1.

Danger of concentrated microwave radiation

for people & consequently severe limitations
for EIRP of transmitting stations

Recommendations of ICCR For 10-15 GHz:

(International Consulting Committee Pt < 10 dBW (10 Watts)
for Radiocommunications)
EIPR < 55 dBW
 2. Intensive and variable fading of radiosignals in the
surface air & consequently reduction of service zone and
possible interruptions in information delivery and
communications (operational instability)

Power losses caused by Power losses caused by

scattering EMW in free space absorption of EM energy by
R2 oxygen and atmospheric water:
L0 = 16π 2
, maxima (peaks):
λ 2
0.15 dB/km at 22 GHz (H2O)
L0 (λ = 1cm)
= 100 (20 dB) 25 dB/km at 60 GHz (O2)
L0 (λ = 10cm)
Can be easily taken into account at
Can be easy taken into account at
system designing
system designing
 2. Intensive and variable fading of radiosignals in the
surface air & consequently reduction of service zone and
possible interruptions in information delivery and
communications (operational instability)

Power losses to heat atmospheric water under thick fogs, rain and/or snowfalls – most
important for damp tropical climate regions – can vary within wide range and cause
large and variable energy losses and operational instability of any terrestrial (or
satellite) transponders:
Rain intensity Carrier frequency, GHz
mm/h
12 18 28 38
EMW 5 0.11 0.3 0.75 1.3
attenuation 10 0.28 0.65 1.6 2.5
coefficient γ,
dB/km 50 2.2 3.8 7.8 12.0
100 5.0 8.0 16.0 22.0

 mm  0.06, f = 12 GHz
=LRAIN K=
( f )I  R[ km ], K ( f ) 
 h  0.25, f = 36 GHz
 3. High cost of radioequipment

High cost of microwave

components for
transmitter and receivers
High cost of materials High cost of LO with low
for electrodynamic phase noise and CPE
systems of microwave transceiver as a whole
transmitters
The higher frequency the
higher cost