ANALYSIS OF ARTICLE “WHY PEOPLE WITH RED

HAIR HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF SKIN CANCER

AND HOW TO PREVENT”

Arrange by:
1. Virpy Elisanov S
2. Vita Dwi Futmasari
3. Vita Famia Sari
4. Winda Oktafiani
5. Wiwin Indriyani
6. Yosiana Muftianingrum
7. Yuni Ratnasari
8. Yuniar Dewi Atapsari
9. Zahratul Aini
10. Zharifah Al Maani
11. Zumrotul Masruroh

PRODI PROFESI NERS

JURUSAN KEPERAWATAN SEMARANG
POLITENIK KESEHATAN KEMENTERIAN KESEHATAN
SEMARANG
2019
What is melanin?
Melanin is a pigment that special cells produce, according to Megan Winner, MD,
a surgical oncologist with expertise in melanoma skin cancer from the NYU
Winthrop Hospital. The melanin pigment absorbs light hitting the skin, dissipating
the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun before causing damage, Dr. Winner
says. So it acts as the body’s natural defense against the harmful rays of the sun.
“Exposure to UV radiation can directly harm the DNA of a skin cell, resulting in
changes in the cell’s behaviour that ultimately lead to the transformation of a
normal cell into cancer,” she says.
Why do people with red hair have a higher risk of melanoma?
People with lighter skin tone, particularly those with red hair, have lower levels of
natural melanin protection and thus higher rates of melanoma, Dr. Winner says.
The amount and type of melanin in our skin actually helps determine skin colour,
according to Shari Lipner, MD, a dermatologist at NewYork-Presbyterian and
Weill Cornell Medicine. This same pigment determines hair colour, too.
Pheomelanin is the dominant, lighter pigment in people with red hair, while
people with darker hair make the eumelanin pigment. These pigments are
essentially why some people “tan” while others “burn” after sunlight damages the
skin.
New research could make a difference
Recent research could make a big difference in decreasing the risk of melanoma in
redheads. People with red hair have variants in the melanocortin-1 receptor
protein, causing their light skin color, according to Dr. Lipner. The study showed
mice given a small increase in palmitoylation, enhancing the melanocortin-1
receptor protection, were less likely to get melanoma than those who did not, Dr.
Lipner explains. This research uses mouse models, however, and needs more
work before applying the findings to humans, Dr. Winner notes. Plus, the body’s
natural melanin alone is not enough to prevent skin cancer even in darker-skinned
people, Dr. Winner says. So even if this research does eventually apply to people,
you should never skimp on SPF.
In fact, people of all skin and hair colours can still decrease their risk of
developing skin cancer by avoiding the sun during peak hours, regularly applying
sunscreen, avoiding tanning beds, wearing protective clothing, and visiting a
board-certified dermatologist for any concerning or changing spots on your skin.
(DiNuzzo, 2019)
Risk factor
The following is a summary of the main human risk factors: Malignant Melanoma
 A large number of atypical nevi (moles) is the strongest risk factor for
malignant melanoma in fair-skinned populations.
 Malignant melanoma is more common among people with a pale
complexion, blue eyes, and red or fair hair. Experimental studies have
demonstrated a lower minimum erythema dose and more prolonged
erythema in melanoma patients than in controls.
 High, intermittent exposure to solar UV appears to be a significant risk
factor for the development of malignant melanoma.
 The incidence of malignant melanoma in white populations generally
increases with decreasing latitude, with the highest recorded incidence
occurring in Australia, where the annual rates are 10 and over 20 times the
rates in Europe for women and men respectively.
 Several epidemiological studies support a positive association with history
of sunburn, particularly sunburn at an early age.
 The role of cumulative sun exposure in the development of malignant
melanoma is equivocal. However, malignant melanoma risk is higher in
people with a history of non-melanoma skin cancers and of solar
keratoses, both of which are indicators of cumulative UV exposure.
(WHO, 2019)
Reduce My Risk of Skin Cancer
Protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is important all year, not just during the
summer or at the beach. UV rays from the sun can reach you on cloudy and hazy
days, not just on bright and sunny days. UV rays also reflect off of surfaces like
water, cement, sand, and snow. Indoor tanning (using a tanning bed, booth, or
sunlamp to get tan) exposes users to UV radiation.
The hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Daylight Saving Time (9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
standard time) are the most hazardous for UV exposure outdoors in the
continental United States. UV rays from sunlight are the greatest during the late
spring and early summer in North America.
CDC recommends easy options for protection from UV radiation—
 Stay in the shade, especially during midday hours.
 Wear clothing that covers your arms and legs.
 Wear a hat with a wide brim to shade your face, head, ears, and neck.
 Wear sunglasses that wrap around and block both UVA and UVB rays.
 Use sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher, and both
UVA and UVB (broad spectrum) protection.
 Avoid indoor tanning.
(Prevention, 2019)
Ignoring the skin cancer risk
New research emphasizes that UVA rays are not like UVB rays, because UVA
rays do not fade when summer ends and can also cause skin cancer while moving.
UVA rays have been blamed only for cosmetic damage such as wrinkles, resulting
in similar precancerous DNA mutations on the surface of the skin. UVA rays
come with the same intensity during the day throughout the year. UVA rays are
20 times more abundant than UVB rays in the atmosphere, and they can also
penetrate clouds and glass. Studies show skin cancer is more common in the left
arm, where UVA rays attack you throughout the year when you drive.
You can protect your skin in the summer by:
1. Sunscreen
Choose one with SPF 30 or higher and look for the words "broad spectrum"
and UVA blocking material zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, avobenzone, or
Mexicl SX.
2. Shades
 Skin cancer can attack around the eyes, and UVA and UVB also cause eye
problems ranging from painful growth to cataracts to an increased risk of
stealing vision. Glasses do not need to be dark - even a clear or discolored
lens can block UVA and UVB. Choose a partner that suits your style.
3. Window Tint
Installing products such as 3M Automotive Window Film, which blocks 99
percent of UV light for your car's glass.
(Kuzma, 2019)
The diet for skin cancer
For Breakfast
Skip the bagels, toast, croissants, muffins, and other carb-loaded breakfast
items. These foods are high on the glycemic index, which means they’re rapidly
digested and turned into blood sugar, says dermatologist Whitney Bowe, MD,
author of The Beauty of Dirty Skin. “High glycemic index foods are not skin-
friendly,” she says. “They promote the release of an insulin-like hormone called
IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), which works to reproduce and regenerate
cells. But if you have too much of it, it can work against you by fueling the
biological cascades that ramp up inflammation and lead to certain diseases, such
as cancer, and skin disorders, such as acne.” Steel-cut oats can be a healthier
breakfast choice because it’s a low-GI food, she says. Other studies have also
shown that whole grains such as oats are cancer-fighting.
A recent study showed that the composition of the skin’s microbiome, its
balance of “good bacteria” vs. “bad bacteria,” may help protect against skin
cancer. That’s right—just another in a long list of surprising facts everyone should
memorize about skin cancer. “Researchers found that a unique strain of skin
bacteria produces a chemical that kills several types of cancer cells,” Dr. Bowe
says. And because our skin’s microbiome is linked to our gut microbiome, she
recommends consuming probiotics, found naturally in plain yogurt, to boost the
good bugs’ power. “Some strains of probiotics have been shown to protect the
skin from UV damage, and other strains have been shown to repair the skin from
damage already done by the sun,” Dr. Bowe says. Add fresh fruit to your Greek
yogurt for flavor and cancer-fighting antioxidants, and you’ve got a healthy,
satisfying breakfast.
Your morning cup of coffee doesn’t just energize you for the day ahead—
it can actually help protect against skin cancer, according to research. “Coffee is
rich in antioxidants, which help to fight free radical damage that can result in
premature aging and sun damage,” Dr. Bowe says. “With respect to skin cancer,
studies appear to show that high consumption of coffee might be beneficial in
combating skin cancer.” Other studies show that moderate consumption can have
some protective benefits too.
For Lunch
Following the plant-based Mediterranean diet has been shown to protect
against skin cancer, so consider a salad with a base of dark leafy greens for a sun-
savvy lunch. “Vegetables are rich in antioxidants like vitamins C and A, which
can protect skin from damage and help the skin to repair,” says registered dietitian
Erin Palinski-Wade, RD, CDE, author of 2 Day Diabetes Diet. “Fighting against
damage from the sun’s rays may be why these foods offer skin cancer protection.”
These antioxidants prevent free-radical-mediated DNA damage, as well as
cancerous growths that arise as a result of UV radiation—otherwise known as sun
exposure, Dr. Bowe adds.
If one food could cut your skin cancer risk in half, it would be tomatoes,
which are full of the phytochemical lycopene that give them their red color.
“Lycopene, found in foods such as tomatoes, can offer powerful antioxidant
properties that may be protective to skin,” Palinski-Wade says. One UK study
found that subjects whose diets were supplemented with tomato paste for 12
weeks showed protection against sunburn, as well as potentially longer-term skin
damage. “Lycopene helps stabilize DNA structures in the nuclei of skin cells,” Dr.
Bowe says. “The theory is that the phytochemicals in tomatoes are absorbed in the
skin and protect against UV damage.”
Finish off your mid-day meal with antioxidant-rich nuts. Almonds, for
one, are packed with vitamin E, “one of the most important antioxidants in the
skin… which helps prevent damage from free radicals, improves the ability of
skin to act as a protective barrier and absorb energy from UV light, and also
protects sebum [skin’s oily substance] from inflammatory damage,” Dr. Bowe
says. Brazil nuts are another healthy choice, packed with the trace element
selenium. “Selenium supplements were found to reduce the [mortality rate from]
skin cancer, so increasing foods rich in selenium like Brazil nuts may be
beneficial,” Palinski-Wade says.
For Snack
Which antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables should you be eating? Carrots
offer a satisfying crunch to anyone searching for an afternoon snack—and their
orange pigment is evidence of their skin cancer-fighting powers. “Beta-carotene-
rich fruits and vegetables provide certain health benefits by converting to vitamin
A in the body, and may reduce the risk of some cancers,” Dr. Bowe says. This
includes skin cancer, according to research. “Beta carotene also boosts the
immune system’s ability to fight disease, which is beneficial in combating
cancer,” Dr. Bowe says.
Take a cue from the British and indulge in a cup of afternoon tea. Tea
offers skin cancer protection—particularly green tea, according to research.
“Polyphenols, the flavonoids and catechins [powerful antioxidants] found in green
tea, help repair damaged skin and restore elasticity,” Dr. Bowe says. “I
recommend that my patients drink green tea to heal their skin from the inside out
through the benefits of antioxidants.” If it’s too warm for hot tea, try steeping your
own cold tea and drinking it over ice.
For Dinner
Salmon, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, may be part of the reason the
Mediterranean diet is so beneficial for skin cancer prevention. “Studies have
shown that eating omega-3 rich foods can offer protection against UV damage,
which may reduce skin cancer risk,” Dr. Bowe says. Omega-3s are also thought to
reduce inflammation, which is linked with cancer, she says. “Fatty fish contain
anti-angiogenic substances,” Palinski-Wade says, referring to substances which
prevent new blood vessels from forming. “This may starve cancer cells to
potentially reduce the risk of skin cancer.”
 Season your cooking with skin cancer-fighting turmeric. “A natural anti-
inflammatory, turmeric contains active compounds called curcuminoids, which
have many cell-protective properties,” Dr. Bowe says. A study from the
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center found that curcumin blocks a
biological pathway needed for melanoma to develop. In addition, “from a dietary
perspective, turmeric’s anti-inflammatory properties can help protect against
inflammatory illnesses, including cancer, from the inside out,” Dr. Bowe says.
Eating at least three to five servings of cruciferous vegetables weekly has
been found to be protective against melanoma, Palinski-Wade says, so serve it as
a side dish. “The compound sulforaphane found in vegetables like broccoli may
be why these foods offer even greater protective benefits,” she says. In addition,
broccoli contains tons of vitamin C, another protective antioxidant. “Vitamin C
helps synthesize collagen, and prevent and treat UV-induced damage,” Dr. Bowe
says.
For Dessert
Another reason to indulge in chocolate: Long-term ingestion of dark
chocolate has been shown in a German study to protect the skin against sun
damage, so it makes the perfect dessert for your summer skin-care diet. This is
due to the high flavonoid content from the cocoa plant, Dr. Bowe says.
“Antioxidants found in dark chocolate are not only beneficial when consumed, but
also are finding their way into skin care,” she says.
Brightly colored fruits contain antioxidants that pack a punch when it
comes to fighting skin cancer, so munch on pomegranates, strawberries, grapes,
and cherries. Watermelon is also rich in lycopene; and cantaloupe and mangoes
offer beta-carotene. But you may want to get your antioxidants from whole fruit
rather than juice, especially when it comes to citrus juice, which may be linked
with increased risk for certain skin cancers. “A recent study found that a high
intake of citrus fruit juice may increase the risk of melanoma, however more
research still needs to be done,” Palinski-Wade says. “Vitamin C can offer many
protective benefits to skin, so choosing more whole citrus fruit over juice may be
a better option.”
 A study of the dietary patterns of 1360 Australians revealed that those who
ate a diet high in “meat and fat” were at increased risk of squamous skin cancer
(SCC) tumors, while those who at a diet high in “fruits and vegetables” were at
decreased risk. The protective effect of the latter was mostly explained by the
association with green leafy vegetables. In short: avoid overeating meat and fat,
and make sure you get enough fruit and veg, especially leafy greens. In addition,
Dr. Bowe advises steering clear of high glycemic index foods. “Typical high GI
foods are of the processed kind filled with sugar and white flour—think chips,
pretzels, and most cold cereals,” she says. “Removing the foods which cause
inflammation in your body is one great tool in not only staying healthy, but in
helping to ward off illnesses like cancer.” (Donvito, 2019)
The intravenous injections 6 HAP when transplanted
"We have identified a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis, common on healthy
human skin, that exerts a selective ability to inhibit the growth of some cancers,"
said Richard Gallo, MD, PhD, Distinguished Professor and chair of the
Department of Dermatology at UC San Diego School of Medicine. "This unique
strain of skin bacteria produces a chemical that kills several types of cancer cells
but does not appear to be toxic to normal cells."
The team discovered the S. epidermidis strain produces the chemical compound 6-
N-hydroxyaminopurine (6-HAP). Mice with S. epidermidis on their skin that did
not make 6-HAP had many skin tumors after being exposed to cancer-causing
ultraviolet rays (UV), but mice with the S. epidermidis strain producing 6-HAP
did not.
6-HAP is a molecule that impairs the creation of DNA, known as DNA synthesis,
and prevents the spread of transformed tumor cells as well as the potential to
suppress development of UV-induced skin tumors.
Mice that received intravenous injections of 6-HAP every 48 hours over a two-
week period experienced no apparent toxic effects, but when transplanted with
melanoma cells, their tumor size was suppressed by more than 50 percent
compared to controls.
"There is increasing evidence that the skin microbiome is an important element of
human health. In fact, we previously reported that some bacteria on our skin
produce antimicrobial peptides that defend against pathogenic bacteria such as,
Staph aureus," said Gallo.
In the case of S. epidermidis, it appears to also be adding a layer of protection
against some forms of cancer, said Gallo. Further studies are needed to understand
how 6-HAP is produced, if it can be used for prevention of cancer or if loss of 6-
HAP increases cancer risk, said Gallo.
More than 1 million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed in the United States each
year. More than 95 percent of these are non-melanoma skin cancer, which is
typically caused by overexposure to the sun's UV rays. Melanoma is the most
serious form of skin cancer that starts in the pigment-producing skin cells, called
melanocytes.
(Diego, 2018)
Scrap VAT on sunscreen to cut skin cancer
Rapping VAT charges on sunscreen cream could help cut skin cancer rates, a
Welsh MP has said.
Rhondda MP Chris Bryant underwent surgery just before Christmas after being
diagnosed with a stage-three melanoma.
He has called on UK ministers to ditch VAT on sun cream during a debate on the
Tessa Jowell Brain Cancer Mission charity.
"Melanoma is one of the cancers that can metastasise into the brain, because it can
travel either through the blood or through the lymphatic system," Mr Bryant said
at the debate, which updated MPs on the progress of the charity.
"We also know that, although it can kill, especially in the circumstances we are
talking about, it is very preventable."
He asked whether there was more the UK government could do to ensure "every
child covers up in the sun and more people use sunscreen".
"Perhaps by taking VAT off sunscreen that is higher than SPF-30 or SPF-50," he
suggested.
"We must also ensure that we have enough dermatologists in this country to check
moles and other growths that people might have on their bodies."
Image caption The Rhondda MP had surgery to remove the skin cancer
Responding, the UK health secretary said he agreed with Mr Bryant's comments
on prevention.
"Protection from too much exposure to the sun is part of the prevention agenda in
healthcare, as well as being an absolutely sensible thing to do," said Matt
Hancock.
Mr Bryant, who is a Labour MP, discovered he had skin cancer on the back of his
head after he was warned by his barber.
At the time, he described hearing the diagnosis as like being "punched to the
stomach".
(MP, 2019)
THE ANALYSE OF ARTICLE
What
This article show that the biggest skin cancer risk occurs on red hair
Who
People in the world who have melanin protection level is lower
When
If a person is often exposed to direct sunlight for hours without sunscreen (SPF)
Where
In Europe who have red hair
Why
Because people with lighter skin color or those with red hair have a natural
melanin protection level is lower. Where, melanin is the pigment produced by
special cells that act as a natural defense. If the low natural melanin is exposed
directly to ultraviolet radiation can damage the DNA of skin cells that ultimately
lead to the transformation of normal cells to become cancerous. Where before the
cancer melanin pigment absorbs light incident on the skin, eliminating the
ultraviolet radiation from the sun before damage occurs.
How
The way to overcome in order to avoid skin cancer for people with red hair in
particular by:
1. Avoid sun exposure during the hours directly.
2. Use sunscreen when out of the house.
3. Using closed clothing when out of the house
4. Visiting a dermatologist for a consultation about skin type.
From the article can be concluded that red hair is the bigger skin cancer risk.
This article discusses risk factor and how to prevent. The amount and type of
melanin in our skin actually helps determine skin colour, according to Shari
Lipner, MD, a dermatologist at NewYork-Presbyterian and Weill Cornell
Medicine. This same pigment determines hair colour, too. Pheomelanin is the
dominant, lighter pigment in people with red hair, while people with darker hair
make the eumelanin pigment. These pigments are essentially why some people
“tan” while others “burn” after sunlight damages the skin. Recent research could
make a big difference in decreasing the risk of melanoma in redheads. People with
red hair have variants in the melanocortin-1 receptor protein, causing their light
skin color, according to Dr. Lipner. The study showed mice given a small increase
in palmitoylation, enhancing the melanocortin-1 receptor protection, were less
likely to get melanoma than those who did not, Dr. Lipner explains. This research
uses mouse models, however, and needs more work before applying the findings
to humans, Dr. Winner notes. Plus, the body’s natural melanin alone is not enough
to prevent skin cancer even in darker-skinned people, Dr. Winner says. So even if
this research does eventually apply to people, you should never skimp on SPF. In
fact, people of all skin and hair colours can still decrease their risk of developing
skin cancer by avoiding the sun during peak hours, regularly applying sunscreen,
avoiding tanning beds, wearing protective clothing, and visiting a board-certified
dermatologist for any concerning or changing spots on your skin.
How to prevent the bigger of skin cancer risk as follows :
1. Avoid sun exposure during the hours directly.
2. Use sunscreen when out of the house.
3. Using closed clothing when out of the house
4. Visiting a dermatologist for a consultation about skin type.
5. The medical procedur, for example The intravenous injections 6 HAP when
transplanted strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Scrap VAT on
sunscreen to cut skin cancer
REFERENCES
Diego, S. (2018). Beneficial skin bacteria protect against skin cancer. Science
Daily. Retrieved from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180301103701.htm
DiNuzzo, E. (2019). Why people with red hair have a higher risk of skin cancer.
Reader’s Digest Canada. Retrieved from
https://www.readersdigest.ca/health/conditions/why-redheads-have-higher-
melanoma-risk/
Donvito, T. (2019). The one summer diet that can stop skin cancer. Reader’s
 Digest. Retrieved from https://www.rd.com/health/healthy-eating/summer-
diet-stop-skin-cancer/
Kuzma, C. (2019). The skin cancer risk you’re ignoring. Menshealth. Retrieved
from https://www.menshealth.com/health/a19521294/the-skin-cancer-risk-
youre-ignoring/
MP, C. B. (2019). Scrap VAT on sunscreen to cut skin cancer. BBC News.
Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-48267512#
Prevention, C. for D. C. and. (2019). What can I do to reduce my risk? CDC.
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/prevention.htm
WHO. (2019). Health effects of UV radiation. WHO. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/uv/health/uv_health2/en/index1.html