CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Various goods made of metal, shaped, molded, so that eventually

become such a desired shape. After completion of the necessary
stages, completion (finishing). Finishing it all kinds, there are
just so smooth and shiny polished, can also be coated with other
metals to change its nature, can be recorded or varnished, glazed
ceramic or enamel, there is also a substrate coating of the
derivative itself.

In addition to the metals needed for easy experience corrosion,

also serves a decorative finishing. Corrosion is a redox reaction
between a metal with various substances in environment compounds
that produce undesirable. In everyday language is called
perkaratan corrosion. The most common example is the corrosion of
iron corrosion. Iron also with the use of chemical properties.
Metal can also be protected from corrosion by using protective
electrodes. Other protection methods can be performed with the
potential to change the object by using the protective electrodes.

Corrosion prevention is one of the important problems in science

and modern technology. This experiment focused on the corrosion of
iron because these metals are used very widely and corrosion of
metals is a major problem.

Due to the large metal properties that can inhibit, or even

accelerate corrosion precisely, we perform this experiment.

1.2 Experiment Objectives

1.2.1 Purpose Experiment
The purpose of this experiment is to study the corrosion of iron,
with or without contact with some metals, like Cu, Zn, and Al.

1.2.2 Experiment objectives

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the metal which

increases the corrosion of iron and inhibit corrosion.

1.3 Principle Experiment

Observed on iron corrosion by comparing the iron that is not coated

with other metals are coated with iron, Zn, Cu, and Al with the
aid of PP indicator that produces a pink color that shows the scene
of the reduction and K 3 Fe (CN) 6 which produces a blue color
show where the occurrence of oxidation reactions.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Oxygen is one corrotant that cause corrosion. Corrosion by oxygen

occurs because there are differences in oxygen concentration (cell
concentration difference). If there is no difference in oxygen
concentration, according to the theory of corrosion will not occur,
but in practice it is highly unlikely because oxygen is everywhere.
The basic processes of metal corrosion is very simple atoms
containing metals react in solution or form a cluster of positively
charged ions, which can corrode due to oxidation. When the elements
affected by corrosion of the steel construction resulted in
decreased strength of these elements and other elements disrupted
as interconnected, so in the long run could jeopardize the building
collapsed (Migas Indonesia Online, December 22, 2009).
Factors that influence the corrosion can be divided into two,
namely that derived from the material itself and the environment.
Factor of the materials include material purity, material
structure, crystal shape, trace elements contained in the
material, mixing techniques and materials. The factors of the
environment include air pollution levels, temperature, humidity,
presence of chemical substances which are corrosive and so forth
. Corrosive materials (which can cause corrosion) is comprised of
acidic, alkaline and salt, either in the form of inorganic
compounds or organic. Evaporation and release of corrosive
substances into the air can accelerate the corrosion process.
Indoor air that is too acidic or alkaline can memeprcepat corrosion
process of electronic equipment in the room. Flour, hydrogen
fluoride and its compounds known as corrosive materials. The air
becomes too acidic and with terlarutnya corrosive acid gases in
the air. This certainly sour air that can interact with anything,
including trace components in electronic equipment. If that
happens, then the corrosion process can not be avoided anymore
(Akhadi, 2000).

In the event of corrosion, metal oxidation, while oxygen (air) is

reduced. Rust is generally in the form of metal oxide or carbonate.
The chemical formula of iron rust is Fe 2 O 3. NH 2 O, a solid
substance of brown-red. Corrosion is an electrochemical process.
In the corrosion of iron, certain parts of the metal acts as an
anode, where oxidation of iron.

Fe (s) Fe 2 + (aq) + 2e -

The electrons liberated in the anode flow to other parts of the

metal that acts as a cathode, where oxygen is reduced.

O 2 (g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e - 2H 2 O (l)

or

O 2 (g) + 2H 2 O (l) + 4e - 4OH - (aq)

Iron ions (II) was formed at the next anode oxidized form of iron
(III) which then formed the hydrated oxide compound,, namely iron
rust. About what portion of the metal that acts as an anode and
the parts which act as cathode, depending on various factors such
as impurities, or the difference in density of the metal. Corrosion
can also be interpreted as attacks that damage the metal because
the metal reacts with a chemical or electrochemical environment.
There is another definition that says that corrosion is the reverse
of the process of extraction of metals from mineral ores. For
instance, an iron ore minerals in the wild is in the form of a
compound of iron oxide or iron sulfide, when extracted and
processed, will produce steel used for making steel or steel
alloys. During use, the steel will react with the environment that
causes corrosion (back to compounds of iron oxide) (Wikipedia,
March 7, 2010).

Unprotected surfaces of low-alloy steels and aluminum alloys are

subject to Trust forms of chemical or electrochemical attack Known
collectively as corrosion. Electrochemical corrosion involves
oxygen Generally, an electrolyte and electron transfer, converting
the metal to a metallic compound. When combined with the fatigue
it is a significant contributor to aging airframe. Stainless steels
are not immune to Some forms of corrosion. When two dissimilar
metals or alloys are in close contact in the presence of an
electrolyte, a galvanic cell formed in Which May be spontaneous
electrochemical corrosion occurs. Oxidation occurs at the more
active metal (the anode) and electrons flow from the anode to the
less active metal (the cathode). The anodic metal corrodes the
cathodic metal but not May. In a galvanic couple, aluminum alloys
are anodic to most other metals (see the Following galvanic series
table) so additional must Steps taken to separate the two metals
- by using a corrosion inhibiting compound (Brandon, 2010).

Unprotected steel surfaces of low alloy and aluminum alloy

subjected some form of chemical or electrochemical corrosion,
known as an attack. Electrochemical corrosion generally involves
oxygen, electrolyte and electron transfer, change of metal with
metal compounds. When combined with fatigue is a significant
contributor to the aging airframe. Stainless steel is not immune
to some forms of corrosion. When two different metals or alloys in
close contact in the presence of an electrolyte, galvanic cell may
be formed in which the electrochemical corrosion appeared
spontaneously. Oxidation occurs in a more active metal (anode) and
electrons flow from the anode to the less active metal (cathode).
Corrosion of metal anodic cathodic metal but not impossible. In
some galvanic, aluminum alloy anodic to most other metals (see
table below galvanic series) so that additional steps must be taken
to separate the two metals - using corrosion inhibiting compound
(Brandon, 2010).

Because the immobilization reagent containing fenolptalin changing

to pink with the existence of OH -, the color pink in the gel
indicates the place where reduction occurs. In all cases, because
reduksinya same reaction, the color pink will be observed.
Ferisianida Gel also contains potassium (potassium
hexacyanoferrate (III)), K 3 Fe (CN) 6, which changed to blue with
Fe 2 +:

K + (aq) 2 + + Fe (aq) + Fe (CN) 6 3 + Kfe [Fe (CN) 6] (p)

The blue color in the gel indicates the place where the Fe is
oxidized - if the site exists (Taba et al, 2010).

In the manufacture of metal-metal objects, an object made of metal

or metal-metal aliase often overlaid with a thin layer of another
metal. This is generally done to protect against corrosion and to
be more interesting. One way is by electrolysis meyepuh. It will
be plated cathode, and a thick piece of metal used as anode
penyepuh. Both electrodes were immersed into a salt solution of
metal plate and connected with a source of direct current (Keenan,
1980).

There are two types of electrodes:

Anode. In galvanic cells, anode is where oxidation, negative charge
is caused by a spontaneous chemical reaction, electrons are
released by these electrodes. In the electrolysis cell, an external
voltage source is obtained from outside, so that the positively
charged anode, when linked to the cathode. Thus, negatively charged
ions to flow into the anode to oxidize.
Cathodes are electrodes where the reduction of various chemical
substances. In galvanic cells, cathode is positively charged when
connected to the anode. Positively charged ions to flow into the
electrode is to be reduced by electrons coming from the anode. In
the electrolytic cell, the cathode is negatively charged
electrode. Posisitf charged ions (cations) flowing into the
electrode is to be reduced. Thus, the galvanic cell, electrons
move from anode to cathode in the external circuit (Dogra and
Dogra, 1990).

CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD

3.1 Experimental Equipment

The tools used in these experiments are a test tube, tube rack,
250 mL beaker, Cu foil, foil Al, Zn foil, wire netting, measuring
pipette, tweezers, three legs, Bunsen, wire netting, hammers, and
nails.

3.2 Experimental Materials

The materials used in this experiment is to include K 3 Fe (CN) 6,

NaCl, H 2 SO 4 2 M, an indicator of PP, agar-agar, sandpaper, and
the tissue roll.

3.3 Experimental Procedure

Heated approximately 100 mL of water into a glass cup, 250 mL,

until boiling.
Added 0.5 g gelatin in water and heated while stirring until
slightly melted.
5 g NaCl added to a solution of the heat, then stir.
Added 2 mL and 1 mL PP indicator K 3 Fe (CN) 6 0.1 M, stirred with
a good solution and heating was stopped. Taken up to a warm
solution before use.
4th placed iron nail in a test tube containing H 2 SO 4 2 M for
some time.
Boiling water in a glass cup, 250 mL, acid didekantasi of nails,
washed with water and carefully put the nails into hot water. Nails
removed at the time required using clean tweezers.
Tubes labeled 1-4. In tube 1 is inserted clean nails. In
preparation for each tube 2-4, it should be remembered that the
piece of metal used must be attached firmly on the nail.
Cu foil with a hole cut nails and clean nails inserted through one
hole. Done the same thing on the Zn foil and Cu foil. Each test
tube is inserted in the 2-4.
Indicator gel is poured into each tube until all the nails covered
with gel.
Tube placed 1-4 in the tube rack. Colored areas were observed that
appeared in the gel.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result

4.2 Discussion

In this experiment, we will compare the corrosion processes on

coated metal nails that are not coated with metal such as aluminum
(Al), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn).

Important materials used in this experiment is agar-agar, NaCl, K

3 Fe (CN) 6 and fenoftalen indicator and distilled water used in
the manufacture of the gel. Where the addition of gel on the nail
will cause the occurrence of redox reactions. While nail material
serves as the main ingredient that will be observed due to the
corrosion process will occur, and sheet metal Al, Cu, Zn coated
nails are used fatherly. NaCl salt bridge serves as a substitute,
while the indicator serves as reduction of PP and K 3 Fe (CN) 6
functions as oxidation. In this experiment, also performed a useful
warm fatherly accelerating solubility in particular on agar. Made
solution should be stirred, with the goal of keeping the gel that
was not jelling. The sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) functioning used to
stimulate corrosion. Acid decantation done to clean the nail from
the nature of acidity.

In this experiment, we heat the water to 100 mL in 250 mL beaker

until boiling. Sementera we weigh 1 gram of agar-agar and 3 grams
of NaCl. Gelatin which had been weighed we enter into the water
while heated, then the solution is stirred until the gelatin
dissolve, then added 3 grams of sodium chloride in the solution to
such heat, stirring until the solution became homogeneous, then
into the solution were added 3 mL K 3 Fe (CN) 6 and 2 mL of solution
fenoftalen indicators. Where known K 3 Fe (CN) 6 is the solution
of the yellow and translucent colored fenoftalen indicators. Thus,
by the addition of K 3 Fe (CN) 6 and the indicator solution
fenoftalen yellowish green.

Meanwhile, put 4 pieces of nails, iron nails used must be clean,

where the first nail is not coated with metal, both coated with a
metal nail Al, the third nail coated with Zn metal, and the fourth
nail coated with copper metal. The four pins are inserted into the
beaker which already contain 50 mL of 2 M sulfuric acid for 5
minutes. This is done because the H 2 SO 4 can accelerate
corrosion. Where corrosion can occur at pH 3-4, followed by four
nails are soaked in hot water that had been simmer, with the
intention to eliminate the acidity properties of the nail.

After a few moments, the four pins are placed in a test tube. Then
the gel that was created is inserted into a test tube containing
the fourth nail, to cover all the nails, after a few moments later,
each of these spikes we observe.

In this experiment, the results of the first observation of note

on nails that are not coated with any part of the nail tip is blue,
the second spike (which is coated with Al), the head of the pink
nails, nail the third (which is coated with zinc) the head and the
tip of a nail pink lempengannya while blue, while in the fourth
nails are coated with a Cu head and the tip of the nail lempengannya
blue and pink. This shows that the material is able to slow the
corrosion of Al. Nails are coated with Al may be experiencing
corrosion, but may be due to the Al-coated nails too quickly
removed from the gel, so did not get to experience corrosion.
Because the gel must first peel the new Al can penetrate the nail.

According to theory is known that Al and Zn are metals that can

protect the steel from corrosion. This is because Al and Zn have
a standard electrode potential more negative than iron, we can see
in the voltaic series "Li K Ba Sr Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni
Sn Pb Sb Bi H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au" so that Al and Zn is oxidized. While
Cu is a metal that can accelerate corrosion, because copper is
only able to protect themselves.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
From the experiments have been conducted, we can conclude that the
metals that can inhibit the corrosion of the metal is aluminum and
zinc, while the metal is to accelerate the corrosion of copper.

5.2 Suggestions
5.2.1 Experiment

Should be used in this experiment, other metals tested except iron

for praktikan thereby increasing knowledge, and can expand the
horizon for praktiakan.

5.2.2 Assistant

Keep the attitude in guiding your student.

REFERENCES

Akhadi, Mukhlis., 2000, Electronics, Online Electronics, Electro

Indonesia.

Brandon, John., Metal Corrosion, January 10, 2010.

Dogra, SK, and Dogra, S., 1990, Physical and Chemical Problems,
Penenrbit University of Indonesia, Jakarta.

Keenan, C, W., Kleinfelter, DC and Wood JH, 1980, Chemistry for

Universities, grants, Jakarta.

Migas Indonesia Online., Corrosion, 23 November 2009.

Taba, P., and Paulina, St., 2006, Practical Guide of Physical
Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory Science, State UH,
Makassar.

Simple., Corrosion, 04 April 2010.

Diposting oleh Tri Ayu Putridi 02.05