air
rave = ;nH =
volumeofair lb da
Basis : 1 lb of dry air
nH =  2.83x10-3 + 4.56x10-3  0.01    65.6 + 273.15  = 0.9741 m3 / kg da
 

rave =
 1 + 0.01  kg = 1.037 kg / m3
3
0.9741 m
G = 1.037 kg3 6.1 m
m
 s   3600
hr 
s
= 22769.10347 kg / m 2 - hr

 
0.8
h = 0.0204 22769.10347 kg / m 2 - hr = 62.4463 W / m 2 - K

62.4463 W
h m2 -K
Rc =  T - Tw  =  65.6 - 25.78  K
lw 2431858.45 kJg
kg
Rc = 1.0225x10-3
m2 - s
2. It is proposed to install a batch dryer large enough to handle 320 lb of dry solids containing 220 lb of
water. From the following data, calculate the total drying time required:
Critical free moisture content = 0.5 lb water / lb dry solid
Equilibrium moisture content = 0.04 lb water / lb dry solid
Moisture content of the product = 0.08 lb water / lb dry solid
The curve for the falling rate period is a straight line and the rate of drying at constant rate period is
0.60 lb/min.

GIVEN: REQUIRED:
mS = 320 lb tT
lb H 2 O
Xc = 0.5
lb dry solids
220 lb H 2 O
X1 = - 0.04 = 0.6475
320 lb dry solids
lb H 2 O
X 2 = 0.08 - 0.04 = 0.04
lb dry solids

AR c = 0.60 lb
min

SOLUTION:
mS  Xc 
tT =  X - X  + Xc ln 
AR c  1 c X2 
320 lb dry solids  0.50  lb H 2 O
tT =
lb H 2 O  0.6475 - 0.50  + 0.50ln 0.04  lb dry solids
0.60  
min
tT = 752.19 minutes

3. A porous solid is dried in a batch dryer under constant drying conditions. Seven hours are required
to reduce the moisture content from 35% to 10%. The critical moisture content was found to be 20%
and the equilibrium moisture is 4%. All the moisture contents are on the dry basis. Assuming that
the rate of drying during the falling rate period is proportional to the free-moisture content, how
longs should it take to dry a sample of the same solid from 35% to 5% under the same drying
conditions?

GIVEN:

First Condition Second Condition

t T = 7 hrs tT = ?
X1 = 0.35 - 0.04 = 0.31 X1 = 0.35 - 0.04 = 0.31
X 2 = 0.10 - 0.04 = 0.06 X 2 = 0.05 - 0.04 = 0.01
Xc = 0.20 - 0.04 = 0.16 Xc = 0.20 - 0.04 = 0.16
*
X = 0.04 X* = 0.04

REQUIRED:
tT for the 2nd condition
\
SOLUTION:
mS  Xc 
tT =  X - X  + Xc ln 
AR c  1 c X2 
m  0.16  lb H2 O
7 hrs = S  0.31 - 0.16  + 0.16ln
AR c  0.06  lb dry solids
mS
= 22.8063
AR c

 0.16 
tT, 2nd = 22.8063  0.31 - 0.16  + 0.16ln
 0.01 
tT, 2nd = 13.5381 hrs

4. A wet solid is dried form 36% to 8% in 5 hours under constant drying conditions. Critical moisture is
14% and the equilibrium moisture is 4%. All moisture contents are on wet basis.
(a) How much longer (in hours) would it take, under the same drying conditions, to dry
from 8% to 5% moisture?
(b) The solid is a 2-in thick slab, 1 ft2 and dried from both sides. It has a density of 120 lb
dry solid/ft3 wet solid. What is the drying rate at the instant the moisture content is 8%

GIVEN:
First Condition Second Condition
t T = 5 hrs tT = ?
x 1 = 0.36 x 1 = 0.36
x 2 = 0.08 x 2 = 0.05
x c = 0.14 x c = 0.14
x * = 0.04 x * = 0.04

REQUIRED:
(a) t8%to5%
(b) R at x 2 = 0.08

SOLUTION:
mS  Xc 
tT =  X1 - Xc  + X c ln 
AR c  X2 
0.36 0.04
X1 = - = 0.5208
0.64 0.96
0.08 0.04
X 2 = - = 0.0453
0.92 0.96
0.14 0.04
Xc = - = 0.1211
0.86 0.96
m  0.1211 
5 hrs = S  0.5208 - 0.1211  + 0.1211ln
AR c  0.0453 
mS
= 9.6365
AR c
2nd Condition:
0.05 0.04
X2 = - = 0.011
0.95 0.96
 0.1211 
t T = 9.6365  0.5208 - 0.1211  + 0.1211ln
 0.0453 
t T = 6.6555 hrs

t8% 5% =  6.6555 - 5  hrs

t8% 5% = 1.6555 hrs

(b)

At x = 0.08
Condition : Falling Rate Period
R = aX + b
R - R'
R= c
Xc - X'
X
mS
Rc =
A  9.6365 

 1 ft   ft  = 20 lb
lb dry solid 2 2 
mS = 120
3
ft wet solid  12 
20 lb dry solid lb
Rc = = 1.0377
  
 2 1 ft   9.6365 
2

2
ft - hr

R
R = c X at the origin :R' = 0; X' = 0
Xc
1.0377 2lb
ft -hr
 0.0453 
R=
0.1211
lb
R = 0.388
ft 2 - hr
5. A continuous countercurrent dryer is being used to dry 453.6 kg dry solid/hr containing 0.04 kg total
moisture/kg dry solid to a value of 0.002 kg total moisture/kg dry solid. The granular solid enters at
26.7C and is to be discharged at 62.8C. The dry solid heat capacity of 1.465 kJ/kg-K is assumed
constant. Heating air enters at 93.3C, having a humidity of 0.010 kg water/kg dry air, and is to
leave at 37.8C. Calculate the air flow rate and the outlet humidity, assuming no heat losses in the
dryer.

GIVEN:
C P = 1.465 kJ
S kg-K
Air Leaving Air Entering

DRYER

Wet Material Dried Material

Air Entering Air Leaving Wet Material Dried Material

ty,b = 93.3°C ty,a = 37.8°C kg dry solid kg dry solid

mS = 453.6 mS = 453.6
Hb = 0.01 hr hr
kg H2 O kg H 2 O
Xa = 0.04 Xb = 0.002
kg dry solid kg dry solid
tS,a = 26.7°C tS,a = 62.8°C

REQUIRED:
(a) m da
(b) H a

SOLUTION:
mS  Xa - Xb  = mda  Ha - Hb 
453.6  0.04 - 0.02  = mda  Ha - 0.01 
17.2368 = mda Ha - 0.01 mda  equation 1

Heat Balance:
mS HS,a + mda Hy,b = mS HS,b + mda Hy,a + Q

HS,a = 1.465 kJ
kg-K
 26.7 - 0  + 0.04  4.184 kg-K
kJ
  26.7 - 0 
HS,a = 43.5840 kJ
kg

HS,b = 1.465 kJ
kg-K
 62.8 - 0  + 0.002  4.184 kg-K
kJ
 62.8 - 0 
HS,b = 92.5275 kJ
kg
 At To = 32°F » 0°C; lo = 2492.5839 kJ
kg


Hy,b = 0.01 2492.5839 kJ
kg  + 1.005 + 1.88 0.01  93.3 - 0 
Hy,b = 120.466379 kJ
kg

 
Hy,a = H a 2494.5839 kJ +  1.005 + 1.88  Ha    37.8 - 0 
kg

453.6  43.5840  + mda  120.466379  = 453.6  92.5275  + mda  2494.5839H a +  1.005 + 1.88H a  37.8  
-22200.77088 = 2565.6479mda Ha - 82.477379mda  equation 2

Solving equations 1 and 2 simultaneously

mda H a = 28.92692293

mda = 1169.012293 kg

kg H2 O
Ha = 0.024744755
kg da

6. During an experiment conducted on the drying of copra, it was found out that copra dries at a rate
proportional to its free moisture content and losses 60% of its free moisture in 2 hours. How many
hours will it take to lose 90% under the same drying condition?

GIVEN:
First Condition: t = 2 hours
LetX1 = initial moisture content
0.40X1 = final moisture content
Second Condition: t = ?
0.10X1 = final moisture content

REQUIRED:
t for the 2nd condition

SOLUTION:
R  X
mS  dX 
-   = kX
A  dt 
First Condition :
mS 0.4X1 dX t=2 hrs

A X 
- =k dt
1 X t=0
m X1
 S ln = k 2
A 0.40X1
m
 S = 2.1827
Ak
Second Condition :
mS 1
 ln =t
Ak 0.10
t = 5.0259 hrs
 GAS ABSORPTION
Ex. 18.1| 6th Ed. M & S
Given:
1” Intalox saddles
T = 68°F
P = 1 atm

25,000 ft3/hr gas

2 % NH3

Reqd:
a) D of the tower if Gy = ½ Gy flooding
b) ΔP if Z = 20 ft

Soln:
a) Assume ideal behavior:
M = 0.02(17) + 0.98(29) = 28.76
 lb 
1atm  28.76 
PM  lbmol  lb
r= = 3
=0.0746 3
RT ft - atm ft
0.7302  68 + 460  °R
lbmol - °R
lb  ft3  lb
m=rq=0.0746 3  25000  = 1865
ft  hr  hr
my Gy lb
= 1= From Fig. 18 - 5 : G y = G x = 1700 2
mx Gx ft - hr
1 lb
G y =  1700  = 850 2
2 ft - hr
m p 2
Gy = but S = D
S 4
lb
1865
p 2 hr
D =
4 lb
850 2
ft - hr
D = 1.6714 ft
 b)
lb
rx H2 O@68°F  = 62.3
ft3
Gx ry 0.0746
x= =1 = 0.0346
Gy rx - ry 62.3 - 0.0746
G y 2 Fp mx 0.1
y = 0.0343 =
g c  rx - ry  ry
P =0.23  20 ft  = 4.6 ftH 2 O

1) One thousand pounds per hour of a mixture of acetone in air (2 mol % of acetone) is to be treated
in a countercurrent gas absorber which is 1.4 ft in diameter and is packed with Raschig rings. The
equilibrium equation is y = 2.53x where y is the mole fraction of acetone in air and x is the mole
fraction of acetone in water. What is the rate (in lb/hr) of water free (acetone-flow) to the absorber
if 95 % recovery of acetone is desired?

Given:
H2O

y = 2.53x

95 % recovery

1000 lb/hr
yb = 0.02
Reqd: L’min

Soln:
 y y   x * x 
V'  b - a  = L'min  b - a 
 1 - y b 1- y a   1-x b * 1-x a 
y b = 0.02
0.05  0.02 
ya = = 0.00102
0.05  0.02  + 0.90
xa = 0
y b = 2.53xb *
xb * = 0.00791
Mair entering = 0.02  58  + 0.98  29  = 29.58
lb
1000
Va = hr = 33.8066 lbmol
lb hr
29.58
lbmol
lbmol
V' = 0.98  33.8066  = 33.1305
hr
 0.02 0.00102   0.00741 
33.1305  -  = L'min  - 0
 1 - 0.02 1 - 0.00102   1 - 0.00741 

lbmol 18lb 
L'min = 86.0385   = 1548.693 lb
hr  1lbmol 

2) It is desired to recover 95 % of SO2 from an air-SO2 mixture containing 10 mol % SO2 at 20°C and 1
atm by scrubbing with water in a countercurrent packed tower maintained at 20°C. What will be
the minimum water rate (kmol/min) to scrub 8.50 m 3/min of the air-SO2 mixture?

Given:
H2O

20°C, 1 atm

95 % recovery

8.50 m3/min
yb = 0.10
Reqd: L’min, kmol/min

Soln:
xa = 0
yb = 0.10
0.05  0.10 
ya = = 0.0055
0.05  0.10  + 0.90
Pa = y b PT = 0.1  1atm  = 0.1 atm = 76 mmHg
2.0152
xb * = 64 = 0.003524
2.0152 100
-
64 18
 P 1 atm kmol
C= = 3
= 0.0416
RT m - atm m3
0.08205  293.15 K 
kmol - K
 m3   kmol  kmol
V' = 0.9  8.5   0.0416 3 
= 0.3182
 min   m  m3
 0.1 0.0055   0.00564 
0.3182  -  = L'min  
 0.9 0.9945   0.99436 
kmol
L'min = 5.9905
min

3) We wish to scrub acetone from an air stream containing 0.020 mol fraction acetone. If we use a
countercurrent packed scrubber designed so that the exit gas does not exceed 0.0002 mol fraction
acetone, (a) how many transfer units are there, (b) what is height of one transfer unit, (c) what I s
the total height of the packing used? The data available are as follows: gas rate = 700 ft 3/hr-ft2 (at
STP); water rate = 1000 lb/hr-ft2 and Kya = 1.75 lbmol/ft3-hr-mol fraction difference; the equilibrium
relationship is y = 1.75x.

Given:
1000 lb/hr-ft2

STP
Kya = 1.75 lbmol/ft3-hr-mol fraction difference

y = 1.75x

Reqd: 700 ft3/hr-ft2

a) Noy yb = 0.02
b) Hoy
c) ZT

Soln:
a) yb = 0.02
ya = 0.0002
y a* = 0
P 1atm lbmol
C= = 3
= 0.002784 3
RT ft - atm ft
0.7302  32 + 460  °R
lbmol - °R

ft3  lbmol  lbmol

V = 700  0.002784 3  = 1.9488
2
hr - ft  ft  hr - ft 2
lb  lbmol  lbmol
L = 1000 2   = 55.5556
hr - ft  18 lb  hr - ft 2
  0.02 0.0002   xb 
1.9488  0.98   -  = 55.5556  1 - x 
 0.98 0.9998   b
xb = 0.0006942
yb * = 1.75  0.0006942  = 0.001215
 yb - yb *  -  y a - y a *   0.02 - 0.001215 -  0.0002 
yL = = = 0.004091
y -y *
ln b b ln
 0.02 - 0.001215 
ya - ya *  0.0002 
yb - y a 0.02 - 0.0002
No y = = = 4.8399
DyL 0.004091

Gm, y 1.9488
b) Ho y = = = 1.1136 ft
Ky a 1.75
c) Z T = Ho y No y =  1.1136 ft  4.8399  = 5.3897 ft

4) We want to remove alcohol vapor from carbon dioxide using a packed column containing 2.54-cm
Raschig rings at 40°C. the vapor (0.10 mol fraction alcohol) needs to have 98 % recovery of alcohol.
The water used for absorption has 0.0001 mol fraction alcohol. The molar flux, Gm at the bottom is
0.0422 kmol/s-m2. The ratio of Lm to Gm is 1.5264. Equilibrium is given by y = 1.0682x. Values of Hy
and Hx are 0.54 and 0.30m, respectively. Calculate the total packing height.

Given:

xa = 0.0001

Hy = 0.54 m Lm/Gm = 1.5264

Hx = 0.30 m
98 % recovery

y = 1.0682x

Reqd: ZT 0.0422 kmol/s-m2

yb = 0.1

Soln:
 Gm  1 
Ho y = Hy + m
Lm
Hx = 0.54 + 1.0682    0.30  = 0.7499 m
 1.5264 
y b = 0.10
x a = 0.0001
0.02  0.10 
ya = = 0.00222
0.02  0.10  + 0.9
 0.1 0.00222   x 0.0001 
0.9  -  = 0.9999  1.5264   b - 
 0.9 0.99778   1 - xb 0.9999 
xb = 0.0604
y a * = 0.000107
y b * = 0.0645
0.10 - 0.00222
No y = = 8.2631
 0.00222 - 0.000107  -  0.10 - 0.0645 
0.00222 - 0.000107
ln
0.10 - 0.0645
Z T = 0.7499  8.2631  = 6.1965 m

5) From 480 lb/hr of gas containing 2.0 mol % SO2 and 98 % is to be absorbed by water at 20°C in a
packed column operated at atmospheric pressure. Water is to be fed at a rate of 6800 lb/hr to the
tower whose cross-sectional area is 288 in2. Assume that the temperature in the tower remains
constant at 20°C. determine: (a) the pounds of SO2 absorbed, (b) partial pressure of SO2 in
equilibrium with the solution discharged from the tower, (c) column height, assuming K ga = 2.15
lb/hr-ft3-mmHg.

Given:
6800 lb H2O/hr

288 in2 Kga = 2.15 lb/hr-ft3-mmHg

98 % recovery

480 lb/hr
Reqd: a) NA yb = 0.02
b) PA
c) ZT
Soln:
a) yb = 0.02
ya = 0
 0.02  0.02 
ya = = 0.000408
0.02  0.02  + 0.98
Mgas = 0.02  64  + 0.98  29  = 29.7
 480 
0.98  0.02   
xb =  29.7  = 0.0008378
 480  6800
0.98  0.02   +
 29.7  18
NA = 0.98(0.02)(480) = 9.408 lbs SO2/hr

6) The inside dimensions of a packed tower for absorption of ammonia are 1.52 m in diameter and 6.1
m in height. During the operation it was noted that the pressure difference readings at the top and
bottom of the column has a difference of 0.09 atm. How much will be absorbed by the tower form
410 kg of mixture of ammonia and inert gas entering per hour? Use Kga = 0.506 kmol/hr-m3-kPa
and take (P-P*) at the bottom = 0.10 atm.

Given:
H2O

1.52 x 6.1 m Kga = 0.506 kmol/hr-m3

410 kg/hr
Reqd: NA (Pa – Pa*) – (Pb – Pb*) = 0.9 atm yb
Pb – Pb* = 0.1 atm
Soln:
Pa – Pa* = 0.09 + 0.01 = 0.19 atm
0.09
PL = = 0.1402
0.19
ln
0.1
 kmol  p kmol
  0.1402  6.1m     1.52 m  = 0.7852
2
NA =  0.506
 hr - m3  4 hr
7) The exhaust from a chemical plant contains 3 % n-pentane and 97 % air. The n-pentane
concentration is to be reduced to 0.30 % by contacting the gas with 2950 kg/hr of absorbing oil at
27°C and 1013.25 kPa. The amount of exhaust handled is 3176 kg/hr. The MW of the oil is 200. The
vapor pressure of n-pentane at 27°C is 530 torrs. Calculate the number of theoretical plates.

Given:
Oil
MW = 200
m = 2950 kg/hr
ya = 0.003

PT = 1013.25 kPa
T = 27°C
P°pentane = 530 torrs

Reqd: N 3176 kg/hr

yb = 0.03
Soln:
ya = 0.003
yb = 0.03
y a* = 0
3176 kmol
V= = 104.8531
0.03  72  + 0.97  29  hr
2950 kmol
L= = 14.75
200 hr
 0.03 0.003   x 
0.97  104.8531   -  = 14.75  b 
 0.97 0.997   1 - xb 
x b = 0.1614
PA °x b 530  0.1614 
yb * = = = 0.0113
PT 7600
 0.003 
log 
N=  0.03 - 0.0113  = 2.1008 » 3 plates
 0.0113 
log 
 0.03 - 0.003 
8) Sulfur dioxide is to be absorbed into water in a plate column, the feed gas (20 mol % SO2) is to be
scrubbed to 2 mol % SO2. Water flow rate is 6000 kg/hr-m2. The inlet air flow rate is 150 kg air/hr-
m2. Tower temperature is 293 K. find the number of theoretical plates.

Given:
Water
6000 kg/hr-m2

ya = 0.02

T = 293 K

Reqd: N
150 kg air/hr-m2
Soln: yb = 0.2
ya = 0.02
yb = 0.2
y a* = 0
150 kmol
V= = 6.4655
0.8  29  hr - m2
6000 kmol
L= = 333.3333
18 hr - m2
 0.2 0.02   x 
0.8  6.4655   -  = 333.3333  b 
 0.8 0.98   1 - xb 
x b = 0.00285
C
0.00285 = 64
C 100
+
64 18
kg SO 2
C = 1.0162
100 kg H 2 O
PA = 60.0692 mmHg
PA °x b 60.0692
yb * = = = 0.0790
PT 760
 0.02 
log 
N=  0.2 - 0.079  = 2.1858 » 3 trays
 0.079 
log 
 0.2 - 0.02 
9) We want to remove alcohol vapor (0.01 mol fraction) from a carbon dioxide stream. Water for the
absorption contains 0.0001 mol fraction alcohol. A total of 227 moles of gas are to be treated per
hour. The equilibrium relationship for alcohol and water is y = 1.0682x. For this case, how many
theoretical plates would be required for 98 % absorption at a liquid rate of 1.5 times the minimum?

Given:

Water
xa = 0.0001

y = 1.0682x
98 % absorption

227 mol/hr
yb = 0.01
Reqd: N, if L’ = 1.5L’min

Soln:
yb = 0.01
0.02  0.01 
ya * = = 0.000202
0.02  0.01  + 0.99
 0.01 0.000202   x 0.0001 
0.99  227   -  = 1.5L'min  b - 
 0.99 1 - 0.000202   1 - xb 1 - 0.0001 
 x 
1.4831 = L'min  b - 0.0001  eqn. 1
 1 - x b 
 0.01 0.000202   xb * 0.0001 
0.99  227   -  = L'min  1 - x * - 1 - 0.0001 
 0.99 1 - 0.000202   b 
 x * 
2.2246 = L'min  b - 0.0001  eqn. 2
 1 - x b * 
 2.2246 1.4831 0.01
= but xb * = = 0.00936
xb * xb 1.0682
- 0.0001 - 0.0001
1 - xb * 1 - xb
1.5x b 0.00936
= + 0.00005
1 - xb 1 - 0.00936
xb = 0.00629
y b * = 0.00629  1.0682  = 0.00672
 0.000202 - 0.000107 
log  
 0.01 - 0.00672
N= = 9.0088 » 10 trays
0.00672 - 0.000107
0.01 - 0.000202

10) It is desired to recover 95 % of the SO 2 contained in a waste flue gas with 5 % SO2 and 95 % air in
packed tower having a cross-sectional area of 0.093 m2. The absorbing liquid is water and is
allowed to flow counter-currently with the gas flow.
a) How much minimum water rate (kg/hr) is needed? Assume 20°C temperature and
entering gas rate is 1.36 kg/min.
b) Find the log mean pressure difference driving force in the tower if the water rate is 150 % of
the minimum.
c) Using Kga = 25 kg SO2 absorbed/hr-m3 kPa, find the tower height based on the condition in
(b).

Given:

H2O

0.093 m2 1 atm, 20°C

95 % recovery

1.36 kg/min
Reqd: yb = 0.05
a) L’min
b) (P – P*)L if L’ = 1.5L’min
c) Z, if Kga = 25 kg SO2/hr-m3-kPa

Soln:
a) yb = 0.05
xa = 0
0.05  0.05 
ya = = 0.0026
0.05  0.05  + 0.95
 Pb = 0.05  760  = 38 mmHg
@ 20°C; Pb = 38 mmHg
kg SO 2
C = 0.6846
100 kg H 2 O
0.6846
xb * = 64 = 0.00192
0.6846 100
+
64 18
1.36  60  kmol
V= = 2.6537
0.05  64  + 0.95  29  hr
kmol
V' = 0.95  2.6537  = 2.521
hr
 0.05 0.0026   0.00192 
2.521  -  = L'min  
 0.95 1 - 0.0026   1 - 0.00192 
kmol kg
L'min = 65.5575 = 1180.03
hr hr

 0.05 0.0026   x 
2.521  -  = 1.5  65.5575   b 
 0.95 1 - 0.0026   1 - xb 
xb = 0.00128
C
b) 0.00128 = 64 C = 0.4557
C 100
+
64 18
Pb = 23.3642 mmHg
23.3642
yb * = = 0.0307
760
 
  0.0026 - 0  -  0.05 - 0.0307  
 P - P * L =  y - y * L PT = 
0.0026   760  = 6.3315 mmHg
 ln 
 0.05 - 0.0307 

kmol
2.6587
V hr = 28.5344 kmol
Gmy = =
S 0.013 m2 hr - m2
c)
Gmy  y b - y a  28.5344  0.05 - 0.0026  64 
ZT = = = 4.1018 m
K g a  P - P * L  101.325 
25  6.3315   
 760 
 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA

1) Given: CH3OH-H2O mixture

T = 50°C
P = 40 kPa
P°methanol = 53.32 kPa
P°H2O = 12.33 kPa

Reqd: xA & yA

Soln:
PT = PmetOH + Pwater
40 = 53.32xA + 12.33(1-xA)
xA = 0.6750
yA = o.675(53.32)/40 = 0.8998

Composition of Liquid Phase

Component % mol
Methanol 67.5
Water 32.5

Composition of Vapor Phase

Component % mol
Methanol 89.98
Water 10.02

2) Given:
L-phase:
10 % water
50 % HAc
40 % acetone
P°water = 47.33 kPa
P°HAc = 27.32 kPa
P°acetone = 219.77 kPa

Reqd: Composition of V-phase

Soln:
PT = ΣPixi = 0.10(47.33) + 0.50(27.32) + 0.40(219.77) = 106.301 kPa
P P °x
yA = A = A A
PT PT
47.33  0.10 
y water = = 0.0445
106.301
27.32  0.50 
yHAc = = 0.1285
106.301
219.77  0.40 
y water = = 0.8270
106.301
 DISTILLATION

If a 20% mole benzene in toluene mixture is the feed to an equilibrium still and if the vapor and
liquid streams arw withdrawn in a ratio of 2 mole vapor to 1 mole liquid, what is the composition of the
vapor and liquid. At what temperature is the still?

GIVEN:
VAPOR

V/L=2
FEED
xf = 0.2

REQUIRED:
a) composition of liquid and vapor
b) temperature
LIQUID
SOLUTION:

a)

1f 2 2
YD=0.27 Slope   butf  
f 21 3
2
1
1 y
Slope   3  
2 2 x
3

Xb=0.14 XF=0.20

b)

T
T=105.1C

xB yD
 If a mixture of water and 0.30 mole fraction of ethanol is the feed to an equilibrium still, and if
the vapor stream contains 0.42mole fraction ethanol, what is the composition of the liquid and what is
the ratio of the vapor to the liquid?

GIVEN:
VAPOR
yd=0.42

FEED
xf = 0.34

LIQUID

REQUIRED: a) xb b) V/L

SOLUTION:
a)

YD=0.42

XB=0.08

b)
Basis :100molesoffeed
TMB :100  V  L
CMB : 100  0.30   0.42V  0.08L

V  64.7059moles
L  35.2941moles

V 64.7059
  1.8333
L 35.2941
 A feed of 60% mol hexane and 40% octane is fed to a pipe still through a flash disengaging
chamber. The vapor & liquid leaving the chamber are assumed to be in equilibrium. If the fraction of
the feed converted to vapor is 0.5, find the composition of the top and bottom products. Equilibrium
data for this system is given below.

Mol fraction of hexane in the liquid 1.0 0.69 0.40 0.192 0.045 0
Mol fraction of hexane in the vapor 1.0 0.932 0.78 0.538 0.1775 0

GIVEN:
VAPOR
F=0.50

FEED
60% Hexane
40% Octane

REQUIRED: Composition of V & L LIQUID

SOLUTION:
Fromtheplottedpo int sinthegraph
x b  0.41
yD  0.79

Composition
V :79%molhexaneL :41%molhexane
21%moloct an e 59%moloc tan e
 A mixture of 100 mol containing 60% mol n-pentane and 40% mol n-heptane is vaporized at
101.32 kPa abs pressure until 40 mol of vapor and 60 mol of liquid in equilibrium with each other are
produced. This occurs in a single-stage system and the vapor and the liquid are kept in contact with
each other until the vaporization is complete. Calculate the composition of the vapor and the liquid.
Equilibrium data:

Mol fraction of hexane in the liquid 1.0 0.867 0.594 0.398 0.254 0.145 0.054 0
Mol fraction of hexane in the vapor 1.0 0.984 0.925 0.836 0.701 0.521 0.271 0

GIVEN:
VAPOR
F=0.40

FEED PT=101.32 kPa

60% Pentane
40% Heptane

LIQUID
L=60mol
REQUIRED: Vapor and Liquid Composition
SOLUTION:
Fromtheplottedpo int sinthegraph
x b  0.34
yD  0.788

Composition
V :78.8%molpen tan eL :34%molpen tan e
20.2%molhep tan e56%molhep tan e
BATCH/RAYLEIGH/DIFFERENTIAL DISTILLATION

dn

DERIVATION : NO N
nA  x A n
dn  d  xn 
dn  xdn  ndx
NOA NOB NA NB
dnA  y A dn
ydn  xdn  ndx

dn dx
 n  yx
 RAYLEIGHEQUATION

x P /x Px P  y x
buty  ;  a a  a b  A  A B
1    1 x Pb / x b Pb x a PB  y B x A

y a xb

yb xa

 y  dn xB n
 b   .
 y a  dn x A n
dn n
 AB B  B
dnA nA
nB dnB na dn
  a
nOB nB nOA n
a
DISTILLATION WITHOUT REFLUX

On hundred kmols of an Equimolar mixture of ethanol and water is charged to a still pot where
differential distillation is carried out until 40 kmols are distilled.

a) What is the average composition of the total vapor distilled and the composition of the liquid if the
relative volatility is assumed constant at 10.4?
b) If the vaporization is done in an equilibrium distillation unit and 40 kmols are distilled, what is the
composition of the vapor distilled and the liquid left?

GIVEN:

V=40 kmols
=10.4

100 N
kmols

NA NB
50 kmols 50 kmols

REQUIRED:
a) composition of vapor and liquid using =10.4
b) composition of vapor and liquid using V=40 kmols

SOLUTION:
a)DifferentialDistillation
n 1  xa 1  xa 
ln  ln  ln n  100  40  60kmols
no   1  x oa 1  x oa 
60 1  xa 1  xa 
ln  ln  ln
100 10.4  1  0.5 1  0.5 

x a = 0.2561

1
n  n  ab n
or b   a  wherenB  n  nA ;x A  A 
nob  noa  n
1
 60  na   na  10.4
  
 50   50 
na  15.36326197
 na 15.3626197
xa    0.2561
n 60
n  na 50  15.36326197
y a  oa   0.8659
V 40

b)EQUILIBRIUM/FLASHDISTILLATION
40
f  0.40
100
1f 1  0.4 y
m   1.5
f 0.4 x

xB  0.42
yD  0.62

xB, yD,

xF =0.50

A liquid mixture of 65% by mole benzene and35% toluene is distilled with the vapor
continiuously withdrawn as it is formed. Assuming the relative volatility is constant at 2.94.
a) What is the composition of the liquid after 25% of the liquid has been vaporized?
b) How much of the original liquid must be vaporized to have a composition of 35% mol benzene in the
residue?

GIVEN:

=2.94

No N

NA NB
65% C6H6 35% C7H8
REQUIRED:
a) xB if f=0.25
b) % vaporized

SOLUTION: Basis: 100 moles of original solution

a)
V  0.25 100   25moles
N  100  25  75moles

75 1  xA 1x
ln   ln  2.94ln
100 2.94  1  0.65 0.35 
x A = 0.5904

b)
n 1  0.35 1  0.35 
ln   ln  2.94ln
100 2.94  1  0.65 0.35 
n  28.4443moles
V  100  28.4443  71.5557moles

71.5557
%vaporized  100   71.5557%
100
RECTIFICATION

A rectification column is fed with 100 kmol/hr of an Equimolar mixture of benzene and toluene
at 101.32 kPa abs. The feed is liquid at the boiling point. The distillate is to contain 90 mol% benzene and
the bottomes 10 mol% benzene. The reflux ratio is 4.52:1. Calculate the kmol/hr of distillate, kmol/hr of
bottoms and the number of theoretical trays using McCabe-Thiele method.

GIVEN:

FEED DISTILLATE
100 KMOLS 90% benzene
50% Benzene
50% Toluene
Saturated
liquid
REQUIRED:
a) D & B
b) No. of plates

SOLUTION: Basis: 1 hour operation

TMB :100 D  B BOTTOMS
CMB : 10% benzene

C 6 H6 :0.5  100   0.90D  0.10B

 D = 50 kmol / hr
B = 50 kmol / hr

xD 0.9
y  int    0.16
RD  1 4.52  1
q1

Fromgraph :6stages,5plates
Feedplate :3rdplate
TOTAL REFLUX

MinimumRe fluxR atio

ifisknown&feedisasaturatedliquid
xF  x '

x '
y' 
1    1 x '

RD min x  y'
 D
RD min 1 xD  x '

A mixture of 40 mol% benzene and 60% toluene is distilled in a column to give a product of
98% benzene and a waste containing 5% benzene. For a relative volatility of 2.4, calculate the minimum
reflux ratio and minimum number of plates if the mixture is fed at its boiling point

GIVEN:

FEED DISTILLATE
90% Benzene 95% benzene
10% Toluene

Fed at boiling
point

BOTTOMS
REQUIRED:
5% benzene
a) N minimum
b) Rd minimum

SOLUTION:
a)
 x  1  xB    0.95  1  0.05  
log D  log  
 xB  1  xD    0.05  1  0.95  
Nmin    6.7265
log log2.4

b)
RD min 0.95  0.4 2.4  0.4 
 where : y'   0.6154
RD min 1 0.95  y ' 1  1.4  0.4 

RD min 0.95  0.4

 ; RD min1.55
RD min 1 0.95  0.6154
SPECIAL CASES

1. STRIPPING COLUMN DISTILLATION

FEED
xF

DISTILLATE
y

BOTTOMS
xB xF

A liquid feed at the boiling point at 400 kmol/hr containing 70% mol benzene and 30% toluene
is fed to a stripping tower at 101.3 kPa. The bottoms product flow is to be 60 kmol/hr containing only
10% benzene and the rest toluene. Calculate the kmol/hr overhead vapor, its composition and the
number of plates required.

GIVEN:

FEED
400 kmol/hr
xF = 0.7
saturated lqd
DISTILLATE

REQUIRED:
a) D & XD
b) number of plates BOTTOMS
60 kmol/hr
SOLUTION: xB=0.10
Basis :1houroperation

TMB :
D  400  60 340kmol / hr

CMB :C 6 H6
0.7  400   xD  340   0.1  60 
xD  0.8059
 2. ENRICHING COLUMN DISTILLATION

DISTILLATE

XD

y-int

BOTTOMS
XF FEED
xF

An enriching tower is fed 100 kmol/hr of saturated vapor feed containing 40 mol% benzene and
60% toluene at 101.32 kPa abs. The distillate is to contain 90mol% benzene. The reflux ratio is 4.0: 1.
Calculate the kmol/hr kmol/hr of distillate and bottoms and their composition. Determine also the
number of theoretical plates.

GIVEN:

DISTILLATE
XD=0.40

BOTTOMS
FEED, 100 kmol/hr
xF=0.40 (satd vapor)

REQUIRED:
a) D&B, xB
b) Number of plates
SOLUTION: Basis: 1 hour operation
TMB :F  D  B
100D  B

C 6 H6 balance :
0.4  100   0.90d  x BB

LO
Rd   4butL O  B
D

B
4 ;B  4D
D

100  D  B  D  4D
100  5D
D  20kmol / hr
B  80kmol / hr

FromC 6 H6 balance :xD  0.275

xD 0.9
y  int    0.18
RD  1 4  1
PLATE EFFCIENCY
1.OverallPlateEfficiency
nooftheoreticalplates

noofactualplates

2.MurphreeEfficiency
yn  yn 1
M 
y n * y n 1

3.LocalEfficiency
yn '  yn ' 1
' 
y n * y n '  1

y n  1 fromtheoperatingcurve
y n *  fromequilibriumcurve

valuesofy n shallformtheneweqbmcurveandfromthere,countthenumberofstages

COOLING MEDIUM
V
mW 
T2  T1

where :
mw waterconsumption
T2  T1 temperatureriseincoolingwater

PERFECT SEPARATION
Concentration that requires infinite number of stages in both the enriching and stripping sections

Iffeedissaturated
1
RDmin 
xF    1 

OPTIMUM REFLUX
The reflux at which the total cost of operation is minimal. It is usually 1.05 to 1.30 times the
minimum reflux ratio.
ENTHALPY BALANCES

Aroundsystem :
FHF  q r  DHD  BHB  q C

Where :
H  enthalpyvalues forfeed,distillate,andbottoms 
qR reboilerduty
q C condenserduty

Iffeedisliquidattheboili ngpo int :

HF  HD  HB andsin ce
F DB

H V  HF
qR  q C 
H v  HL

Aroundthecondenser :
V1 H1  q C  L O HO  DHD
butH0  HD  HL ;H 1  HV andV1  L O  d
q c  V1  HV  HL 

LO
Also :RD 
D

ThusV1  DRD  D
 D  RD  1 

Then :q C D  R D  1  Hv  HL 

DIRECT INJECTION OF STEAM

FEED

TMB :F  S  D  B

CMB :
x F F  xS S  xD D  x B B
butxS  0

XB B
X
B  S min

xB x
 A stripping column is fed with 200 kmols/hr of saturated liquid containing 50 mol% benzene
and 50% toluene at 1 atm. Instead of a reboiler, saturated steam is directly injected at the bottom of the
column. If the bottom contains 5% benzene and for a steam consumption greater than the minimum,
determine the amount of distillate obtained and its composition and the number of stages required:
F S  DB

F  B  200kmols / day
DS ?

butS 1.3S min

0.05  200 
X  0.14 
200  S min
kmols
S min  128.5714
hr

kmol
S  1.3  128.5714   167.1428
hr

0.5  200   0.05  200   xD  167.14 

xD  0.54
 SOLID LIQUID EXTRACTION

1. Tung meal containing 55% weight oil is to be extracted at a rate of 4000 lb/hr using n-hexane
containing 5% wt oil as solvent. A countercurrent multi-stage extraction system is to be used. The meal
retains 2 lbs of solvent per lb of oil-free meal. The residual charge contains 0.11 lb oil per pound of oil-free
meal while the product is composed of 15% weight oil. Determine the number of ideal stages.

GIVEN:

Solvent
Extract
5%oil
15%oil 95%hexane
85%hexane

Final underflow
4000 lb/hr 0.11 lb oil/lb of inert
55%oil Retention = 2 lb Hexane/lb inert
45%inert

REQUIRED: N
SOLUTION:
 y  yb * 
ln b 
y  ya * 
N  a 1
 yb  ya 
ln 
 y b * y a * 

5 0.11lboil
yb  y b *  x b 
95 2lbhexane
15
ya * 
95

Solventbalancearoundthesystem
2lbhexane
0  0.95Vb   0.45x4000   0.85V1
lbinert

Solutebalancearoundthesystem
lboil
0.55  4000   0.05VB  0.11  0.45x4000   0.15V1
lbinert
V1  20819lbs
VB  22417lbs

Butforcons tan tsolventretention

VB '  VA '  0.95  22417   21296.15lb

Solutebalance aroundstage1 
15  lbsolvent
0.55  4000   y a Va '  0.15V1   2  0.45x4000 
85  lbinert 
15
0.55  4000   y a  21296.15   0.15  20819    3600 
85
y a  0.0732

 5 / 95  0.055 
ln
0.0732  15 / 85 
N   1  3.1257
 5 / 95  0.0732 
ln 
 0.055  15 / 85 

2. A counter current multiple-contact extraction system is to treat 50 tons/hr of wet sliced sugar beets,
with fresh water as the solvent. The beets have the following analysis: 48% wt water, 40% wt pulp and
12% weight sugar. The strong solution leaving the system is to contain 0.15 fraction sugars and 97% of the
sugar in the sliced beets is to be recovered. Determine the number of extraction cells required, assuming
equilibrium between the underflow and overflow in each cell
a) if each ton of dry pulp retains 3 tons of water
b) if each ton of dry pulp retains 3 tons of solution

GIVEN:

Solvent
Extract Yb=0
15%sugar
85%water

Final underflow
50 tons/hr
48% water 97% recovery
40% pulp
17% sugar

REQUIRED:
N if a) if each ton of dry pulp retains 3 tons of water
b) if each ton of dry pulp retains 3 tons of solution
SOLUTION:

a) Constant solvent retention

Solventbalancearoundthesystem :
3tonH 2 O
0.48  50   Vb '   0.4x50   0.85V1
tonpulp
0.97 0.12x50 
butV1   38.8tons
0.15

substituting :
Vb '  68.98  Va '

Solutebalance :
15  3tonsH 2 O 
0.12  50   y a Va '  0.97  0.12x50     0.4x50 
85  pulp 
y a  0.1509

 
 0  0.003 
ln 
 0.1509  15 
 85   1  16.37stages
N 
 
 0  0.1509 
ln 
 0.003  15 
 85 

b) Constant solution retention

Solutionbalancearoundthesystem :
3tonsolution
0.12  50   0.48  50    Vb   0.4x50   V1
tonpulp
0.97 0.12x50 
butV1   38.8tons
0.15

substituting :
Vb '  68.8  Va '

Solutebalancearoundthesystem :
15  3tonsH 2 O 
0.12  50   y a Va '  0.97  0.12 x50     0.4x50 
85  pulp 
y a  0.1513
  
 0  0.003 
ln 
 0.1513  15 
 85   1  16.26stages
N 
 
 0  0.1513 
ln 
 0.003  15 
 85 

Roasted copper containing the copper as CuSO 4 is to be extracted in a countercurrent stage

extractor. Each hour a charge consisting of 10 tons of inert solids, 1.2 tons of copper sulfate, and 0.5 ton of
water is to be treated. The strong solution produced is to consist of 90 percent water and 10% CuSO 4 by
weight. The recovery of CuSO4 is to be 98% of that in the ore. Pure water is to be used as the fresh
solvent. After each 1 ton of inert solids retains 2 tons of water plus the copper sulfate dissolved in that
water. Equilibrium is attained in each stage. How many stages are required?

GIVEN:

Water
Extract
Yb=0
10%CuSO4
90%water

Final underflow
Feed
10 tons inert Retention=2 ton solution/ ton solid
1.2 ton CuSO4 98% recovery
0.5 ton H2O

REQUIRED: N

SOLUTION:
Solutionbalancearoundthesystem :
2tonsolution
1.2  0.5  Vb '   10tonsolids   V1
tonsolid
0.98 1.2 
butV1   11.76tons
0.10

substituting :
Vb  30.06tons  Va
CuSO 4 balance aroundstage1 
1.2  y a Va  0.10 11.76   0.1 2x10 
y A  0.0657

 0  0.0012 
ln
0.0657  0.1 
N   1  9.22stages
 0  0.0657 
ln 
 0.0012  0.1 
 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION

1. We wish to extract nicotine from water using kerosene. If we have 100 lb of a 2% nicotine solution
extracted once with 200 lb of kerosene, what percentage will be extracted?
Equilibrium data: Y=0.90X

GIVEN:

Extract
200 lb Kerosene
kerosene 200 lb

REQUIRED: % Recovery
Raffinate
SOLUTION: 4000 lb/hr 98 lb H2O
massofni
2%cot ineintheextract
nicotine
%Re cov ery
98%
original H2Oofmixture
mass

Ni cot ineBalancearoundthestage :
0.02  100   Ni cot ineinraffinate  Ni cot ineinextract
2  X  98   Y  200 

butY  0.9X

Y
2  98   Y  200 
0.9

lbni cot ine

Y  0.0065  200lbker osene 
lbker osene
Y  1.29lbni cot ine

1.29
%re cov ery  100   64.75%
2

2. 150 kg of a nicotine-water solution containing 1%nicotine is to be extracted with 250 kg of kerosene at

20C. Water and kerosene are essentially immiscible in each other. Determine the percentage extraction
of nicotine after one stage operation. At the dilute end of the system, the equilibrium relationship is
Y=0.798X

GIVEN:

4000 lb/hr R=0.798X Extract

55%oil 15%oil
45%inert 85%hexane

125 kg 125 kg
kerosene kerosene
REQUIRED: % Recovery

SOLUTION:

Ni cot ineBalancearoundstage1 :
0.01  150   Y1  125   X 1  0.99x150 
butY1  0.798X 1

SolvingSimul tan eously

kgunreactedni cot ine
X 1  0.00604
kgwater
kgni cot ineextracted
Y1  0.0048
kgker osene

Ni cot ineBalancearoundstage2 :
X 1  0.99x150   0  Y2  125   X 2  0.99x150 
butY  0.798X

Y2
0.00604  0.99x150   Y2  125    0.99x150 
0.798
lbni cot ine
Y2  0.0029
lbker osene

%re cov ery 

 Y1  Y2  125    0.0048  0.0029  125   64.17%
0.01  150  1.5

0.0048  125 
%re cov eryonstage1   100   40.17%
1.5
0.0029  125 
%re cov eryonstage2   100   40.14%
0.00604  0.99x150 