PRE – CALCULUS

(ANALYTIC GEOMETRY)

PREPARED BY:

ENGR. ISAIAH JAMES DE DIOS MALING

CUM LAUDE, BS ECE Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

2012 Board Passer (94.40% rating)

2011 and 2012 MSP Search for NCR Senior Math Wizard Champion

(Back to Back)

2011 Math Count National Champion Tertiary Level

(Individual and Team Category)

Circle Definition:

 The locus of a point that moves such that its distance from a fixed point called the center is
constant. The constant distance is called the radius, r of the circle.

General Equation:

A +A + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Or

+ + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equation:

Circle with center at (h, k)

+ =

Circle with center at (0, 0)

+ =

NOTE: The r variable here stands for the radius of the circle.

Examples and Detailed Solutions:

1. What is the general equation of a circle with center at (1, -2) and radius equal to 3?
Solution:
Based from the Standard equation of the Circle, we will have the below equation:

+ =

But (h, k) is (1,-2) and r = 3

+ =

+ =

We know that = + 2ab +

Rearranging the Equation, we will have

+ - 2x + 4y – 4 = 0
2. Finding the Equation in Standard Form, Center and Radius of a Circle Given General
Equation:

Problem: Find the equation in standard from, center and radius of a circle with equation

Solution:
The trick here is to first make the coefficient of and be equal to 1. Therefore, we divide the
whole equation by 4. We divide it by 4 since that is the coefficient of both and .

After making the coefficient of and equal to 1, we now group similar terms then completing
the square

__ ) + __ ) = ⁄ + __

How do we complete a square? First is we divide the coefficient of the middle term by 2 then
square it. For the left side of the equation, the coefficient of the middle term is -1 which is the
coefficient of x. We then divide -1 by 2 and then square it which results to ¼. Same thing goes
for the y terms. We divided 3 by 2 then square it which will result to 9/4.

⁄ )+ ⁄ )= ⁄ ⁄ ⁄

We then factor it to a binomial raised to the 2nd power. We copy the middle term of the
expressions above.

⁄ + ⁄ =( ⁄

Center ( ⁄ ⁄ ) and r = ⁄

Additional Shortcut: How to find the Center of a Circle in General form having the equation

+ + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Shortcut Formula (Without Completing the Square)

Center ( , )
 Radius = √

Practice Problems:

1. What is the center of the circle with equation ?

2. For what value of K will make a point circle? (Clue a point circle
is a circle with radius = 0 )

3. Find the equation of the circle tangent to the x-axis with center at (1, 2)?

4. What is the value of the eccentricity of a circle? What does eccentricity means?

Answers:

1. C (-2,3)
2. K = 13
3. + =
4. it is defined as the parameter which is associated with every conic section. It can be
thought as a measure of how much the conic deviates to become a circular figure. Other
values of eccentricity are Parabola (e=1), Ellipse (0<e<1) and Hyperbola (e > 1).
Parabola Definition:

 The locus of a point that moves it is equidistant from a fixed point called focus and a fixed line
called directrix.

General Equation:

A + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (Axis Parallel to the y –axis)

A + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (Axis Parallel to the x –axis)

Standard Equation:

Parabola with vertex @ (h, k)

= 4a (x – h) --- Opens to the right

= -4a (x – h) -- Opens to the left

= 4a (y – k) --- Opens upward

= -4a (y – k) --- Opens downward

KEY FORMULAS:

4a = Length of Latus Rectum (LR)

a = focal distance

(h + a, k) = coordinates of the focus if axis is parallel to the x - axis

(h, k + a) = coordinates of the focus if axis is parallel to the y - axis

(h + a, k +/- 2a) = coordinates of the endpoints of LR if axis is parallel to the x – axis

(h +/- 2a, k + a) = coordinates of the endpoints of LR if axis is parallel to the y - axis

e= (always constant for parabola)

Examples and Detailed Solutions:

1. Find the general equation of the parabola with focus at (1, 0) and vertex at (2, 0).
Solution:
By plotting the points, we can directly say that the parabola is opening to the left or with axis
parallel to the x-axis.
Thus a = 1.
= -4a (x – h)
= -4(1) (x – 2)
= -4(x-2)
+ 4x – 8 = 0

2. Find the general equation of the parabola with vertex at (0, 3) and directrix at x = -1.
Solution:
By graphing and plotting the points, this parabola has an axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis.
Distance from directrix and vertex is equal to a. Thus, a = 1 and LR = 4. Also, by inspection, the
graph opens to the right.
= 4a (x – h)
= 4(1)(x)
– 4x – 6y + 9 = 0
 Practice Problems:

1. Find the equation of the parabola with axis vertical, vertex at (-1, -1) and passing
through (2, 2).

2. What is the equation of the parabola with axis vertical and passing through (0, 0), (1, 0)
and (5, -20)?

Answers:

+ 2x – 3y – 2 = 0
– x +y =0

Ellipse Definition:

 The locus of a point that moves such that the sum of its distances from two fixed points called
the foci is constant. The constant sum is equal to 2a, which is the length of the major axis.

General Equation:

A +C + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equation:

Ellipse with center at (h, k):

 Major Axis Horizontal

+ =

Major Axis Vertical

+ =

KEY FORMULAS AND SHORTCUTS:

2a = Length of major axis

2b = Length of minor axis

2c = distance between the foci

= Length of Latus Rectum

d= = distance from center to directrix

e= = eccentricity of ellipse (between 0 and 1 for ellipse)

= + where c is the distance from center to focus

Area = pi*a*b

Circumference = 2pi * √

From the General Equation A +C + Dx + Ey + F = 0, we have some shortcuts

Distance from Focus to Center (c) = √

Area = pi*√

Center (h, k) = ( , )

Examples and Detailed Solutions:

1. What is the general equation of an ellipse with Center at (2, 0), focus at (5, 0) and b = 4?
Solution:
We can solve first for c since the center and the focus is given. We just need to get the distance.
Thus c = 3.
= +
= +
a=5
If we graph this, we will notice that the axis is horizontal. (Since there was no change on y in
focus and center)

+ = with (h, k) at (2, 0)

+ =

16 + 25 = 25(16)

16( – 4x + 4) + 25

16 25 – 64x – 336 = 0

2. Find the equation of the locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distances from
the points (2, 1) and (8, 1) is 10.
Solution:
Based from the definition, the two fixed points are the foci. Thus, the distance between them is
2c. And the sum is what we called as the major axis or 2a.
Distance from (2, 1) and (8, 1) is 6
2c = 6
c=3
2a = 10
a=5

= +
= +
b=4

To get the Center, get the midpoint of the foci. Midpoint = ( , ) = ((2+8)/2, (1+1)/2)
C is @ (5, 1).

Since the y-value of the foci didn’t change, the axis is horizontal.

+ = with (h, k) at (5, 1)

+ =

16 = 25(16)
16( – 10x + 25) + 25( 1) = 400

16 25 – 160x – 50y + 25 = 0
Practice Problems:

1. What is the eccentricity of the ellipse 4 +3 – 48 = 0?

2. What is the general equation of the ellipse with foci at (2, 1) and (2, -1) and a = 2?

3. Is the point (1, 1) inside or outside the ellipse 4 +9 – 24x – 36y + 36 = 0?

Answers:

1. 1/2
2. 4 + 3 – 16x + 4 = 0
3. Inside
Hyperbola Definition:

 The locus of a point that moves such that the difference of its distances from two fixed points
called the foci is constant. The constant difference is equal to 2a, which is the length of the
transverse axis.

General Equation:

A -C + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equation:

Hyperbola with center at (h, k):

Transverse Axis Horizontal

- =

Transverse Axis Vertical

- =
KEY FORMULAS AND SHORTCUTS:

2a = Length of transverse axis

2b = Length of conjugate axis

2c = distance between the foci

= Length of Latus Rectum

d= = distance from center to directrix

e= = eccentricity of hyperbola (greater than 1 for hyperbola)

= + where c is the distance from center to focus

From the General Equation A -C + Dx + Ey + F = 0, we have some shortcuts

Distance from Focus to Center (c) = √

Center (h, k) = ( , )

Special Note: To find the equation of the asymptotes of the hyperbola, we can use the standard
equation and equate it to 0 instead of 1. We can then get two equations by using the property of sum
and difference. ( - = (a + b) (a - b)

Examples and Detailed Solutions:

1. What is the general equation of a hyperbola with Center at (1, 1), vertex at (1, 5) and
conjugate axis 6?
Solution:
We can solve first for a since the center and the vertex is given. We just need to get the
distance.
Thus a = 4.
Also, conjugate axis is equal to 2b. Thus 2b = 6 or b = 3.
= +
= +
c=5
If we graph this, we will notice that the transverse axis is vertical. (Since there was no change on
x in vertex and center)

- = with (h, k) at (1, 1)

- =
9 - 16 = 16(9)

9( – 2y + 1) - 16(

16 9 – 32x + 18y + 151 = 0

2. Find the equation of the locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its distances
from the points (-3, 2) and (7, 2) is 8.
Solution:
Based from the definition, the two fixed points are the foci. Thus, the distance between them is
2c. And the difference is what we called as the transverse axis or 2a.
Distance from (-3, 2) and (7, 2) is 10.
2c = 10
c=5
2a = 8
a=4

= +
= +
b=3

To get the Center, get the midpoint of the foci. Midpoint = ( , ) = ((-3+7)/2, (2+2)/2)
C is @ (2, 2).

Since the y-value of the foci didn’t change, the transverse axis is horizontal.

- = with (h, k) at (2, 2)

- =

9 = 16(9)
9( – 4x + 4) - 16( 4) = 144

9 16 – 36x + 64y - 172= 0

Practice Problems:

1. What is the eccentricity of the hyperbola -3 + 10 = 0?

2. What is the general equation of the hyperbola with vertices at (-3, 0) and (3, 0) and b =
4?

3. What is the general equation of the hyperbola with Foci at (0, 0) and (0, 10), asymptote
x + y = 5?

Answers:

1. √
2. 16 -9 – 144 = 0
3. + 20y – 25 = 0