Green Roof Technology & its Application on Stair-Shaped

Architectural Buildings.
Mohammad Hasan Chowdhury1*, and Mohammad Sujoun Lasker2
Noakhali Science and Technology University1
Jahangirnagar University2
Abstract
Urban agriculture is all-inclusive and rising tasks that can add to monetary
enhancement, job creation, food security, and society building. It can be that as it may
be limited by rivalry for space with different types of urban enhancement. Urban
agriculture on stair-shaped architectural buildings has the likelihood to relieve a
portion of these issues, without unfavorably affecting the focal points given by urban
agriculture. Imaging its biological benefits, urban farms—that cultivate and harvest
safe fresh produce, while dodging pesticides, manures, fertilizers, food miles, sparing
water, and cutting carbon emanations—could very well be the response to a portion
of our reality's issues. This could diminish the utilization of polluted water and land
at the surface dimension and dispose of well-being concerns. Before setting urban
agriculture on stair-shaped architectural buildings on a bigger scale, establishment
costs must be diminished, and appropriate administration practices ought to be
produced which will affirm that the benefits of setting, for example, stormwater
management & energy savings, are still given to urban communities.
Key Words: Energy Savings, Food Security, Urban Farmers, Community Garden,
Evapotranspiration.
Introduction
In the most recent couple of years, green roofs are winding up progressively regular
as a result of their apparent ecological advantages and stylish intrigue. Another vision
of urban centers organizes more green space, for example, parks [1], and an
increasingly human-accommodating condition mixing traditional urban centers of
industry, trade, and residence with food production [2], [3]. Usage of this vision has
been encouraged by the presentation of more ecologically benevolent innovations
and the presentation of arrangements and projects which advance their use [4]–[8].
One such vision is executed on urban farms—by cultivating stair-shaped
architectural buildings.
A. Definition
The expression "green roof" has been connected to a wide range of sorts of vegetated
rooftops; from those with shallow soil and low plant decent variety (extensive green
roofs) to the more indulgent roof gardens with soil sufficiently profound to continue
Bangladesh Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 54-55 June, 2018-2019. Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University
of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh J. Nutr. Vol. 54-55 Jun 2018-2019

* Author for Correspondence

woody plants (intensive green roofs). The majority of the data that is accessible on green
roof function is centered on extensive green roofs, as an absolute minimum to
accomplish natural advantages. These have substrate profundities normally between 3-
4 inches, while intensive green roofs may have substrate profundities of 6 inches or more
[9]. In fact, there is a continuum from extensive to intensive categories as soil depth
increments. If green roof soil depth falls around the 6-inch breakpoint, or if a green roof
holds a spatial blend of the extensive and intensive structure, the green rooftop is
designated as "semi-concentrated." On a useful dimension, the most financially savvy
green roof is an extensive one. Even for the simple extensive green roof, there is a wide
assortment of development materials and plants to browse. Each plan choice will have
diverse ramifications for the green roof function.
B. Environmental benefits
The environmental benefits that green roof offer come primarily from the living plant
factor. Since green roofs are a living surface of plant material, they undergo
evapotranspiration, the process by which water is released to the atmosphere as a result
of evaporation from the soil and transpiration by plants [10]. The benefits of
evapotranspiration include improvement of air quality through the absorption of carbon
dioxide (a common greenhouse gas) and release of oxygen. Evapotranspiration during
wet periods on green roofs also acts to create a passive cooling system. This allows a
green roof to keep its building at a lower temperature than the traditional roof.
Absorption and reflection of solar energy by roof plants also contribute to the cooling
effect. This cooling of the surrounding air reduces the amount of thermal energy
contributing to the urban heat island effect in large cities [11]. The urban heat island
effect is the collective effect of heat storage by manmade surfaces that absorb solar
radiation. It causes temperatures to rise up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit in cities when
compared to surrounding rural areas. [12]. Negative impacts of heat island effect include
higher energy bills for summer cooling, greater impacts of air pollution, plus heat-related
illness and mortality [13]. The structural layers of green roofs act to reduce the urban
heat island effect by providing insulation for the roof of the building. The insulating
nature of green roofs can significantly reduce the amount of energy needed for heating
and cooling a building, thereby reducing building operating costs [14].
Green roofs can also serve as stormwater control since soil and plants hold onto a portion
of the rainwater that would enter the already overtaxed conventional stormwater
systems. Extensive green roofs can commonly hold water from light precipitation
occasions (2.1 mm or less) if they do not occur in rapid succession. Green roofs can't

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hold water once the soil is immersed thus they are incapable of management of
stormwater from substantial precipitation occasions. Instead of conventional soil, green
roofs commonly use a lightweight aggregate (LWA). This specialty green roof substrate
has positive and negative impacts on the water nature of spillover. Lightweight aggregate
(LWA) goes about as a storage layer for climatic toxins, which are washed out in
overwhelming precipitation occasions. However, green roof runoff will, in general, have
higher concentrations of sulfates and Ca-Mg salt in view of their essence in the substrate.
Negative impacts from the lightweight aggregate (LWA) green roofs on water quality
are counterbalanced by the advantages of green roofs in urban environments, for
example, reduction in heat island effect, a decrease of thermal stacking in buildings, and
the stormwater control that they can give [15]. In other words, while there might be some
water sullying because of using lightweight aggregates, the more prominent decreases
in stormwater pollution and other ecological advantages that are offered through green
roofs with lightweight aggregates are definitely justified even despite this tradeoff.
Nevertheless, more examination into the impacts of green roof substrate on water quality
will enable us to streamline the advantages of green roofs later on.
Even when it doesn't rain, green roofs are naturally helpful. Amid dry summer conditions
when the cooling impact of evapotranspiration is unimportant, the green roof gives
higher solar reflection and absorption of solar energy of the greenery when contrasted
with traditional roofing surfaces [11]. An additional advantage to keeping one's roof
cooler in sunny periods with green roofs could be more efficiently functioning
photovoltaic panels. (PVPs) (otherwise called solar panels). There are signs that by
decreasing operating temperatures of solar panels by using green roofs, the efficiency
and energy yield of the panels can be expanded [16].
Depending on soil composition and depth, and choice of plant materials, green roofs can
be intended to create wildlife habitat. The recreation of native habitats with local material
and touchy design can help moderate loss of wildlife habitat in urban territories for some
species [17, 18].
Construction considerations
A questionnaire was developed to obtain relevant information and then data were
collected with maximum precaution. In their book, Planting Green Roofs and Living
Walls, Nigel Dunnet and Noel Kingsbury sum up the priority on exceptionally designed
green roofs packed with various layers that have come to rule the green roof market
place: "Contemporary frameworks can be extremely intricate, with numerous product
alternatives and a wide range of layers. This intricacy has arisen partly from the specific
presence of green-roof providers and makers, with each organization building up its own
licensed frameworks. Yet in addition, as the idea of green roofs achieved broad
application in Germany where the modern green roof development started, there was a
need to guarantee consistency and constancy of the item, bringing about the use of
innovation and research to maximize the reliability of the products." As green roofs turn

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out to be progressively typical, there is the requirement for streamlining the procedure
of design and construction. In this way, it is much similar to the standardization of the
automobile in the early twentieth century. To make green roofs accessible to a mass
market, they must be trustworthy, solid, shabby, and simple to construct. In the United
States, a common green roof is comprised of the few functional layers, which consist of
a waterproofing membrane, a root barrier, a drainage layer, a filter cloth layer, growing
medium, and after that obviously, the vegetation layer [19].
Every one of these components meets up to give an environmentally functional green
roof where plants survive and rainwater does not spill into the building. There are
accessible versions of these basic frameworks of green roofs in America, from the basic
separate components installed one layer at a time, to modular frameworks that can be
introduced in discrete units.
Architects and experts working in the green roof industry have a wide range of
organizations to look over, each with a lot of data that is accessible for their green roof
items. Each green roof is unique, meriting careful selection of the green roof framework
dependent on the programmatic criteria from the design phase.
Green roof materials and their sustainability
Green roofs absolutely give an assortment of ecological services that lend to their
sustainability, but in their current exceedingly built manifestation, one may argue that
green roofs in truth are not sustainable by any means. This is because green roofs depend
on different types of plastic and other made materials to give solid usefulness, for
example, a highly manufactured substrate in lieu of local soil. As the quantity of
exceptionally built and produced green roofs increase, the issue of relative sustainability
is introduced. In the present market, it has turned into a procedure of picking the lesser
of evils inherent in our accessible materials for green roof development. For instance,
the waterproofing layer of green roofs will, in general, be either PVC or bituminous
based each with natural negatives, while ecologically cordial choices are everything but
nonexistent. This issue of relative sustainability will turn out to be progressively typical
as products purporting to be sustainable continue to be introduced in the marketplace.
An approach to measuring relative sustainability is by running an examination known as
life cycle assessment (LCA). As per the United States Environmental Protection Agency,
a real existence cycle appraisal's motivation is "assessing the potential ecological effects
related with recognized sources of inputs and releases,” [12] of various materials. This
assessment takes into consideration the use of raw materials, resource use, materials
transport, disposal and so forth of different materials, weighing in on the level of impact
on the environment. In a perfect world, our construction materials would be totally
recyclable, manageable, and with no net effect on the earth through their creation.
Actually, the point is to limit the effect on the earth brought about by our construction
materials.
Plastics happen to pervade numerous components of green roof construction. While

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plastics might be kept away from in some components of a green roof, they are
progressively hard to evade as part of the waterproofing membrane, critical for keeping
the building inside dry. Plastics are produced using synthetic materials, requiring
manufacturing processes that require substantial contributions of petroleum derivatives,
and keeping in mind that some can be reused at the specific end of their life cycle, others
end up in landfills where they will not degrade for a long time. A portion of these plastics
is comprised of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the production and disposal of which offers
ascend to discharges of dioxin, vinyl monomer, and different hazardous, chlorinated
organic pollutants. PVC is pervasive in the building business, as it is an advantageous
and inexpensive product [20]. It is often the basis for the plastic waterproof membrane
in green roofs. However, PVC choices appear to wind up progressively accessible in the
green roof industry, alongside the expanding consciousness of the difficulties coming
about because of the use of PVC.
Research involving alternatives to plastic membranes in green rooftops seems, by all
accounts, to be fairly constrained right now. As of now, the significant option in contrast
to plastic membranes, especially PVC membranes, is a bituminous-based waterproofing
membrane. It ought to be noticed that while bituminous membranes are devoid of PVC,
they are a petroleum-based product, therefore unsustainable as a non-renewable resource
and a contributor to the worldwide temperature alteration impact because of assembling.
Bituminous membranes seem, by all accounts, to be an appropriate choice until further
notice, as they last 20-60 years while the PVC layers last just 10-20 years. The
bituminous membrane additionally has a more elevated amount of water snugness and
has more elasticity than PVC obstructions. However, it requires the addition of a root
barrier, though the PVC does not [21]. Research into a life cycle appraisal correlation
among PVC and bituminous waterproofing would be helpful to the designer in this
decision-making process, with an end goal to choose the material with the lowest
embodied energy.
Green rooftops that are nearly low in embodied energy do exist, and they are those that
are not entirely reliant on non-natural products for their performance. The Moos water
treatment plant in Zurich has green roofs that were developed in 1914, without the
advantage of present-day plastics. These roofs are built of 8 cm thick slab concrete
completed with a layer of 2 cm thick mastic asphalt, which fills in as the waterproofing
layer. The drainage layer is a five centimeters thick mix of sand and rock, and the
developing medium is comprised of 15 to 20 centimeters of local topsoil. Through their
more than ninety year lifespan, these green rooftops have required no support with the
exception of at the edges. The rock and sand layers have joined after some time,
however, the waterproof layer has never been endangered. In this specific green roof, an
overwhelming dependence on plastics is pointless, as it has accomplished longevity and
integrity, just as giving native plant and wildlife habitat [22]. While there might be some
innate troubles in endeavoring to duplicate this structure today, it is pertinent to
investigate how to adjust the Moos structure for today’s green roof implementation.

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There are a lot of obstructions to the selection of environmental design at all dimensions
in green roofs, as with any new innovation. The fundamental issues, referred to in an
investigation by Calkins [23], are those of cost, absence of testing and information on
the execution of techniques, time accessible for research, and resistance by project
stakeholders, different specialists and code authorities. Likewise, the consequences of
Calkins' examination feature the requirement for further research, instruction, and spread
of data about ecological design, which unquestionably remains constant on account of
green roofs when all is said in done. As the author brings up, frequently the architect
must push another type of ecological design. Therefore, the designer needs to observe
and understand functional, reliable green roofs made without PVC or different sorts of
plastics from the research sector so as to advocate these all-encompassing, ecologically
neighborly green roofs. New choices for greener green roof materials will probably wind
up accessible as this innovation advances, and with expanded attention to the
sustainability issues and research of green roofs, this green innovation will keep on
developing. At present, the use of today’s construction materials is worthy, as long as
experts and public alike are aware of the Life Cycle Assessments of these materials, and
attempts to limit negative and augment positive natural impacts in green roofs.
Plant selection
The mental image of green roofs regularly incorporates a spread of solid succulents; the
low growing, shallow rooting, tough little plants that commonly embellish extensive
green roofs. And keeping in mind that intensive and semi-intensive green roofs can
oversee further establishing and bigger plants, extensive green roofs are limited in plant
decision due to the shallow soils and a harsher microclimate. Strong succulents, for
example, sedums [24] handle these confinements well. There are attempted and genuine
sedums and other monetarily accessible plant species that endure the shallow substrate,
high temperatures and windy conditions of our urban rooftops. An amazing asset for data
on plant choice is Green Roof Plants by Edmund and Lucie Snodgrass [24], which is a
lovely shock for planners who trust that extensive green rooftops must be bland and
monoculture. This instructive book outlines the assorted cluster of effective green roof
plants accessible in the exchange, from succulents to grasses to bulbs. There are
numerous functional green roofs that use delightful and convincing collections of these
kinds of plants.
For many landscape architects and other plant designers expecting to make wildlife
habitat, it might be attractive to use native plants on extensive green rooftops, instead of
the non-native sed ums that are so famous. From a utilitarian perspective, it is vital to
see how native plants on green roofs contrast with the standard green roof succulents.
This has been a popular topic among horticulturalists. There have been a few
investigations on the capacity of native plants on green roofs in various areas of the
United States (for instance, the Green Roof Research Program at MSU). Typical
confinement in finding reasonable native species is the necessity that plants have the

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capacity to endure the more extreme conditions of rooftop living. For instance, prairie
grasses, which commonly have large rooting depths so as to reach groundwater in dry
conditions, would be unsuited for the shallow soiled green roof. An examination in
Europe investigating the capability of green roofs to help biodiversity proposed that by
permitting varying depths of natural soils on green roofs, a greater diversity of native
plants and wildlife can be cultivated on rooftops [17] (see Figure 1). While this presents
a convincing design element for the use of native plants on green roofs, it likewise raises
the imperative factor of manufactured substrate versus soil and native plants. The typical
choice for extensive green roofs in this country is the use of lightweight aggregate in lieu
of native soils for structural reasons. These lightweight aggregates have been so as to
limit the extra load on green roofs. This further entangles a design goal of ecological
restoration on rooftops if one is to utilize the American industry standard lightweight
aggregate on green roofs. Lightweight aggregates are pervaded with minimal amounts
of organic matter. Besides, their structure can enable nutrients to be washed out by
precipitation.

Figure 1. Urban gardening at a stair shaped architectural building in Oslo, Norway.

Consequently, it is critical to include a management plan with the green roof to guarantee
that the nutritional requirements of its plants are being met. To guarantee the life span
of green roofs, a fertilization regime might be expected to in the green roof support
schedules. The simple act of leaving decaying plant material could enhance the nutrient
loss by rain occasions.
Green roofs frequently present extreme conditions. In many cases, rooftop conditions
are limitlessly different in soil and plant composition from most native landscapes. In
other words, even if a subset of plants from a native ecotype were to survive on a roof,
they may not resemble the character or function of the genuine actual ecosystem from
which they are derived. This exhibits a test if the green roof intended as wildlife habitat.
However, there are advantages to be had from developing native plants on green
rooftops. If they are to survive to the reproductive stage on green roofs, native plants
contribute native seed stock to the surrounding environment. Natives may likewise be

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more effective than a non-native, hardy succulent in offering appropriate natural

surroundings to smaller wildlife species. It might be possible to make a green roof
environment layout which would all the more closely emulate functional ecosystems
through watchful investigation of wildlife and ecosystem interactions of the natural
analogs of extensive green roofs (rock barren ecosystems for example) [18].
Sustainability, landscape architecture and green roof design
In the face of the world’s different ecological emergencies, many are beginning to
support the principles of sustainability to ensure that the planet remains a functional
biosphere. Even landscape architecture seems to be re-evaluating itself, with the field
beginning to emphasize better understanding of ecological values and how to incorporate
functional ecosystems with human land uses. What is rapidly being found is that all
together for our natural areas to be secured and ecosystem health to be valued, the public
needs not exclusively to comprehend what these ecosystem values are and why they are
important, yet additionally, go to an aesthetic appreciation of local natural ecosystems.
Landscape architects well versed in the art and science of landscape design ought to be
the ones venturing up to the plate to incorporate the objectives of ecological health and
human culture. Whenever doable, this implies depending on Low Impact Design (LID)
measures, for example, rain gardens and constructed wetlands. But the land is at a
premium in our major urban centers, and although the ground plane is largely accounted
for, there is whole landscape waiting to be used on our rooftops. Green roofs offer one
practical answer for the different infirmities of our urban communities; they clean the
air, they absorb and retain stormwater, they cool buildings and the surrounding air, lastly,
they are stylishly intriguing and can even provide wildlife habitat. They may not be
reminiscent of any nearby local native landscapes (at least in our colder atmospheres)
and they may look like profoundly engineered curiosities exists in many stories above
the ground plane, yet they are likewise exceedingly ecologically and culturally
functional.
We are beginning to understand the value of green roofs in China where the green roof
market is starting to take off (see Figure 2). There is, however, a specific dimension of
customer fear, expect that the green roof won't work as advertised, that it will leak, or
that it won't look as anticipated. This concern is normal with such another innovation,
particularly given the absence of examples in local communities, and the absence of long
term studies on green roof execution in China. This is the reason why it is critical to
building well-designed and engineered green roofs that can represent themselves.
Landscape architects specifically are appropriate to join the plan experts in green roof
advancement due to our fundamental comprehension of the science behind landscape
design, which incorporates site investigation and stormwater management.

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Figure 2. Existing roofs of Shenye TaiRan Building (Shenzhen, China) were retrofitted into
green roofs.
To help increase widespread acknowledgment of these new innovations, green roofs
must simultaneously work well and pique public interest through great plan and visibility
[25]. A phenomenal example can be found at a stair-shaped architectural building in
Fukuoka, Japan (see Figure 3).

Figure 3. Giant green roof built at a stair shaped architectural building in Fukuoka, Japan.
This green roof, planned by a landscape architecture firm for a landscape architecture
organization, outlines how well matched landscape architecture and green roofs are
through the careful design of the available spaces, showcasing of plant choices at
different depths, and checking the roof for a decrease in heat loading and retention of
stormwater. Since green roof configuration envelops a significant number of the features
of landscape architecture, landscape architects can bring important design skills into this
field, upgrading the ubiquity and accomplishment of green roofs.
This might be especially vital in the residential or small business sector, where generally
few green roof models exist, and there is greater opportunity for high design features.
As per Charlie Miller, founder, and owner of the green rooftop company Roofscapes,

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this is a sector of the market that is immature and could be embraced by those in
landscape architecture [25].
Conclutions
In addition to previously mentioned research needs, there are several areas where
research about the use of stairs shaped buildings for urban agriculture is vital before
wide-scale execution of the green roof technology. First, assurance of what crops are
suited to development in green roof media will be necessary. Little is known about how
growing vegetables on these green roofs will affect the environmental benefits provided
roofs. A large number of the benefits are straightforwardly identified with the measure
of inclusion accomplished by the vegetation and the leaf area of the vegetation [26]. The
coverage that would be accomplished by vegetables will be altogether different than that
of the ground covers and perennials traditionally used on these green roofs since they
are ordinarily cultivated in rows. In addition, vegetable gardens would be replanted each
year, whereas typical green roofs are populated with perennial species. Research on how
this distinction will affect energy savings and storm water retention, for instance, will
empower better appraisal of this use of these green roofs in areas where these benefits
are of particular significance. The impacts of other ecological factors on crops, for
example, exposure to higher winds, should be determined for optimum crop selection.
Despite the fact that pollinators have been seen and kept on green roofs, an understanding
of the efficiency and quality of pollination of vegetable plants on these green roofs would
enable better decision-making about which crops to grow and the necessity of honey bee
keeping on vegetable-growing green roofs. Finally, economic evaluation of various
crops may create more data on how much economic impact this type of food production
could have on both a small and large scale. The incorporation of green roof technology
into urban agriculture keeps up the economic and food security benefits of urban
agriculture while taking out a portion of the numerous challenges looked by urban
farmers around the world. The ideal case, where formalized use concurrences with
building owners and oversight by municipal authorities guarantee more noteworthy
space accessibility and more beneficial deliver, is, however, only possible through the
collaboration of all parties involved, something that might be troublesome in areas where
urban agriculture is seen in an especially negative light. The formalization of use rights
required by the use of these green roofs space by urban farmers represents an opportunity
for farmers to accomplish ensured access to quality land and irrigation water, giving
security to their agricultural pursuits. For land and building owners, the formalization of
use rights speaks to a chance to make more prominent financial progress and some level
of oversight over the activities taking place. This mix of economic opportunity and
oversight may have the additional benefit of enhancing land and building owners’
attitudes toward urban agriculture, which could expedite policy reform. Municipal
involvement will empower new insights into the benefits of urban agriculture and
understanding the ways by which its negative effects can be limited. The procedure,
however difficult, could be made less demanding through the foundation of strategy

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friendlier to urban agriculture, incentive and subsidy programmes for the establishment
of green roofs on stair-shaped architectural buildings and research into decreasing the
underlying expense of these green roofs and inputs necessary for productive agriculture
on these green rooftops. The goals of these issues will additionally empower a future in
which urban areas are greener and healthier places to live. This future could utilize ideas
regarding advancement that incorporate green space in the forms of green roofs on stair-
shaped architectural buildings, parks or agricultural plots, empowering a closer
association with nature and the production of food with the benefit of expanded food
security, particularly for the urban poor.
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