WELDING

Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually

metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and
allowing them to cool causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower
temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which
do not melt the base metal.

TYPES
you can learn about the different types of welding processes for your understanding:
MIG (Metal Inert Gas) Welding or GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding):

The concept of combining two pieces of metal together with a wire that is connected to an
electrode current, is referred to as Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding. In this type of welding process,
a shielded gas is used along the wire electrode, which heats up the two metals to be joined. A
constant voltage and direct current power source is required for this method, and this is the most
common industrial welding process. The MIG or GMAW process is suitable for fusing mild steel,
stainless-steel as well as aluminum.
Arc Welding or SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding):

Welding Processes

Arc welding is also called as Shielded Metal Arc welding, or simply referred to as ‘Stick’. This is
the most basic of all welding types. The welding stick uses electric current to form an electric arc
between the stick and the metals to be joined. To weld iron and steel, this type of welding is
often used in the construction of steel structures and in industrial fabrication. Stick welding can
be used for manufacturing, construction and repair work.
TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) or GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding):

Welding Processes

A non-consumable tungsten electrode is used in this type of welding process. This tungsten
electrode is made use of to heat the base metal and create a molten weld puddle. By melting two
pieces of metal together, an autogenous weld can be created. For this type of welding, the welder
needs to have a lot of expertise as it’s a very complex process. This welding process is employed
to carry out high-quality work when a superior standard finish is required, without making use of
excessive clean up by sanding or grinding.
FCAW (Flux-Cored Arc Welding):

As an alternative to shield welding, Flux-cored Arc Welding was developed.

This welding process is quite like MIG or GMAW process, except for the fact
that in FCAW a special tubular wire filled with flux is used and shielding gas
is not always needed, depending on the filler. This type of welding is well-
known for being extremely inexpensive and easy to learn. However, there
are several limitations in its applications and the results are not often
aesthetically pleasing as some of the other welding methods. The semi-
automatic arc is often used in construction projects, thanks to its high
welding speed and portability.
IMPACT ON PROPEERTIES:
Abstract

The effect of welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding, gas
metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding on tensile and impact
properties of the ferritic stainless-steel conforming to AISI 409M grade is
studied. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for
preparing single pass butt welded joints. Tensile and impact properties,
microhardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the
welded joints have been evaluated and the results are compared. From this
investigation, it is found that gas tungsten arc welded joints of ferritic
stainless steel have superior tensile and impact properties compared with
shielded metal arc and gas metal arc welded joints and this is mainly due to
the presence of finer grains in fusion zone and heat affected zone.
Tensile property :
Tensile strength is the maximum stress that a material can sustain in tension. In other words
we can say the amount of applied load per cross sectional area that a material can withstand
before failure. Mathematically it is calculated as the ratio of maximum tensile load to the
original cross section area.
As per a research done on AA6061 aluminum alloy using GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding)
it was observed that in GMAW
joints elongation (in length) and reduction in cross section area were 8.4 %
and 5.8 % while of parent material were 18% and 12.24%. It suggests that
there is reduction of around 53% in ductility due to GMA welding. The same
material when welded using FSW the reduction were 14.2 % and 9.56 % [3].
Another test was carried to study effect of Gas Tungsten Arch Welding
(GTAW) on AA6061 T6 alloy by machining the alloy to ASTM E8
2. Hardness:
The ability of materials to resists penetration, abrasion, scratching or
cutting is known as hardness. It is the property by which material resists
permanent deformation. Various hardness tests are available such as
Rockwell Hardness Test, Vickers Hardness Test, Brinell Hardness Test, Knoop
Hardness Test, Ceroscopy Test and Durometer Test
4. Toughness:
The ability of materials to absorb energy before fracture is called toughness. The area under
stress strain curve gives toughness. Izod and Charpy test are most common method to find
toughness of material. V notch Charpy impact test on HAZ was
carried for low alloy 16Mo3 and found that MMA and MAG welded
specimen has value 136 J and 89 J while that of base metal have 31 J, which
means toughness has increased after welding [