MICRO PROJECT REPORT

On

“Types Of Cement”

By

NAMES ROLL NO.

1. Pravin Mane (member) 28

2.AkashMohite (member) 38
3.GaneshRaut (member) 27
4.OmkarShingade (member) 20
5.DineshKhandekar(member) 33
6.SaurabhSawant 30

MS. NIRALI P.R.

For

S.Y. civil Engineering

At

Department of civil Engineering

Fabtech (Poly) technical campus, sangola

 Certificate
This is to certify that, the Concrete Technology Project titled
“Types of cement” has been successfully completed by Saurabh
sawant (Roll no.30) of diploma in Civil Engineering of year Second
year in partial fulfilment of MSBTE Curriculum.

PROJECT GUIDANCE HOD PRINCIPAL

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express sincere thanks and gratitude to the Principal, Prof.S.N.PawarFor the whole
hearted encouragement, advice and timely guidance in field training work..

I humbly thank to the Head of department, Prof.S.K.Pawar , project guide, Prof.P.R.Nirali,

for encouraging and providing the necessary facilities to carry out this work.

I also thankful to the staff of Civil Engineering Dept. for their support in the successful
completion of this project. I am thankful to all people who have directly or indirectly
contributed their valuable time and energy and gave inspiration for the fulfillment and
completion of this report.
 INEDEX

1.INTRODUCTION

2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT

2.1 PORTLAND CEMENT

2.2 LOW HEAT BLAST FURNACE PORTLAND CEMENT

2.3 RAPID HARDENING CEMENT

2.4 SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT

2.5 HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT

2.6 FERRO CEMENT

3.CONCLUSION

4.BIBLIOGRAPHY
 1.INTRODUCTION

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind
sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for
masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete.

Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium silicate based, and
can be characterized as either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending on the ability of the
cement to set in the presence of water (see hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime plaster).

\ Non-hydraulic cement does not set in wet conditions or under water. Rather, it sets as it
dries and reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after
setting.

Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesivedue to a chemical
reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in
mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe
from chemical attack. This allows setting in wet conditions or under water and further
protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic
cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash(pozzolana) with added lime (calcium
oxide).
 2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT’

 2.1 Portland cement

.
 2.2 Low heat blast-furnace Portland cement.

 2.3 Rapid hardening cement

.
 2.4 Sulphate resisting cement.

 2.5 High alumina cement.

 2.6 Ferro-cement.
2.1 PORTLAND CEMENT

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a
basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from
other types of hydraulic lime in England in the mid 19th century, and usually originates
from limestone. It is a fine powder, produced by heating limestone and clay minerals in
a kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding 2 to 3 percent of gypsum. Several
types of Portland cement are available. The most common, called ordinary Portland cement
(OPC), is grey in colour, but white Portland cement is also available. Its name is derived from
its similarity to Portland stone which was quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England
Manufacturing

Raw Materials
1. Calcareous (material having content of lime)
2. Argillaceous (material having contents of silica & alumina)
3. Gypsum

Process

Cement is usually manufactured by two processes:

1. Wet process
2. Dry process

These two processes differ in operation but fundamentals of both these processes are same. In
Pakistan, most of the factories use Wet Process for the production of cement. There are five
stages in manufacturing of cement by wet process:

1. Crushing and grinding of raw material

2. Mixing the material in proportion
3. Heating the prepared mixture in rotary kiln
4. Grinding the heated product known as clinker
5. Mixing and grinding of cement clinker with gypsum
Uses of OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement):

It is used for general construction purposes where special properties are not required. It is
normally used for the reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, pavements, and where soil
conditions are normal. It is also used for most of concrete masonry units and for all uses
where the concrete is not subject to special sulfate hazard or where the heat generated by
hydration of cement is not objectionable. It has great resistance to cracking and shrinkage but
has less resistance to chemical attacks
2.2 LOW HEAT BLAST FURNACE PORTLAND
CEMENT

Blast furnace slag cement is the mixture of ordinary Portland cement and fine granulated
blast furnace slag obtained as a by product in the manufacture of steel with percent under
70% to that of cement. Ground granulated blast furnace slag cement (GGBFS) is a fine glassy
granules which contain cementatious properties.

Manufacture and Constituents of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement__

Fig 1: Extraction of molten Slag from Blast Furnace.

 Constituents of the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Constituents % by mass

SiO2 27-39%

Al2O3 8- 20%

CaO 38-50%

MgO <10%

Uses of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement __

1. Used in ready mix concrete plants.

2. Used for structures meant for water retaining such as retaining wall, rivers, ports,
tunnels for improvement in impermeability.
3. Used in mass concreting works such as dams, foundations which require low heat
of hydration.
4. Used in the places susceptible to chloride and sulphate attacks such as sub-
structure, bored piles, pre-case piles and marine structures.
2.3 RAPID HARDENING CEMENT

Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC) are also called high early strength cement. The prime
difference between the rapid hardening cement and ordinary Portland cement is the lime
content. Large proportion of lime is the distinguishing feature of rapid hardening cement

Manufacture of Rapid Hardening Cement

The manufacture of rapid hardening cement is done dry process of cement manufacture. In
this cement, lime stone and shale are used as raw material and heated at extremely high
temperature to form clinkers. The lime and shale clinker is then mixed with small amount of
gypsum and grinded very finely to form rapid hardening cement.

All the difference of rapid hardening cement to that of ordinary portland cement is the
quantity of lime stone (tri-calcium silicate )used as raw material, which gives the high early
strength to the cement.
Properties

 Initial Setting Time: 30 minutes

 Final Setting Time: 600 minutes
 The specific surface is greater than 3250 cm2/gm.
 RHC is lighter than OPC.
 The curing period for RHC is less.

Uses

Rapid hardening cement is mostly used in construction of road where the traffic cannot be
halted for long period of time. Besides, RHC is used where the formwork need to be removed
early for reuse. It is also used on those circumstances where sufficient strength for further
construction is wanted as quickly as practicable. These are also used in manufacturing precast
slabs, posts, electric poles.
2.4 SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT

Sulphate Resisting Cement is a type of Portland Cement in which the amount of tricalcium
aluminate (C3A) is restricted to lower than 5% and (2C 3A +C4AF) lower than 25%, which
reduces the formation of sulphate salts. The reduction of sulphate salts lowers the possibility
of sulphate attack on the concrete

Characteristics of Sulphate Resisting Cement

1. This cement provides maximum resistance to chloride ions – minimising the risk
of corrosion of reinforced steel.
2. It also provides high level of concrete performance and structural integrity in
highly aggressive sulphate and acidic environments.
3. It also has increased workability and pumpability.
4. This cement has significantly improved later-age concrete strengths.
Uses of Sulphate Resisting Cement

Sulphate Resisting Cement is recommended for following type of constructions:

1. Foundations.
2. Piling works.
3. Construction in contact with soils or ground water having more than 0.2% or 0.3
% g/l sulphate salts respectively.
4. Concrete surfaces subjected to alternate wetting and drying such as bridge piers,
concrete surface in tidal zone, apron etc.
5. Effluent treatment plans.
6. Chimney, cooling towers.
7. Coastal protective works such as sea walls, break waters, tetrapods etc.
2.5 HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT

High Alumina Cement is manufactured by grinding the clinkers of alumina and calcareous
material such as lime by fusing or sintering process. This cement is also known as calcium
aluminum cement.

Manufacture of High Alumina Cement__

The process of manufacture of High Alumina Cement is different compared to that of

ordinary portland cement. Bauxite and lime are used as the raw material. The raw materials
are mixed in the required proportion and grinded into small fragments of 100 mm. These
lumps are fed in kiln and heated up-to their fusion point which is 1600°C. The molten
material fall down on the steel plate and it is send to cool down in rotary kiln.

These clinkers are then grounded finely in tube mills unto the fineness not less than 2250
cm2/gram is achieved.

The characteristics of this cement are__

1. It is very resistant to chemical attacks.

2. The pH level is low.
 3. High resistant to chemical corrosion, due to which it is used for construction of
water pipes, sewage pipes, factory drains, coastal constructions and in factory
chimneys.
4. The refractive index of this cement is high.
5. It has high durability in sulphuric acid.
6. Hardening property of this cement is fast.
7. It acts as a bonding material when added in refractory castables because it forms
ceramic bond at high temperatures.

Uses of High Alumina Cement

1. Due the property of rapid hardening and strength, it is widely used in marine
construction and sewer infrastructure.
2. High alumina cement is also used in refractory concretes where it requires more
strength at very high temperature.
2.6 FERRO CEMENT

Ferrocement is a construction material consisting of wire meshes and cement mortar.

Applications of ferrocement in construction is vast due to the low self weight, lack of skilled
workers, no need of framework etc

Properties of Ferrocement

 Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.

 It’s a type of thin reinforced concrete construction, in which large amount of
small diameter wire meshes uniformly throughout the cross section.
 Mesh may be metal or suitable material.
 Instead of concrete Portland cement mortar is used.
 Strength depends on two factors quality of sand/cement mortar mix and quantity
of reinforcing materials used.

Advantages

 Basic raw materials are readily available in most countries.

 Fabricated into any desired shape.
 Low labour skill required.
  Ease of construction, low weight and long lifetime.
 Low construction material cost.
 Better resistance against earthquake.
 Miscellaneous.

Applications of Ferrocements in Construction

 Housing
 Marine
 Agricultural
 Rural Energy
 Anticorrosive Membrane Treatment.
 3.CONCLUSION

From above information about ‘Types of cement’ we can conclude that…

Different types of cement is possess different chemical constituents, initial setting time ,
final setting time, compressive strength, & have different mixing proportion ,also, their
fineness & consistency varies from each other.

Therefore they can be used for particular construction , depending on type of construction
,required strength for structure & climatic conditions present at sight. But studying types of
cement, we can select suitable cement type..so, study of ‘Types Of Cement’ is important.
 4.BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Concrete Technology (TECHMAX)

--V. K. Kumavat