Master Degree in Mechanical Engineering

Numerical Heat and Mass Transfer

13-Radiative Heat Transfer in enclosures

Fausto Arpino
f.arpino@unicas.it
Network method for radiation exchange in an enclosure
ü  The analysis of radiation exchange among the surfaces of an enclosure is complicated by the fact
that when the surfaces are not black, radiation leaving a surface may be reflected back and forth
several times among the surfaces, with partial absorption occurring at each reflection.

ü  To simplify the analysis, we assume that a given enclosure can be divided into several zones, with
the following hypothesis for each surface:
1.  Radiative properties are uniform and independent of direction and frequency;
2.  Surfaces are diffuse emitters and diffuse reflectors;
3.  The radiative heat-flux leaving the surface is uniform over the surface of each zone;
4.  The irradiation is uniform over the surface of each zone;
5.  Surfaces are opaque;
6.  Either a uniform temperature or a uniform heat flux is prescribed over the surface of each zone;
7.  The enclosure is filled with a nonparticipating medium.

ü  Assumptions 3 and 4 are generally not correct, but the analysis becomes very complicated without
them.

2
Network method for radiation exchange in an enclosure
ü  The object of the analysis of radiation heat exchange in an enclosure is the determination of the net
radiation heat flux at the zones for which the temperature is prescribed.

Surface Resistance to Radiation

A distinction should be made between Ji and qi The
radiosity Ji is the radiation energy leaving the
surface as observed immediately outside the surface
of zone i, at a location illustrated symbolically by
the dashed line in the figure; the net radiation heat
flux qi is based on the balance of interior surface:

qi = J i −Gi
⎛Radiation⎞⎟ ⎛Radiation⎞⎟
J i = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟ qi = J i -­‐ Gi = eiEbi + (1 -­‐ ei )Gi -­‐ Gi
⎜⎝emitted ⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝reflected ⎟⎟⎠
= ei (Ebi -­‐ Gi )
= εi Ebi + ρiGi = εi Ebi + (1 − εi )Gi

J i -­‐ eiEbi
Gi =
1 -­‐ ei

3
Network method for radiation exchange in an enclosure
qi = εi (Ebi −Gi )⎫⎪⎪
⎪⎪ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜E − J i − εi Ebi ⎟⎟ = εi E −J
J − εi Ebi ⎬⎪ ⇒ q i
= εi ⎜ bi
⎜⎝
⎟ (
1 − εi ⎟⎠ 1 − εi bi i)
Gi = i ⎪⎪
1 − εi ⎪⎭
The total net radiation heat flow leaving the surface becomes:

ei E -­‐ J i
Qi = Ai
1 -­‐ ei
(Ebi -­‐ J i ) = bi
Ri
Ae
where Ri = i i
1 -­‐ ei

This equation is analogous to Ohm’s law. For a black surface and so Ri=0.

Thus, for a black surface, the radiosity is equal to the blackbody emissive power of the surface.

4
Network method for radiation exchange in an enclosure
Two-zone enclosure
Having established the formalism for defining the surface resistance to radiation, we can analyze the
simplest enclosure problem, involving heat exchange in an enclosure containing only two zones.

The energy balance for radiation heat exchange between the two zones can be stated as:

Radiation energy Radiation energy

Q1-2=net radiation heat transfer from zone 2 to zone 2= leaving A1 that - leaving A2 that
strikes A2 strikes A1

Q1−2 = J 1A1F1−2 −J 2A2F2−1

= J 1A1F1−2 −J 2 A1F1−2 = A1F1−2 (J 1 −J 2 )

reciprocity
relation

J 1 −J 2 1
= where R1−2 =
R1−2 A1F1−2

5
Network method for radiation exchange in an enclosure
Then the thermal radiation network for a radiation exchange between zone 1 and zone 2 is constructed
as illustrated in the figure:

Eb1 − Eb2 σT14 − σT24

Q1−2 = = = −Q2−1
R1 + R1−2 + R2 1 − ε1 1 1 − ε2
+ +
A1ε1 A1F1−2 A2ε2

6
Network method for radiation exchange in an enclosure
Example 1
Consider an enclosure consisting of two parallel, infinite opaque plates. Surfaces 1 and 2 are gray, are kept at
uniform temperatures T1 and T2, and have emissivities ε1 and ε2 and reflectivities ρ1 and ρ2, respectively.
§  Develop an expression for radiation exchange between surfaces.
§  Calculate the net radiation flux q1-2 leaving plate 1 for T1=800 K, T2=600 K, and e1=e2=0.8.

A1 = A2 = A⎫⎪⎪ Q1−2 σT14 − σT24

⎬ ⇒ q1−2 = =
F1−2 = 1 ⎪⎪ A 1 1
⎭ + −1
ε1 ε1

The net radiation becomes

q1−2 =
−8
( 4
Q1−2 5.67 ×10 800 − 600
=
4
) W
= 10, 453 2
A 1 1 m
+ −1
0.8 0.8

7
 D

Typical
heater
L

age 840
Network method for radiation exchange in an enclosure Insulation

Example 2 SOLUTION
A furnace cavity, which is in the form of a cylinder of 50-mm diameter and 150-mm length, is open at one end to large
surroundings that are at 27°C. The bottom ofKnown: the cavityTemperature
is heated of furnace surfaces
independently, as and
are surroundings.
three annular sections that
comprise the sides of the cavity. All interior surfaces of the cavity may be approximated as blackbodies and are maintained
Find: Electrical power required to maintain four sections of the furnace at the prescri
at 1650°C. What is the required electrical powertemperature.
input to the bottom surface of the cavity? What is the electrical power to
r 13 !theRadiation
top, middle, Exchange Between
and bottom sections Surfaces
of the cavity sides? The backs of the electrically heated surfaces are well insulated.
Schematic:

A5, T5 = Tsur = 300 K

D
Tsur = 300 K

A4, T4 = 1650°C

A3, T3 = 1650°C

Typical A′
heater L = 0.15 m Typical
L heater

A″
A2, T2 = 1650°C

A1, T1 = 1650°C

Insulation
Insulation
D = 0.05 m

ION Assumptions: 8
1. Interior surfaces behave as blackbodies with uniform radiosity and irradiation.
 proach An alternative direct approach to solving radiation enclosure problems
writing Equation 13.21 for each surface at which Ti 13.3 is known, and writing
! Radiation Equa-
Exchange Between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces in an Encl
2 for each surface at which qi is known. The resulting set of N linear, algebraic
is solved for J1, J2, . . . , JN. With knowledge of the Ji, Equation 13.19 may then
Network method for qi at The
radiationeachheater is at T1 ! 1000 K and has an emissivity of !1 ! 0.9, while the a
exchange inofan !2 !enclosure
o determine the net radiation heat transfer rate surface of known Ti or
T2 ! 600 K and has an emissivity 0.5. The system is in a large room
of Ti at each surface of known qi. For any number N ofare surfaces in the enclosure, the
at 300 K. What is the net rate of heat transfer to the absorber surface?
problem may readily be solved by the iteration or matrix inversion methods of
Example 3
and Appendix D.
In manufacturing, the special coating on a curved solar absorber surface of area A2=15 m is cured by exposing it to an
SOLUTION 2

infrared heater of width W=1 m. The absorber and heater are each of length L=10 m and are separated by a distance of
Known:
13.4 H=1 m. The upper surface of the absorber and the lower surface A
of curved,
the heater areabsorber
solar insulated.
surface with a special coating is being cu
an infrared heater in a large room.
The heater is at T1=1000 K and has an emissivity of ε1=0.9, while the absorber is at T2=600 K and has an emissivity of
cturing,ε2the
=0.5. The system is in a large room whose walls are at 300 K. What is the net2 rate of heat transfer to the absorber
special coating on a curved solar absorber surface
Find: Netof area
rate A2 !
of heat 15 m to the absorber surface.
transfer
surface?
y exposing it to an infrared heater of width W ! 1 m. The absorber and heater are
ngth L ! 10 m and are separated by a distance of H Schematic:
! 1 m. The upper surface of
ber and the lower surface of the heater are insulated.
Collector, L = 10 m

Room walls,
T2 = 600 K, A2 = 15 m2,
Tsur A'2 ε 2 = 0.5
Absorber T3 = Tsur = 300 K
surface, A2, T2, ε 2 ε3= 1
H=1m A'3
H
T1 = 1000 K, A1 = 10 m2,
Heater, A1, T1, ε 1 ε 1 = 0.9

W=1m Heater, L = 10 m
W

Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions exist.
9
2. Convection effects are negligible.
Network method for radiation exchange in an enclosure
Three-zone enclosure
Previous relations can be applied to any two zones I
and j of the enclosure.
J -­‐ J j 1 1
Qi -­‐ j = i where Ri -­‐ j = =
Ri -­‐ j AF
i i -­‐ j
Aj Fj -­‐ i
And the total net radiation heat flow is:

Ebi -­‐ J i 1 -­‐ ei

Qi = where Ri -­‐ j =
Ri Ai ei

Reradiating surface
(Q3=0)

10
Network method for radiation exchange in an enclosure
Example 4
The configuration of a furnace can be approximated as an equilateral
triangular duct which is sufficiently long that the end effects are
negligible. The hot wall is maintained at T1=900 K and has an
emissivity e1=0.8. The cold wall is at T2=400 K and has an
emissivity e2=0.8. The third wall is a reradiating zone for which
Q3=0. Calculate the net radiation heat flux leaving the hot wall.

A1 = A2 = A e1 = e2 = 0.8
F1-­‐ 2 = F1-­‐ 3 = F2-­‐ 3 = 0.5
kW
( )
Eb1 -­‐ Eb 2 = s T14 -­‐ T24 = 33.749
m2

q1 =
Q1
=
(
s T14 -­‐ T24)=
33.749 kW
A AR AR m 2
0.2 1 0.2
AR = + + = 1.8333
0.8 0.5 + (2 + 2)-­‐ 1 0.8
kW
q1 = 19.5 2
m

11