Methods
of
reinforcing
plas<cs
(matrix)
with
(a)
par<cles,
and
(b)
short
or
long
fibers
or
flakes.
The
four
layers
of
con<nuous
fibers
in
illustra<on
(c)
are
assembled
into
a
laminate
structure.
Composite
Applica6ons:
CFRP
–
carbon
fiber
reinforced
composite.
Swedish
Navy,
Stealth
(2005)
Pole-‐vaul6ng
Application of advanced composite materials in Boeing 757-200 commercial aircraft.
Source: Boeing Commercial Airplane Company.
Classifica6on
of
Composites
Matrix-‐Based Classifica6on
The
purpose
is
to
increase
the
The
purpose
is
to
increase
The
purpose
is
to
increase
mechanical
proper<es
of
the
specific
proper<es
of
the
the
fracture
toughness
of
the
polymer
(Modulus
of
metal
alloy,
for
example
ceramic
material.
Elas<city,
Yield
Strength,
(S<ffness,
Yield
Strength,
Examples:
Silicon
carbide-‐
Tensile
Strength,
creep
Tensile
Strength,
creep
silicon
carbide
(SiC-‐SiC).
Same
resistance,
etc.).
resistance,
wear
resistance).
material
both
matrix
and
The
most
widely
used
in
Examples:
Al-‐SiC
(silicon
filler
BUT
filler
different
form
engineering.
carbide);
Al-‐Al2O3
(aluminum
such
as
whiskers,
chopped
Examples:
Para-‐aramid/ oxide);
Al-‐C;
Al-‐B;
Mg-‐Al2O3
fibers
or
strands
to
achieve
epoxy;
Kevlar/polyester;
preferred
proper<es;
Nb/
graphite/epoxy;
C
(graphite)/ MoSi2;
SiC/Al2O3;
SiC-‐glass
polyetheretherketone
(PEEK).
silicate
Composite
Benefits
E(GPa)
ceramics
10
3
CMCs:
Increased
toughness
PMCs
10
2
Force
par<cle-‐reinf
PMCs:
Increased
E/ρ
10
metal/metal
alloys
1
.1
G=3E/8
polymers
fiber-‐reinf
K=E
.01
un-‐reinf
.1
.3
1
3
10
30
ε
ss
(s-‐1)
Density,
ρ
[mg/m3]
10
-‐4
Bend
displacement
6061
Al
10 -‐6
dpar<cle< 100nm
dpar<cle>100nm
Proper6es
of
Composites
Rule
of
Mixtures:
The
proper<es
of
a
composite
material
are
related
to
the
proper<es
of
each
of
the
star<ng
materials.
The
rule
of
mixtures
are
used
to
calculate
certain
proper<es
of
a
composite
material.
This
involves
calcula<ng
a
weighted
average
of
the
cons<tuent
material
proper<es.
Density
is
an
example
of
this
averaging
rule.
The
mass
of
a
composite
material
is
the
sum
of
the
masses
of
the
matrix
and
reinforcing
phases
(c=composite;
m=matrix;
r=reinforcement;
V=volume;
f=volume
frac<on;
ρ=density
and
E=modulus
of
elas<city)
The
rule
of
mixtures
can
some<mes
be
used
to
es<mate
the
modulus
of
elas<city
of
a
composite:
mc = mm + mr
Vc = Vm +Vr +Vvoids E c = E m f m + E r fr
mc mm + mr
ρc = =
Vc Vc
mm = ρ mVm mr = ρrVr
ρ mVm + ρrVr
ρc =
Vc
V V
f m = m fr = r
Vc Vc
ρ c = f m ρ m + fr ρ r
Perpendicular
to
the
longitudinal
direc<on,
the
fibers
contribute
li;le
to
the
overall
s<ffness
except
for
their
filling
effect.
The
composite
modulus
can
be
es<mated
in
this
direc<on
using
the
following
equa<on:
The
composite
is
strongly
anisotropic.
E m Er
E 'c =
E r f m + E m fr
Par6cle
Reinforced
Composite
The
way
in
which
par<cles
reinforced
the
matrix
can
be
divided
into
two
classes
based
on
their
size.
When
the
par<cles
are
large
(d>100nm),
the
par<cles
share
the
load
with
the
matrix.
The
interac<on
between
par<cles
and
matrix
are
not
on
the
atomic
or
molecular
level
and
par<cle/matrix
interface
strength
is
cri<cal.
Examples:
Some
polymers
with
added
fillers
are
really
large
par<cle
composites
Concrete
(cement
with
sand
or
gravel)
cement
is
matrix,
sand
is
par<culate.
When
the
par<cles
are
smaller
(0.01-‐0.1 µm
par<cles),
the
increase
in
proper<es
are
due
to
the
inhibi<on
of
the
movement
of
disloca<ons.
Examples:
Thoria/Ni
;
Al2O3/Al
;
GP
zones
in
Al.
The
Desired
Characteris<cs
of
the
par<cles
are
as
follows:
(a)
Par<cles
should
be
equiaxial
in
shape,
(b)
Small
and
evenly
distributed
par<cles
are
recommended
with
a
volume
frac<on
that
depends
on
desired
proper<es.
Proper<es
such
as
elas<c
modulus,
electrical
conduc<vity
and
thermal
conduc<vity
can
be
calculated
from
the
proper<es
of
the
individual
par<cles
and
matrix,
where
v
is
the
volume
frac<on
of
the
par<culate
and
the
matrix
Upper
bound
is
given
by:
Ec = E m f m + E p f p
Em E p
Lower
bound
is
given
by:
Ec =
E p fm + Em f p
Light
phase
-‐
Matrix
(Cobalt)
Dark
phase-‐
Par<culate
(WC)
Cermet
is
a
typical
example
of
a
large
par<cle
reinforced
composites.
The
frac<on
of
the
matrix
(Co)
could
be
as
low
as
0.1
while
the
par<culate
frac<on
is
high
(0.9).
Cermet
is
a
ceramic-‐metal
composite.
Usually,
the
components
are
cemented
carbide
WC,
TiC
embedded
in
Co,
Cu
or
Ni.
They
are
used
as
cuong
tools
(ceramic
hard
par<cles
to
cut,
but
a
duc<le
metal
matrix
to
withstand
stresses).
Example:
A
fiberglass
composite
is
composed
of
a
matrix
of
vinyl
ester
and
reinforcing
fibers
of
E-‐glass.
The
volume
frac<on
of
E-‐glass
is
35%.
The
remainder
is
vinyl
ester.
The
density
of
the
vinyl
ester
is
0.882
g/cm3,
and
its
modulus
of
elas<city
is
3.60
GPa.
The
density
of
E-‐glass
is
2.60
g/cm3,
and
its
modulus
of
elas<city
is
76.0
GPa.
A
sec<on
of
composite
1.00
cm
by
50.00
cm
by
200.00
cm
is
fabricated
with
the
E-‐
glass
fibers
running
longitudinal
along
the
200-‐cm
direc<on.
Assume
there
are
no
voids
in
the
composite.
Determine
the
following:
(a)
mass
of
vinyl
ester
in
the
sec<on,
(b)
mass
of
Eglass
fibers
in
the
sec<on,
(c)
the
density
of
the
composite
and
(d)
the
modulus
of
elas<city
in
the
longitudinal
direc<on
of
the
glass
fibers
and
in
the
perpendicular
direc<on
to
the
glass
fibers.
E 'c =
E m Er
=
( 3.60) ( 76.0)
= 5.40GPa
Er fm + Em fr ( 76.0) (0.65) + (3.60) (0.35)
Example:
A
graphite-‐epoxy
reinforced
plas<c
with
20%
of
longitudinal
graphite
fibers
has
a
strength
of
2500MPa
and
an
elas<c
modulus
of
300GPa.
The
strength
of
the
epoxy
matrix
is
120MPa
and
it
has
an
elas<c
modulus
of
100GPa.
Determine
the
elas<c
modulus
of
the
composite
and
the
frac<on
of
the
load
supported
by
the
fibers.
x f = 0.2 xm = 1− x f = 0.8
Ec = 0.2 × 300 + 0.8 ×100 = 140GPa
E f = 300GPa Em = 100GPa
σ f = 2500MPa σ m = 120MPa
Fc = Ff + Fm → σ c Ac = σ f A f + σ m Am ⇒ σ c = σ f x f + σ m xm
σ Ff F
Strains = εc = ε f = ε m ⇒ ε = ⇒ = m
E E f A f Em Am
Ff E f A f 0.2 × 300
= = = 0.75
Fm Em Am 0.8 ×100
Ff
Fc = Ff + = 2.33Ff ⇒ Ff = 0.43Fc
0.75
The
modulus
of
the
en<re
composite,
matrix
plus
reinforcement,
is
governed
by
the
rule
of
mixtures
(ROM):
*
σf d
d
Lc =
2τ c
• Ex: Lc is 1mm for glass fiber in the C matrix, so the op<mal fiber length is about 30mm.
Thinner
fibers
help
too:
as
d
decreases,
the
cri:cal
length
decreases
as
well
(saving
money).
Con6nuous
and
aligned
fibers
For
longitudinal
loading,
assuming
a
duc<le
matrix
(e.g.
metal)
and
a
bri;le
fiber
(ceramic
with
no
duc<lity):
Stage
I
includes
the
fiber
and
matrix
both
deforming
elas<cally
E=σ/ε
Stage
II
involves
plas<c
deforma<on
of
the
matrix
and
elas<c
deforma<on
of
the
fiber.
The
load
actually
on
the
fiber
is
increased.
Fibers
begin
to
fail
at
the
F
failure
strain.
The
process
is
not
catastrophic
since:
the
fibers
are
not
all
the
same
size
and
strength.
the
matrix
and
matrix/
fiber
bond
are
s<ll
intact
except
at
the
fracture
points.
Longitudinal
loading
F
Fc = Fm + F f
The
load
sustained
by
the
composite
is
shared
by
the
matrix
and
the
fibers.
σ =F/A
σ c Ac = σ m Am + σ f A f
The
stress
on
each
component
is
easily
calculated
and
Am Af
depends
on
the
rela<ve
areas
of
each
component
(or
σc = σm + σ f
volume
since
V
is
propor<onal
to
A
in
this
orienta<on).
Ac Ac
Vm V
σc = σm + f σ f
If
the
fiber/matrix
bond
is
good
then
the
strain
on
Vc Vc
fiber
and
matrix
is
the
same
(isostrain).
εc = εm = ε f
If
deforma<ons
are
all
elas<c
(stage
I),
Young’s
σ
E=
modulus
is
propor<onal
to
stress/strain.
ε
Vm Vf
Modulus
of
elas<city
is
thus
easily
calculated.
E cε c = Emε m + E f ε f
Vc Vc
This
is
the
upper
bound
of
fiber
composite
proper6es.
Vm Vf
Ec = Em + E f
Vc Vc
The
force
on
the
fiber
vs.
the
matrix
can
be
Ff σ f Af E f ε f V f E f V f
determined
as
well.
= = =
Fm σ m Am Emε mVm EmVm
Transverse
loading
F
Now
the
load
is
applied
at
90°
to
the
fiber
axis.
σ transverse = σ c = σ m = σ f
No
longer
isostrain
(same
strain
on
matrix
and
fiber)
Vm Vf
εc = εm + ε f
Instead,
isostress
applies
(stress
applied
to
composite
is
Vc Vc
same
as
that
applied
to
each
component).
σ
ε=
E
Strain
on
each
component
sums
to
give
the
overall
strain.
σ Vm σ V f σ
= +
Again,
if
deforma<ons
are
all
elas<c
(stage
I),
Young’s
Ec Vc Em Vc E f
modulus
is
propor<onal
to
stress/strain.
1 Vm 1 V f 1
= +
Ec Vc Em Vc E f
This
is
the
lower
bound
of
par<culate
composite
proper<es.
Orienta6on
Dependence
for
uniaxially
aligned
fibers
Note
that
the
modulus
drops
rapidly
as
the
orienta<on
of
the
measurement
differs
with
the
orienta<on
of
the
fibers.
The
average
of
all
orienta<ons
is
about
18%
the
maximum
modulus.
For
biaxially
oriented
fibers,
the
minimum
modulus
is
obtained
at
45
degrees.
With
randomly
oriented
fibers,
the
orienta<on
dependence
disappears.
A
useful
engineering
for
randomly
oriented
fibers
is
the
following:
" 3% " 5% Where
E//
and
E
are
the
moduli
E ≈ $ ' E// + $ ' E⊥ parallel
and
perpendicular
to
the
#8& #8& uniaxially
aligned
fibers.
Note:
The
rule
of
mixtures
can
not
be
used
to
calculate
the
strength
of
the
composite
with
uniaxially
aligned
fibers.
As
the
strains
in
the
matrix
and
in
the
fibers
are
the
same,
in
most
of
the
cases,
the
fibers
will
reach
their
tensile
strength
long
before
the
matrix.
TScomposite < vm (TSm ) + v f (TS f ) Where
σm
is
the
stress
carried
by
the
matrix
when
the
fibers
fracture.
TScomposite = vm (σ m ) + v f (TS f )
!E $
σ m = ## m && TS f
" Ef %
A
metal
M
is
reinforced
by
parallel
fibers
of
metal
W
with
a
volume
frac<on
of
Example:
50%.
The
metal
W
has
a
Yield
Strength
of
200MPa
and
a
modulus
of
210GPa,
while
the
metal
matrix
has
a
yield
strength
of
50MPa
and
a
modulus
of
30GPa.
What
is
the
maximum
stress
that
the
composite
can
carry
without
yielding?
The
strains
must
be
the
same
for
the
fibers
and
matrix.
The
composite
will
yield
at
a
lower
strain.
Then
σ σ σ 200MPa
the
matrix
stress
=
0.001x30GPa=30MPa.
W
= M ⇒ W = = 0.001
The
average
stress
will
be
EW EM EW 210000MPa
0.5x200+0.5x30=115MPa
σ 50MPa
M
⇒ = = 0.0017
EM 30000MPa
Stresses
in
the
composite,
matrix
and
fibers
σ f σm Ff Fm
ε f = εm ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒
E f Em A f E f Am Em
Ff Fm Ff vf Ef
= ⇒ =
v f AE f (1− v f )AEm Fm (1− v f )Em
# (1− v f ) E &
Fc = Ff + Fm ⇒ Fc = Ff %%1+ m(
(
$ v f E f '
1
= fraction of the load sup ported by fiber
# (1− v f ) E &
%%1+ m(
(
$ v f E f '
Example:
Consider
a
composite
consis<ng
of
reinforcing
fibers
with
Ef
=
300
GPa.
If
the
allowable
fiber
stress
is
200
MPa
and
the
matrix
strength
is
50
MPa,
what
should
be
the
matrix
s<ffness
so
that
the
fibers
and
matrix
fail
simultaneously?
Ff vf Ef v f 300
= =
Fm (1− v f )Em (1− v f )Em
Ff σ f A f Ff 200v f A
⇒ = ⇒ =
Fm σ m Am Fm 50(1− v f )A
200v f A v f 300 200 300
= ⇒ =
50(1− v f )A (1− v f )Em 50 Em
Em = 75MPa
Laminate
Composite
Plates
For
an
isotropic
material,
a
general
expression
in
3D
that
relates
the
strains
with
the
stresses
in
the
elas<c
region.
1 1 1
γ yz = τ yz γ zx = τ zx γ xy = τ xy
G G G
⎡ 1 ν ν ⎤
⎢ E − − 0 0 0 ⎥
E E
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎧ ε x ⎫ ⎢− ν −
ν
0 0 0 ⎥ ⎧σ x ⎫
⎪ ε ⎪ ⎢ E E E ⎥ ⎪σ y ⎪
⎪ y ⎪ ⎢ ν ν 1 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
σx σy σz ⎪⎪ ε z ⎪⎪ ⎢− − 0 0 0 ⎪σ ⎪
E E E ⎥ ⎪ z ⎪
εx = −ν −ν ⎨ ⎬ ⎢ = ⎥ ⎨τ ⎬
E E E 1
⎪γ yz ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ yz ⎪
σx σy σz ⎪γ zx ⎪ ⎢ G ⎥ ⎪τ zx ⎪
ε y = −ν + −ν ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 0 1
E E E ⎪⎩γ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪⎪τ xy ⎪⎪
G ⎥ ⎩ ⎭
σx σy σz ⎢ 1 ⎥
ε z = −ν −ν +
E E E ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0
G ⎥⎦
For
a
plane
stress
condi6on:
σx σ σx σy σx σ 1
εx = −ν y ε y = −ν + ε z = −ν −ν y γ xy = τ xy
E E E E E E G
) 1 ν ,
+ − 0 .
! % + E E .! σ x %
## ε x ## + .## ##
ν 1
" εy & =+ − 0 ." σ y &
# # + E E .# τ #
#$ γ xy #' + 1 .#$ xy #'
+ 0 0
G . S<ffness
matrix
in
2D.
* -
Compliance
matrix
in
2D
Orthotropic
Material
! σ $ ! $ ! σ $
# 1 & # cos 2
θ sin θ 2
2sin θ cosθ & # x & Where
T
is
the
transforma<on
# σ2 &=# sin 2 θ cos2 θ −2sin θ cosθ & × # σ y & matrix.
It
can
be
shown
that:
& # −sin θ cosθ # &
#
#" τ 12 &% #" sin θ cosθ cos2 θ − sin 2 θ && # τ xy &% ! $ ! $
% " # ε &
# ε1 & x
! $ # & # &
! σ $
# 1 & # σx & # ε 2 & = [T ] × # ε y &
# γ & # &
# σ2 & = [T ] × # σ y & 12 γ
# xy &
# & # & #" 2 &% " 2 %
#" τ 12 &% #" τ xy &%
) ,
+ 1 − ν 21 0 . ! $ ! $
! ε % + E1 E2 .! % ! ε $ ! $ # ε1 & # ε1 &
# 1 # + ν .# σ 1 # # 1 & # 1 0 0
1 & # & # &
" ε2 & = + − 12 0 ." σ 2 & # ε2 & = # 0 1 0 & × # ε2 & = [ R] × # ε2 &
# # + E1 E2 .# # # & # 0 0 2 & #
#$ γ12 #' + .#$ τ 12 #' & # γ &
1 . #" γ12 &% " % # γ12 & #" 12
+ 0 0 " 2 % 2 &%
+* G12 .-
! ε % ! σ %
# 1 # # 1 #
" ε2 & = [S ] " σ 2 &
# # # #
#$ γ12 #' #$ τ 12 #'
! $ ! $
! $ # ε & # ε1 & ! ε $
# εx & # x
& # & # 1
&
# εy & = [ R ] × # ε y & = [ R ] [T ]−1 # ε 2 & = [ R ] [T ]−1 [ R ]−1 # ε 2 &
# & # & # & # &
#" γ xy &% # γ xy & γ 12 #
" γ12 &%
#" 2 &%
" 2 %
! $ ( σ , ( ,
# εx & * 1
* ** σ x **
# εy & = [ R ] [T ]−1 [ R ]−1 [ S ] ) σ 2 −1 −1
- = [ R ] [T ] [ R ] [ S ] [T ] ) σ y -
# & * * * *
#" γ xy &% *+ τ 12 *. *+ τ xy *.
−1 −1
S = [ R ] [T ] [ R] [ S ] [T ] Transformed
compliance
matrix
rela6ve
to
the
x-‐y
axes
Example:
Consider
a
ply
of
Kevlar-‐epoxy
composite
with
a
s<ffness
E1
=
82,
E2
=
4,
G12
=
2:8
(all
GPa)
and
ν12
=
0.25.
oriented
at
30
degrees
(counterclockwise)
from
the
x
axis.
Find
the
s<ffness
in
the
x
direc<on.
−1 −1
S = [ R ] [T ] [ R] [ S ] [T ]
" % "
0.25 0.866 %
2 2
$ cos 30 sin 30 2sin 30 cos30 ' $ 0.75 '
[T ] = $ sin 2 30 cos2 30 −2sin 30 cos30 ' = $ 0.25 0.75 −0.866 '
$ −sin 30 cos30 sin 30 cos30 cos2 30 − sin 2 30 ' $ −0.433 0.433 0.5 '&
$# '& #
" % " %
! 1 0 0 $ $ 1 − ν 21 0 ' $ 1 −
0.0122
0 '
# & $ E1 E2 ' $ 82 4 ' " 1.22 −0.305 0 %
[ ] #
R = 0 1 0 & $
ν 1
' $
0.25 1 ' $ '
# 0 0 2 & [ S ] = $ − 12 0 '=$ − 0 ' ×10 −9 = $ −0.305 25 0 ' ×10 −11
" % $ E1 E2 ' $ 82 E2 ' $ 0
$ ' $ # 0 35.7 '&
1 ' 1 '
$ 0 0 $ 0 0 '
$# G12 '& # 2.8 &
" 8.83 −1.97 −12.22 %
−1 −1 $ '
S = [ R ] [T ] [ R ] [ S ] [T ] = $ −1.97 20.72 −8.37 ' ×10 −11
$ −12.22 −8.37 29.05 '
# &
1
Ex = −11
= 11.32GPa
8.83×10
1
Ey = −11
= 4.82GPa
20.72 ×10
1
Gxy = −11
= 3.44GPa
29.05 ×10
Anisotropy
of
the
Elas6c
proper6es
a
the
composite.
Most
of
the
composites
are
considered
either
transversely
isotropic
materials
or
orthotropic
materials.
Orthotropic
material
data
requires
nine
values
to
be
fully
described
Three
Young’s
moduli
(Ex,Ey,Ez)
Three
Poissons
ra6o(vxy,
vyz,vxz)
Three
Shear
moduli
(Gxy,
Gyz,
Gxz)
⎡ 1 ν yx ν zx ⎤
⎢ − − 0 0 0
⎥
⎢ E x Ey Ez ⎥
⎢ ν xy 1 ν zy ⎥
⎧ ε x ⎫ ⎢− E − 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎧σ ⎫
Ey Ez x
⎪ ε ⎪ ⎢ x ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪
⎪ y ⎪ ⎢ ν xz ν yz 1 ⎥ ⎪ y ⎪
⎪⎪ ε z ⎪⎪ ⎢ − E − 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪
Ey Ez ⎪ z ⎪
⎨ ⎬ = ⎢ x ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪γ yz ⎪ ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ ⎪τ yz ⎪
0 0 0 0
⎪γ zx ⎪ ⎢ G yz ⎥ ⎪τ zx ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩γ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢ 0 1
0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪⎩τ xy ⎪⎭
⎢ Gzx ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ Gxy ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 − ν yzν zy ν yx + ν zxν yz ν zx + ν yxν zy ⎤
⎢ E E Δ 0 0 0 ⎥
⎧σ x ⎫ ⎢ y z E y Ez Δ E y Ez Δ ⎥ ⎧ ε x ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ν xy + ν xzν zy 1 − ν zxν xz ν zy + ν zxν xy ⎥ ⎪ ε ⎪
⎪ y ⎪ ⎢ E E Δ 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ y ⎪
Ex Ez Δ Ex Ez Δ
⎪⎪σ z ⎪⎪ ⎢ x z ⎥ ⎪⎪ ε z ⎪⎪
ν
⎨ ⎬ = ⎢ xz xy yz + ν ν ν yz + ν ν
xz yx 1 − ν ν
xy yx ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
τ 0 0 0 γ yz ⎪
⎪ yz ⎪ ⎢ Ex E y Δ Ex E y Δ Ex E y Δ ⎥ ⎪
⎪τ zx ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪γ zx ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 G yz 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩τ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 Gzx 0 ⎥ ⎪⎩γ xy ⎪⎭
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 Gxy ⎥⎦
where,
⎧σ x ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ ε ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢C12 C11 C13 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ x ⎪
⎪ ⎪ y ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ε y ⎪
⎪⎪σ z ⎪⎪ ⎢C13 C13 C33 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ ε ⎪
⎨ ⎬ = ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎪⎨ z ⎪⎬
τ ⎢ 0 0 C44 0 0 ⎥ ⎪γ yz ⎪
⎪ yz ⎪
⎪τ zx ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 C44 0 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
γ zx
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
(C11 − C12 )⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩τ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎪⎩γ xy ⎪⎭
⎣ 2 ⎦