The stiffness of the spring is defined as the load required to produce unit
deflection.
7. What is the formula for the stiffness of a close coiled helical spring subjected to an
axial load?
8. A helical spring is made of 4mm steel wire, wih a mean radius of 25mm and
number of turns of coil 15.what will be deflection of the spring under a load of 6N?
Given:
R = 4mm , d = 4mm , n = 15 , W = 6N
9. Give shear stress and deflection relation for close – coiled helical spring.
δ = 64R3n / Cd4
τ= 16WR / πd3
δ = (4πR2n / Cd) * τ
10. Difference between close – coiled and open – coiled helical springs.
Closed coiled helical springs open coiled helical springs
11. The stiffness of the spring is 10 N/mm.what is the axial deformation in the spring
when a load of 50N is acting?
Given:
K = 10 N/mm
W = 50 N
K = w /δ
δ =W/K = 50/10 = 5mm
12. An open coiled helical spring of mean radius of coil of 20 cm and helix angle of 12° is subjected to
an axil load of 10N. what is the bending moment in coil?
Given:
13. The stiffness of a spring is 10N/mm and the axial delection is 10mm.what is the
axial load on the spring?
Given:
K = 10N/mm
δ= 10mm
K =W/ δ
W = K δ = 10 x 10 =100N
14. What kind of stress introduced when an axial load acts on a close coiled spring?
Shear stress
15. What kind of stress introduced when an axial load acts on a open coiled spring?
17. What is the value of maximum shear stress in a close coiled helical spring
subjected to axial force W?
18. Write the expression for vertical deflection of a close coiled helical spring due to
vertical load W.
Spring constant is the ratio of mean diameter of the spring to the diameter of the
wire.
The expression is
PART - B
1. Find the bending stress induced in a steel flat (150 x 12) mm if it is bent into a
circular arc of radius 12m. E = 200 GPa.
Moment of resistance and moment applied are equal within elastic limit. The
applied moment varies from zero at support to maximum at centre, so it may seem
for a moment that the theory of simple bending fails to function here but it is not
so. In calculation if we can take the maximum moment carried by the beam is
equal to the moment of resistance.
By doing so we are designing the entire beam for the max bending moment but
the entire beam is not resisting the maximum bending moment because the
bending moment varies from zero at ends to maximum at centre. So our beam is
safe.
6. A flitched beam consists of wooden joist n10cm wide and 20cm deep
strengthened by 2 steel plates10mm thick and 20mm deep as shown. If max.
stress in wooden joist is 7 MPa find the max. Stress in steel. Find also the
moment of resistance of composite section
7. A timber beam 100 mm wide & 200 mm deep is to be reinforced by bolting 2
flitches each 150 mm deep & 12.5 mm in section. Calculate the moment of resistance
when the flitches are attached symmetrically in top & bottom. Allowable stress in
timber is 6 MPa. What is the max. Stress in steel?
The strain at the common surface is same. The strain at a common distance of
100mm from NA is steel and wood would be same as so.
8. A cast iron water pipe 450mm bore, 25mm thick is supported 10m apart. Find
maximum bending stress induced when it is running full.
Estimation of deflection would be more Involving and tedious if the loading is not
symmetrical, or loading is discontinuous. In such cases It becomes difficult to
predict exact locations of maximum deflection.
The bending moment values have to be defined separately for different segments
of the beam. These difficulties are over come By using the method suggested by
Macaulay.
Equation [1] will hold well only if the section x-x lies between E and B. If point p i.e.,
Section lies between D and E, equation hold good if we omit the term W/x-c). It is to be
noticed that in this case x < c and the expression (x-c) becomes negative. That also means
that the term omitted contains negative factor (x-c).
In the same token, if the section lies in the portion CD, equation [I] will hold good if we
omit the third and fourth terms on the right. It may again be noted that, in this case both b
and c are less than x so that the terms (x-b) and (x-c) turns negative. Thus Macaulay’s
method has the following rule;
If the expression in brackets [like (x-a), (x-b) ] becomes negative when the value o fx is
Substituted, the term containing this factor is to be omitted.
When integration is done either to find slope or deflection, the expression (x-a) should be
Integrated as
Since the materials are rigidly connected, the strain at the common surfaces will
be same for both. Consider a layer at a distance y from NA. Since strains are
equal,
Since the beam 1 & 2 are rigidly connected they have common radius of curvature
R. Maximum stresses in the beam are