let me intraduce SQL by statements type.here statements defines set of commands.

Generally types statements are as followed.

Data definition Language(DDL)

Data Retrieval or Query Language(DQL or DRL)
Data Manipulation Language(DML)
Data Control Language(DCL)
Transaction Control Language(TCL)
let me continue in detail type.

DDL commands are used to define the data base objects.The following commands are
used to define data base objects.

1. create
2. alter
3. truncate
4. rename
5. drop
1. create

create command defines a new database object, such as a database, user, table,
view, trigger, index, macro, stored procedure, user-defined type, user-defined
function, or user-defined macro, depending on the object of the CREATE request.

Syntax :

CREATE TABLE table_name

(column_1 column-definition,
column_2 column-definition,
�
column_n column_definition);
Examples :

CREATE TABLE DEPT

(DEPTNO NUMBER(2),
DNAME VARCHAR2(14),
LOC VARCHAR2(13) );

CREATE TABLE EMP

(EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
JOB VARCHAR2(9),
MGR NUMBER(4),
HIREDATE DATE,
SAL NUMBER(7, 2),
COMM NUMBER(7, 2),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
CREATE TABLE BONUS
(ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
JOB VARCHAR2(9),
SAL NUMBER,
COMM NUMBER);

CREATE TABLE SALGRADE

(GRADE NUMBER,
LOSAL NUMBER,
HISAL NUMBER);
2. alter

ALTER statement to add a column, modify a column, drop a column, rename a column or
rename a table.
Syntax of Single Column Adding:

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name column-definition;

Example of Single Column Adding:

alter table dept add dept_type varchar2(10);

alter table emp add end_date date;

Syntax of Multiple Column Adding :

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD (column_1 column-definition,
column_2 column-definition,
�
column_n column_definition);

Example of Multiple Column Adding :

alter table add(dob date,

gender varchar2(10));
Syntax of Single Column Modifying:

ALTER TABLE table_name

MODIFY column_name column_type;
Example of Single Column Modifying:

alter table dept modify dept_type varchar2(10) not null;

Syntax of multiple Column Modifying:

ALTER TABLE table_name

MODIFY (column_1 column_type,
column_2 column_type,
�
column_n column_type);

Example of multiple Column Modifying:

alter table modify(dob date NOT NULL,

gender varchar2(6));

Note : We can�t modify any column if table contains data means if you want to
increase range of data then table should be empty.
Syntax of drop a column in an existing table :

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name;

Example of drop a column in an existing table :

ALTER TABLE emp

DROP COLUMN DOB;
Syntax of rename a column in an existing table :
ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME COLUMN old_name to new_name;

Example of rename a column in an existing table :

ALTER TABLE emp

RENAME COLUMN dob to date_of_birth;
Syntax of To rename a table

ALTER TABLE table_name

RENAME TO new_table_name;

Example of To rename a table

ALTER TABLE emp

RENAME TO employee;

3. truncate

By using this command , we can delete data of the table but definition of the
object will remain same.

Syntax :

truncate table table_name;

Example :

truncate table emp;

5. drop

By using this command we can delete table permanently from database.

Syntax :

drop table table_name;

Example :

drop table emp;

Few Important Points:

What is result of the following statements?

1. create table xx_dept as select *from dept;

Answer : xx_dept table will be create same as dept except constraints,here not null
will be applicable.

2. create table xx_dept 1 as select *from dept where 1=1;

Answer : xx_dept table will be create same as dept except constraints,here not null
will be applicable.

3. create table xx_dept2 as select *from dept where 1=2;

Answer : xx_dept table will be create same as dept with structure only.
Data Retrieval or Query Language(DQL or DRL) :

here SELECT clause will come under this category,main usage of select to identify
the result set column list.

Syntax :
select *
from table_name;

select column1,column2�
from table_name;

Example :
select *from
dept;

this statement will fetch all columns of dept table.but it is not suggestible
approach.

select deptno,
dname,
loc
from dept;

Data Manipulation Language(DML)

These statements are used to manage the data with database objects.

Categorization of Commands :

INSERT :
insert data into a table :

Syntax :

INSERT INTO <table_name>

(<column_name>)
VALUES
(<value>);

Example 1 :

INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (10, �ACCOUNTING�, �NEW YORK�);

INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (20, �RESEARCH�, �DALLAS�);
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (30, �SALES�, �CHICAGO�);
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (40, �OPERATIONS�, �BOSTON�);

Example 2:
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7369, �SMITH�, �CLERK�, 7902,
TO_DATE(�17-DEC-1980', �DD-MON-YYYY�), 800, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7499, �ALLEN�, �SALESMAN�, 7698,
TO_DATE(�20-FEB-1981', �DD-MON-YYYY�), 1600, 300, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7521, �WARD�, �SALESMAN�, 7698,
TO_DATE(�22-FEB-1981', �DD-MON-YYYY�), 1250, 500, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7566, �JONES�, �MANAGER�, 7839,
TO_DATE(�2-APR-1981�, �DD-MON-YYYY�), 2975, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7654, �MARTIN�, �SALESMAN�, 7698,
TO_DATE(�28-SEP-1981', �DD-MON-YYYY�), 1250, 1400, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7698, �BLAKE�, �MANAGER�, 7839,
TO_DATE(�1-MAY-1981�, �DD-MON-YYYY�), 2850, NULL, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7782, �CLARK�, �MANAGER�, 7839,
TO_DATE(�9-JUN-1981�, �DD-MON-YYYY�), 2450, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7788, �SCOTT�, �ANALYST�, 7566,
TO_DATE(�09-DEC-1982', �DD-MON-YYYY�), 3000, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7839, �KING�, �PRESIDENT�, NULL,
TO_DATE(�17-NOV-1981', �DD-MON-YYYY�), 5000, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7844, �TURNER�, �SALESMAN�, 7698,
TO_DATE(�8-SEP-1981�, �DD-MON-YYYY�), 1500, 0, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7876, �ADAMS�, �CLERK�, 7788,
TO_DATE(�12-JAN-1983', �DD-MON-YYYY�), 1100, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7900, �JAMES�, �CLERK�, 7698,
TO_DATE(�3-DEC-1981�, �DD-MON-YYYY�), 950, NULL, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7902, �FORD�, �ANALYST�, 7566,
TO_DATE(�3-DEC-1981�, �DD-MON-YYYY�), 3000, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7934, �MILLER�, �CLERK�, 7782,
TO_DATE(�23-JAN-1982', �DD-MON-YYYY�), 1300, NULL, 10);

Important Note :
We can Insert data by using select statement also.

Example :
first create table without data.

create table employee as select *from emp where 1=2;

then insert data from emp to employee table.

INSERT INTO employee

SELECT *
FROM emp;

this statemet entire data of emp into employee.

INSERT INTO employee(empno,ename,job,deptno)

SELECT empno,ename,job,deptno
FROM emp
WHERE deptno=10;

But here it will insert only specified columns for deptno 10 only.
UPDATE :
updates existing data within a table.

Syntax :
UPDATE <table_name>
SET <column_name> = <value>
WHERE <column_name> = <value>;

Examples:

update emp
set sal=sal+2000;

it will update all records of emp,but it�s suggestible way in real time, surely
updation can be done based on some condition.

update emp
set sal=sal+2000
where empno=7788;

update emp
set sal=sal+2000,
job=�Manager�
where empno=7788;

DELETE :
deletes all records from a table :

Syntax :
delete
from table_name
where <column_name>=<value>;

Examples:

delete
from emp
where deptno=10;

Note : We can�t delete specific column from table, like the following way.

delete empno
from emp;
MERGE :
Primary usage merge when moving large amounts of data from one table to another
table.this kind work can be done in data warehouse.

MERGE <hint> INTO <table_name>

USING <table_view_or_query>
ON (<condition>)
WHEN MATCHED THEN <update_clause>
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN <insert_clause>;

Example :

CREATE TABLE employee (

employee_id NUMBER(5),
first_name VARCHAR2(20),
last_name VARCHAR2(20),
dept_no NUMBER(2),
salary NUMBER(10));

INSERT INTO employee VALUES (1, �Dan�, �Morgan�, 10, 100000);

INSERT INTO employee VALUES (2, �Jack�, �Cline�, 20, 100000);
INSERT INTO employee VALUES (3, �Elizabeth�, �Scott�, 20, 50000);
INSERT INTO employee VALUES (4, �Jackie�, �Stough�, 20, 40000);
INSERT INTO employee VALUES (5, �Richard�, �Foote�, 20, 30000);
INSERT INTO employee VALUES (6, �Joe�, �Johnson�, 20, 70000);
INSERT INTO employee VALUES (7, �Clark�, �Urling�, 20, 90000);
COMMIT;

CREATE TABLE bonuses (

employee_id NUMBER, bonus NUMBER DEFAULT 100);

INSERT INTO bonuses (employee_id) VALUES (1);

INSERT INTO bonuses (employee_id) VALUES (2);
INSERT INTO bonuses (employee_id) VALUES (4);
INSERT INTO bonuses (employee_id) VALUES (6);
INSERT INTO bonuses (employee_id) VALUES (7);
COMMIT;

MERGE INTO bonuses B

USING (
SELECT employee_id, salary
FROM employee
WHERE dept_no =20) E
ON (B.employee_id = E.employee_id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET B.bonus = E.salary * 0.1
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (B.employee_id, B.bonus)
VALUES (E.employee_id, E.salary * 0.05);

Data Control Language(DCL)

he Data Control Language (DCL) is a subset of the Structured Query Lanaguge

(SQL) ,that allows database administrators to configure security access to
relational databases.Two types of DCL commands are GRANT and REVOKE. Only Database
Administrator�s or owner�s of the database object can provide/remove privileges on
a database object.

SQL GRANT is a command used to provide access or privileges on the database objects
to the users.

GRANT :
gives user�s access privileges to database.

The Syntax for the GRANT command is:

GRANT privilege_name
ON object_name
TO {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name}
[WITH GRANT OPTION];
Examples:

grant select on
emp to scott;

grant select,insert,delete on
emp to scott;

REVOKE :
withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command.

The Syntax for the REVOKE command is:

REVOKE privilege_name
ON object_name
FROM {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name} ;

Example :
revoke insert, delete on
emp from scott;
Transaction Control Language(TCL) :

TCL statements used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It allows
statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.

COMMIT :
permanent save to work done.here we can�t roll back once applied commit.

Example :
COMMIT;

SAVEPOINT :
identify a point in a transaction and which you can later roll back also.

Example :

save point to sp1;

roll back to sp1;

ROLLBACK :
restore database to original since the last COMMIT

Example :

ROLLBACK;