Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The review of the study focused on the feasibility of jute mallow as an alternative

paper and the composition of jute mallow that can be made as paper. Facts and

information were gathered from books and internet as related studies in order to get the

needed information for the study. It includes the related literature, related studies and

conceptual framework.

I. Jute Mallow

A. Characteristics of Jute Mallow and It’s Benefit and Uses

According to Andrew Boyd (2011), jute mallow is a nutritious leafy vegetable with

a long history and an assortment of names. First developed in Egypt, it is sometimes

known as Egyptian spinach, as well as Jew's mallow for its role as food staple in ancient

Jewish culture. When cooked, the leaves ooze a slimy jelly which numerous compare

to the composition of okra, inciting the name 'Bush okra'.

The most broadly developed species is C. olitorius, but the greater parts of the

mixtures are all eatable and broadly developed. The jute mallow is harvestable three to

four weeks after planting, can be re-gathered three or four times a season, and doesn't

require fake manure. The leaves are exceptionally nutritious, rich in iron, protein,

calcium, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, and dietary fiber. But jute mallow is more

than only a dinner. Its fiber is solid and waterproof, making it ideal for making burlap

sacks, decorations and notwithstanding garments.

 According to the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2012),

developed jute mallow plant is an erect, yearly herb that varies from 20 cm to

approximately 1.5 m, contingent upon the cultivars. The stems are angular with simple

oblong to lanceolate leaves, strongly branched and fibrous. The leaves are alternate,

simple, lanceolate, 5 to 15 cm long, with an acu minate tip and a finely serrated or lobed

edge.

According to Md. Mahbubul (2013), the fiber-yielding plant jute was once known

as golden fiber of Bangladesh, since it was the most essential money crop for the

nation. Jute dicotyledonous fiber-yielding plant of the variety Corchorus, request

Tiliaceae. Jute was once known as golden fiber of Bangladesh, since it was the most

significant money crop for the nation. Jute fiber is created mainly from two commercially

essential species, to be specific White Jute ​(Corchorus capsularis L.)​, and Tossa Jute

(Corchorus olitorius L.).

The leaves of these plants are simple, and they may have slight serrated edges.

When harvested young, jute leaves are delightful and delicate; matured or older leaves

have a tendency to be more woody and fibrous, making them less perfect for utilization.

Jute leaves now answered to contains upwards of 17 actives nutrients compound

including protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, ash, Calcium, Potassium, iron, sodium,

phosphorus, beta-carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid. While maybe also

called a fiber crop, jute is additionally a therapeutic "vegetable". This green, leafy

vegetable is rich in beta-carotene for good visual perception, iron for healthy red

platelets, calcium for solid bones and teeth, and vitamin C for smooth, clear skin, solid
safe cells, and quick wound healing.

According to Kenneth W. Britt (2015), even in the wet state, natural cellulose

fibers show no loss in strength. It is the combination of these qualities with strength and

flexibility that makes cellulose of unique value for paper manufacture. (Natural fibers

other than wood) Since cellulose fiber is a major constituent of the stems of plants, a

vast number of plants represent potential sources of paper; many of these have been

pulped experimentally. A rather substantial number of plant sources have been used

commercially, at least on a small scale and at various times and places. Indeed, the use

  ​cereal​ straws for paper predates the use of wood pulp and is widely practiced today
of

throughout the world, although on a relatively small scale of production.

Because many parts of the world are deficient in forests, the development of the

paper industry in these areas appears to depend to a considerable degree upon the use

of annual plants and agricultural fibers.

According to Danny O. Calleja (2010), s​aluyot now a popular vegetable

worldwide, k​nown as jute mallow leaves called famine food by Africans because of its

being a vegetable of last resort during droughts, the plant, with its fiber made a debut on

the fashion ramp last year when unveiled by the Philippine Textile Research Institute

(PTRI) during a conference in celebration of the United Nations Food and Agriculture

Organization's (FAO) International Year of Natural Fibers. And in this article PTRI

Director Carlos Tomboc said in a statement: “​To make an all-natural blend, saluyot may

also be weaved with cotton and is ideal for curtains and drapes, beddings, table runners

and linens, as well as burlaps for nets, ropes, and geotextiles against soil erosion”.
Saluyot stems soaked in water for about three weeks yield at least five percent fibers

that passed textile tests for fineness, tensile strength, and residual gum properties, he

added.

II. Paper and its Characteristics

According to Michael Spencer et.al (2009); “Fibre is the key ingredient for

paper”. Pulp and paper making is a method of separating fibre from a source material

and then reforming those fibers into paper. A variety of plants or recycled from products

can be a source of fibre. Wood is most commonly a source of fiber that is harvested

from natural forests, tree plantations, board and recycled paper.

According to Kenneth W. Britt (2015), the word paper is got from the name of the

reedy plant papyrus, which becomes richly along the Nile River in Egypt. In antiquated

times, the sinewy layers inside of the stem of this plant were evacuated, put one next to

the other, and crossed at right points with another arrangement of layers likewise

organized. The sheet so framed was hosed and squeezed. After drying, the paste like

sap of the plant, going about at this very moment, established the layers together.

Complete defibring, a fundamental component in present day paper making, did not

happen in the readiness of papyrus sheets. Papyrus was the most broadly utilized

composition material as a part of antiquated times, and numerous papyrus records still

survive.

According to Steven Saitzyk (2009), the characteristics of paper are usually

made of cotton or Oriental fibers. Strong chemicals are not used because these fibers
do not have to be treated as wood does. The hand process of lifting the fibers from the

water allows the fibers to align in all directions and interlock among themselves. This

gives handmade papers great strength. When this type of paper gets wet, it will expand

evenly in both directions with minimal buckling and warping. This refers to handmade

paper. While mould made paper is halfway between handmade and machine-made

paper. When making mould made papers, the individual screen used in handmade

paper to pull the fibers from the water is replaced by a rotating screen. It slowly pulls the

fibers from the water in a long continuous sheet. Individual sheets are made by passing

a stream of water or air at intervals across the continuous sheet while it is still wet. This

creates a weakness where each sheet can be gently torn free after drying.

According to Rolf Wathen (2013), the objective of this work was to study factors

affecting the strength of pulp fibers used in papermaking and how their strength affects

the properties of the fiber network, i.e. the paper. All the structural levels contributing to

fiber strength starting from the organization of cellulose chains in microfibrils through to

visible defects and fiber deformations were considered. Due to its wide availability, zero

span strength was used as an indication of fiber strength. Industrially made pulp fibers

are mechanically damaged and thus weakened in the fiber line. Fiber strength may also

degrade chemically. Chemical degradation may be homogeneous or heterogeneous,

and the effects of these on fiber and paper properties differ. In this work, acid

vapor-induced degradation was found to cause more heterogeneous degradation of

fibers compared to ageing treatment at elevated temperature and humidity.

 In both treatments degradation occurs via the same mechanism – acid hydrolysis,

but the difference is attributed to initial fast reaction of the acid vapors at fiber disorder

sites. Z-directional fiber strength is less sensitive to fiber degradation than axial fiber

strength. Spruce pulp fibers require the viscosity to drop below 400 ml/g before any

difference can be detected in the Scott-Bond values. For birch pulp fibers the same

happens at a viscosity of 700 ml/g. Neither treatment was observed to affect inter-fiber

bonding. Zero-span strength measurements were shown to follow a normal distribution.

This was expected based on the Central Limit Theorem and was also predicted by

modeling. The variation in zero-span strength was found to increase as functions of

decreasing sheet thickness and increasing span length. The former was predicted by

the model. The reason for the latter is that the properties of the fiber network start to

show in the measurement. Contrary to some earlier studies, it is suggested here that

fiber curl itself maybe does not affect the zero-span measurement results. One reason

for the often observed increase in zero-span strength during beating could be the

favorable organization of fibrils. The Jentzen effect was not observed in the experiments

probably because the test pulps likely had very few misaligned fibrils and on average a

low fibrillar angle. 4 Fiber properties have a significant effect on the fracture properties

of paper. In general, decreases in fiber length and strength lead to a decrease in

fracture energy. Higher fiber curl means higher fracture energy, lower breaking tension

and higher breaking strain of a paper web. Once the fracture process of paper has

initiated, strains deviating from the ordinary breaking strain occur in the fracture process

zone. The most significant contribution to these strains comes from the fibers orienting
towards the direction of the tension. Even though significant to fracture energy, fiber

strength did not have a clear effect on the strains in the fracture process zone.

Relation of the tensile strength of paper.Tensile strength is used to find out how

resistant paper is to a web break. The strength, length and bonding of fiber, degree of

fiber refining and the direction of the fiber are the main sources of the tensile strength of

paper. It is also depends on the quality and quantity of fillers used. It is a significant

factor for many applications as like printing, converter and packaging papers. Several

types of tensile strength testing apparatus are available, working on horizontally or

vertically oriented specimen. There are five types of tensile strength tester apparatus

used in paper industry such as rigid cross head type, inclined plane type, hydraulic type

and spring type. Among them pendulum type tensile strength test is most commonly

used.

But there are alternative ways to test the tensile strength of paper. According to

Bjornson (2013), tensile strength is the largest amount of force that can be applied to an

object being stretched or pulled until it breaks. Using the spring balance scale the

following or various materials can be measure: garbage bag, plastic wrap, twine, strand

of hair, notebook, paper and etc. This is the procedure on how to use the spring balance

scale in testing the tensile strength of an object: First, tie short length of your test

material in a secure knot around the hook of the spring scale. Second, secure the top of

the spring scale to something steady. Third, pull on the test materials until it breaks.

Keep an eye on the spring scale reading. Last, record the force measured by the spring

scale right before the test material breaks. (Newton and Dynes are the units).
 According to Lamp (2015), texture is defined the tactile quality of the surface of

an object, how it feels if touched. Touch is one of our senses. Our hands and skin are

equipped with sensitive nerves that distinguish texture. And the actual texture refers to

the tactile qualities of the physical surface of the object. Through our sense of sight and

touch we can easily determine the texture of an object.

III. Applications of Paper

According to Nicholas A. Basbanes (2013), an association of paper historians in

the United Kingdom recently estimated there are twenty thousand identifiable uses for

paper in the world today, making it a manufactured material of extraordinary application

that has lost little of its versatility. Not only do millions of people still read books and get

their information on paper, they use it as currency, conduct their business, record their

history, create art, print photographs, wrap food, blow their noses, and correspond on it

-- even boil tea and smoke tobacco in it. Setting aside for the moment that the Chinese

who first developed the process used the material for a plenitude of purposes -- they

rank the making of paper from a watery pulp of cellulose fibers with the magnetic

compass, gunpowder, and printing as one of their four outstanding inventions of

antiquity -- even they might be amused to see some of the ways it has been utilized

over the centuries.

According to Jonathan Kirsch (2013); “Without paper, we are nothing,” he writes,

alluding to the fact that our lives begin with birth certificates and continue to accumulate

documents of identity until we are awarded a death certificate. “We are born human, but
are forever becoming paper, as paper becomes us, our artificial skin. Everything we are

is paper: it is the ground of activity, the partner to all our enterprises, the key to our

understanding of the past.”...“Without paper our lives would be unimaginable.” Artists,

architects, and activists may resort to computer-assisted media, but he uses the famous

image of Barack Obama by Shepard Fairey as an example of the unique and enduring

power of paper.

According to the ​Institute of Paper Science and Technology (2006), paper is

imperative in the following: Printing, Media, and Entertainment; We read more than 350

million magazines, 2 billion books, and 24 billion daily papers a year - all imprinted on

paper. Our youngsters play with paper dolls, paper covers, paper tabletop games, and

paper kites. Your ticket to a motion picture is made out of paper, as are the

compartments and complete plate for your popcorn and beverages. Indeed, even the

batteries in your TV remote control contain paper, thus does your TV itself. In Work and

School; Most of us hope to discover paper in schools and organizations; our work areas

are typically secured with it. On account of PCs, which were once anticipated that would

make our own a paperless society, we now produce considerably more paper than any

other time in recent memory. What's more, our cash, checks, stock authentications,

deeds of possession, conception endorsements and marriage licenses, every one of the

records which administer our lives, are made out of paper. In Packaging, how might you

ship lights, water glasses, or your new microwave broiler without the ridged

compartments that secure them? The biggest class of paper items today is the one we

underestimate most - paperboard. Ridged board is utilized to send 95% of every single
made great and is much lighter and more recyclable than the wooden containers of

yesteryear. In development, we utilize paper to construct our homes. Once in awhile it

serves as a basic or brightening part, as in overlaid kitchen ledges, protection, gypsum

board, acoustical board, wallpaper, ground surface, and shingles.

Paper is the support material for veiling tape, sandpaper, and electrical link wrap.

What's more, when asylum is required in a crisis, we can make an entire house out of

paperboard. Paper as a crucial material. As should be obvious, paper has developed

throughout the years from only a written work surface to a material that touches almost

every part of our lives. In spite of the fact that we habitually underestimate it, it's difficult

to envision what our lives may be similar to without it.

According to Shubham Saxena (2010); “Paper has reinvented the way we

communicate, record history, and write down literature. It is portable, smaller, and

thinner, and has triggered the inventions of new cleaning products, printing, and even

foods. Close your eyes for a moment and imagine a world without paper. It is then that

you will truly understand its value and importance.”

According to Kenneth W. Britt (2015), paper intended for writing or printing

usually contains white pigments or fillers to increase brightness, opacity, and surface

smoothness, and to improve ink receptivity. Clay (aluminum silicate), often referred to

as ​kaolin​ or china clay, is commonly used, but only in a few places in the world

(Cornwall, in England, and Georgia, in the United States) are the deposits readily

accessible and sufficiently pure to be used for pigment. Another pigment is ​titanium

dioxide​ (TiO2), prepared from the minerals rutile and anatase. Titanium dioxide is the
most expensive of the common pigments and is often used in admixture with others.

Paper is the basic material used for written communication and the dissemination of

information. In addition, ​paper​ and paperboard provide materials for hundreds of other

uses, such as wrapping, packaging, toweling, insulating, and photography.

IV. Paper Making Production

A. Process

The actual act of making a sheet of paper by hand requires a vat, mold and

deckle. The vat is the container the pulp floats in. For most hobby makers, this will be

your kitchen sink, a washing up bowl or a large plastic tank. You need a flat working

surface nearby to place the wet sheets onto, and the whole working area needs to be

splash-proof. Papermaking is messy. If you cannot get permission to make a mess in

the kitchen, use a pasting table in the garden. The mold is the mesh that lifts the pulp

out of the water. The deckle is the frame that stops the pulp draining off the edges of the

mold. There is a separate Instructable on their manufacture here, or you can buy simple

kits online. Your specialised equipment is now ready. Make sure you have a stack of

clean J cloths handy, and a couple of plastic chopping boards

According to Kenneth W. Britt (2015), papermaking formation of a matted or

felted sheet, usually of cellulose fibers, from water suspension on a wire screen. “The

m​anufacture of paper and paperboard process”. Preparation of stocks, m​echanical

squeezing and pounding of cellulose fibre permits water to penetrate its structure,

causing swelling of the fibre and making it flexible. Mechanical action, furthermore,
separates and frays the fibrils, submicroscopic units in the fibre structure. Beating

reduces the rate of drainage from and through a mat of fibres, producing dense paper of

high tensile strength, low porosity, stiffness, and rattle.​Pulp is put into the beater, and

water is added to facilitate circulation of the mass between the roll and the bedplate. As

the beating proceeds, the revolving roll is gradually lowered until it is riding full weight

on the fibres between it and the bedplate. This action splits and mashes the fibres,

creating hairlike fibrils and causing them to absorb water and become slimy. The beaten

fibres will then drain more slowly on the paper machine wire and bond together more

readily as more water is removed and the wet web pressed. Much of the beating action

results from the rubbing of fibre on fibre. Long fibres will be cut to some extent. The

beater is also well-adapted for the addition and mixing of other materials, such

as ​sizing​, fillers, and dyes. By mounting a perforated cylinder that can rotate partially

immersed in the beater stock, water can be continuously removed from the beater, and

the stock therefore can be washed.

Although many design modifications have been made in the Hollander beater

over the years, the machine is still widely used in smaller mills making specialty paper

products. For large production modern mills have replaced the beater by various types

  continuous refiners. In mills that receive baled pulp and use refiners, the pulp is
of

defibered in pulpers. While there are a number of variations in basic design, a pulper

consists essentially of a large, open vessel, with one or more bladed, rotating elements

that circulate a pulp-water mixture and defibre or separate fibres. The blades transform

the pulp or waste paper into a smooth mixture. Unlike beaters and refiners, pulpers do
not reduce freeness and cause fibrillation in the fibres. A typical pulper has a capacity of

900 kilograms (2,000 pounds) of fibre in 6 percent solution and requires 150

horsepower to drive it.

  Like other refiners, the ​disk refiner​ consists of a rotating bladed element that

moves in conjunction with a stationary bladed element. The disk refiner’s plane of

action, however, is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, simplifying manufacture of the

treating elements and replacement. Since the disk refiner provides a large number of

working edges to act upon the fibre, the load per fibre is reduced and fibre brushing,

 
rather than fibre cutting, may be emphasized. ​Sizing​ has been described above as the

treatment given paper to prevent aqueous solutions, such as ink, from soaking into it. A

typical sizing solution consists of a rosin soap dispersion mixed with the stock in an

amount of 1 to 5 percent of fibre. Since there is no affinity between rosin soap and fibre,

 it is necessary to use a coupling agent, normally ​alum​ (aluminum sulfate). The acidity of

alum precipitates the rosin dispersion, and the positively charged aluminum ions and

aluminum hydroxide flocs (masses of finely suspended particles) attach the size firmly

 to the negatively charged fibre surface. ​Calcium carbonate​ (CaCO​3​), also used as a

filler, is prepared by precipitation by the reaction of milk of lime with either carbon

dioxide (CO​2​) or soda ash (sodium carbonate, Na​2​CO​3​).

Calcium carbonate as a paper filler is used mainly to impart improved brightness,

opacity, and ink receptivity to printing and magazine stocks. Specialty uses include the

filling of cigarette paper, to which it contributes good burning properties. Because of its

reactivity with acid, calcium carbonate cannot be used in systems containing alum.
Other fillers are zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, hydrated silica, calcium sulfate, hydrated

alumina, talc, barium sulfate, and asbestos. Much of the filler consumed is used in

paper coatings (see below). Since most fillers have no affinity for fibres, it is necessary

to add an agent such as alum to help hold the filler in the formed sheet.

Although this property is convenient for the recovery of wastepaper, some papers

require wet strength for their intended use. Wet strength is gained by adding certain

organic resins to the paper stock that, because of their chemical nature, are absorbed

by the fibre. After formation and drying of the sheet, the resins change to an insoluble

form, creating water-resistant bonds between fibres. The final step is the formation of

paper sheet by machines.In a paper machine, interrelated mechanisms operating in

unison receive paper stock from the beater, form it into a sheet of the desired weight by

filtration, press and consolidate the sheet with removal of excess water, dry the

remaining water by evaporation, and wind the traveling sheet into reels of paper. Paper

machines may vary in width from about 1.5 to 8 meters (5 to 26 feet), in operating

speed from a few hundred meters to 900 meters (about 3,000 feet) per minute, and in

production of paper from a few tons per day to more than 300 tons per day. The paper

weight (basis weight) may vary from light tissue, about 10 grams per square metre (0.03

ounce per square foot), to boards of more than 500 grams per square metre (1.6

ounces per square foot).

According to Liz-Anna (2010), there are some papers making process from plant

fibers available at your garden that you can do it in yourself at home. After getting all the

plant materials that available in her garden, in step one, she remove the unwanted
components that contaminate the pulp. She use to cut the plant material 1/2 to 1"

lengths using sharp scissors or garden shears. Then she cook the material in a

non-corrosive pot with an alkaline (soda ash) solution. After that, fill the pot about half

full with cool water. Add the cut plant materials to the pot and enough water to cover the

plants and allow them to be stirred freely. Boil it, then reduce to a simmer. Generally two

hours is adequate and sometimes less is enough. Boiling process is one way to get the

fibers from the plant materials. In step two, she separated the fiber by using blender/

boiling process. Fill the blender 3/4 full with water and add a palm full of the cooked

fibre. In step three, she mix the 2 tablespoon of the powdered thickener in a blender full

of cold water, keeping the water moving as she add the powder to prevent clumping.

Pour it through a fine sieve to catch any clumps. This will keep refrigerated in a jar for a

couple of weeks and you may not even need it depending on your plant fibre. In step 3,

she called the step ‘Hogging the vat, throwing the wave, and kissing off’. Fill the basin

1/3 to 1/2 full of water. Add the plant pulp to the water and stir with your hand to

distribute the fibers evenly. Using a mold and deckle with the plain deckle frame

positioned on top of the screened mold and held tightly together, use a side to side and

back and forth motion to dip the assembly into the water as you scoop up water and

fibre and lift it out still holding the mold and deckle together. Let the water drain away. If

you find that the water is draining from the screen too quickly and not allowing enough

time to form an even sheet of paper, add a small palm full of the formation aid to the vat

and stir it into the fibers. Add more if needed. This will keep the water from draining too
quickly. If you scoop up too much fibre or it's clumped or otherwise not acceptable, just

turn it over and shake it back into the water (kissing it off).

The next step is to pressing the paper. There are many different methods for

pressing your paper as it dries. Lean the smooth drying board against something to hold

it in an upright position (a chair, a tree, etc.) near your basin. With the paper still on the

screen, hold it face down on the drying board (try not to move it or it will distort).

“From the back, use your sponge to carefully press against it, sponging up the

excess moisture and pressing it to the board. Now gently remove the mold. You should

have a perfectly beautiful piece of wet paper stuck to the board where it will be left to

dry. If you have torn or distorted it, just scoop it up and throw it back into the vat.” she

says. She fill up board and leave the paper to dry.

She added a tip about the drying process. “Don't dry in the direct sunlight as drying

the sheets too fast often causing premature lifting and distortion. I do dry the paper that

is left on the molds in the sunshine though. Also, green papers will fade with light. The

color in the chlorophyll is very fugitive.” she says. At the point when the paper is dry. It

ought to simply peel of the board. One side will be smooth and the other will have a

slight surface. The paper that is dried on the screen will have one somewhat harsh side

from the surface of the screen and one coarse side.

Stated by Ebisike K. (2013) “water retting” plants such as flax, jute, hemp or

kenaf etc are submerged in water, soaked for a period of time to loosen the fibers from

the other components of the stem. Retting can also be done by placing the already cut
or chopped stand of the plant in fields in wet fall called “dew retting”. In either approach,

bacterial action attacks pectin and lignin, freeing the cellulose fibers.

H e added that during retting, the stems are monitored to avoid excessive

degradation of the fiber material which will affect the fiber strength. The fiber degrades

when bacterial acts on it. There is a direct correlation between retting time, cellulose

polymerization degree and fiber strength. There is also a need to allow for complete

retting because in under-retted samples the pectin content is too high for good

separation of bast fibers and shives, which will give substantial problems in further

processing (decortation, cleaning, and combing, fiber separation).

He further explained that the number of days required for retting depends on

water temperature, locality, time of year, weather conditions, depth and source of water,

thickness of stalks and quantity of straw in relation to volume of water. Once retting is

completed, the stems are removed and washed, and subjected to mechanical

processing to remove the soft tissues and then dry to obtain the fibers. Extraction

processes of natural fibers can be performed by different procedures that include

mechanical, chemical and biological methods. Each method presents different

advantages or drawbacks according to the amount of fiber produced or the quality and

properties of fiber bundles obtained.

V. Impact of Paper in the Environment

According to the study of Richard E. Smith (2011); “The paper making

process is complex and has far reaching environmental impacts beyond the simple
paper production process, which itself is toxic, resource intensive, and uses chemicals

and pollutants that are creating major health issues and environmental degradation”. In

addition, the deforestation required to obtain paper pulp and the disposal of paper waste

products are main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Wood is most commonly

used for paper making but it leads to cause deforestation. It includes energy

consumption for logging, the destruction of natural ecosystems, reduced water quality,

soil erosion, diminished habitats for plants and animals, and the elimination of

old-growth forests. More than 40 percent of industrial wood harvest is used for paper

manufacturing in the US

(“Improve Paper Choices,” 2010, paragraph 3) that eliminate carbon emission by

absorbing carbons. Chemicals are also one of the negative impacts in our environment

that are found in paper making process which pesticides are used. And another

environmental problem is disposal. Paper in landfills creates methane as it

decomposes, and 25 percent as estimated that all landfill waste is from paper products.

The EPA has concluded that paper is the single greatest source of landfill methane.

According to ​the Sector Policies and Programs Division Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research (2010), the

manufacturing of paper or paperboard can be divided into six main process areas,

which are discussed further in the sections below: (1) wood preparation; (2) pulping; (3)

bleaching; (4) chemical recovery; (5) pulp drying (non-integrated mills only); and (6)

papermaking. Figure 1 below presents a flow diagram of the pulp and paper

manufacturing process. Some pulp and paper mills may also include converting
operations (e.g., coating, box making, etc.); however, these operations are usually

performed at separate facilities.

According to Susan Kinsella et.al (2007), steady with the natural order of Reduce,

Reuse, Recycle, the speediest course to ecological change is to utilize less paper from

the begin. Minimizing paper utilization has different advantages: it lessens interest for

wood and the natural effects of business ranger service; cuts vitality, water and

concoction use at the factory; and brings outflows down to the air and water.

Furthermore, it implies that less paper should be discarded in landfills, where it

separates and discharges methane, a powerful nursery gas, or copied in incinerators,

where it discharges carbon dioxide and different poisons.

According to​ ​Iveta Cabalova et.al (2011)​, ​the main benefit of the recycling is a

double decrease of the environment loading, known as an environmental impact

reducing. From the first viewpoint, the natural resources conserves at side of the

manufacturing process inputs, from the second viewpoint, the harmful compounds

amount leaking to the environment decreases at side of the manufacturing process

outputs.

According to Chaz Miller (2008), not only do we use a lot of paper, we throw

more of it away (41 million tons) and recycle it at a higher rate (52 percent) than any

other material. As a result, paper is easily the most important material for a recycling

program. Ask any recycling manager what is at the top of their wish list and the answer

is likely to be continued strong paper recycling markets. They know their program lives

and dies on the strength of those markets. While paper isn't quite as important in terms
of disposal, it provides an invaluable fuel for incinerators and is a significant component

of landfills. Yet we are told the paperless office is the wave of the future. Plastic bags

have pretty much replaced paper bags. The recyclers and solid waste managers be

worried about the impact of these changes.

RELATED STUDIES

According to the study of ​Md. Mahbubul (2013); Jute Mallow leaf has long been

used as a remedy in many cultures. Jute leaf products, which include the leaf juice, fried

leaf, and some time whole green leaf, are used, among other reasons, as laxatives, in

creams for skin care, and as a treatment for a wide range of diseases, respectively. The

heterogeneous nature of jute leaf products may contribute to the diverse biological and

therapeutic activities that have been observed. Variations in the composition of jute leaf

can result in products with different chemical and physical properties, making the

comparison of products difficult. The green, leafy vegetable is rich in beta-carotene for

good eyesight, iron for healthy red blood cells, calcium for strong bones and teeth, and

vitamin C for smooth, clear skin, strong immune cells, and fast wound-healing. Vitamins

A, C and E present in jute leaf. Saluyot “sponge up” free radicals, scooping them up

before they can commit cellular sabotage”. The fiber-yielding plant jute was once known

as the golden fiber of Bangladesh, since it was the most important cash crop for the

country. Demand for medicinal plants is increasing in both developed and developing

countries due to growing recognition of natural products being equally effective, safe,

non-narcotic, affordable and having no side effects.

 According to Helen Flores (2009), t​he Philippine Textile Research Institute

(PTRI) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is studying the potential

of saluyot (jute leaves) as a new source of fabric. The PTRI said Corchorus olitorius,

popularly known as saluyot (Ilocos), tugabang (Bisaya), bush okra (English), jute mallow

or Jew’s mallow, jute and nalta, has passed all the prerequisites for textile in terms of

fineness, tensile strength, residual gum properties. “Initial findings on saluyot revealed

that it is good for use as clothing fabric,” said Carlos Tomboc, PTRI director. Known

as molokheya in Egypt where it originated, it is widely cultivated in the sub-Sahara wet

regions and North Africa’s drier areas.

The Los Baños-based Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural

Resources Research (PCARRD) of the DOST has published the “Saluyot Production

Guide” to promote production of this green leafy vegetable. In 2006, the 692 hectares

planted to saluyot throughout the Philippines produced 1,949 tons, according to the

Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. Top producers are Ilocos,

particularly Pangasinan (213 ha), and Western Visayas , it said. Aside from saluyot, the

PTRI also introduced maguey and water hyacinth or water lily as new fiber sources. The

PTRI said maguey and water lily are favorable for use as home textiles for curtains,

upholstery, table runners, table napkins, and handicrafts, among others. The PTRI had

already introduced abaca, pineapple and banana as raw materials for tropical fabrics.

Aside from developing tropical fabrics, the PTRI also introduced the natural dye

technology, sourced from indigenous materials like coconut, mahogany, cogon grass,
malathayum. The institute has identified around 75 indigenous plants as good sources

of natural dyes.

According to the study of Rolf Wathen and Taja Tamminen (2004), ​intact fibers

were deformed by homogenization after beating. The homogenization increased the

amounts of deformations (kinks and curl) in the fibers. The fibers retained their highly

swollen nature during the deformation. The influence of the fiber deformations on the

strength properties of the softwood kraft pulp fiber network was significant. The fiber

deformations decreased fiber segment activation in the fiber network compared to

undeformed fibers. The decreased fiber segment activation resulted in decreased

tensile and tensile stiffness indices but in increased tear and fracture toughness indices

of the pulp sheets. The results also indicated that the zerospan fiber strength

measurement was not dependent on fiber curl and kinks, but is likely dependent on the

load distribution uniformity of the 3-dimensional fiber wall structure.

According to the study of Robinson G. Cabrado Jr. et al (2013-2014), in making

the Horse (equus ferus caballus) Manure as an alternative Source of Paper,

experiments were directed by planning set-ups of horse manure. These were absorbed

a liter of alkaline solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). With this, each was included

with diverse measure of chlorine with 50, 100, and 150 grams for the three set-ups

separately. The sheets were squeezed utilizing diverse materials, one squeezed with

hand, the second with iron and the other with moving pin. The sheets were then tried for

strength by utilizing 5 peso coins as weight on the paper. They conclude that Adding a

lot of chlorine will create whiter results and using hand, rolling pin or iron as primary
equipments for flattening does not improve the texture of the paper.

According to the conclusion of Megan Southwick; Okra ​(Abelmoschus esculentus

(L.) Moench) ​with the same family of Jute Mallow that Okra paper had the texture of

being rough and expecting that you cannot write on it.

According to the article of Leonard Y. Mwaikambo (2009), the absorption of

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) treatment jute fibre exhibited an increase in the cellulose of

about 20 % that in turn caused increase in tensile strength. Therefore, the stiffness was

decreased.

A study conducted by Aremu, M. O. et al (2015) They used fresh samples of

pineapple leaves that are obtained from the crown of freshly harvested pineapple fruits

from various local pineapple processing stations around Ogbomoso while corn straw

was obtained from Araada market and Aguodo farm in Ogbomoso, Oyo State

respectively. The collected sample each was air-dried in the laboratory and thereafter

chipped into small sizes using cutting tools, such as knife and scissors. Chemical

composition analysis of pineapple leaves and corn straw: Chemical composition (Lignin,

Ash, Cellulose contents and Pulp yield) of pineapple leaves and corn straw was

determined according to Tappi Standard Test Methods. Prior to this determination, the

grounded pineapple leaf and corn straw was subjected to ethanolic extraction for about

6 hrs using soxhlet apparatus. This was done to remove the extractives content of the

samples which may interfere with the composition determination. Paper sheets were

produced from both bleached and unbleached pulps using a handmade paper mould

and deckle. Pulps (fibres) were dispersed inside clean water while the paper mould was
used to get the fibres out of the water. The paper mould with the fibres was then air

dried for about 3 hours in an oven. After drying, the paper samples were then pressed

with an electric hot iron to improve the smoothness of the paper.

Aremu, M. O. et al (2015) used a Universal Testometric Machine to determine

the grammage, tensile strength, tear index, thickness, modulus of elasticity and

elongation at break. The researcher even observed the fibre by using Scanning Electron

Microscope (SEM) to study its morphological properties. The result of tensile strength

analysis done on the paper samples produced from pulp from pineapple leaf and corn

straw shows that pineapple leaf and corn straw could be considered as a promising raw

material for papermaking applications. However, it must be noted that residual lignin,

impurities, pulp consistency, degree of pulp beating, relative humidity of the

environment are few of the factors that could influence the properties of paper sheets

produce from any pulp. The dimensions and strength of the individual fibers, their

arrangement, and the extent to which they are bonded to each other are all important

factors contributing to test results.

The researcher added that the study have shown that pineapple leaf and corn

straw are suitable non wood raw materials for papermaking. The study shows the

suitability of agro wastes materials in our environment as alternative to wood source for

pulp and paper making in order to protect and conserve our environment from

deforestation with its attendant effects. The study also shows pineapple as a highly

potential substitute in paper production because of its high content of cellulose and low

lignin content compared to corn straw.