Electrical Substation Components List - Diagram, Working & Functions

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December 25, 2018 By Dave — 6 Comments
The electricity substation is a network of electrical equipment which is connected in a structured way in
order to supply electricity to end consumers. There is numerous electrical substation components like
outgoing and incoming circuitry each of which having its circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, and
busbar system etc for the smooth functioning of the system. The power system is having numerous
ingredients such as distribution, transmission, and generation systems and Substations act as a necessary
ingredient for operations of the power system. The substations are entities from which consumers are
getting their electrical supply to run their loads while required power quality can be delivered to the
customers by changing frequency and voltage levels etc..
The electricity substation designs are purely dependent on the need, for instance, a single bus or complex
bus system etc. Moreover, the design is also dependent on the application as well, for instance, indoor
substations, generation substations, transmission substations, pole substations, outdoor substation,
converter substation, and switching substation etc. There is a need of collector substation as well in cases
of large power generating systems e.g. multiple thermal and hydropower plants connected together for
transfer of power to a single transmission unit from numerous co-located turbines.
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Electrical Substation Components List - Diagram, Working & Functions https://www.watelectrical.com/electrical-substation-components/
your reference.
1. Instrument Transformers
2. Current Transformer
3. Potential Transformer
4. Conductors
5. Insulators
6. Isolators
7. Busbars
8. Lightning Arrestors
9. Circuit Breakers
10. Relays
11. Capacitor Banks
12. Batteries
13. WaveTrapper
14. SwitchYard
15. Metering and Indication Instruments
16. Equipment for Carrier Current
17. Prevention from Surge Voltage
18. The Outgoing Feeders
The instrument transformer is a static device utilized for reduction of higher currents and voltages for safe
and practical usage which are measurable with traditional instruments such as digital multi-meter etc. The
value range is from 1A to 5A and voltages such as 110V etc. The transformers are also used for actuation
of AC protective relay through supporting voltage and current. Instrument transformers are shown in the
figure below and its two types are also discussed underneath.
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Instrument transformers
A current transformer is a gadget utilized for the transformation of higher value currents into lower values. It
is utilized in an analogous manner to that of AC instruments, control apparatus, and meters. These are
having lower current ratings and are used for maintenance and installation of current relays for protection
purpose in substations.
Current Transformer
The potential transformers are similar in characteristics as current transformers but are utilized for
converting high voltages to lower voltages for protection of relay system and for lower rating metering of
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Potential Transformer
Conductors are the materials which permit flow of electrons through it. The best conductors are copper and
aluminum etc. The conductors are utilized for transmission of energy from place to place over substations.
The insulators are the materials which do not permit flow of electrons through it. Insulators are resisting
electric property. There are numerous types of insulators such as shackle, strain type, suspension type, and
stray type etc. Insulators are used in substations for avoiding contact with humans or short circuit.
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Insulator
The isolators in substations are mechanical switches which are deployed for isolation of circuits when there
is an interruption of current. These are also known with the name of disconnected switches operation under
no-load conditions and are not fortified with arc-quenching devices. These switches have no specific
current breaking value neither these have current making value. These are mechanically operated switches.
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Isolator
The busbar is among the most important elements of the substation and is a conductor which carries
current to a point having numerous connections with it. The busbar is a kind of electrical junction which has
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avoiding danger rising due to conductor’s heat. These are of different types such as ring bus, double bus,
and single bus etc. A simple bus bar is shown in the figure below which is considered as one of the most
vital electrical substation components.
Busbar in Substation
The lightning arresters can be considered as the first ever components of a substation. These are having a
function of protecting equipment of substation from high voltages and are also limiting the amplitude and
duration of the current’s flow. These are connected amid earth and line i.e. connected in line with equipment
in the substation. These are meant for diversion of current to earth if any current surge appears hence by
protecting insulation as well as conductor from damages. These are of various types and are distinguished
based on duties.
Lightning Arrester
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normal situations. At the time when any fault occurs in the system, a relay is sending the tripped command
to the circuit breaker which moves the contacts apart, hence avoiding any damage to the circuitry.
Circuit Breaker in Substation
Relays are a dedicated component of electrical substation equipment for the protection of system against
abnormal situations e.g. faults. Relays are basically sensing gadgets which are devoted for sensing faults
and are determining its location as well as sending interruption message of tripped command to the
specific point of the circuit. A circuit breaker is falling apart its contacts after getting the command from
relays. These are protecting equipment from other damages as well such as fire, the risk to human life, and
removal of fault from a particular section of the substation. Following is the substation component diagram
is known as a relay.
Relays
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The capacitor bank is defined as a set of numerous identical capacitors which are connected either in
parallel or series inside an enclosure and are utilized for the correction of power factor as well as protection
of circuitry of the substation. These are acting like the source of reactive power and are thus reducing
phase difference amid current and voltage. These are increasing the capacity of ripple current of supply and
avoid unwanted selves in the substation system. The use of capacitor banks is an economical technique for
power factor maintenance and for correction of problems related to power lag.
Capacitor Bank in Substation
Some of the important substation parts such as emergency lighting, relay system, and automated control
circuitry are operated through batteries. The size of the battery bank is depending on the voltage required
for operation of the DC circuit respectively. The storage batteries are of two basic types i.e. acid-alkaline
batteries and lead-acid batteries. The lead acid batteries are of the most common type and used in
substations in abundance as these provide high voltages and are cheaper in cost.
Substation Batteries
The wave trapper is one of the substation components which is placed on the incoming lines for trapping
of high-frequency waves. The high-frequency waves which are coming from nearby substations or other
localities are disturbing the current and voltages, hence its trapping is of great importance. The wave
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Wave Trapper in Substation
The switchyards, switches, circuit breakers, and transformers for the connection and disconnection of
transformers and circuit breakers. These are also having lighting arrestors to protect the substation or
power station from strokes of natural lighting.
SwitchYard
There are numerous instruments for metering and indication in each substation such as watt-meters,
voltmeters, ammeters, power factor meters, kWh meters, volt-ampere meters, and KVARH meters etc.
These instruments are installed at different places within substation for controlling and maintaining values
of current and voltages. For instance, 33/11KV substation equipment will comprise digital multi-meters
for various readings of currents and voltages.
The equipment of carrier current is installed in the substation for the purpose of communication,
supervisory control, telemetry, and/or relaying etc. Such equipment is often mounted on a room which is
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The transient of overvoltages substation system is because of inherent and natural characteristics. There
are several reasons for overvoltages which may be caused due to a sudden alteration in conditions of the
system e.g. load rejection, faults, or switching operations etc. or because of lighting etc. The types of
overvoltages can be classified into two i.e. switching generated or lightning generated. However, the scale
of overvoltages could be over maximum allowable voltage levels, hence these are required to be protected
and reduced for avoiding damage to instruments, equipment, and lines of a substation. In this way, the
performance of the substation system can be enhanced.
There are numerous outgoing feeders which are connected to that of substations. Basically, the connection
is with a bus of the substation for carrying power from the substation to service points. The feeders can
hug overhead streets, underground, underneath streets, and are carrying electrical power to that of
distribution transformers at near or farther premises. The isolator in substation and breaker of the feeder
are considered as entities of the substation and are of metal-clad typically. Whenever a fault is occurring in
the feeder, the protection is detecting and the circuit breaker is opened. After detection of fault through
manual or automatic way, there are more than one attempts for re-energizing the feeder.
Image Credit: Kiddle
Elements of a substation A: Primary power lines’ side B: Secondary power lines’ side
1. Primary power lines

2. Ground wire
3. Overhead lines
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
5. Disconnect switch
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6.
7.
8. Lightning arrester
9. Main transformer
10. Control building
11. Security fence
12. Secondary power lines
While the above are some standard components that are seen in the electrical substations, depending upon
the type of substation and their functioning the electrical substation components may slightly change. Also
with the advancements in the technology many components are constantly upgraded to keep with the
latest advancements to deliver constant power output.
Filed Under: Power Systems
11 of 15 7/14/2019, 9:02 AM
April 11, 2019 at 3:55 am
thank you for your information.this is very useful for us to understand about substation.
Reply
Isa Babayo says

April 11, 2019 at 10:00 am
Its educative and very interesting
Reply
iorshimbe mary says

May 4, 2019 at 8:24 am
Wao that was fabulous
Reply
Ramadhan says
May 25, 2019 at 8:13 am
Hi
I would like to get some copies
Electrical Substation Components & their Workings
I like to learn more about electrical transmition and subsstation
Thanks
12 of 15 7/14/2019, 9:02 AM
AMEEN says
May 25, 2019 at 11:38 am
Thanks a lot for this useful explanation
Reply
Achola vivian says

July 4, 2019 at 12:54 pm
this is so good and it is very easy to understand the meaning of the substations thank you so
thank so much .And please is it possible for me to get some notes of all about bthe substations
and different transfomers that are used on them through my email.Thanks once again.
Reply
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December 25, 2018 By Dave — 6 Comments

Wire Wound Resistor - SETfuse

Circuit Breaker in Substation

Capacitor Bank in Substation

Wave Trapper in Substation

Image Credit: Kiddle

1. Primary power lines

Filed Under: Power Systems

April 11, 2019 at 3:55 am

Isa Babayo says

Its educative and very interesting

iorshimbe mary says

Wao that was fabulous

Thanks a lot for this useful explanation

Achola vivian says

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Types of Thermocouples with Temperature

What is a Thermocouple? Deﬁnition, Working

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Electrical Substation Components List - Diagram, Working & Functions

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