''PACKAGE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM WITH

DUCTING FOR A 3-STORY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING''

i
 ABSTRACT
This project aims at ''Package air conditioning system with ducting for a 3-story
residential building.'' A complete air conditioning system was designed to control
the indoor environment conditions like temperature, relative humidity, air
movement, etc. in an economical way.

In this project duct design calculations were done by using the McQuay air

conditioning software. For the space references and calculations the AUTO CAD

Plan was taken from the civil department. After taking the plan and load calculation

result like flow rate and velocity values were taken by the design department. The

same values we will give in the McQuay software at human comfort condition then

we will get duct sizes like diameter, width and height. Then prepare SLD as well as

DLD.

Based on the obtained CFM values duct sizes were found for each space and

ducting design was done for all the spaces by considering the quantity of CMF to be

supplied. With this the capacity of equipment was estimated and selected for the

installation. Total data was shown in the document.

ii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... II

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1

1.1 Heat Ventilation And Air- Conditioning ................................................................................. 1

1.2 History Of HVAC ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Working Of Ac .......................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Importance Of HVAC ................................................................................................................ 3

1.5 Types of Air Conditioning Systems............................................................................................ 3

1.5.1 Window Air Conditioner ......................................................................................................... 4
1.5.2 Split Air Conditioner ............................................................................................................... 4
1.5.3 Packaged Air Conditioner ....................................................................................................... 5
1.5.4 Central Air Conditioning System ............................................................................................. 6

1.6 Circuit Diagrams ....................................................................................................................... 6

1.7 Refrigerant ............................................................................................................................... 7

1.7.1 Types Of Refrigerants: ............................................................................................................ 7

1.8 Various Lines and Curves In Psychrometric Chart ..................................................................... 8

1.9 Duct System ............................................................................................................................. 9

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 10

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLGY ...................................................................................... 12

3.1 CIVIL PLAN MBR ..................................................................................................................... 12

3.2 : Ground Floor .......................................................................................................................... 13

iii
CHAPTER 4: DUCT DESIGN ........................................................................................ 17

4.1 Single Line Diagrams............................................................................................................... 20

4.2: Double Line Diagrams............................................................................................................ 23

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS ................................................................................................. 26

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 28

REFERENCES................................................................................................................... 28

iv
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. 1 Window air conditioning system ........................................................ 4

Figure 1. 2 Split air conditioning system ............................................................... 5
Figure 1. 4 Central Air Conditioning System ............................................................ 6
Figure 1. 5 Circuit Diagram .................................................................................... 6
Figure 1. 8 Duct ....................................................................................................... 9

Figure 3. 1 CIVIL PLAN MASTER BED ROOM .................................................. 12

Figure 3. 2 CIVIL PLAN GROUND FLOOR ......................................................... 13
Figure 3. 3 CIVIL PLAN First Floor ....................................................................... 14
Figure 3. 4CIVIL PLAN Second Floor.................................................................... 15
Figure 3. 5 CIVIL PLAN Third Floor ..................................................................... 16

FIGURE 4. 1 FIRST FLOOR SLD.......................................................................... 20

FIGURE 4. 2 SECOND FLOOR SLD .................................................................... 21
FIGURE 4. 3 THIRD FLOOR SLD ........................................................................ 22
FIGURE 4. 4 FIRST FLOOR DLD ......................................................................... 23
FIGURE 4. 5 SECOND FLOOR DLD .................................................................... 24
FIGURE 4. 6 THIRD FLOOR DLD........................................................................ 25

v
 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Heat Ventilation And Air- Conditioning

Air conditioning is used in most commercial properties, ranging from small shops
and cafés to large office buildings and public spaces. To meet these diverse applications,
air conditioning systems have different heating and cooling capacities and come with
various setups and layouts.

Many of our homes and most offices and commercial facilities would not
become fordable without control of the indoor environment. The "luxury label" attached
to air conditioning in earlier decades has given way to appreciate it practicality in
making our live healthier and more productive. Along with rapid development in
improving human comfort came the realization that goods could be produced better,
faster, and more economically in a properly controlled environment.

AutoCAD is the AutoCAD software for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing

designers and drafters. Creation and coordination of construction documents is more
efficient with AutoCAD more intuitive systems drawing and design tools. AutoCAD also
assessing our vision and enhance our efficiency because of its purpose-built software for
MEP designers and drafters.

With AutoCAD we are able to make changes much faster, thus help minimizing
the financial impact, and make those changes in almost real time.

1.2 History Of HVAC

In 1902, a 25 – year – old engineer from New York named Willis Carrier invented the
first modern air – conditioning system. The mechanical unit, which sent air through
water-cooled coils, was not aimed at human comfort, however; it was designed to control
humidity in the printing plant where he worked.

1
The first modern electrical air conditioning unit was invented by Willis Carrier in 1902
in Buffalo, New York. After graduating from Cornell University, Carrier found a job at
the Buffalo Forge Company.

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and
vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable
indoor air quality.

Air conditioners use chemicals that easily convert from a gas to a liquid and back again.
This chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the outside air. The
machine has three main parts. They are a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator.

HVAC: Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment perform heating
and/or cooling for residential, commercial or industrial buildings. The HVAC system
may also be responsible for providing fresh outdoor air to dilute interior airborne
contaminants such as odors from occupants, volatile organic compounds (VOC’s)
emitted from interior furnishings, chemicals used for cleaning, etc. A properly designed
system will provide a comfortable indoor environment year round when properly
maintained

1.3 Working Of Ac

An air conditioner cools and dehumidifies the air as is passes over a cold coil surface.
The indoor coil is an air-to-liquid heat exchanger with rows of tubes that pass the liquid
through the coil. Finned surfaces connected to these tubes increase the overall surface
area of the cold surface thereby increasing the heat transfer characteristics between the air
passing over the coil and liquid passing through the coil. The type of liquid used depends
on the system selected. Direct-expansion (DX) equipment uses refrigerant as the liquid
medium. Chilled-water (CW) can also be used as a liquid medium. When the required
temperature of a chilled water system is near the freezing point of water, freeze
protection is added in the form of glycols or salts. Regardless of the liquid medium used,
the liquid is delivered to the cooling coil at a cold temperature.

2
In the case of direct expansion equipment, the air passing over the indoor cooling coil
heats the cold liquid refrigerant. Heating the refrigerant causes boiling and transforms the
refrigerant from a cold liquid to a warm gas. This warm gas (or vapor) is pumped from
the cooling coil to the compressor through a copper tube (suction line to the compressor)
where the warm gas is compressed. In some cases, an accumulator is placed between the
cooling coil and the compressor to capture unused liquid refrigerant and ensures that only
vapor enters the compressor. The compression process increases the pressure of the
refrigerant vapor and significantly increases the temperature of the vapor. The
compressor pumps the vapor through another heat exchanger (outdoor condenser) where
heat is rejected and the hot gas is condensed to a warm high pressure liquid. This warm
high pressure liquid is pumped through a smaller copper tube (liquid line) to a filter (or
filter/dryer) and then on to an expansion device where the high pressure liquid is reduced
to a cold, low pressure liquid. The cold liquid enters the indoor cooling coil and the
process repeats.

1.4 Importance Of HVAC

HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes,

apartment buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and
office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals, onboard vessels, and in marine
environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to
temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.

Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air

in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control,
oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne
bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases.

1.5 Types of Air Conditioning Systems

1) Window Air Conditioner.

2) Split Air Conditioner.
3) Packaged Air Conditioner.
4) Central Air Conditioning System.
3
 5) VRV, VRF air Conditioning System.

1.5.1 Window Air Conditioner

Window air conditioner is the most commonly used air conditioner for single
rooms. In this air conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser,
expansion valve, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is
fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room, or more commonly a window sill.

Figure 1. 1 Window air conditioning system

1.5.2 Split Air Conditioner

The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor
unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil
and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room.
Further, present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as
a window unit. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

4
 Figure 1. 2 Split air conditioning system

1.5.3 Packaged Air Conditioner

An HVAC designer will suggest this type of air conditioner if you want to cool
more than two rooms or a larger space at your home or office. There are two possible
arrangements with the package unit. In the first one, all the components, namely the
compressor, condenser (which can be air cooled or water cooled), expansion valve and
evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown by the high capacity
blower, and it flows through the ducts laid through various rooms. In the second
arrangement, the compressor and condenser are housed in one casing. The compressed
gas passes through individual units, comprised of the expansion valve and cooling coil,
located in various rooms.

5
1.5.4 Central Air Conditioning System
Central air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire
hotels, gyms, movie theaters, factories etc. If the whole building is to be air conditioned,
HVAC engineers find that putting individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive
making this a better option. A central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge
compressor that has the capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling
big halls, malls, huge spaces, galleries etc is usually only feasible with central
conditioning units.

Figure 1. 3 Central Air Conditioning System

1.6 Circuit Diagrams

Figure 1. 4 Circuit Diagram

6
1.7 Refrigerant

A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and

refrigeration cycle.
Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled
conditions. The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work, but
can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means.
In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again.
Many working fluids have been used for such purposes.
Fluorocarbons, especially chlorofluorocarbons, became commonplace in the 20th
century, gerents used in various applications are ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and non-
halogenated but they are being phased out because of their ozone depletion effects. Other
common refry hydrocarbons such as propane.

1.7.1 Types Of Refrigerants:

The most common types of refrigerants in use nowadays are presented below

- Halocarbons
- Isotropic refrigerants.
- Zoetrope refrigerants.
-Inorganic refrigerants like carbon dioxide, ammonia, water and air.
- Hydrocarbon refrigerants.

Halocarbons are generally synthetically produced. Depending on whether they include

chemical elements hydrogen (H), carbon (C), chlorine (Cl) and florine (F) they are named
after as follows:

CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons): R11, R12, R113, R114, R115

HCFCs (Hydro chlorofluorocarbons): R22, R123

HFCs (Hydro fluorocarbons): R134a, R404a, R407C, and R410a

7
1.8 Various Lines and Curves In Psychrometric Chart

All the properties of air indicated in the psychometric chart are calculated at the
standard atmospheric pressure. For other pressures relevant corrections have to be
applied. The psychometric chart looks like a shoe. The various lines shown in the chart
are as follows

Dry Bulb (DB) Temperature Lines

The dry bulb temperature scale is shown along the base of the shoe shaped
psychometric chart forming the sole. The DB temperature increases from the left to the
right. The vertical lines shown in the chart are the constant DB temperature lines and all
the points located along a particular vertical line have same DB temperature

Wet Bulb (WB) Temperature Lines

The outermost curve along the left side indicates the Wet Bulb (WB) temperature
scale. The constant temperature lines are the diagonal lines extending from WB
temperature curved scale downwards towards the right hand side of the chart. All the
points located along the constant WB temperature line have the same temperature

Relative humidity

. The ratio of the vapor pressure of moisture in the sample to the saturation
pressure at the dry bulb temperature f the sample..

Dew Point (DP) Temperature Lines

Since the dew point temperature of the air depends on the moisture content of the
air, constant moisture lines are also constant DP temperature lines. The scale of the DP
and WB temperature is the same, however, while the constant WB temperature lines are
diagonal lines extending downwards, the constant DP temperature lines are horizontal
lines. Thus the constant DP and WB temperature lines are different

Humidity Ratio:

These are the horizontal lines on the chart. Humidity ratio is usually expressed as
mass of moisture per mass of dry air (pounds or kilograms of moisture per pound or
8
kilogram of dry air, respectively). The range is from 0 for dry air up to 0.03 (blew/lamb)
on the right hand ω-axis, the ordinate or vertical axis of the chart.

1.9 Duct System

Duct: Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for
example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air. Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation
air as part of the supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring
acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort.

Figure 1. 5 Duct

Process duct work conveys large volumes of hot, dusty air from processing
equipment to mills, bughouses to other process equipment. Process duct work may be
round or rectangular. Although round duct work costs more to fabricate than rectangular
duct work, it requires fewer stiffeners and is favored in many applications over
rectangular ductwork.

The air in process duct work may be at ambient conditions or may operate at up to 900 °F
(482 °C). Process ductwork varies in size from 2 ft diameter to 20 ft diameter or to
perhaps 20 ft by 40 ft rectangular.

Large process ductwork may fill with dust, depending on slope, to up to 30% of cross
section, which can weigh 2 to 4 tons per linear foot.

Round ductwork is subject to duct suction collapse, and requires stiffeners to minimize
this. But is more efficient on material than rectangular duct work.

9
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
In the USA, full scale computer applications for HVAC related problems started
in the early '60s when the author was involved in the US government's projects to
evaluate the thermal environment in fallout shelters by an hour by hour simulation of heat
and moisture transfer process between human occupants and shelter walls under limited
ventilation conditions. General building thermal simulations based on hour by hour
calculations were started at that time by gas and electric industries. This led to the
formation of the ASHRAE Task Group on Energy Requirements to develop a
comprehensive hourly energy performance simulation of buildings as well as the APEC
(Automated Procedure for Engineering Consultants) activities for cooling load
calculation. These activities were linked to the four successful international symposia
(Gaithersburg, Banff, Paris, and Tokyo) on the use of computers for environmental
engineering related to buildings, the forerunner of IBPSA. A considerable amount of
effort went into the earlier thermal simulation programs to improve the physical and
empirical modeling of air and moisture and heat transfer processes in and through a
complex building structure under varying weather conditions and building use conditions.
Although the thermal physics aspects of building environmental simulation have
sufficiently been explored in recent years, the author contends that there are still several
areas that need further improvements and developments.

Although the use of computers for building thermal environmental calculations

have been confined to universities and national laboratories where computers were
readily accessible in the early 1960s, consulting engineers had begun to use computers
for HVAC designs, the most notable was the APEC (Automated Procedures for
Engineering Consultants) which developed a cooling load calculation program based on
the TMTD method, the time averaging of hourly heat gain over a designated time period.
The TMTD is basically a similar concept as the weighting factor method, except that all
weighting factors are unity with the time regression length depending upon the weight of
the building construction. The heavier the mass of the structure, the more historical heat
gain terms were added to account for the longer time lag effect. It was a simple method,
but was still an improved concept as compared to the conventional method in which the

10
instantaneous heat gain was considered the cooling load without regard to the building
thermal mass effect. The TMTD method suited the small computers that were found in
engineering offices.

In the late 1960s, several hourly energy simulation programs were being
developed by electric utilities and gas companies. The GATE (Gas Application to Total
Energy) group developed an hourly simulation of total energy system to advocate the
advantage of on-site power generation coupled with the utilization, of gas
engine/generator waste heat for heating/cooling and domestic hot water generation.
Although the program was based on relatively straight forward and steady state
mathematical simulation of hour by hour building heat transfer processes and mechanical
system performance, as compared to those which came later, such as DOE2, TRNSYS,
BLAST, etc., the GATE program pointed out the usefulness and the importance of
HVAC system simulation for annual energy calculations of large buildings and systems.

11
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLGY

3.1 CIVIL PLAN MBR

FIGURE 3. 1 CIVIL PLAN MASTER BED ROOM

12
3.2 : Ground Floor

FIGURE 3. 2 CIVIL PLAN GROUND FLOOR

13
3.3: First Floor

FIGURE 3. 3 CIVIL PLAN FIRST FLOOR

14
3.4: Second Floor

FIGURE 3. 4CIVIL PLAN SECOND FLOOR

15
3.5: Third Floor

FIGURE 3. 5 CIVIL PLAN THIRD FLOOR

16
 CHAPTER 4: DUCT DESIGN
CFM FOR EACH ROOM

CFM FOR EACH ROOM

No. of diffusers each of

S.NO ROOM NAME CFM
500CFM
FIRST FLOOR FLAT1
1 Master Bedroom 550 1X500=500
2 Living Room 794 2X500=1000
3 Bed Room 469 1X500=500
FIRST FLOOR FLAT2
1 Master Bedroom 534 1X500=500
2 Bed Room 519 1X500=500
3 Living Room 605 1X500=500
3500
SECOND FLOOR FLAT1
1 Master Bedroom 378 1X500=500
2 Living Room 730 2X500=1000
3 Bed Room 437 1X500=500
SECOND FLOOR F2
1 Master Bedroom 450 1X500=500
2 Living Room 440 1X500=500
3 Bed Room 438 1X500=500
3500
THIRD FLOOR F1
1 Master Bedroom 493 1X500=500
2 Living Room 830 2X500=1000
3 Bed Room 509 1X500=500
THIRD FLOOR F2

17
1 Master Bedroom 556 1X500=500
2 Bed Room 540 1X500=500
3 Living Room 649 1X500=500
3500

TOTAL 10200 10500

VELOCITY CALUCLATION METHOD

USING DUCT SIZE SOFTWARE because of it is function hall tacking ceiling to roof
distance =4ft

Friction
LXH in
SR. NO. Duct Sec CFM FPM (Head Duct dia.
inch
Loss)
FIRST FLOOR
1 A-B 3500 800 0.03 24X28 28.3
2 B-B1 1000 587 0.03 16X16 17.7
3 B1-B2 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
4 B-C 2500 736.1 0.03 23X23 25
5 C-D 2000 696.8 0.03 21X21 22.9
6 D-D1 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
7 D-E 1500 649.1 0.03 19X19 20.9
8 E-E1 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
9 E-F 1000 587 0.03 16X16 17.7
10 F-F1 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
SECOND FLOOR
12 A-B 3500 800 0.03 24X28 28.3
13 B-B1 1000 587 0.03 16X16 17.7
14 B1-B2 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
15 B-C 2500 736.1 0.03 23X23 25

18
16 C-D 2000 696.8 0.03 21X21 22.9
17 D-D1 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
18 D-E 1500 649.1 0.03 19X19 20.9
19 E-E1 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
21 E-F 1000 587 0.03 16X16 17.7
22 F-F1 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
THIRD FLOOR
24 A-B 3500 800 0.03 24X28 28.3
25 B-B1 1000 587 0.03 16X16 17.7
27 B1-B2 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
28 B-C 2500 736.1 0.03 23X23 25
29 C-D 2000 696.8 0.03 21X21 22.9
30 D-D1 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
31 D-E 1500 649.1 0.03 19X19 20.9
32 E-E1 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6
33 E-F 1000 587 0.03 16X16 17.7
34 F-F1 500 493.6 0.03 13X12 13.6

Sizes of Diffusers

CFM Supply Air Diffuser Refuse Air

0-150 6”*6” 6”*6”
151-300 9”*9” 9”*9”
301-500 12”*12” 12”*12”
501-700 15”*15” 15”*15”
701-1000 18”*18” 18”*18”
1001-1400 24”*24” 24”*24”

19
4.1 Single Line Diagrams

FIGURE 4. 1 FIRST FLOOR SLD

20
FIGURE 4. 2 SECOND FLOOR SLD

21
FIGURE 4. 3 THIRD FLOOR SLD

22
4.2: Double Line Diagrams

FIGURE 4. 4 FIRST FLOOR DLD

23
FIGURE 4. 5 SECOND FLOOR DLD

24
FIGURE 4. 6 THIRD FLOOR DLD

25
 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS

Below results will show that CFM flow rate and TR values of all the floors and all
the rooms are listed below

S.NO ROOM NAME CFM T.R

FIRST FLOOR FLAT1
1 Master Bedroom 550 0.96
2 Living Room 794 1.37
3 Bed Room 469 0.87
FIRST FLOOR FLAT2
1 Master Bedroom 534 0.96
2 Bed Room 519 0.94
3 Living Room 605 1.05
SECOND FLOOR FLAT1
1 Master Bedroom 378 0.74
2 Living Room 700 1.18
3 Bed Room 437 0.82
SECOND FLOOR F2
1 Master Bedroom 450 0.84
2 Living Room 440 0.83
3 Bed Room 438 0.83
THIRD FLOOR F1
1 Master Bedroom 493 0.90
2 Living Room 830 1.41
3 Bed Room 509 0.92
THIRD FLOOR F2
1 Master Bedroom 556 0.99
2 Bed Room 540 0.97
3 Living Room 649 1.11

26
 TOTAL 10200 17.79

40 RMS Series according to Daikin Air Conditioners air handler is Used to

maintain the proper air conditioning. It is suitable for 8000-15000 CFM flow rate.

27
 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

From the above calculations the estimated values are 10200 CFM air supply and
17.79 TR capacity machine is required. For this 40 RMS Series according to Daikin Air
Conditioners air handler was Used to maintain the proper air conditioning. It is suitable
for 8000 -15000 CFM flow rate and 15 -20 TR capacity. In this work the calculated CFM
values of each room in each floor by using the excel-20 sheets and TR values of every
room the total capacity of the TR (Ton of refrigeration) was estimated.

The capacity of unit required is 17.79TR approximately but used 15-20TR

machine to avoid the fluctuations in the working. In this all the parameters were taken
into consideration for high accuracy and proper estimation of suitable machine.

Based on the obtained CFM for each room and for all the floors the duct design
was done using AutoCAD. All the diagrams were shown in the civil plan. From this we
can conclude that our estimated values are enough to establish the air conditioning
system in the specified location. By using HVAC system energy consumption of the
building is reduced as possible by avoiding unnecessary loses. This is one of the most
well designed and most useful method in the present day installations.

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