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Revision GUIDE for the LET

REPOST�

PNU REVIEWER (SUMMARY) AND FEW TIPS ON HOW TO PASS THE BOARD EXAM (pag binasa nyo po to
hndi kayo magsisisi promise)

☺☺�� sana makatulong to sainyo�

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● John Locke � was an English philosopher and physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to form character
(mental, physical, and moral) ; Education as Training of the mind/Formal discipline ; Notable ideas -
"Tabula rasa"

● Francis Bacon � was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author. "Father of
scientific method" "Father of empiricism"

● Jean Jacques Rousseau � was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of the 18th
century."Hollistic education"(physical,moral, intellectual)

Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous novel: "Emile" or On
Education; Human Development

● Edgar Dale � was an American educator who developed the "Cone of Experience"

aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"

● Erik Erikson � was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known
for his theory on "psychosocial development" of human beings.

● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi � was a swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified
Romanticism in his approach. "Social regeneration of humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-sphere concept of
life" his motto was " Learning by head, hand and heart"

● Friedrich Frobel � was a German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid the "foundation of
modern education" based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities. "Father
of kindergarten"

● Johann Herbart � was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an academic
discipline. ;

● Edward Lee Thorndike � was an American psychologist ; " Father of Modern educational psychology;
connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants"
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● IDEALISM � Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world to
be

● REALISM � Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke

▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge

● BEHAVIORISM � always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior

● EXISTENTIALISM � Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"

▶Focuses on self/individual

● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM �William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences through

interaction to the environment

▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children

● PERENNIALISM � Robert Hutchins

▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths

● ESSENTIALISM � William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge

▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge

● PROGRESSIVISM � Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)

▶focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality

● CONSTRUCTIVISM�Jean Piaget

▶Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and their
ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.

● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM � George Counts - recognized that education was the means of
preparing people for creating his new social order

▶highlights social reform as the aim of education

➡ ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through
interaction and reading.

➡ ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation to the
next generation

➡ Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.
➡ Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers and
generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.

➡ 90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law

➡ 30 days - "lapse"

PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION

● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud

● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality

● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development

● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky

● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner

● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths

● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner

● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg

● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning

● Edward Thorndike - connectionism

● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement

● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy

● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory

● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method

● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem

● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory

● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory

● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence

● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space

● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory

● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and
potential development

● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach

● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology

● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"

● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness

● hypothalamus - brain's stress center

● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security; love &
belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization

● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established the psychological
school of behaviorism.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.

Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"

● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"

Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"

● Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this is known as
personification.

Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"

● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point is known as hyperbole.

Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're having for dessert"

● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it.

Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"

● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only
known through common use.

Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."

● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are a part to represent a
whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche

● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.

Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."

● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a word that is closely
associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States

REPUBLIC ACTS

● RA ##7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994

● RA ##7796 - TESDA Act of 1994

● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) �this is the very
fundamental legal basis of education in thr philippines.

● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) �an Act providing for the Establishment
& Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education

● RA ##4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)

● RA ##6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Ofcials and Employees

● RA ##7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995

● RA ##9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic Education

● RA ##7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence

● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum

● RA ##90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public Elementary & Secondary
Curricula & Appropriating funds

● RA ##10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO ofce of Civil defense May 2010

LITERATURE

● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature

● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth

● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work

● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel

● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"

● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing

● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface

● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief

● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines

● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his country's aspirations;
narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c people sing/chant

● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts

● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"

● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"

● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear

● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose

● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles
against agamemnon

● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being"

● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for poetic effect

● George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity of
style.

● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories

● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called Gitanjali/song offerings

● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.

● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature

● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"

● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"

● Charles Darwin - Origin of species

● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen

● Harry Potter - epic kind of story

VOCABULARY
Emulate 〰 imitate

Vouchsafe 〰 grant

Abeyance 〰 suspended

Denigrate 〰 malign

Furtive 〰 sneaky

Remonstrate 〰protest

Corroborate 〰confirm

Gullible〰easily deceived

Germane〰relevant

Plebeian〰common

Vulpine〰cunning

Spendthrift〰spender

Impolitic〰unwise

Terse〰concise

Parsimonious〰stingy

Stupefy〰make numb

Pariah〰outcast

Wizened〰shrivelled

Dubious〰doubtful

Incriminates〰accuse

Frivolous〰worthless

Susceptible〰inclined

Impertinent〰irrelevant

Ostracized 〰excluded

Conglomeration〰diffusion
Cacophonous〰loud and unpleasant

Carnal〰worldly

Aplomb〰composure

Candor 〰honesty

Contemptuous 〰 scornful

Feeble 〰 weak

Inevitable 〰 certain

FILIPINO

● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)

● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"

● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog

● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan

● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva � unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas

● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog

● Juan Luna - La Spolarium

● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas

● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"

● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika

● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"

● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"

● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar

● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan

● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa

● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"

● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog

FEW TIPS ON HOW TO PASS THE BOARD EXAM

� Do not change your answers. UNLESS you are very uncertain about your first answer. Kung sure na
sure kayo na nabasa nyo o nareview tlga ung tanong na un why not baguhin nyo pero sabi ng nagbriefing
sa amin "YOUR FIRST ANSWER CHOICE" USUALLY TAMA.

� Make the most intelligent guess you can kung di nyo tlga alam ung tanong.

� Find KEY WORDS or phrases in the question that will help you choose the correct answer.

�Make sure you understand what the question is asking.

�Watch out for these words: (first,primary,initial,early,best,most/least,most important,priority,except)

⛔LONG TIME PREPARATION - need po paghandaan ang board exam, malayo pa magreview na or
magbasa basa ng notebooks or mga xerox noong college, kung super bc yung simpleng pagbasa ng 1-2
pages sa isang araw makakatulong un :)

⛔REVIEW CENTERS(RECOMMENDED) - kung kaya nmn ng budget nyo maghanap kayo ng reviewcenter
sa lugar nyo kasi iba din po ung weekly may nagtuturo, at merong handouts silang bnibigay na
makakatulong sa pagrereview ninyo. Meron rn libreng mga reviewcenter na pinapatupad ng gobyerno sa
ibang lugar tulad dto samin maging resourceful po kayo. Kung di kaya ng budget ok lang naman mag self
review �

⛔BE RESOURCEFUL(WAG MAHIHIYANG MAGHANAP) - maghanap kayo ng maraming reviewers , books,

or mga xerox copies sa mga kakilala wag mahihiyang maghanap � Mas maraming mababasa, mas
marami matututunan nyo malaki pa chance mo makapasa kasi mrami ka alam.�

⛔PRAY (WAG MASASAWANG MAGDASAL)

Wag kalimutan magdasal dahil lagi nanjan ang Diyos para satin, wag sabihin sakanya na sana makapasa
kayo , but instead " Bigyan nyo po ako ng linaw ng pag iisip upang maunawaan ko lahat ng tanong sa
exam upang makuha ko ang tamang sagot at matapos ko ito sa takdang oras"

⛔THINK POSITIVE/POSITIVE MINDSET

wag kayo mawalan ng pag asa lalo na sa repeaters tandaan nyo lang po to

" WINNERS NEVER QUIT, AND QUITTERS NEVER WIN" kailangan lakasan nyo loob nyo mahal tayo ng
Diyos hndi nya tayo papabayaan

⛔GOOD LIFESTYLE (BE HEALTHY & SMART)

wag pabayaan ang sarili, kung hndi kakain sa tamang oras, balewala ung pag aaral ninyo, kumain muna
bago mag aral at matulog ng maaga, Kumain lagi ng maraming prutas at gulay esp nuts and dark
chocolate recommended ko yan pampatalas ng isip.
PS: IWASAN ang junk foods nakakatuyo po ng utak yun hndi kayo makakafocus mag aral

⛔MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW - wag po susuko, may awa ang Diyos basta mag effort
lang tayo, "PAG GUSTO LAGING MAY PARAAN PAG AYAW LAGING MAY DAHILAN."

" PAG MAY TYAGA MAY NILAGA" Pag desidido at matyaga kayo, makakaya nyo yan, lahat naman ng bagay
dinadaan sa TIYAGA , right po? Para hndi maistress, relax lang chill lang ienjoy nyo lang ang pagrereview,

IT TAKES A LOT OF EFFORT, PERSEVERANCE and TIME. Lagi natin isipin na kaya natin.

✔ANOTHER TIPS PO TO BUT THIS IS EXCEPTIONAL Depende sainyo kung gagawin nyo to or hndi pero ako
ginawa ko to lahat naniniwala kasi kami sa pamahiin. Wala naman mawawala kung gagawin right ?

�GO
H TO CHURCH †(few days before exam)

Una, few days before the exam , dalhin lahat ng gagamitin sa exam like pencils,envelopes,calculators etc
sa church at after ng mass ipabless o pababasbasan sa pari ung mga gagamitin sa exam day (for catholics
only po to)

❌ BAWAL MAGPAGUPIT NG BUHOK ✂(few months before exam)

Wag mag gupit or wag magpagupit ng buhok girls/boys habang naghhntay ng big day until examination
day why? Kasi mawawala daw ung mga pinag aralan mo kasi connected daw po un sa utak pero after
exam day pde na magpagupit :)

�WEAR SOMETHING RED (during exam day)

Pdeng red ponytail, red na panyo, red bracelet, socks, basta anthing na kulay red, lucky color daw po kasi
� red and fighting color rin ang red
ang �

�RIGHT
T
T FOOT FIRST

Bago ka maghanap ng seat # Kanan na paa daw po unang ihahakbang papasok sa mismong room kung
saan ka mag eexam. At pagkapasok mo sa room upuan mo agad ung mismong upuan mo after makita
ung seat # mo

� (During examination day) Bring 2 pencils (para hndi hassle putulin na ung isa sa bahay bago exam day)
Bago lumabas ng room, icheck lahat ng gamit kung nsa bag na then after mo maipasa answer sheet,
idonate sa watcher ung ginamit mong lapis,(ung hndi putol ang idonate)ruler,eraser etc

⚠ tapos sipain ng mahina ung mismong inupuan mo pag exam sabay labas ng room diretso palabas ng
campus Wag ng tumigin ulit pabalik sa room na pinag examan mo, why? Para hndi ka na daw bumalik ulit
sa rum na yun kasi papasa kna.

✏tapos ung isang extrang lapis na putol na, itapon mo naman sa madadaanan na trashcan sa loob ng
campus.
�During exam day, wag kalimutan magdasal syempre bago magsagot then maglagay ng coin/s sa right
pocket and rosary (for catholics) naman sa kaliwang part pampaswerte daw po yun.

PINAKABEST SA LAHAT AY MAG ARAL PA RIN PO :) "NASA DIYOS ANG AWA, NASA TAO ANG GAWA" hndi
kayo magsisisi basta tyaga lang po kayo magreview, wag kayo mag alala kasi..

KAYO NAMAN ANG SUSUNOD NA PAPASA☺

Godbless po sainyo, maraming salamat sa matyaga na nagbasa ng nobela ko ���