2.
Dorothy Hodgkin- structure of biochemical compounds
Science- learning new facts
- solving problems (asking prob, collect info,
finding answer)
- investing new things
- deals: w/ natural world
- concerned w/ what is (exists) in natural world
- concerned w/: processes dat seeks out the
meaning of natural world by;
a) inquiry
b) discovering what is
c) exploring
d) using Scientific method
Technology- innovation/change/modification of the
natural environment (to satisfy human wants/needs)
- goal: to make modifications in the world to
meet human needs
- the process by which humans modify nature
to meet their needs and wants
- deals: how humans modify/change/
alter/control the natural world
- concerned w/ what can or should be
designed/developed from natural world
- concerned w/: processes dat we use to
alter/change the natural world such as;
a) invention
b) innovation
c) practical problem
d) solving
e) design
conclusion: the power and promise of technology
can be further enhanced through the study of
technology to assure that all people are
technologically literate in the future
DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
1. Biology- study of living things
2. Botany- study of plants
3. Zoology- study of animals
4. Chemistry- study of the composition structure
properties and reaction of matter
5. Physics- science of matter and energy & the
interaction bet. Them
6. Ecology- study of how organisms interact w/
each other
7. Geology- study of structure of the earth’s surface
8. Meteorology- study of weather and climate
9. Astronomy- study of heavenly bodies
10. Taxonomy- study of classification of plants and
animals
THE SCIENTIST
1.Louis Pasteur- fermentation and pasteurization (French
scientist)
essential in fighting pernicious anemia
- British (awarded a nobel prize in chemistry
in 1964)
3.Arturo Alcalaz- father of Philippine geothermal energy
development
- won: Magsaysay Award in 1982
- made: Ph’s world’s 2nd largest producer of
geothermal energy
4.Dr. Luis Ma. Guerero- bacteriologist, pediatrician &
renowned medical specialist
- 1st physician to become a specialist
- Contribution: knowledge of beriberi &
leprosy (led to prevention of death)
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SCIENCE PROCESSES
• Observing: to know characteristics & properties of
things (we use our senses)
• Describing: telling ab’t the features of the observed
object ( color, shape, size & texture)
• Comparing: telling similarities or differences
• Classifying: grouping objects acc. to common
characteristics or properties
• Measuring: using measuring tools
a. thermometer: temperature (units: degrees)
b. ruler, meter stick, tape measure: length (units:
meter)
c. weighing scale, platform balance, spring
balance: mass of an object (kg or g)
d.
• Making interferences: making good & accurate
observation or making an explanation
SCIENCE LABORATORY TOOLS
o Microscope- optical instrument (enlarges images of
very small objects than cannot be seen by eyes
o Magnifying glass- instrument used for observing tiny
objects
o Test tube- used for heating small amounts of liquid
o Test tube holder- metallic device used to hold test
tube
o Graduated cylinder- used for measuring volume od
liquids (like water, oil & other solutions)
o Alcohol lamp- used for heating materials
o Evaporating dish- porcelain dish used in evaporating
a chemical solution
o Beaker- thin glass vessel used as container for fluids
(has graduation/masks for measurement of volume)
o Thermometer- used for measuring temperature
o Funnel- used when pouring liquids or fine particles to
a small-mouthed container
o Note: extra care must be observed when using
laboratory tools and always clean and keep them
properly after use

SCIENCE APPARATUS
Time begins:
- universe begins 13.7 B yrs ago
- universe begins as the size of a single
atom
- universe began as a violent expansion
- (violent expansion: all matter in space
were created from a single point of pure
energy in an instant
Three minutes after big bang:
- universe: size of an atom
grapefruit
- E=mc2
- says: energy forms matter into proton ,
neutrons and electrons
- example: snowflakes freezing turned to
clumps
Several hundred thousand years after big bang:
- ATOMS form (specifically Hydrogen & its
isotopes w/ small amount of Helium)
- early universe: 75% H and 25% He
200 to 400 million years after big bang:
- 1st stars and galaxies were formed
4.6 billion years:
- our solar system forms
- Venus: hottest planet (covered with acids)
- Mercury: not da hottest planet cuz it
doesn’t have atmosphere [sad]
Misconceptions about the Big Bang
• There was no explosion; there was (and
continues to be) expansion
• we tend to image the singularity as a
little fireball appearing somewhere in
space
The Big Bang Timeline
1. Big Bang – energy
2. Matter
3. E= mc2 (protons, neutrons,
electrons)
4. Atoms (hydrogen, helium)
5. Stars and galaxies
6. Solar system (sun and all planets)
7. Earth (present day)
Big Bang Evidences:
a. Universal expansion and Hubble’s law
- Hubble: observed the majority of galaxies
are moving away from us
- the farther, the faster they move from us
- Red shift (the wavelength of the light is
stretched, so the light is seen as 'shifted' towards
the red part of the spectrum)
b. 3 degree background radiation
- noise radiation (static) is evenly spread
across space
- amount of radiation=predictions
- C.O.B.E satellite confirmed this
- Law of conservation of energy: energy
can neither be created or destroyed
(remains constant over time)
c. Quasars
- Super large (solar system size) galactic
cores that put out more light than whole
galaxies
- found: 10-15 B light years away
- found: nowhere else
- nothing exist past them
d. Radioactive decay
- Radiometric dating: gives the age of items
from the decay of radioactive materials
found within the object
- Moon is found to be older than Earth
(gives estimated time earth and moon
formed)
e. Stellar formation and evolution
- Satellites & Telescopes: thru these we
observe the life cycles of stars across the
universe
- we view stars form, burn and explode
f. Speed of light and stellar distances
- speed of light: universal constant of
300,000 km/s2
- we observe stars M or B light yrs away
- light year: distance dat light travels in one
year
- furthest stars away: 10-15 B light yrs away
ATOMS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Atom:
- smallest unit of an element
- consist: central nucleus (surrounded by
one or more electrons)
Nucleus:
 - central part of an atom
- composed: protons and neutrons
- contains: most of atom’s mass
Proton:
- positively (+) charged particle
- found within the nucleus
Neutron:
- uncharged particle
- located: within an atomic nucleus
Electron:
- negatively (-) charged particle
- located: shells that surround an atom’s
nucleus
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
Timeline:
• Democritus (460-370BC)
- proposed: atomic theory (along with his
mentor Leucippus) w/c states dat all
atoms are small, hard, indivisible and
indestructible particles
- Aristotle did not support his atomic theory.
• Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)
- Father of Modern Chemistry
- 1st person: generate a list of 33 elements in
his textbook
- devised the metric system
- married to: Marie-Anne Pierette Paulze (13
yrs old)
- a tax-collector (was consequently
guillotined during French Rev)
- discovered/proposed Law of Conservation
of Mass (or Matter): in a chemical
reaction, matter can neither be created
or destroyed
• John Dalton (1766-1844)
- 1803: proposed Atomic Theory states;
a) All substance are made of
atoms.
b) Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike, and atoms of
different elements are different
c) Atoms join with other atoms to
make new substance
- calculated: atomic weights of many
various elements
- a teacher at a very young age
- colorblind [like Woo Tak]
• Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940)
- proved: atom can be divided into smaller
parts
- discovered corpuscles/electrons (while
experimenting with cathode-ray tubes)
- stated: atom is neutral
- 1897: proposed Plum Pudding Model
(states: atoms mostly consist of (+)
charged material with (-) charged
particles located thru out the (+) material
- Won a Nobel Prize
• Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
- 1909: performed Gold Foil Experiment and
suggested characteristics of atom;
∆ consists of small core (nucleus) dat
contains most of da mass
∆ nucleus: made up of particles called
protons (has + charge)
∆ protons: surrounded by (-) charged
electrons, but most of atom is actually
empty space
- did extensive work on radioactivity (alpha
& beta particles, gamma rays with waves)
- Father of Nuclear Physics
- Won a Nobel Prize
- student of JJ Thomson
- was on the New Zealand $100 bill
• Niels Bohr (1885-1962)
- 1913: proposed Bohr Model (suggests
electrons travel around nucleus of an
atom in orbits or definite paths and
electrons can jump depending on their
energy)
- Won a Nobel Prize
- Worked with Ernest Rutherford [harteu]
• Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961)
- 1926: further explained the nature of
electrons (by stating that the exact
location of an electron cannot be stated)
- It is more accurate to view the electrons in
region called electron clouds electron
clouds (places where electrons are found)
- did an extensive work on the Wave
formula
Schrodinger equation
- Won a Nobel Prize
• James Chadwick (1891-1974)
- realized: atomic mass of most elements
was double the number of protons

discovery of the neutron in 1932
- worked on the Manhattan Project
- worked with Ernest Rutherford
- won a Nobel Prize
THE END \^0^/