MATT WEATHERS
2010 ACEOA
TOP GUN
Official Publication of the ACEOA
EDITOR:
Warren Hinson
in this issue...
ASSISTANT EDITOR: President’s Message ................................................................................5
Gayle Morrow Notes from the Trenches ..........................................................................9
2010 State Officers and Directors ..........................................................11
PUBLISHER: State Top Gun ........................................................................................15
Brent-Wyatt West BP Oil Spill ............................................................................................25
601 Interstate Park Drive
2010 Jackson County FFA Summer Camp............................................31
Montgomery, Alabama 36109
Quality Deer Management Tour ............................................................37
ACEOA District I Convention and Top Gun Qualification ......................43
SALES OFFICES: ACEOA District II Convention 2010 ......................................................51
Bryan Elkins, Sr.
Jim Downing Team Fowl Best of Competition With BP Bottom Dwellers Bang-Up ......57
601 Interstate Park Drive Hunting With Children ............................................................................61
Montgomery, Alabama 36109
(334) 213-6229 “State of the Bay” Remains Strong ........................................................69
Dauphin Island Sea Lab Monitors Gulf Ecosystem..................................77
ACEOA District III Convention................................................................85
Kids Korner ............................................................................................91
Blue Springs, Catfish and Kids ..............................................................95
ON THE COVER Nonresidents Now Have Available of $10 Annual Pier License ............103
ACEOA 2010 Top Gun Winner Matt Mussel Creek Camp for Kids Succeeds In Connecting Youth to Nature 107
Weathers in the heat of competition Renew Our Rivers – Smith Lake Clean-up ............................................115
at the State Top Gun finals held at
the Southern Sportsman Lodge. ACEOA District IV Top Gun Convention ..............................................121
Photo by Chris Jaworoski. ACEOA Top Gun Convention for District V and VI ..............................129
Waterfoul Season Outlook Encouraging ..............................................135
Kayak Fishing Becoming New Mainstream ..........................................139
ACEOA Sponsors Talladega County Youth Event ................................147
Yellow Catfish ......................................................................................151
Butler County Fishing Event ................................................................157
2010 Eufaula Youth Fishing Rodeo ......................................................161
Bankhead Kids Fishing Derby ..............................................................169
Early Signs Successful for Eastern Indigo Partnership ..........................175
Corps of Engineers Host Youth Catfish Rodeos ....................................183
Pike Road Fishing Rodeo......................................................................187
Advertisers Index..................................................................................231
Business Directory ..............................................................................244
ACE Magazine is the official publication of the Alabama Conservation Enforcement Officer Association. Purchase of
advertising space does not entitle the advertisers to any privileges or favors from members. ACE Magazine does not
assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by any contributor. This magazine is created and produced
by Brent-Wyatt West. Copyright 2010. All rights reserved.
ACE Magazine 1
President’s Corner
by Chris Jaworowski- Wildlife Biologist and ACEOA President
reetings ACEOA members and supporters! I shooting sports trailer while learning to shoot shot-
ACE Magazine 5
Notes from the Trenches
by Rusty Morrow, ACEOA Executive Director
read the headlines and watch the news daily and events going on in our
ACE Magazine 9
2010 State Officers and Directors
Executive Director
Rusty Morrow
ACE Magazine 11
ACEOA State Top Gun Competition
by Trey Pose, ACEOA Vice President
nce again shooters gathered at the Southern This year’s competitors were Hasty Hudson, Chris
ACE Magazine 15
State Top Gun – continued
Shotgun Competition.
Top 3 Top Guns receive kits from Otis Technology. Hasty Hudson is congratulated as 3rd place Top Gun Winner.
ACE Magazine 17
State Top Gun – continued
Joe Little, 2nd place Top Gun receives his Ruger LCP .380. Matt Weathers 2010 Top Gun Winner!
Matt Weathers receives his new Taurus 1911 pistol. Break and reload!
Sporting the 2010 Top Gun Shirt! Trey, Scott and Vance managing the shoot.
ACE Magazine 19
State Top Gun – continued
ACE Magazine 21
BP Oil Spill
by Bo Willis, District 5 Associate Director
O
n April 20th 2010 one of the worst
environmental disasters in US history
began. The oil rig Deepwater Horizon
exploded killing 11 workers onboard. The rig was
located in the Mississippi Canyon of the Gulf of
Mexico in the United States exclusive economic
zone, about 41 miles off the Louisiana coast. This
tragic loss of life was only the beginning of what
would become the worst oil spill in US history.
continued on 27
ACE Magazine 25
Oil Spill – continued
The explosion of the oil rig left an open pipe 5000
feet below the surface that was spewing an estimated
1,500,000 to 4,200,000 gallons of oil a day. The
operator of the oil rig BP was unable to cap the well,
and the oil continued to flow. As the world watched, the
oil began to spread, the resulting oil slick covered at
least 2,500 square miles. This growing oil slick
prompted the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) to close approximately 81,181
square miles of the Gulf of Mexico to commercial and
recreational fishing.
As the oil began to spread and move toward land and
the sensitive marsh areas, the affected states began to
mobilize and put into action plans to limit the impact and
try to avoid what looked like certain disaster. The
Alabama response included members of the Alabama
Marine Police, Alabama Marine Resources officers and
biologists, Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries officers and
biologists, Alabama Department of Environmental
Management, Alabama Department of Public Health
along with many local and county agencies.
The Marine Police and Marine Resources officers were
initially tasked with patrolling and searching for any oil
that may be moving into the area. Shortly after the
incident began to unfold a computer program was written
specifically for the Marine Police and Marine Resources
officers to use that allowed them to map every foot of oil
boom put into place. This information was uploaded in
real-time allowing those working at the Unified
Command Center (UCC) to see where boom was
actually placed. This allowed those at the UCC to see
where boom was needed and to identify damaged or
missing boom.
Both Marine Police Officers and Marine Resources make landfall on Fort Morgan, Dauphin Island and
Officers were called in on many other details that were Mississippi Sound areas. BP has hired crews that have
associated with the oil spill. Both agencies played a been working nonstop picking up oil on the beaches
major part in providing security for visiting dignitaries, along with skimming oil in the bays and waterways in
from the many visits of Governor Riley to assess Mobile and Baldwin Counties. Alabama Dept of
progress to the visits of both the President of the United Conservation Biologists have been monitoring water
States and Vice President of the United States. Alabama quality and taking hundreds of samples from both the
Marine Police and Alabama Marine Resources Officers sea bottom and waters themselves.
were also called in to assist Bayou La Batre PD on On July 15th the pipe was finally capped and the oil
several occasions due to protests and unrest related to stopped flowing. However this cap is only temporary to
the Vessels of Opportunity. stop the flow of oil until the well can be plugged
The oil initially impacted Alabama when NOAA began permanently. This is amazing news and is the beginning
shutting down commercial and recreational fishing in of truly cleaning up the waters and shore line of the Gulf
Federal waters. The closures immediately impacted the Coast. The environmental impact of the oil spill may not
Charter Boat industry just as red snapper season opened. be fully known for many years.
The closure rippled through all commercial fisheries. During the time the oil was flowing it is estimated that
With no incoming seafood, the Seafood dealers in the Deepwater Horizon spews every 8 to 9 days more oil
Alabama began to feel the pinch. than was spilled by the Exxon Valdez. This spill has also
The oil initially showed up on June 9th at Perdido Pass surpassed the 1979 oil spill that occurred off the coast of
in Baldwin County. Shortly afterwards the oil began to Mexico.
ACE Magazine 27
2010 JACKSON COUNTY
FFA SUMMER CAMP
SPONSORED BY ACEOA
by Scott Kellenberger, District II Director
T
he annual Jackson County FFA Summer Camp
has been sponsored by ACEOA for the past
several years. The camp is organized by J.R. Poe
of Pisgah and is staffed by local Agriculture teachers and
volunteers. This year's camp was held June 21 through
24 at Paint Rock Valley Lodge and was attended by
approximately twenty - five local students. The camp
provided classes on a wide range of outdoor subjects.
The Department of Conservation provided firearms
training with their shooting sports trailer and instructor
Don Howell. The students also had classes in the use of
map and compass and GPS use, orienteering, water
continued on 33
ACE Magazine 31
FFA Summer Camp – continued
safety, forestry and water quality, with field trips in the setting of the Lodge make the FFA summer camp a
area to see some of the practices in use. The quality of success year after year, and the ACEOA is proud to
instruction, abundant natural resources, and comfortable support it with the help of our advertisers and sponsors.
ACE Magazine 33
Quality Deer Management Tour
by Jerry Brown, President, Lake Martin Chapter QDMA
T
he newly formed Lake Martin Quality Deer management and herd management for whitetail deer.
Management Association Chapter partnered with On Saturday, June 19th, 2010, a Wildlife Habitat Tour
Alabama Conservation Enforcement Officer and Field Day was held on the property of Jerry and
Association (ACEOA), The Farmers Federation Wildlife Genelle Brown near Hackneyville. Since the county line
Committees from Tallapoosa, Coosa and Clay Counties, runs through the yard of their home, the habitat tour took
The Coosa County Forestry Planning Committee, place in Clay County and the other activities took place
Alabama Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division and in Tallapoosa County.
individuals to educate hunters and landowners on habitat
continued on 39
Michael East, Tallapoosa County CEO returns a deer rack to the Joel Glover, Alabama Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Biologist and
display wall after scoring by Alabama Wildlife and Freshwater Natural Resource Conservation Service Private Lands Biologist, explains
Fisheries personnel. the scoring procedure for Whitetail Deer racks.
Attendees stand in the welcomed shade of a large pecan tree on a hot The tour group looks over an example of fawn cover while Joel Glover
June day waiting for their names to be called during the drawing of door explains what to look for and how to get the desired cover by prescribed
prizes. burning, disking or use of herbicides.
ACE Magazine 37
Quality Deer – continued
Ryan Shurette, USDA Forest Service Botanist, identifies different forbs Alabama Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries personnel scoring whitetail
and grasses in a field of native warm season grasses during a stop on the deer racks were: Back Row L-R Merwyn Harrison, Brett Abbot; Front
tour. Row L-R Stewart Abrams, Brandon Howell, Andy Hughes; Right
Standing Michael East headed up the collection and display.
Tour stop included Native Food Identification and with NRCS Regional Private Lands Biologist and Ryan
Management, Quality Vegetation Management and Shurette, Botanist with the USDA Forest Service.
Development, and Distribution of Fawn Cover. Attendees Scorers from the Alabama Department of
observed a diversity of natural foods and heard how to Conservation and Natural Resources were on hand to
obtain them from the seed bank already present in the measure deer racks for the records of Alabama Whitetail
soil by prescribed burning, disking, and herbicide use. Deer. Thirty-four racks were measured and mounted on
Good fawning cover to protect young deer from a wall for display. Joel Glover explained the scoring
predators was pointed out. The same methods that system and the factor affecting the score.
produce natural foods can also produce good cover for Over 70 attendees enjoyed a free lunch, door prizes, a
fawns and other wildlife. vendor's display, and plenty of conversation at the
Featured speakers were Joel Glover, Wildlife Biologist conclusion of the tour.
with Alabama Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries along
ACE Magazine 39
ACEOA District I Convention Top
Gun Qualification
by Wendell Fulks, District II Associate Director
Competitors in action!
ACE Magazine 43
District 1 – continued
Lt. Mike Nichols wins rifle competition. Mrs. Nichols wins a gift certificate.
ACE Magazine 45
District 1 – continued
ACE Magazine 47
ACEOA District II Convention 2010
by Scott Kellenberger, ACEOA District II Director
istrict Two held their convention May 7, 2010 at impressive bull’s eye target and also won his heat on the
ACE Magazine 51
District 2 – continued
we will only get to use it on the range. by live music under the pavilion. It is always good to get
ACEOA President Chris Jaworowski was good together with officers from different divisions and far
enough to drive all the way up from Lowndes County to away counties. The ACEOA has provided me the
assist and take photos. Rusty and Gayle were busy at opportunity to meet and become friends with officers I
another district down south and were unable to attend probably would have never met otherwise, and to me
this time. We really missed Ms. Gayle. that makes the time and effort of hosting a convention a
Leon McCamey catered a great supper for us, followed bargain indeed.
ACE Magazine 53
Team Fowl Best of Competition With
BP Bottom Dwellers Bang-Up
by David Rainer, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
ACE Magazine 57
Team Fowl – continued
One-half cup yellow onion minced tomatillos with minced red onions, minced
One-half cup mushrooms jalapenos (charred and peeled), a teaspoon of lime juice
One-quarter cup celery and a teaspoon of sugar. Combine and spoon over the
1/2 cup red and green bell pepper hot burgers.
1 tablespoon minced garlic The winners put the burger and sauce on
1/2 cup green onion pumpernickel bread, which really added a savory
1 stick butter sensation to the dish.
1 quart half and half In second, a very close second I might add, in the
4 to 5 tablespoons all purpose flour game division was CCA Alabama’s Mama Mia Lasagna,
Cajun seasoning, to taste followed by Team Buckshire’s Venison Chim Churri.
1 to 2 tablespoons of tomato paste The winning dish in the fowl category was Team
Buckshire’s Boudin-Stuffed Quail with Mango Sauce. I
In large sauce pot on medium high heat add butter and tried unsuccessfully to get the recipe, but the name of the
garlic. Cook for a couple minutes and add peppers, dish pretty much spells it out.
celery, mushrooms, and onions cook until tender. Add Second in fowl was Dirt and Whiskey’s Smoke Quail
shrimp and cook halfway. Add seasoning and flour and and Fried Green Tomato Panini, followed by Choctaw
cook another 2 to 3 minutes to make roux. Whisk in the Bluff’s Wild Turkey Pookytaya.
half and half and tomato paste. Roussos looks for the Of course, there were plenty of serious moments at the
consistency of a thick and creamy bisque. Stir in green cook-off, as well. AWF Executive Director Tim Gothard
onions, let rest for a few minutes and serve. was busy signing up attendees for a database of potential
The other teams that placed in the fish category were volunteers to combat the effects of the oil spill.
Dirt and Whiskey with a crawfish boudin and black-eyed Gothard said the wild game cook-offs have been a big
pea po-boy and Bluegill Blues Brothers with a crab and part of AWF’s outreach effort for the past 15 years. AWF,
corn bisque. established in 1935, has 30,000 members and sup-
In the game category, Dirt and Whiskey served up the porters. Gothard said the group’s mission is to be an
winning dish – Venison Juicy Lucy with Tomatillo Sauce. advocate for the wise use and responsible stewardship of
This was a delicious take on the traditional venison our native wildlife resources.
burger that was tasty and didn’t suffer from a lack of “Our cook-offs serve three primary purposes,”
juices, as the name implies. One of the tricks was to stuff Gothard said. “It’s an opportunity for our members to
the burgers with pimento and cheese, but not with just interact and our guests to learn more about the Alabama
any old cheese like cheddar. Wildlife Federation. Second – and the one that got this
Team member Philip Davis said they use Colby and whole thing started – to show as responsible hunters and
pepper jack cheese with red pimentos, half and half and anglers that we properly utilize the game and fish we
mayonnaise to make the stuffy. He also suggests forming take, and that it makes great table fare. The cook-offs
the venison burgers and then put them in the fridge to get also generate funds to support our conservation work in
them nice and cold before adding the stuffing. three areas – conservation education, resource steward-
The burgers are then skillet-fried to retain the juices. ship and hunting and angling heritage.”
The tomatillo sauce is made by combining the
ACE Magazine 59
Hunting With Children
Lessons Taught and Lessons Learned
by Jerry L. Fincher, District II Associate Director
ACE Magazine 61
Hunting With Children – continued
sending us the deer and keeping us from falling out of attention span is shorter than the line for people who
our stands, I asked my son what he was thinking when think they should pay more taxes, or one of those Taco
he first saw the deer. He replied, “Well, I was thinking he Bell dogs without legs. You may not harvest an animal,
sure is big, but before that, I was just praying that the sun but as long as something shows up, the trip will be a
would go down so we could go home.” success. You should always have a good pair of
The two hunts just described ended well, but that’s not binoculars around, and, for God’s sake, do not make a
why I told them. Like all Dad’s worth their salt, I had child which has never taken a buck pass on a small buck
wanted my son to kill his first deer at an early age, and unless you are fairly certain a bigger one will show itself.
he had, but at what cost. I had set about trying to help Probably the most important lesson is to focus on the
him accomplish that goal by doing all the wrong things. process not the product. In other words, make the trip the
Looking back and considering everything I put him adventure. I’m glad that my Dad started me out hunting
through, it’s a miracle that he still loves to hunt. squirrels instead of deer. We didn’t have to worry about
You want to leave a child wanting more, not scents, talking out loud, or taking a side trip to
remembering a negative experience. After reflecting on investigate a beaver lodge. In short, teach them about all
those early deer hunts with my son, I have identified that the outdoors has to offer. Harvesting an animal may
several lessons learned about hunting with children. I not be nearly as interesting to the child as finding a
only wish that I had learned them earlier. If you are a new beaver-chewed limb, a stream worn rock, or following
Dad or just a Dad new to hunting, I believe that reading the tracks of a fox or raccoon. If you are really lucky, you
the next few pages will make your hunts with children may even find an arrowhead or a fossil. If you do, please
more enjoyable for both of you. If you are an old hand at let the child keep it; you can find one for you later.
hunting with kids, you have probably already come to I know that earlier I advocated the use of shooting
the same conclusions. houses and food plots and explained the need for using
The first lesson is to ease them into it. Doing too much them, and they have their place, especially in the
too soon will do more harm than good. You may be the beginning. However, if your hunt always consists of
type of guy that likes to hunt from daylight to dark, but nothing more walking from the pickup to the blind, you
expecting a five or six year old child to sit still for hours are missing out. Using food plots to the exclusion of
is like expecting the front pew in church to fill up first; it scouting is a recipe for creating a shooter not a hunter.
just isn’t going to happen. There is nothing wrong with shooting a deer coming to a
Another lesson, closely related to the first, is to make green field, but it can’t compare to the feeling of
the child comfortable. Make sure that the child has accomplishment experienced by locating a buck’s
clothing that fits and is compatible with the weather. bedding area, food sources, travel corridors and
Make sure that he or she has a warm, dry, safe place to harvesting it there.
sit, some type of rest for their rifle, bug spray if it is hot, I learned the hard way to always be positive. If you tell
and something to snack on. In addition, make sure they someone not to think about pink elephants, it is
are using a weapon which fits them and with which that impossible for that individual not to visualize a pink
they have practiced before the hunt. A good food plot elephant. Instead, use positive terms to tell them what
to attract deer, a comfortable shooting house to hide you want them to do. For example, my son had a
the movement of little hands and feet, a couple of problem flinching when shooting a rifle, the result of
Snickers bars, and an electronic game to pass the slow shooting on a trap team. So, I kept telling him not to
time will make the experience much more enjoyable for flinch. I might as well been saying, “O.K. now flinch!”
everyone involved. If a permanent blind is not available, This cost him several nice bucks. I finally learned to say,
a folding chair and a rifle rest works well. Last but not “Concentrate on your crosshairs and apply slow steady
least, ALWAYS BRING TOILET PAPER! Cutting off their pressure on the trigger.” He wasn’t the one who needed
fruit of the looms is expensive and hard to explain to training; I was.
their mother. Unless you like being in the dog house, you must
The third lesson is to make sure that there is a high learn the next lesson well. Never, ever, under any
probability of success. Success doesn’t necessarily mean circumstances give a child’s game away! Sometimes time
harvesting an animal, but you should be fairly certain constraints will make you want to donate game to a
that you will at least see something. You wouldn’t take a needy family rather than take it home and clean it. If
kid fishing in a lake with only one fish in it, and by the after showing it off and processing it you would like to
same token, you shouldn’t take a child deer hunting give it to someone else and the child agrees, let the child
where he or she will not likely see deer. A child’s continued on 65
ACE Magazine 63
Hunting With Children – continued
give it away. If you give away game that you harvested alive and reduces the competitive nature exhibited by
without taking it home, showing it off, and eating it, the many modern hunters. When hunting is reduced to a
child may not like it, but he or she will probably forgive competition, we all lose. Sometimes there may be
you. On the other hand, if you give away game that the reasons other than fellowship to stay close to your
child had a hand in harvesting, you will live to regret it. hunting partner. I once left my Dad by himself after
You will belittle his or her accomplishment and deprive repeatedly telling him that the rule on the property was
them of the joy of showing it to the rest of the family. eight point or better. I returned to find him proudly
Believe me; the guilt felt afterwards will be much more displaying a cow-horn spike. Smiling he said, “I made
costly than any processing fee. sure that his antlers were at least eight inches long just
The last lesson that I will touch on is one that affects like you said.” My only defense was that he was
the adult as much or more than the child. You should seventy eight.
always try to share the experience if possible. As the child In summary, remember that the true prize of hunting is
gets older, the tendency is to move farther apart until in spending time with the people you love and teaching
finally you are hunting separately. Two years ago, I them about God’s creation and the traditions of the sport.
underwent some minor surgery on my right arm that left Harvesting an animal is simply gravy, so don’t cheat
me unable to shoot a bow. This resulted in the best yourself. I’ve heard it said that if you teach your child to
hunting season I have ever known. Although I was hunt, you will never have to hunt your child. I’m not
unable to shoot and did not harvest a deer, I could climb suggesting that simply taking a child hunting will override
a tree and hold a camera. My son and I scouted together, all of the negative influences that face the youth of today,
and I filmed his hunts. Sharing his hunting experiences but you must admit that it is a great place to start. Just
was more satisfying than I could have ever imagined. keep in mind the mistakes that I made, don’t repeat
This concept of sharing the hunt doesn’t only apply them, always keep a camera handy, and take a child
to hunting with children. Hunting with others allows hunting. They don’t bite, well, not very hard anyway.
you to build memories and relive them long after the
hunt has ended. It keeps the social aspect of hunting
ACE Magazine 65
“State of the Bay” Remains Strong
Part One of Two stories on the Gulf Oil Spill
by David Rainer, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
ACE Magazine 69
“State of the Bay” – continued
event on the Causeway, which included the Mobile causes much damage to the tourism industry, it is a
County Wildlife and Conservation Association, CCA much better place to deal with the contamination than in
Alabama, Alabama Coastal Fishermen’s Association, other areas.
Alabama Wildlife Federation, Delta Waterfowl, Ducks “Ideally, the beach is a pretty good collection place for
Unlimited and Committed for Waterfowl. Rice said that oil if you want to compare it to our estuaries, our
because the government can’t take care of all the marshes,” he said. “I told the captain as the oil was
resources, people need to get personally involved. starting to come ashore between the west end of
“I’m glad to see all these groups come together like Dauphin Island and Petit Bois, that this is a goal-line
this,” he said. “These non-governmental organizations stand. If you want to see photos of what you see in
mean so much to efforts like this.” Louisiana, then let that oil get through. It’s going to get
When Rice joined the effort to mitigate the oil spill, his all the rookery islands, Portersville Bay and get into the
mission was to stop or reduce the impact to wildlife and marshes. We’re going to have real problems.
habitat. “From day one, we’ve tried to get the oil before it got
“My first fear was, ‘Oh, my gosh, all of these clean-up into those sensitive areas. If it gets on the beaches, we
contractors are coming in here,’” he said. “They’re can clean that up. Yes, it does affect tourism. But if it
coming into sensitive areas and are going to do far more gets in a marsh area, what you don’t want to do is go in
damage than the oil. You’ve seen the boats out there. there and do more damage than good.”
And this was not the most ideal time for an oil spill. Despite the loss of animals during the spill, Rice said
You’ve got sea turtles coming down the coast to nest. those victims will further the research into the effect of
You’ve got all these bird rookeries, so there’s a lot of contact with oil. All the carcasses have been saved so
activity.” that necropsies can be performed and determine exactly
Rice and his crew immediately set up a wildlife hotline what caused their demise.
(866-557-1401) with a goal to respond as quickly as “We’re going to have some residual tar ball incidents
possible with a goal of one hour. and things like that,” he said. “You’re going to have oiled
“We’ve got three rehab facilities for birds, one in birds for a few more weeks. But things will gradually
Gulfport, Miss., one in Theodore and one in Pensacola, taper off. Things will get back to normal. We’ll get to our
Fla.,” he said. “We’ve also got turtle issues. For any fisheries and everything else. We will be here until things
marine mammal issues, we’ve got facilities in Gulfport, get cleaned up. I’ve told BP and other folks that they
Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. need to be responsible for everything that has occurred
“The other aspect is the sensitive lands – all National to the environment. But they’re not responsible for
Seashore and the wildlife refuges like Bon Secour, St. everything out there. There is natural mortality. That’s
Mark’s and St. Vincent’s. How are you going to protect why we document everything and it will all come out. But
these areas with all these people on the beach? What we it will take years.
established was people called resource advisers. These “If there is anything positive that comes out of this spill,
advisers tell the clean-up crews where to walk and where it’s the amount of research going into it. We’re looking at
the wildlife is likely to be. We have people walking in toxicity and dispersants used. This is one of the largest
front of the machinery to make sure no turtles or other spills ever. They’ve never used the volume of dispersants
wildlife are run over. As far as I know, there hasn’t been before. We don’t know. What we do know is that oil is a
one turtle egg broken.” hydrocarbon and it will break down in time. We’ll know all
Rice said although oil on the beach is unsightly and these things, but it’s going to take some time.”
ACE Magazine 71
Dauphin Island Sea Lab Monitors
Gulf Ecosystem
Part 2 article on Gulf Oil Spill
by David Rainer, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
Now that the well has been capped at the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, boats rigged to skim oil are anchored with no activity expected. Meanwhile,
the vessels of opportunity that deployed the miles of boom along the Alabama Gulf Coast are now taking up the material, which will stored should
another spill affect the area. Photos by David Rainer
or the past 40 years, Dr. George Crozier has been capacity to deal with an influx of oil of this magnitude
ACE Magazine 77
Dauphin Island – continued
ACE Magazine 79
Dauphin Island – continued
Soon after the magnitude of the spill became take its place. We have a very resilient, very flexible
apparent, BP started applying dispersant on the surface ecosystem.”
and at the wellhead 5,000 feet below the surface. While the beaches can be easily cleaned, Crozier
Crozier immediately expressed his concerns, which contends any effort to clean the marshes, grass beds and
continue today. oyster reefs would be a big mistake.
“When it gets to the surface, the sun breaks down a lot “We’d better leave them alone and let the natural
of the components of crude oil,” he said. “The microbial system do that,” he said. “Beaches are dry land, at least
community that eats the oil has lots of oxygen to do that at low tide. Mostly they grow tourists. And they will come
with. At the surface, a lot of good things can happen. We back. I guarantee you that the beaches from the
can boom it. We can skim it. If you boom it successfully, Panhandle to the Mississippi barrier islands will be fine
you can burn it. But if you use dispersant, and those who next year.”
play poker will love this, you’ve gone ‘all in’ on the Crozier does expect the Gulf’s adaptation to the oil
microbial community. The tools of skimming, burning spill to take a significant amount of time.
and natural oxidation have been damaged. I will tell you “I think we’re going to have to deal with enormous
that the science behind dispersant use is logical. The uncertainty over the long haul,” he said. “We’re going to
idea is that if you make little tiny droplets, the bacteria see some impact on the young-of-the-year, whether it
can get at it more easily. The concept here is going to be shrimp or red snapper or whatever. There are going
lead and has successfully led to the rapid degradation of to be problems in a couple of years. We’re going to see
the oil. a diminishing of our normal catch. I think that is
“We seem to be over the hill on the surface. The possible. We will be able to tell you within a couple of
problem I’ve had since they started applying dispersant months. We will be able to make some semi-intelligent
5,000 feet down, it formed a microscopically small prognostications.
droplet, but it became neutrally buoyant. So that means “The challenge for us – the community from the
it’s stuck somewhere in the Gulf of Mexico. And no one Mississippi River to Cape San Blas (Fla.) – is we’re going
has been able to tell me yet where are the toxic to have to do something to restore the confidence of the
components.” country in Gulf seafood. There have not been issues of
Crozier said anyone who has ever had an aquarium fish kills from the oil spill. Fish are not stupid. Because
knows that after detergent is applied, the aquarium must the pressure is off, I expect fishing to be good
be rinsed repeatedly before the fish are reintroduced. He everywhere. The issue of contaminated or tainted fish is
sees a correlation with the use of the dispersant Corexit. a long-term issue of uncertainty that the scientific
“The detergent nature of the Corexit is as big a community and the government regulatory agencies will
problem as any component,” he said. “The membranes be struggling to deal with. Meanwhile, for the immediate
of the phytoplankton, the zooplankton and the eggs future, there is simply no reason to be concerned about
could be disrupted. It’s always the eggs and babies that the fish.”
are always affected by this – the adults not so much. If In other good news, the catch-and-release restrictions
the larval white shrimp don’t show up in the grass beds in Alabama coastal waters north of Dauphin Island and
in the Delta and the bays in December and January, west of Dauphin Island Bridge have been lifted. After
we’ll know there was a problem with the young. I don’t fish, shrimp and oyster samples were collected and
think there is a problem with adults. It’s always the eggs tested by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the
and babies that are vulnerable. normal bag limit was re-instated for fish and shrimp. The
“But the ecosystem is very resilient. I hope I make that restrictions on crabs are still in place. The Alabama
clear. The comparisons to Exxon Valdez are not valid. Department of Public Health reopened the private oyster
It’s very cold up there. We have, obviously, a warmer reefs for harvest effective 6 a.m. on August 10. The
climate so everything happens faster here. We also have public reefs remain closed to oystering by the
an extraordinarily complex ecosystem. In other words, if Department of Conservation and Natural Resources for
one species was severely impacted, another one would management purposes.
ACE Magazine 81
ACEOA District III Convention
by Jeff L. Makemson, District III Director
he District Three Convention was held on June 12, gracious host opened up the lodge to us and allowed us
ACEOA Dist. III members and children Freddie Ingram and family getting ready for ACEOA Dist. III members preparing to play
enjoying badminton. some fun shooting. silly summer santa drawing.
ACE Magazine 85
District 3 – continued
Ingram. Freddie shed his shoes to participate in the event Some of the gifts were nice and needless to say, some
and put on a show for us all. Trust me; you don’t want to were not. It really led to an interesting and very fun event.
get in a foot race with him. While the events kept Dwight’s father-in-law got stuck with a pair of superman
everyone busy, we also made time to socialize with old underwear (he was app. 70 years young). Everyone
friends and make new ones. seemed to want the Coleman cooler and cooking pots.
After a great meal of steak and grilled chicken, awards All attendees and their families got a gift, of some sort,
were presented to the children and wives for the top gun and had great fun in the process.
scores. They were presented with ACEOA Medals for The big ACEOA Membership winners were Jarrod
their accomplishments. Attendees then drew raffle Poole (shotgun), Elliott Waters (pistol), and Mike Nelson
tickets for a silly summer Santa drawing. Numbers were (rifle). However, all attendees enjoyed great friendship,
called out and the winner could choose to open a fine food and awesome fun. Special thanks to ACEOA
wrapped gift or pick a gift that was already opened and President Chris Jaworowski for attending, and assisting
claimed. One could only loose their gift twice, whatever with the convention and helping make it a huge success.
gift they chose after the second loss, they got to keep.
ACEOA members getting ready to compete for Children top gun winners. Dist. III Dir. Jeff Makemson and Asst. Dist.
top gun. III Dir. Joe Little raffling door prizes.
ACE Magazine 87
Kid’s Corner
acob Hollingsworth, age 11, and Caleb Walls, age 8, are sons of Elmore
Tell us about your favorite hunt or fishing trip!! Kids ages 16 and under may submit.
Please send entries for Kid’s Korner to rusty_morrow@yahoo.com
ACE Magazine 91
Blue Springs, Catfish and Kids
by Ken White, Freelance Journalist in Alabama
s the Saturday morning dawn of Memorial Day catfish cooperate, beginning with the first casts but then
Andrew Meyers – 10Yrs. - “Waiting for the siren and that first cast” 7-9 Yrs. Winner Cheyenne Starling.
(Eufaula, AL).
ACE Magazine 95
Blue Springs – continued
the heat.
Following the close of the fishing competition the
weigh-in is held and everyone enjoys a lunch of hot dogs,
chips and cold sodas. It is then time for the recognition
of the event sponsors and the winners of each age
division. The boy and girl having the highest weight in
each of the three age groups are awarded a bicycle for
their efforts. No one really loses at this event as each
youth participating will leave with a door prize.
7-9 Years: 1st Place Cheyenne Starling 20.00 lbs. 10-13 Yrs. Winners Antonio Toney, Cassandra Gifford, Ryan Tomlin.
2nd Place Westin Walker 11.10 lbs.
3rd Place Cody Stratton 10.10 lbs.
Cassandra Gifford with Abby Odom, winner of the bicycle. Officers Joe Carroll and Larry Doster handle the weigh-in.
ACE Magazine 97
Blue Springs – continued
bicycle she had just won. Abby Odom was the proud
winner of the drawing. Such a display of sportsmanship
is a shining example of what these events mean in so
many different aspects of a young person's life. It is why
Sgt. Aurora Thomas, Sgt. Mike Heath, Lt. Chris Lewis,
Officers Joe Carroll, Larry Doster, Nate Foster, Richard
Hartzog, Randy White, Blue Springs State Park manager
Terry Carter, park attendant Mark Jernigan and volunteer
cook Stephen Hanners all gave of their time and efforts
to make this such a huge success.
ACE Magazine 99
Nonresidents Now Have Available $10 Annual Pier License
Out-of-state visitors to the Alabama coastal waters are use the piers.”
now able to purchase a reasonably priced license to fish For most nonresidents, the annual Alabama saltwater
the public piers on inside waters and the Gulf of Mexico. fishing is $45. For Louisiana, the fee is $90, the same fee
The Alabama Legislature recently passed House Bill charged to Alabama residents in Louisiana.
386, which establishes a nonresident public pier fishing Alabama residents and nonresidents possessing a
license for an annual fee of $10. The legislation also current saltwater fishing license, and residents and
changes the annual expiration date of public pier fishing nonresidents under age 16, as well as residents age 65 or
licenses and saltwater pier fishing licenses to August 31. over are exempt from the pier license requirements.
Alabama residents can still purchase an annual pier Residents and nonresidents are required to purchase a
license for $5. fishing permit at Gulf State Park Pier in addition to the
The public piers include Gulf State Park Pier and pier license.
Fairhope Pier. Dauphin Island Pier is landlocked and no “The new pier license will remove a hurdle for many
fishing is available. Residents and nonresidents are visitors to enjoy the great fishing offered at Gulf State
required to purchase a fishing permit at Gulf State Park Park Pier,” said Conservation Commissioner Barnett
Pier in addition to the pier license. Lawley. “It was important that we make this outstanding
“A lot of people from out of state were not using the facility, the longest pier on the Gulf of Mexico, available
piers when they found out the cost of a nonresident to everyone at a reasonable price.”
saltwater fishing license,” said Major Chris Blankenship,
head of Enforcement with the Alabama Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources' Marine Resources
Division. “This gives visitors a lower-cost alternative to
The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources promotes wise stewardship, management and
enjoyment of Alabama's natural resources through five divisions: Marine Police, Marine Resources, State Parks, State
Lands, and Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries. To learn more about ADCNR visit www.outdooralabama.com.
David Rainer
Outdoor Writer
Alabama Dept of Conservation and Natural Resources
(251) 945-6889
(251) 454-6543
www.outdooralabama.com
ifteen years after it began, the Butler County involves sixth grade children selected by their school's
orienteering wild animal track identification to archery, of them have never been in anything more than a pool or
rifle range shooting, skeet shooting with a shotgun, and the ocean, but during the camp, they all have had the
primitive black powder rifle shooting. opportunity to get in a creek and enjoy being at one with
“We hold competitions in all of the areas, and also nature.”
have animal biologists with animal demonstrations,” And the response from the students - all benefactors
Hudgins said. “Classes are held on tree identification, of the generosity from the sponsors, has been positive
water quality, wildlife habitat, first aid, hunter safety and too.
ethics, and many other areas as well.” “I think that the camp was awesome,” said Michael
“Its amazing how many kids have never been in a McNeil, 12, a student from BCMS/Georgiana School. “I
creek before,” said Rusty Morrow, editor of ACE learned how to trap animals, and enjoyed shooting guns,
Magazine, the quarterly publication of the Alabama plus I made several new friends. I would encourage all of
Conservation Enforcement Officers Association. “Some continued on 111
enew Our Rivers on Smith Lake took place on Several of our officers were able to participate in the
continued on 117
Marissa Lee (Top Gun), Hasty Hudson (2nd place), Chris Jaworowski Tarrel Conner, winner of member gun drawing.
(3rd Place).
continued on 131
The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources promotes wise stewardship, management and
enjoyment of Alabama's natural resources through five divisions: Marine Police, Marine Resources, State Parks, State
Lands, and Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries. To learn more about ADCNR visit www.outdooralabama.com.
David Rainer
Outdoor Writer, Alabama Dept of Conservation and Natural Resources
(251) 945-6889, (251) 454-6543
www.outdooralabama.com
fishing clubs have popped up on the Gulf Coast and Ros must be put into perspective.
considers kayak fishing a part of the mainstream. “You slide that thing in the water and you don't have
An easy place to get introduced to kayaking is at 5 to worry about anything,” he said. “It's just so refreshing
Rivers' Bartram Landing on Battleship Parkway, where and relieves so much stress.
kayaks and canoes are available for rent, as well as “You're not buying a piece of plastic, you're buying
expert instruction. freedom.”
“They will point you in the right direction,” Ros said. For those who may not have seen the news,
“They've got enough experience that when you walk in Conservation Commissioner Barnett Lawley has decided
they can see about what you're going to need.” to alter the regulations regarding coastal areas in state
To get into kayak fishing, the initial investment will waters that had been closed to fishing. Those areas are
likely be more than $1,000, but Ros insists that outlay now open to catch-and-release fishing only.
awarded to the winners in each division, and a great time Childersburg for donating food items. The manager, Mr.
was had by all in attendance. I would like to personally Wesson, has donated to every event that we have held
thank ACEOA for providing the funding for the event, for the last four years.
allowing us the opportunity to introduce Alabama's youth A special thanks is in order for the Gaston family and
to the shooting sports and hunting and fishing in a safe Gaston Construction. For the second year, the entire
and successful manner. I would also like to thank family helped set up for the event, worked the event,
Alabama DCNR employees Officers Jason Bassett, cleaned up afterwards, and opened their hearts and home
Officer Greg Gilliland, Retired Officer Don Howell, and to all in attendance. If everyone supported conservation
his wife and department employee, Ginger Howell and the way ACEOA and the Gaston family does, the future
the host of Talladega County Hunter Education of hunting and fishing in Alabama would be secure for
volunteers who braved the heat to help make the day a generations to come.
success. I also need to thank Piggly Wiggly of
en Weathers is looking for a few good rivers in Alabama. It runs from Barbour County all the
continued on 153
Biologist Rob Andress holds one of the 32 flathead catfish Wildlife and
Freshwater Fisheries found in the Choctawhatchee River during It’s obvious from the photo how the yellow catfish picked up the
sampling in May. Photo by Ken Weathers nickname of flathead. Photo by Ken Weathers
fishing trip to find the species near the Alabama line. a little more because they are current-oriented fish.”
Although no flatheads were recovered on that trip, Spotted bullheads, redbreasts, spotted suckers and
subsequent sampling convinced the Florida biologists redhorse suckers are the most common species in the
that the flatheads were coming from Alabama. flathead diet.
“Florida contacted us again in 2001 and said the “We are concerned about the flathead population
flatheads had to be coming from Alabama because the because it could be a big impact on the sunfish fishery,
closer they got the state line, the more they found,” especially the redbreast fishery” Weathers said. “There
Weathers said. “We went out and shocked all around and have been several cases in Georgia and Florida where
where the junction of the Pea and the Choctawhatchee introduced flatheads have really decimated the redbreast
and all we found were speckled bullheads, channel cats fishery.
and one big blue. Anywhere you find speckled bullheads “The flip side of that is there are fishermen who target
you're not going to find flatheads because that's one of the flatheads. And you really do have to target them to
the flathead's favorite foods.” catch them. If you think you're going to cast from the
Weathers and his colleagues sampled again in 2007 bank and use worms on the bottom, you're not going to
found a few flatheads and the numbers increased catch them. You pretty much have to use live bait and
significantly in the 2009 sample. fish around structure and deep holes and cut-in banks
“Last year we found a good number of flatheads and where they like to lay there and hide. And you've got to
a few big ones,” he said. “We pulled the otolith (ear) use the proper tackle to catch one of these big ones.
stones and found they were fast-growing flatheads that You've got to have some line big enough to pull them out
you would expect to find in an expanding population. We of the holes and things before they get wrapped around
went back this year in May. We picked up 32. Two were a stump or tree.”
young of the year and the other 30 ranged from 2 Weathers said the flathead is not native to the
pounds to 38 pounds.” Choctawhatchee so the species had to be introduced to
Weathers said it appears the train trestle just north of the waterway. Now that they're in the watershed, he just
Geneva is the current demarcation line for the flatheads. needs more people to take advantage of the fishery.
None came from above that area, but plenty were Flatheads make excellent table fare and the quality of
captured around the trestle and the deep holes with the meat doesn't diminish as the size increases, a
structure to the south of the trestle. drawback in other catfish species. Because flatheads
“Anywhere there was a deep hole from 12 to 24 feet and blue catfish are not native to the Choctawhatchee
with debris in it, there were flatheads,” he said. “There's and Pea Rivers, the daily bag limit of one fish, 34 inches
a big bend in the river with a lot of trees and stuff in it and or longer does not apply to these rivers.
there were plenty of flatheads in that stuff. They like to “Even if we go in there and try to shock them and
lay in the deep holes under structure. Once we got past eradicate them it would be impractical,” he said. “I don't
the junction of the Pea and the Choctawhatchee, we think we could get rid of them if we tried. So we would
found plenty. That's where we found the bigger ones. really like to see more of a harvest going on for flathead
“And, we didn't find any speckled bullheads this time, to keep that population down. With an expanding
which is a pretty good indication that there's a fairly population we're seeing reproduction now, so they'll be
substantial flathead population. We still found a good moving up the Choctawhatchee and up the Pea.
many sunfish, redbreasts and stuff like that. But “I'd like for people to know more about them and
flatheads are eating machines. They're voracious target them more and harvest more so there wouldn't be
feeders. They'll eat any fish they can get in their mouth, a problem with the sunfish fishery. They just need to get
but they usually prey on the fish that stay in the current some good tackle. It should be a lot of fun.”
O
n June 5th, 2010 the VFW
Club in Greenville, ACEOA,
Fred's and the Butler
County Sheriff's Department
hosted a youth fishing day at the
VFW Lake. Around thirty youth
attended the event. Refreshments
included hamburgers, hot dogs,
chips and drinks. The fishing was
great as most all youth caught
many fish. Most all youths were
able to win a door prize during the
lunch break which was a rod and
reel set.
he Eufaula Youth Fishing Rodeo was held during frenzy levels as everybody tries to get that one last BIG
Getting the scales hung can be a challenge in the field. Sgt. Aurora Thomas, Officers Stacy Lush, Randy White and volunteer
Angie Myers get lunch ready to serve.
0-6 Yrs. Winner: Hannah Haney 7-9 Yrs. Winner: Lauren Norton
Big Fish Girl Winner: Janita Searcy. Big Fish Boy Winner: Josh Sanders.
free goodie bag provided by the event’s local sponsors County Natural Resources Council, Alabama Conser-
and donors. vation Enforcement Officers Association, Sipsey Strut-
This community event would not be possible without ters Chapter of the National Wild Turkey Federation, the
the support of several key sponsors and volunteers. Double Springs Lions Club, and individual donors and
These include the Bankhead National Forest, the volunteers. The Bankhead National Forest staff extends
Alabama Department of Conservation & Natural a BIG thank you to all who support the event and for all
Resources, the Winston County Commission, Winston who participated!
indigo sighting.
“When we were unable to find any indigos to prove
that a population existed, the next step was to move into
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Indigo Recovery Plan
that called for captive breeding of wild snakes to try to
re-establish a viable population,” Sasser said.
Sasser talked with Craig Guyer, Auburn professor and
herpetologist, and Jim Godwin, zoologist with the
Alabama Natural Heritage Program at Auburn, to
determine if another repopulation attempt was feasible
and if they were willing to partner in the project.
“Mark came to me to see if we would be interested in
doing a pilot study to determine if the Eastern indigo
could be reintroduced into Alabama,” Godwin said. “We
did a pilot study and decided that conditions at Conecuh
National Forest were appropriate to do another release.
The major cause we believe that led to the demise of the
snake in the state is habitat alteration. Down in Conecuh
there has been some very good longleaf restoration
taking place. We decided we could attempt another
reintroduction project.”
When word got out that another release was planned,
partners started joining the effort in short order.
“That’s when we began the captive breeding program
at Auburn using wild snakes that Georgia let us have and
helped us capture,” Sasser said. “We started catching
snakes in ’07 and the first hatchlings were in ’08, so Jim Godwin of Auburn University, left, and Mark Sasser of the Alabama
these were snakes that were almost two years old when Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division release an Eastern indigo
they were released.” snake in Conecuh National Forest. The Eastern indigo snake has blue-
The partners involved in the restoration work include black color with slick scales for a smooth appearance.
Alabama DCNR, Auburn University, the U.S. Forest
Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Project
Orianne, a private conservation organization specifically on because they’re easy to get are lab mice.”
focused on the Eastern Indigo. The indigo snake’s role in the longleaf pine ecosystem
“Also the Georgia Department of Natural Resources is both as predator and prey.
was involved by providing the wild snakes for the captive “They are very opportunistic feeders,” Sasser said.
breeding program,” Sasser said. “Because the Eastern “They’ll feed on just about anything from small
indigo is a federally listed species, we obtained approval mammals, frogs, lizards and other snakes. They are
from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to capture six immune to snake venom. They feed on rattlesnakes and,
gravid (egg-carrying) females from each population. obviously, copperheads - just about any animal they can
After Auburn University collected the eggs in the lab, grab and swallow. They are a prey item as well for
these females went back to Georgia and were released at animals like hawks and owls.
their capture sites. The next year we went back and “The Eastern indigo is an important part of that
caught other females. Zoo Atlanta has now taken over ecosystem and we want to bring them back in Alabama.
some of the rearing of the hatchlings, so it has been There are populations in Georgia and populations in
added as a partner in the last year. If any one of our south Florida. There are a very few reports at Eglin Air
partners hadn’t been on board, it wouldn’t have Force but very negligible. The population is obviously in
happened. This is a definite example of how partnerships trouble in the Florida Panhandle and an effort will be
like this can make something happen.” made by Florida and Project Orianne to re-establish a
Godwin said in two years about 75 snakes have been population there.”
hatched at Auburn. Those who think they may have encountered an
“They are kept in individual containers,” he said. Eastern indigo snake in the wild are asked to call Sasser
“They are given daily care. Indigo snakes will eat just (334-242-3863) or Clay (251-626-5474). Sasser did
about anything. Keeping them fed is a challenge
because they eat so much. The base prey we fall back continued on 179
say that identifying the snake, which can reach 8 feet in to 60 snakes a year over a period of 10 years, but we’re
length, could be difficult for the average citizen. not sure we’ll be able to do that,” Godwin said. “We know
“Upon sight, a black snake running through the we will lose some of them. A hawk will catch one, or one
bushes, it’ll be difficult to tell,” he said. “Upon closer will get run over or succumb to disease. There are all
observation, the black pine snake is more of a black- sorts of dangers for snakes.
brown and may have lighter markings around its tail. A “To overcome those dangers we need a large number
black racer is more slender. The Eastern Indigo is a of snakes out there. The major roadblock is getting
shiny bluish-black and the scales are real smooth. The enough snakes in this one spot over a period of years,
black pine has keeled scales, a ridge running down the and having enough out there so they will be able to
scales so it doesn’t have as smooth a look.” mature, find mates, breed, lay eggs in appropriate places
Sasser said the partnership will continue to release and hatch out more snakes. We just need to get enough
snakes in Conecuh at least for the next several years in animals out there so all of these natural processes can
a continuing effort to establish a viable population. take place.
Godwin said the effort should be considered a long- “I do think we’re off to a real good start.”
term project.
“What we are thinking is that we will be releasing 30
n June 5, 2010, the Corps of Engineers, Alabama This year the ACEOA gave away a lifetime fishing
Nice
Stringer!
Abigail Mitchell wins the Lifetime Fishing License donated by ACEOA
at Millers Ferry.
Small
Hannah Rogers, winner of the Lifetime Fishing License, poses with
fish
Chris Jaworowski, ACEOA President. Event took place at Lowndes
award.
Co. Management Area Pond.
15 on this stringer!