Professor: Dean Carlos M.

Ortega

Transcribers:
Marc Roby de Chavez (MARX)

Mon Cristhoper Pasia (MON)

Jennielyn Reyes (JEN)
Angela dela Cruz (ANGELA)

This is the updated version of

2007 TAPSI NOTES
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• Microsoft Sans Seriff Font indicates 2010 Notes
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' benefit of due process
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' tickling him until he dies? Is that a cruel and unusual
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' •
Limitations on the authority of congress to enact a penal law
The limitations can also be found in the fundamental
law (Constitution). The prohibitions in the Constitution
against the enactment of penal laws are scarce.
Generally, no limitations
• The penal law to be enacted must be of general
application.
Unless there is a substantive basis for
making distinctions the law cannot prescribe
one course of conduct with respect to a
group of person and another course of
conduct with respect to another group of
person. The law must be of general
application. You cannot find a law that holds
a certain class of persons criminally liable
whether of the same act was committed by
another class of person, that crime arises
because that would be a violation of this
constitutional prohibition.
• That the penal law to be enacted should not operate
as an ex post facto law
Ex post facto law: one which prescribes punishment
for an act or omission which is innocent at the time the
same was committed. In effect, the penal law is made
to operate retroactively.
• The penal law to be enacted should not operate as a
bill of attainder
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!
Bill of attainder: one that imposes a punishment
without the benefit of due process.
If the lawmakers enact a law, declaring an act
criminal, prescribing penalties therefore, and giving
the courts to impose the penalty summarily, that kind
of penal law is invalid because it is in the nature of a
bill of attainder. It imposes a punishment without the
• The penal law to be enacted should not prescribe
cruel and unusual punishment or impose excessive
fines
Can the lawmakers enact a penal law that would
punish a convicted offender with a death penalty by
punishment?
The requirement that the punishment must
not be cruel and unusual must go together.
The death penalty is cruel penalty but it is not
unusual. But imposing a penalty by tickling
him until he dies, it is not cruel because he
will die laughing but it is unusual, therefore, it
is constitutional.
Whether the penalties only covers cruel or a penalty
that unusual or both cruel and unusual?
otherwise invalid
'
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' Territoriality
@6#$'(!=4#$-7$0,$1&'#2'03%'S",#2$#10#./'.F%,'03%')0B.2C3%,%G' Regarding territoriality as a Characteristic of Philippine criminal
' law, we must have an idea of the Archipelagic Rule. This
<.6!@#0.$36('9$0!A4(6'U'9**'+.$#%2'.A'D)0%,'1.BC,#2#/4'03%'B),#0#B%' deviated from the international law rule.
W./%')/$'#/0%,#.,'D)0%,2')+."/$#/4'$#AA%,%/0'#2*)/$2'1.BC,#2#/4'03%'
:3#*#CC#/%'9,13#C%*)4.'),%'C),0'.A'03%':3#*#CC#/%'0%,,#0.,I',%4),$*%22' Under International law, territory of the country extends 3
.A'03%#,'+,%)$03E'$%C03E'D#$03'.,'$#B%/2#./G' nautical miles beyond its lowest water mark in its shoreline. In
' case of recesses within its shores, like gulfs or bays, this will
>/' 03%' A*"F#)*' S",#2$#10#./' 03%,%' #2' C,%2%/0*I' )' $%C),0",%' A,.B' 03%' be regarded as part of the territory of the country whose
)11%C0%$' </0%,/)0#./)*' X)D' Y"*%' +%1)"2%' 03%' :3#*#CC#/%2' )$.C0%$' jurisdiction is in issue. If the overall width thereof, does not
03%' 9,13#C%*)4#1' Y"*%G' ' </' 03%' </0%,/)0#./)*' X)D' Y"*%E' D3%/' )' 20,)#0' exceed 6 nautical miles (we compute the 3 nautical miles from
D#03#/')'1."/0,I'3)2')'D#$03'.A'B.,%'03)/'Z'B#*%2E'03%'1%/0%,'*)/%'#/' one side of the shore, then 3 nautical miles on the other side)
%M1%22' .A' 03%' P' B#*%2' ./' +.03' 2#$%2' #2' 1./2#$%,%$' #/0%,/)0#./)*' if these connect the entire body of water within, then it is part
D)0%,2G' of the territory.
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!"# $# "%&'()*# +'&,-$*.# /'00'1# (0# (*# .-'# ,'*.'&# 1$*'# $*2# $# ,&(+'# 3$0# Under the archipelagic rule, all those bodies of water which
,%++(..'2# .-'&'4# 5*2'&# .-'# (*.'&*$.(%*$1# 1$3# &51'4# 3-$.# 1$3# 3(11# form part of the Philippine Archipelago, as heeded in the treaty
$66178# of Paris, is considered Philippine territory regardless of breadth
83%' *)D' .A' 03%' 1."/0,I' D%,%' 03)0' F%22%*' #2' ,%4#20%,%$' D#**' of a nation. This has to be adopted as a measure of necessity
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1.BB#00%$'#/'03%'3#43'2%)2' And under International law, they are not subject to Philippine
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[/$%,'03%'9,13#C%*)4#1'Y"*%')2'$%1*),%$'#/'9,0'J'.A'03%'(./20#0"0#./E' within Philippine archipelago, regardless of breadth, width
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' The 3 characteristic is commonly known in some annotations
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' peculiar to criminal law is that you cannot give it retroactive
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' So the rule of prospectivity which is applied to criminal law is
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' provides that it will apply retroactively.
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to be “prospectivity” but such is not correct. It should
“irrestrospectvity”.
“Prospectivity” is not peculiar to criminal law. The civil code, in
fact, provides that laws shall be prospective in application
unless the contrary is expressly provided. So, all laws must be
prospective in application, not only criminal law. What is
application. Hence “irrestrospectivity”, we cannot apply it in a
retroactive manner. This is so because there is a prohibition in
the fundamental law, Constitution, against the enactment of ex
post facto law.
the irrestrospectivity, we cannot give it backward application,
unlike other laws. The law will be prospective unless the law
In some commentaries, reference is made to a situation where
there is an amendatory or repealing penal law that will be
applied to the offender rather than the law violated by him. This
has been regarded in the commentaries as an exception to the
rule. That is not correct.
There is no exception to the provision of the constitution
against the enactment of ex post facto law. Once a penal law is
amended or repealed, you look into whether the amendment or
repeal is beneficial to the offender or the liability of the offender
more severe than under the law that was violated. If the
amendatory or repealing law made the liability of the offender
less severe than under the law violated, then, the amendatory
or repealing law will be the one applied. In effect, the
amendatory or repealing is given a retroactive application. It
will apply to both acts and omissions which were committed
before the amendment or repeal was effective. This is not an
exception. This is dictated by the doctrine of Pro Reo
Article 4 of the Civil Code mandates that all laws have
prospective application, unless the contrary is expressly
provided. That exception is cannot be true in the RPC or to
criminal law because of the prohibition in the fundamental law
the constitution does not admit of any exception.
When a penal law is repealed or amended, the law that is
lenient to the offender will be the one applied even though it will
operate retroactively. This is not an exception, this is a rule
dictated in the doctrine of pro reo. Criminal law or laws penal in
nature should only be construed and applied in a way that is
lenient or liberal to the offender, because we adhere to the
presumption of innocence in favor of an offender. We adhere to
the positive presumption that a person always does good and
And that is the doctrine that is being followed.
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
!
What is the Doctrine of Pro Reo? How does it reconcile with
article 48 of the RPC?
The doctrine of Pro Reo is peculiar only to Criminal
law.
Under the doctrine of Pro reo, criminal law or any law
that is penal in nature should be construed and
applied in a manner favorable or lenient to the
offender than otherwise. This is the reason why while
a criminal law or penal was amended or repealed, the
amendatory or repealing law will be applied
retroactively if it would be favorable or lenient to the
accused. And is what doctrine of pro reo dictates and
that is true only to criminal or any law that is penal in
nature.
So, here is a situation where a certain act will
constitute a violation of one of the penal law or
another provision of a penal law, you are required to
choose that provision where the liability of the
offender may be lesser than the liability under the
other provisions. You do not choose the provision
where the liability will be more severe.
For instance, A man who is known from his voyeurism, while
he was attending the stairs in the LRT station, he was following
a lady with a very shapely body. Because he cannot resist the
temptation that influenced him, he held the waist of the lady
and made a slight __. The lady berated and warned him. She
was so mad. What was the crime committed?
The bar candidates answered, acts of lasciviousness.
But such answer was not correct
While a man dances with a lady, the man takes hold
of the waist of the lady, that part of the body was not
considered a private part. That if you hold it, it will
bring about lasciviousness. Hence that act
unavoidably annoyed or irritated the offended party, it
is only a case of unjust vexation. Unjust vexation is a
crime of a light felony only.
So you have a situation where the act done may be
regarded as act of lasciviousness, where the penalty
is higher or, merely an annoyance or irritation or
vexation to the offended party that will bring about a
crime commonly known as unjust vexation where the
penalty is much lesser.
Under the Rule of Pro Reo, prosecution is dictated to
construe the act in a way that is lenient to the
offender, not in the way that will make the act more
severe to subject the offender to a higher penalty.
This is because in our jurisdiction, the presumption is
towards innocence than guilt. The presumption is
towards the good not the bad.
(for the 3rd time irretropectivity again)
All laws are generally prospective in application. It is not a
characteristic peculiar to criminal law. What is peculiar in
criminal law is that a penal cannot be given retroactive
application.
Article 4 of the Civil Code, provides that laws shall have no
retroactive effect “unless the contrary is expressly provided.” It
is the exception that does not apply to criminal law because it
!"#$%&%*%%
!
is forbidden under the Fundamental law (Constitution) the
enactment of ex post facto law.
An ex post facto law is one which operates retroactively
punishing an act which is not punishable at the time the act
was committed.
In some commentaries, a supposed exception is that where a
law that is penal in nature is enacted to amend or repeal an
earlier penal law. And if the later enactment is more favorable
or lenient to the offender, the later law will be the one to apply
to him, not the law violated by him. Because of this possibility
of the retroactive application under such situation,
commentaries referred to this as an exception.
There is no exception to the provision of the Constitution
against an enactment of an ex post facto law.
The situation that is contemplated were there is a repealing or
amendatory penal law that shall be applied are given to the
offender who have violated an earlier legislation that was
repealed or amended, is dictated by the doctrine of pro reo.
So, that is not an exception but it is mandated by that doctrine
which peculiarly applies to criminal law or with those laws
which are penal in nature.
As to criminal laws or laws which are penal in character, when
a criminal law or law penal in nature is amended or repealed
and there are offenders already prosecuted under such law,
you have to determine whether the amendatory or repealing
law prescribes conditions which are prejudicial to the offender
instead of the law violated that is to be applied.
The doctrine of pro reo requires that you always construe and
apply criminal law or any law penal in character in a manner
that is liberal or lenient to the offender. And this is the reason
why that when a penal law is amended or repealed and the
amendatory or repealing law provides for more liberal terms or
liberal penalty, to apply the amendatory or repealing law
retroactively.
Doctrine of pro reo how it holds in the light of article 48 of the
RPC
You Complex the crime bring about the penalty on the most
serious crime to be applied in the maximum period and you
only apply article 48 if by complexing the crimes committed, the
penalty would be lesser than that of convicting the offender
separately on the component crimes that bring about the
complex crime. But if by complexing the crime, a serious
penalty will be imposed, hence the doctrine of pro reo forbids
the complexing of the crime because that would mean
imposing a penalty that is more severe than what the offender
would have suffered if the crimes will not be complexed.
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' this thinking as a reformative or corrective measure.
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' The purpose of imposing a punishment for crime
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Classical or Juristic Theory
One that is strictly legalistic. It considers criminal law
as necessary to exact retribution from the offenders
who has committed a wrong against society
The penalty for the crime committed is determined in
a mechanical manner. Designed to make the offender
suffer in the same way that he has made his victim
suffer. That is why it is known as retributive or
punitive.
This thinking as to what criminal law should be is best
____ under the maxim “an eye for an eye a tooth for a
tooth”. The offender is made to suffer in the same
manner that he has made his victim suffers.
For the classical philosophers fear is the most
effective way in discouraging criminality because the
offenders would have to think before committing the
crime knowing that he would suffer the same if he will
be apprehended.
Under this theory, the human element is rarely
considered. Penalties are imposed in a mechanical
manner, in direct proportion to the wrong done.
If the offender killed the victim in the commission of
the crime, he will be also be killed. He has to pay for
the wrong done with his own life. He has killed so he
must be killed.
Death penalty is designed by the classical thinkers.
If the offender blinded the right eye of his victim, his
right eye will also be blinded. If the offenders run-over
the victim thru reckless imprudence, he shall be also
punished by running over in the same way that he did
to the offended party.
Positivist or Realistic Theory
The positivist considers man as a moral creature. If he
was in his right thinking, he will not commit a crime. A
criminal is regarded as a socially sick and as such he
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should not be punished but instead he should be
treated, he should be corrected.
The penalty prescribe in a penal is designed under
Penalty is determined in relation to the condition of
the offender
committed is not simply to make the offender suffer for
the wrong he has done but rather to correct or reform
The positivist assail the classical philosophy in that
there are crimes where the offender cannot be made
to undergo the same wrong that was committed by
him upon his victim.
Example:
In the crime of acts of lasciviousness,
applying the classical maxim “an eye for an
committed acts of lasciviousness will be also
be subjected to acts of lasciviousness. An
offender who committed rape will be also be
raped.
The positivist thinker adopted the maxim, “you cannot
correct a wrong by doing another wrong”, this is a
maxim that is still apply.
Under this view, the punishment prescribe in a penal
law should be given as imposed to make the offender
suffer in the same way that he made the victim suffer.
To positivist thinkers, they consider crimes as
inevitable. Crimes are brought about by the conflicting
interest of the members of society. That although man
is a moral creature he is not incline with a wrong yet
the environment may affect or influence him to commit
a wrong even though not really decided by him.
Eclectic or Mixed Theory
Mixed because it combines the good features of the
classical thinking with the good features of the
positivist thinking.
In this school of thinking, it confirms that the positivist
philosophy is also not ____ because there are
offenders who are not susceptible of being reformed,
they are simply ____. And so the role of criminal law
will not be achieved by adopting the Positivist
mentality. So it is the gist of the eclectic thinkers that
the Philosophy on that penal law should punished a
wrongdoer must be divided according to the nature of
crime committed.
If the crime committed was heinous in nature, the
classical mentality should be the one adopted. The
purpose of imposing the penalty must be retributive or
punitive.
On the other hand, if the crime committed was merely
economic or social, the positivist attitude in punishing
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the offender should be adopted. The penalty should
be reformative not retributive.
In other words, the eclectic philosophers advocate
that the penal law should deal with criminality on the
basis of the nature of the crime committed whether
the crime is regarded as heinous or the crime is
simply brought about by the changing economy or
changing society
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These different theories and Philosophies are said to underlie a
criminal law system of a country in the sense that the
lawmakers of the country in adopting a bill to be enacted in the
law should consider the philosophy why that act or omission
should be made subject of a penal legislation.
In a specific case of Republic vs Judge ____, while the crime
proven against the accused was qualified rape. At that time
there is only one penalty for this which is the death penalty.
The defending judge does not believe that the death penalty is
proper since the convicted offender did not take a life in the
commission of the rape. Under the classical thinking, which is
the forerunner of the capital punishment, the death penalty
should be imposed if the offender, in the commission of the
crime, has taken a life of any other person. If there is no life
that has been taken, then death penalty is not deserved. The
situation is that a person who has taken a life of an innocent
victim, should give his own life. He must be exterminated. In
the crime of rape, the offender did not take the life of any other
human being, the justification to put to death an offender is not
_____. So in this case, death penalty is not proper because
even under the different schools of thought, death penalty is
proper only if the offender has taken a life of any other human
being in the commission of the crime. This brings about the act
of decriminalizing the imposition of death penalty.
Eclectic Theory, the crimes are penalized on the basis whether
the crimes are heinous in nature or simply economic or social
in character.
Our Revised Penal code is molded with the classical theory
because our RPC was simply the translation of the Spanish
Codigo Penal. The Spanish Codigo Penal was merely copied
from the French Penal Code of 1810.
The classical philosophy originated in France. The most
inhuman penal law system is that of France. In les Miserables,
a man who is starving stole a loaf of bread and he was
sentence to hard labor for five years. The man cannot take
that, so he chose to be a fugitive from justice. He became more
of a criminal hiding in mountains rather that to accept the
punishment. This is the Philosophy in enacting a criminal law,
the lawmakers should weigh the interest of the offended party
and the interest of the offender. Penalty must be balance. If the
punishment is not proportionate to the wrong done, the
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offender might choose to become a fugitive from justice. On the
otherhand, if the government will impose a very light penalty,
the offended party will begin to think that the government is
weak to punish the offender, if that was true, he will not go to
court anymore, they would apply justice in their own hands.
Common Law Crimes
In the Philippines, there is no common law crimes. Under the
maxim of “nullum crime nulla poena sine lege” (there is no
crime when there is no law punishing the same). So strictly we
can say, that in our jurisdiction, that crimes are creatures of the
law. Without the law there is no crime. No matter how wrongful
an act maybe, if there is no law condemning it that a crime
deserves a punishment, the act is not is not a crime.
This is opposed by the so-called common law crime. A
common-law crime is one which is penalized on the basis of
the sentiment of the community or society in which the wrongful
act was committed. If that community or society condemns the
act as criminal, court of equity will hear the case and impose
sanctions against the act even though there is no law punishing
the same as a crime. This is true in common law countries,
where there are 2 courts, courts of law and courts of equity.
People in common law countries are more behave than in civil
law countries.
Urinating in public, even though there is no law, is a crime.
In civil law country, it adopts nullum crimen nulla poena sine
lege. Crimes are creatures of the law. No law, no crime no
matter how wrongful the act may be.
In the Philippines, we have only courts of law; we do not have
courts of equity. Our courts of law should apply the laws with
equity, but if there is no law on the subject, our courts cannot
act.
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MALUM IN SE VS MALUM PROHIBITUM
The legal philosophies applied when a crime is a malum
prohibitum is much different from the legal philosophy applied
to a crime malum in se.
In a crime malum prohibitum, good faith or lack of criminal
intent on the part of the offender is no defense at all.
The problem is how to identify whether the crime is a malum in
se or a malum prohibitum.
When a lawyer is engaged to handle a criminal case, the first
thing that he will have to consider is whether the crime involved
is a malum in se or a malum prohibitum, because the approach
that he will apply is different if the crime is a malum in se rather
than a crime malum prohibitum.
There are some who identified the crime malum in se as when
punished by the RPC, and if punished under a penal law
outside the RPC, it is regarded as malum prohibitum.
This is not correct. You call a penal law a special law not
because it is outside the RPC, but precisely because it
punishes an innocent act as a crime whereas the act is not
really criminal. In other words, a penal law becomes a special
law only when a crime punished thereunder is a malum
prohibitum.
So, when we say special law, it follows the crime thereunder is
a malum prohibitum. It is special in a sense that the act is not
really criminal and yet it is being punished as a crime.
So do not consider that if a crime punished under the RPC is
malum in se and if a crime is punished under a penal law
outside the RPC is malum prohibitum. The law punishing the
crime has nothing to do with the characterization of a crime as
a malum in se or a malum prohibitum. It is the inherent nature
of the act that determines whether it is a malum in se (bad in
itself) or malum prohibitum (bad only because it is prohibited by
law)
The SC made an emphatic clarification in the case of People vs
Macatanda, involving a crime of cattle rustling. Under PD 533,
in that case, the overseer of the cattle ranch was ____, luckily
he did not die, hence there is a crime of frustrated murder.
Because frustrated murder is a felony under the RPC while
cattle rustling is a crime under PD 533, the prosecutor
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concludes that the 2 crimes cannot be allege in the same
information.
You cannot complex a crime which is malum in se with a crime
malum prohibitum. When one crime is a necessary means to
commit another crime, you can only complex if both are
punished in the Revised penal code, if one is punished under a
special law and the other is punished in the RPC, then both
must be a subject of separate information because in the
prosecution of the crime, both have different philosophies will
be applied like lack of criminal intent, good faith. This becomes
relevant if the crime was malum in se. but if the crime is malum
prohibitum, this is immaterial because is a crime is a malum
prohibitum, good faith and lack of criminal intent is not a
defense at all. It is enough that there is a law prohibiting the
doing of the act, whatever the intention of the one who violated
the prohibition is immaterial. The law is prohibiting the act for
public good or public welfare. Anyone who violates the
prohibition will do an act detrimental to public good or public
welfare; penalty will authomatically attaches to it. The only
defense to a crime malum prohibitum was that the accused did
not act voluntarily, that he committed a violation of the
prohibition out of duress. But for as long as it was his voluntary
act whatever be the reason or motive is immaterial. As long as
the offender did it willingly and voluntarily
But it were a crime malum in se, the wrongdoer will incur
criminal liability only when he acted with criminal intent. The
maxim applicable here is “the act cannot be criminal if the mind
is not criminal”. An offender who was insane at the time he
committed the killing, whether homicide or murder, cannot be
made liable for the crime of homicide or murder because he
acted without criminal intent, he is insane.
Going back to the case of People vs macantanda, the SC,
made an observation that cattle rustling is only a specie of theft
of large cattle under Art. 310 of the RPC. And theft of large
cattle is qualified theft under the RPC which is by nature wrong,
evil or bad. The fact that it is punished under the decree does
not make it a malum prohibitum because the act is inherently or
by nature bad or evil and therefore generally condemned.
Since man is regarded in law as a moral creature, that he is
inclined to do what is legitimate not that is illegal, the law does
not conclude that if he done a wrong, he is regarded as
criminally liable, that is, if the wrong resulted without criminal
intent, he will only be civilly liable. The resulting wrong will only
be regarded as a civil injury or what is known under our civil
law as quasi-delict or in common law, it is know as a tort. So
without criminal intent, it will not go into the RPC as a felony.
The reason why the violations of the RPC are mala in se, is
found in article 3 of the RPC.
Mala prohibita: an act which is not really bad, but is prohibited
by law for public good or public welfare. The moral trait of the
offender is not considered, it is enough that he violated or went
against the prohibition voluntarily and not brought about by
duress. In the crime of mala prohibita, the only defense was the
offender acted under duress. He was compelled by irresistible
force. The only query is: is there a law prohibiting the act which
the accused has done. If the answer is “Yes”, the next question
is: did the accused acted voluntarily?, if the answer is “yes”,
whether he acted in good faith or acted out of a valid defense,
is immaterial. The only defense is that he go against the
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prohibition because he was force to do it, or he acted under
duress.
Sample problem: the accused was prosecuted for violation of
BP 22, he issued a check that bounced. His defense was, the
check he issued to the complainant was drawn against the
account where he deposited the check ____ by ___ the amount
of which is much more than the amount he issued in the
complainant. That if the check did not bounced, the check he
issued to the complainant would not have bounced. Acquit or
convict? Why?
In this case, the accused acted in good faith. He did
not foresee that the check will bounce. But that kind of
defense is not acceptable because violation of BP 222
is regarded as malum prohibitum. Good faith is not a
defense.
Do not think that the term mala in se refers to crimes under the
RPC and that if the crime is punished under penal laws outside
the RPC, the crime is mala prohibited, THAT IS NOT
CORRECT.
Whether the crime is a malum in se or malum prohibitum is not
determined by the law punishing the same. This is determined
by the nature of the act or omission penalize as a crime. If the
act punished as a crime is by nature evil, wrong or bad, the
crime is malum in se. but if the act is by its nature, not really
wrong, but prohibited for public good, health or welfare, it is a
malum prohibitum. One which is bad because there is a
prohibition against the doing of the act. If the act was a malum
prohibitum, anyone who violates the act will incur criminal
liability. Whether he acted in good faith or without criminal
intent is immaterial, the only defense is that he acted under
duress, meaning involuntary so he cannot be held criminally
liable.
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#/0%,#.,' D)0%,2' )/$' B),#0#B%' W./%G' ;.' D3%/%F%,' I."' "2%' S",#2$#10#./'.A')/I'1."/0,IE'03%2%',"*%2'D#**'/.0')CC*IG'
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' Article 2 provides for the instances where the RPC will be
92' A),' )2' S",#2$#10#./' .,' )CC*#1)0#./' .A' 03%' Y%F#2%$' :%/)*' applied extra-territoriality. So under 2 there are 2 kinds of
(.$%' .F%,' 1,#B%2' 1.BB#00%$' ./' K),#0#B%' W./%' #/0%,#.,' applications: Intra-territorial and Extra-territorial.
D)0%,2E' 03%' 9,13#C%*)4#1' Y"*%' 23)**' +%' .+2%,F%$G' ;.' 03%'
03,%%UB#*%'*#B#0'./'.",'23.,%*#/%'3)2'+%%/'B.$#A#%$'+I'03%' The extra-territorial application makes up the exception to the
characteristic application of territoriality of Philippine criminal
,"*%G' 9/I' 1,#B%' 1.BB#00%$' #/' #/0%,#.,' D)0%,2' 1.BC,#2#/4'
law.
03%':3#*#CC#/%'),13#C%*)4.'+%'2"+S%10'0.'.",'*)D2')*03."43'
1.BB#00%$'./'+.),$')A.,%2)#$'B%,13)/0'F%22%*G' One of the exceptions to the rule on intra-territoriality
' application of Penal law is when a crime is committed on board
9' F%22%*' #2' 1./2#$%,%$' )' :3#*#CC#/%' 23#C' ./*I' D3%/' #0' #2' of Philippine Ship.
,%4#20%,%$' #/' )11.,$)/1%' D#03' :3#*#CC#/%' *)D2G' [/$%,'
#/0%,/)0#./)*' *)D' )2' *./4' )2' 2"13' F%22%*' #2' /.0' D#03#/' 03%' This being an exception, the Philippine ship must be in the high
0%,,#0.,#)*'D)0%,2'.A')'A.,%#4/'1."/0,IG':3#*#CC#/%'*)D2'23)**' seas. If the Philippine ship is in the Philippine territory or in the
4.F%,/G' territory of another foreign country, the exception does not
' apply because the criminal law of that other country will be the
DF,#',6##$,1#$'(!'33($0',$1&! one to apply.
?M0,)0%,,#0.,#)*' )CC*#1)0#./' .A' 03%' Y%F#2%$' :%/)*' (.$%' ./'
If the Philippine ship is in the territorial waters of another
1,#B%'1.BB#00%$'./'+.),$':3#*#CC#/%'23#C'.,')#,23#C',%A%,2'
country, what will be applied is the international law rule, the
./*I' 0.' )' 2#0")0#./' D3%,%' 03%' :3#*#CC#/%' 23#C' .,' )#,23#C' #2'
so-called French Rule or English Rule, as to which country will
/.0' D#03#/' 03%' 0%,,#0.,#)*' D)0%,2' .,' )0B.2C3%,%' .A' )' assume jurisdiction over the crime committed.
A.,%#4/' 1."/0,IG' >03%,D#2%E' #0' #2' 03%' A.,%#4/' 1."/0,IH2'
1,#B#/)*'*)D'D#**')CC*I' The term Philippine ship should be understood to refer to a
' vessel registered and licensed in the Philippines in accordance
T.D%F%,E' 03%,%' ),%' 0D.' 2#0")0#./2' D3%,%' 03%' A.,%#4/' with Philippine laws. It is not the citizenship of the owners of
1."/0,I'B)I'/.0')CC*I'#02'1,#B#/)*'*)D'%F%/'#A')'1,#B%'D)2' the vessel that determines whether the vessel is Philippine ship
1.BB#00%$' ./' +.),$' )' F%22%*' D#03#/' #02' 0%,,#0.,#)*' D)0%,2' or not. The nationality of the vessel is determined by the flag of
)/$'03%2%'),%&' the country which the vessel flies. Under the convention of the
' sea, the vessel travelling international waters should fly the flag
NJO V3%/' 03%' 1,#B%' #2' 1.BB#00%$' #/' )' D),' F%22%*' .A' )' of the country where that vessel is registered and licensed.
A.,%#4/'1."/0,IE'+%1)"2%'D),'F%22%*2'),%'C),0'.A'03%'
A vessel was owned 100% by a Filipino citizen, but the vessel
2.F%,%#4/0I' .A' 03%' 1."/0,I' 0.' D3.2%' /)F)*' A.,1%'
was registered in Panama. A crime was committed on board
03%I'+%*./4&'

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while in the high seas. Such vessel entered Philippine Port. 6.//.<#%/#4.H-4,.,G#;&,.4#+(.#*4.&'(#5;<.G#-/#-&#.B+.&/%)&#)>#+(.#
May the Philippine court assume jurisdiction over the crime? ');&+4C#7()/.#><-H#+(.#6.//.<#><%./:#M>#+(.#'4%=.#')==%++.,#()7.6.4#
No, because the ship is not a Philippine ship. Even if %/# -H-%&/+# +(.# &-+%)&-<# /.';4%+C# -&,# ?;D<%'# )4,.4# )># +(-+# >)4.%H&#
the ship is owned 100% by a citizen of the Philippines,
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it is not a Philippine Ship. It is not the ownership of the
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! unlicensed was seized on the same occasion that the offender
The violation of the RPC are called Felonies and it will bring
about criminal liability only once the act or omission was
committed or incurred with dolo or in culpa.
The terms dolo and culpa involves three ingredients.
If these 3 ingredients do not concur, there is no dolo or culpa.
This will tell you whether the crime involve is a malum in se or
malum prohibitum.
In malum prohibitum, an example is smoking. The violation is
incurred only if the act that was prohibited was consummated.
The evil sought to be avoided will only arise if the act was
actually carried out. So this crime cannot be committed in the
attempted or frustrated stages. When a person puts a cigarette
in his lips without lighting the cigarette, the evil sought to be
avoid for punishing smoking does not arise, but if he already
lighted the cigarette and start puffing or blows a smoke, the evil
which will bring about secondary smoke to the other members
of society arises and that is the ____ sought to be avoided and
that is the reason for prohibiting smoking in those places which
are air conditioned because of the spread of the viral diseases.
If the fellow is smoking in his own house and even if he smoke
the whole day, there is no violation committed.
About the considerably malum prohibitum, the use unlicensed
firearm. The violation is considerably malum prohibitum. Under
the new firearms law, RA 8294, offenders may be made liable
for illegal possession of firearms only if no other crime was
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committed by him on the same occasion that he was
apprehended with the unlicensed firearm. Otherwise if he has
committed some other crimes when he was on that occasion
apprehended for an unlicensed firearm, his liability is for the
other crime committed and not for illegal possession of
firearms.
However, if the unlicensed firearm was used in a homicide or
murder, the use of unlicensed firearm can be treated as a
generic aggravating circumstance; it will bring about an
aggravated penalty. The nature of the crime remains the same,
homicide or murder.
Moreover, if the crime was rebellion, attempted coup d’état or
sedition, the use of the unlicensed firearm is absorbed in the
crime, this means to say, the use of the unlicensed firearm is
not considered at all. It is simply part of the crime.
This principle, under the new firearms law, was earlier
construed to refer to a situation where the unlicensed firearms
was used in the commission of the other crime, so that the
offender will be punished for the other crime and not for the use
of unlicensed firearms because the use of the unlicensed
words, in order for the offender to be free from prosecution for
illegal possession of firearms, the firearms must have been
used in the commission of some other crime. Like when the
offender committed a murder and the use of the firearm is not a
subject of another prosecution anymore, the offender will only
be prosecuted for murder. The implication, however, is different
if the firearm was not used in the commission of the other
crime, then there will be 2 prosecution. One for the illegal
possession of firearm and another for the other crime
(robbery). BUT SUCH IMPLICATION WAS RECENTLY
DECLARED BY THE SC, WRONG. Even if the unlicensed
firearm was not used to commit another crime, as long as, the
was committed some other crime other than homicide, murder,
rebellion, attempted coup d’état or sedition, the used of the
unlicensed firearm is not been taken into account anymore. As
long as there is another crime committed by the same offender.
The explanation given by the SC is that the legislative journal
reflecting the discussion among the senators while this law was
still in the form of a bill subject of deliberation by the senate,
the intention was really to make the offender liable for illegal
possession or illegal use of an unlicensed firearm, if the firearm
was used in the commission of any other crime. In other words,
the used of unlicensed firearm is absorbed by the crime.
However, the SC observed, while the bill has finally approved
in the deliberation of the Senate, was finalized and the bill was
forwarded to malacanang for signature by the president, that
provision which require that the unlicensed firearm must be
used in the commission of the other crime so that there will be
an absorption, mysteriously disappeared from the bill. So, that
when the bill was finally signed into a law, it does not contain
that requirement anymore, hence the SC ruled, whether the
unlicensed firearm was used in the commission of any other
crime or not, as long as it was seized on the occasion where
the offender was found committing another crime, he cannot be
prosecuted any further for illegal possession of firearms.
Between the bill and the law signed by the president, the
reference should be on what the law provides and not what the
bill provides. Hence, under the law, there is no such
requirement that the unlicensed firearm must be used in the
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
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commission of the other crime for which the accused shall be
prosecuted.
In a raid conducted by the Anti-narcotic team, there was a
report about several men having a “pot session”. So the team
raided the place, the participants in the pot session was
surprised and they were all apprehended. The members of the
team started searching the room for possible drugs. In one of
the drawers in a table there, they found a .45 caliber pistol
which turned out to be unlicensed. But because it has no
relevance to the conduct of the illegal activity, another
information for illegal possession of firearms was filed against
the owner of the place. On the appeal the SC ruled that it
cannot be a subject of a separate prosecution anymore, the
new firearms law does not make any exception whether the
unlicensed firearm was used in the commission of a crime or
not. Between the law and the bill signed by the president, the
law will prevail.
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' liability of the offender where the resulting
Under Article 4 of the RPC, gives the basis of criminal liability.
The act must be a felony, that means, punishable under the
RPC.
The act or omission brought about the felonious consequence
even though different from what the offender had intended
The act or omission must be characterized by dolo or culpa.
In this anatomy of a felony, we have the structures:
• Firstly, the offender, the active subject.
Under the RPC, only natural persons
because of the imprisonment that grows at
the penalty, juridical persons cannot be
imprisoned. Under the Corporation law, even
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juridical person can suffer penal sanctions by
way of a fine, but not under the RPC, in the
RPC the penalty is imprisonment.
offender only
Example: Adultery can only be committed by
a married woman
• The act or omission constituting the crime
It must be a product of dolo or culpa to be
punishable under the RPC.
• The offended party.
There are crimes that can be committed only
by specified offended parties. The
consequence is criminal and civil.
A felony may also be committed against a
certain offended party, it cannot be
committed against any person.
Example: Parricide, not anybody can be an
offended party, it must be by blood
relationship in the direct line, not relationship
in the collateral line. If the offended party is a
brother or a sister, it cannot be parricide,
because in parricide, the offended party must
be an ascendant or descendant in the direct
line and by consanguinity, not by affinity.
Under Art. 4 there are only 2 situations there:
• Those who have committed a felony, and the same is
characterized by either dolo or culpa.
The resulting crime may be the crime intended by the
offender, by his felonious act or it may be a crime
different from what he intended but the felonious act
was the proximate cause thereof
So if the resulting crime is different from what he
intended and his felonious act was not the proximate
cause thereof, he will not be liable for the resulting
What is proximate cause?
The rule of proximate cause controls the
crime is different from what he had intended.
He is liable for the resulting crime even
though that is not intended by him if his
felonious act was the proximate cause
thereof.
Proximate cause: the act must be unbroken
by any efficient and sufficient supervening or
intervening cause, otherwise the party who
brought about the supervening cause will be
the one to answer for the criminal
consequence that resulted and not the wrong
doer, the wrong doer is only answerable up
to the point where his acts was the proximate
cause. If the crime resulted different from
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what he had intended, and if brought about
by an intervening cause which is not
attributable to the offender but to some other
person, the that other person will answer for
it.
Example: in a vehicular accident, a motor
cycle driver was rush in the hospital. In the
hospital, the doctor was familiarize with the
motorcycle driver, that latter was the guy who
ran away with the former’s girlfriend. So the
doctor amputated the leg of the motorcycle
driver, actually there is no need to amputate
the leg. The motorist who caused the
accident to the motorcycle driver will be
liable only for physical injuries but not the
amputation. The cutting of the leg is an
efficient supervening cause. So the motorist
should not be made liable for the amputation
of the leg. That is no longer proximate cause,
that is already intentional on the part of the
doctor.
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• The other situation where criminal liability may arise is
where there is no resulting crime but the offender had
performed an act or incurred an omission that would
have been a crime against person or property. So-
called impossible crime
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1,#B%G' ' ' 83#2' +%#/4' ;>E' 03%' C%/)*0I' A.,' 03%' B.20' 2%,#."2' 1,#B%' <2'
<BC.2%$' </' 03%' B)M#B"B' C%,#.$G' 83#2' #2' 03%' *%4)*' %AA%10G' Y%A%,' 0.'
9,0#1*%'Rc'.A'03%'Y:('
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)+%,,)0#.'<10"2'#2'D3%/'./%'.A'03%',%2"*0#/4'A%*./#%2'#2')'*#430'A%*./IG'
83%' *%4)*' %AA%10' #2' 03)0' 2%C),)0%' #/A.,B)0#./' B"20' +%' A#*%$' )/$'
2%C),)0%'C,.2%1"0#./'A.,'%F%,I'1,#B%G'
'
In Aberratio Ictus, the contemplation is that the offender
directed the blow on the party intended to be hit but because of
poor aim and lack of training, he missed the victim against
whom the blow was directed, instead that blow landed on
directed at the intended victim, but he missed the intended
victim and instead landed on somebody else. Here we have a
situation where the offender performs a single act from which 2
felonies resulted. One, the attempt on the life of the intended
victim and the other is the crime actually committed, on the
victim upon whom the blow was inflicted. In art. 48, if a single
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
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act, bring about 2 or more grave or less grave felonies, the
liability of the offender shall be for a complex crime. If it is a
complex crime, the penalty for the more serious crime
committed will the penalty to be imposed upon the offender and
the same shall be imposed in the maximum period.
If the resulting crimes are not grave or less grave, then there
must be a separate prosecution for the attempted felony and
another for the consummated. It will not be a single penalty to
be imposed in the maximum period.
Relationship between Article 48 and the doctrine of pro reo:
The provision in Article 48 to complex the crime will
only be applied if by so complexing, a lesser penalty
would arise than punishing the offender for the 2
resulting crimes differently. So if we complex the 2
crimes, the penalty for the more serious crimes should
be impose in the maximum period and the maximum
period would be higher than the 2 felonies prosecuted
separately, then we will not apply art 48 because that
will be in contrary to the doctrine of pro reo. We will
only complex if the result will be in the imposition of
the penalty lesser than that if the offender will be
prosecuted separately for the crimes brought about by
his acts
! '
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'
In Error in personae, we have art 49 governing. Under such
article between the crime intended to be committed and the
crime actually committed, as long as, the result will be a crime
different from what was intended, Art 49 of the RPC shall
operate. In art 49, between the 2 felonies, the one intended to
commit and the one actually committed, whichever will bring
about a lesser penalty, that lesser penalty will be the one
imposed, and it will be imposed in the maximum period.
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)/$'03%/'$%A#/#0%*I'D#03')'2#/4*%'+*.DE'#0'B)I',%2"*0'0.')'L#**#/4'.A')' +%'A.,%2%%/'A,.B'03%')102'.A'03%'.AA%/$%,G'<A'03%',%2"*0#/4'A%*./I'1)/'
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9' 20)++%$' 3#2' A,#%/$' D3%/' 03%I' 3)$' )' $,#/L#/4' 2C,%%G' V3#*%' 03%I' Praeter Intentionem, where the consequence went beyond the
intention. It is exemplified in a case were the accused have
D%,%'$,#/L#/4'03%I'3)$'2.B%'),4"B%/0')+."0')'+)2L%0+)**'4)B%')/$'
boxed victim, exchanging blows, but the victim was not a good
03%I'1."*$'/.0')4,%%E'2.'3%'20)++%$'3#B'%*%F%/'0#B%2G'T#2'$%A%/2%'#2' fighter, so he simply withdrew or run away, but the accused ran
03)0' 3%' 3)$' /.' #/0%/0#./' .A' L#**#/4' 3#2' A,#%/$G' T%' $#$' /.0' #/0%/$' 0.' after away. While running away the accused give him a fist
1.BB#0' 2.' 4,)F%' )' D,./4' )2' 03)0' 1.BB#00%$G' <0' D)2' 3%*$' 03)0' 03%' blow at the back of the head, the victim fell to the concrete
A)10'03)0'JJ'D."/$2'D%,%'#/A*#10%$'./'9j2'A,#%/$'#2'3),$*I'1.BC)0#+*%' pavement because the momentum of his running that
D#03'03%'#$%)'03)0'3%'$#$'/.0'#/0%/$'0.'1.BB#0'2.'4,)F%')'D,./4'03)0' aggravated by the fist blow. He suffered from cerebral injuries
1.BB#00%$G' and eventually died. The SC applied this rule, this is a
' mitigating circumstance under par 3 of Art 13, that the
</' )/.03%,' #/20)/1%E' 03%' )11"2%$' D)2' )' 3.B.2%M")*G' 83%' F#10#B' offenders did not intend to commit so grave a wrong at that
,#$#1"*%$'.,'3"B#*#)0%$'3#B'D3#*%'3%'D)2'4.#/4'0.'03%',%20,..BG'T%' which was committed. Ordinarily, an ordinary fist blow will not
D)2' 2.' #,,#0)0%$' 03)0' 3%' S"20' 20)++%$' 03%' F#10#B' )0' 03%' /%1L' D#03' )' cause the death of the offended party. In praeter intentionem, it
*)$IH2' 1.B+' D#03' )' C.#/0%$' 3)/$*%E' L#**#/4' 03%' F#10#BG' T#2' $%A%/2%' has some element of accident, and that is why this always
mitigating.
D)2' 03)0' 3%' $#$' /.0' #/0%/$' 0.' 1.BB#0' 2.' 4,)F%' )' D,./4' )2' 03)0' .A'
L#**#/4' 3#BG' 83)0' 1./0%/0#./' D)2' ,%S%10%$E' +%1)"2%' 03%' #/20,"B%/0'
To be mitigating, the offender would not have foreseen or
"2%$'D)2'C.#/0%$G'83%'C),0'.A'03%'+.$I'D3%,%#/'#0'D)2'$#,%10%$'D)2' anticipated the crime that would follow the act that he has
03%'/%1L'D3#13'<2')'F#0)*'C),0'.A'03%'+.$IG'</'C,)%0%,'#/0%/0#./%BE'#0' done. If the resulting crime would be anticipated or foreseen
#2'B#0#4)0#/4'./*I'#A'03%,%'#2')'/.0)+*%'.,'/.0.,#."2'$#2C),#0I'+%0D%%/' from the felonious act of the offender, the offender cannot
03%'B%)/2'%BC*.I%$')/$'03%',%2"*0#/4'A%*./IG'</'1,#B#/)*'*)DE'#/0%/0' escape liability for the felonious act he committed. On this
.A'03%'.AA%/$%,'#2'$%0%,B#/%$'./'03%'+)2#2'%BC*.I%$'+I'3#B')/$'03%' premise, if a person hits another with an iron bar on the head,
B)//%,'#/'D3#13'3%'1.BB#00%$'03%'1,#B%G'</0%/0#./'.A'03%'.AA%/$%,' breaking the skull of his adversary, he cannot invoke praeter
#2'/.0'D3)0'#2'#/'3#2'B#/$i'#0'#2'$#21*.2%$'#/'03%'B)//%,'#/'D3#13'3%' intentionem because the use of an iron bar, he can already
1.BB#00%$'03%'1,#B%G' anticipate or foreseen that the victim may be mortally or fatally
' wounded. Hence, he will be liable for the natural, logical and
</' 20#**' )/.03%,' 1)2%E' 03%' )11"2%$' %/0%,%$' 03%' 20.,%' .A' )' (3#/%2%' direct consequences of his felonious act.
1."C*%E'0.'1.BB#0',.++%,IG'83%I'3.40#%$'03%'(3#/)B)/')/$'3#2'D#A%G' '
Q%1)"2%' 03%' D#A%' D)2' 2.' 0)*L)0#F%E' ./%' .A' 03%' .AA%/$%,2' 4.0' )' +HB[LL+G)D!"A+HD!
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0,I#/4' 0.' D,#44*%' A,.B' 03%' +./$)4%E' 03%' C)/$%2)*' 2*#CC%$' 03,."43' )4)#/20' C%,2./' .,' C,.C%,0#%2' D%,%' #0' /.0' A.,' 03%' #/3%,%/0'''
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Under the par 2 of article 4, this will only apply if there
is no crime resulted after the act. If somehow a crime
resulted even though different from what he intended,
we apply par 1 art 4 not par 2.
Par 2 only applied if there is no crime resulted from
the act. So the liability for an impossible crime is a last
resort. We will only apply this liability if there is no
other provision in the RPC that may be applied to the
offender.
The offender will only be accused for an impossible
crime if in the situation no other crime was committed.
The purpose of this provision is merely to teach the
accused a lesson for his being criminally inclined.
The liability, however, arises only if the act would
have been a crime against persons; so unless title 8
or 10 book 2 of the RPC. If the act would have been
some other crime, no liability under this article will
apply. The reason why the liability is limited only to
those acts which should have been a crime against
person or property is because at the time the RPC
was enacted, only crimes against person and property
are frequently committed.
Is an impossible crime really a crime?
No, the penalty here which is found in art 59
of the RPC is ___ whether the act would
have been a crime against person or
property and that is not true if a crime
actually resulted. If it resultied a crime
against person, the penalty is higher than if it
is a crime against property. But here, since
there is no crime committed, penalty is only
intended to teach the accused a lesson for
his criminal perversity, the penalty is arresto
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mayor or a fine ranging from 200 to 500
pesos.
If a crime incidentally or accidentally was committed
during a supposed commission of an impossible
crime, the offender will be prosecuted not for the
impossible crime but for the crime that actually took
place.
We will only apply par 2 art 4, if there is no crime
resulted.
The liability for an impossible crime is incurred only, if
the offender was not aware of the impossibility of
accomplishing the crime. If the offender is aware that
the crime is he had intended to commit cannot really
be accomplished, then it is not criminal perversity but
a sort of mischievousness knowing that the crime,
this provision in the RPC.
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2 farmers, after preparing the farm, sat down and drink a tuba.
They discussed which is the better basketball team. They
cannot agree and one of them had taken to many local wine
simply raised his bolo and hit the left leg of his friend. The left
leg of his friend is artificial and the offender knew such fact.
What is the liability of the offender? Is there a crime committed,
if so what crime?
He deliberately destroyed the artificial left leg, hence a
deliberate destruction of property and that is malicious
mischief
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The impossibility that may engender the liability under par 2 art
4 may be legal impossibility or a factual (physical) impossibility.
It is a legal impossibility where it is the law that brings about the
non-accomplishment of the crime because the elements
required by law are never fulfilled. That means when the victim
is already dead, it cannot be regarded as a person anymore.
If a person is stealing a property turns out to be the owner of
the thing, he cannot be liable for theft or robbery, because the
element required that the thing must be owned by another, that
is a legal impossibility.
The factual impossibility is describe in the case of Intod vs CA,
the offender is pick pocketing, and he intended to pick pocket
another passenger, he thrust his hand into the pocket of
another, only to find out that the pocket is empty, there is
nothing to still. That according to the SC is a physical or factual
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impossibility, there is nothing steal. That is why the crime of
theft or robbery is impossible.'
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CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES
Felonies are classified under Article 3, 6 and 9.
Under Article 3 (Manner of their commission), Felonies are
classified whether they are product of:
• Dolo – intentional felonies
• Culpa – culpable felonies
Under Article 6 (Stages of their execution)
• Attempted
• Frustrated
• Consummated
Under Article 9 (according to their gravity of the felonies) – the
classification is based on the penalty attached on the felony
• Light felonies
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' he would want to replace his wife. The younger woman is
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poison to kill rats. There is no logical link that would
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' offended party, intent to kill is negated. So it cannot be
Another aspect of the attempted stage is the word “directly”.
This means to say the felony that is attempted is not
necessarily the one which the offender had in mind to commit,
rather it is the felony which is directly linked to the overt act
done by the offender.
There is a need to examine the relation between the act and
the felony supposedly to be committed not necessarily the
felony in the mind of the offender will be the felony that is
attempted, it may be some other felony.
In the case of US vs Lamangan, the offender started removing
the wooden paneling on the side of a sari-sari store. The
proprietor of the store do not sleep there after business hours.
He lock the store from the outside. During the early hours in the
morning Lamangan started removing the paneling on the side
of the sari sari store. He succeeded in removing the paneling,
he tried to enter, but the opening is not big enough to
accommodate him, so he started removing another wooden
paneling. While doing so, the removal created some noise and
a roving policeman in the vicinity was attracted by the noise.
The policeman saw Lamangan and arrested him. What is the
crime that Lamangan may be held liable?
Logically, it is robbery. The entering is done thru
breaking a wall. The trial court and the CA found him
guilty of attempted robbery.
The SC ruled that the crime is not attempted robbery.
The crime directly linked to what the accused had
already done is not robbery but trespass to dwelling.
At most the removal of the wooden paneling would
indicate the intention of the accused to enter the
same. So the crime directly linked to the overt act so
far done by the accused is a crime qualified trespass
to dwelling. There is no overt act yet of robbery
because robbery contemplates taking of personal
property belonging to another with intent to gain and
that overt act of taking is not yet began. What is linked
to the removal of the paneling is to intrude to the
premises and that is trespass.
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In a case where the accused saw his enemy at a distance. The
man was hit and he was knocked down by the impulse of the
bullet. So the accused run to the site, where his enemy had
the head of the victim and announced to him “now you are
dead”. The victim knelt before the gunman. The gunman was
touched and eventually he kept his firearm and walked away.
Later, he was apprehended and he was charged for attempted
homicide. The trial court found him guilty, he argued that when
he kept him firearm and did not continue firing upon the
attempted homicide because he desisted from killing the victim.
The SC in resolving the issue as to what crime has
committed, said the crime was utmost physical
injuries because the victim was hit by the first shot
fired by the accused. The appellate court pointed out
that in the case, there are 2 acts done, the desistance
was only in respect with the second attempt. The
desistance cannot apply to the first shot because the
victim was already wounded. The intent to kill which
characterizes the first shot was already achieved, it is
only matter of ___ that the wound is mortal or not. It is
not frustrated because the offender had not yet
perform all the acts of execution that would bring
about the killing. So it is on the second attempt that
the desistance may be logically considered but not as
to the first shot. So there is an intent to kill but since
the first shot was not fatal, hence it is only attempted
homicide.
'
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In the attempted stage, “desistance”. Desistance contemplates
that the offender had begun the commission of the overt act
that would bring about a crime or felony but somehow he
listened to a call of his conscience to discontinue with his act
and return to the conduct of righteousness. To be considered
desistance, it must be spontaneous on the part of the offender.
Meaning to say the offender did not desist because of some
external reason. Desistance contemplates that the offender
spontaneously give up the pursing of the criminal act that
would indicate that he listened to what his conscience may
heard told him not to do. That is why in law, desistance
negates liability for any attempted felony. It does not follow that
the offender will be criminally liable, if a felony is already
committed before the offender desisted, the desistance will not
affect his liability because he already achieved because
desistance contemplates that the attempted felony has not yet
been attained.
Desistance is legally recognized only when the felony is still in
the attempted stage because it is only in the attempted stage
that the offender has not yet performed all acts of execution.
There is still room for desistance.
If he offender had already passed the subjective phase of the
crime and had already entered the objective phase, desistance
is not legally possible anymore because there is no more room
to desist since the offender had already performed all the acts
of execution.
In the crime of theft or robbery, the moment the offender gain
complete control of the personal property subject of the theft or
robbery, the crime is already consummated.
The scenario is where the offender decided to steal the object,
get the object from the receptacle where the owner had placed
it. Brought it out, then he found that it is not worth taking, so he
returned the same. Is there a crime committed?
Yes, because in law, there is no desistance possible if
the felony had already gone beyond the attempted
stage, if the felony is in the subjective phase which is
the attempted stage that desistance is possible.
In the frustrated stage the code requires that the offender
already performed all acts of execution and what prevented the
commission of the felony are reasons or causes independent of
the will of the perpetrator, desistance is not possible.
In desistance, the offender discontinued his overt act because
of a reason purely spontaneous to his conscience, in other
words there is no external cause.
2 helpers in a sari sari store agreed, one of them will ransack
the store, to get the money savings of the proprietor of the
store, the other one will kill the proprietor who is sleeping inside
the store. They went to the sari sari store in the evening
precisely to carry out the commission of the crime. While inside
a police patrol car came, the 2 thought that the policeman had
been summoned to apprehend them. So one of them fled, the
other one stabbed the proprietor. What will be the liability of the
one who fled? What will be the criminal liability of the one who
stabbed the proprietor?
The act of the one who fled cannot be desistance,
because the reason why he fled is because if the
police patrol car that approached with siren. He
thought that the policeman was summoned to bring
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!
about their arrest. So it is not spontaneous. But the
act of the one who left the sari sari store because of
the police patrol car is one of flight not desistance.
If the case is flight that means there is a reason or a
cause that made the offender to discontinue the
felonious act that he had begun, the law will not
reward that. That is why the liability is for an
attempted stage.
'
Frustrated Stage – the focus of attention is whether the offender
have performed all acts of execution, otherwise the crime is not
in the frustrated stage. That means that there is nothing more
to do, only the result will be the one that should follow. If some
further act that has to be done a crime is only in the attempted
stage because the offender has not yet performed all the acts
of execution.
Corrorarily, there are felonies which do not admit of this
frustrated stage. There are felonies which at once are
consummated, there are those which are of the attempted or
consummated but no frustrated case.
In such case where the felony involved does not admit the
frustrated stage, it is because that in the frustrated stage the
RPC requires that the offender has performed all acts of
execution. There are felonies where the moment the offender
has performed all the acts of execution, the felony is at once
consummated. So the frustrated stage never existed.
Example: Crime of arson
In the crime of arson, the mens rea is the destruction of
property by burning. So there must be a sign, but the property
intended to be destroyed by burning had already began to
burn. Absent any such kind, the criminal offense to burn the
property at most is only in the attempted stage. Once any
portion of the property intended to be burned had already
blackened, it is indicative that such property had already
caught fire, it had begun to burn. In the crime of arson the
moment any part of the property intended to be destroyed by
burning had begun to burn, the crime is consummated,
because it is not required that the entire property be burned
down before the act is consummated, it is enough that any
particle of the property had already caught in a fire. So the
crime rules out the possibility of the attempted stage. If there is
no sign that the property intended to burn had already began to
burn, only attempted. But the moment there is a sign, like the
property had already began to blackened indicative that it had
begun to burn, the arson is consummated because in the crime
of arson, it is not necessary that the entire property intended to
be burn should burn down. And a portion thereof had begun to
burn, it consummates the crime.
Another example: Bribery (Direct or Indirect)
Indirect Bribery is always consummated. It does not admit of
the attempted or frustrated stages.
If it is direct bribery, it admits of the attempted or consummated
stages, but not the frustrated stage.
So whether the bribery is Direct or indirect, there is no
frustrated stage.
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
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Crimes which involve killing in relation to frustrated stage
In crimes involving the destruction of human lives, if a mortal or
fatal wound were inflicted but a timely medical attention was
given resulting that the victim did not die, the crime is already in
the frustrated stage. The law considers that the offender had
already performed all the acts of execution, that will bring about
the death of the victim. What remains in that fatal or mortal
wound to take its cause. It may be provided by some external
medical treatment but that is already independent of the will of
the perpetrator.
If the wound inflicted was superficial or not really fatal or
mortal, the implication of that is it is not susceptible to bring
about the death of the victim. Therefore the intended killing is
regarded only as attempted unless the victim died eventually,
in this case, the crime becomes consummated.
So even if the wound is not mortal or fatal, if the victim lost so
much blood because the medical attention given to him is
delayed, the crime initially would be in the attempted stage
because the wound is not fatal, but the moment he dies
because of loss of blood, the crime does not even become
frustrated but already consummated.
However, there is a notable exception to this, were although
the wound inflicted was not fatal or mortal, the liability of the
offender is regarded as already on the frustrated felony.
In the case of people vs Bornaga, the victim did not sustain any
injury because the spear that was thrown at him landed on the
part of the chair where the victim was seating. But because the
offender believed that he had already inflicted a serious wound
upon the victim and for that matter he already fled, rejoicing
that he had killed the victim, whereas the victim did not even
suffer a scratch. In his mind, he thought he had already
performed all the acts of execution. So in cases like this, the
SC laid down the exception, that were the offender himself
believed that he had already performed all the acts of
execution to bring about the death of the victim and the
offender could have really carried out the killing of the victim,
because there was nothing that stop him, but because of his
belief, he did not perform any further act, the SC in effect said,
“who are we to say otherwise, when the offender himself
believed that he had already perform all the acts of execution”
this runs along the common saying “we cannot be more popist
than the pope”. So even though it turned out that the wound
inflicted was not really fatal or mortal, if the offender could have
carried out the killing but he did not because he believe that he
already done all the acts of execution then the liability can be
for a frustrated killing even though the wound inflicted was not
really fatal or mortal.
On the other hand, even though, the offender believe that he
had not performed all the acts of execution, whereas in fact he
had inflicted a fatal wound upon the victim, that wound
objectively can bring about the death of the victim. So against
the belief of the offended, the crime is already in the frustrated
stage. Where the offender, for example, shots his enemy at a
distance, the enemy was hit, but somehow the enemy
manages to run and hid himself from the road where the
offender could not see him anymore. So the offender in his
mind believe, he has not inflicted a mortal wound, he even
uttered a mark “may araw ka din, mapapatay din kita.” It turned
out that the victim was mortally wounded and after having run a
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distance, he collapsed but kind hearted people brought him to
the hospital and he was treated timely that made him recover
from the fatal wound. Although the belief of the offender that
the wound inflicted was not really fatal or mortal but because
the facts turned out to be different, the offender is liable for the
act he has done.
So we apply the rule, which is an exception only if it were true
to the belief of the offender.
When the victim of an act that would bring about a killing
resulted to the death of the victim, the crime is always
consummated homicide and there is no need to discuss intent
to kill. The fact that the victim is dead is conclusively regarded
by law as indicative of intent to kill. This is so because we only
consider intent to kill if the victim did not die and that is to
differentiate a crime of physical injuries from the crime of
attempted or frustrated homicide, murder or parricide. If the
victim died, there is no need to determine whether the crime is
homicide, murder or physical injuries. It cannot be physical
injuries if the victim already died.
The fact that the victim is dead rises conclusively that the
offender inflicted the mortal wound precisely with intent to kill.
The crime of murder, homicide or parricide may be incurred
although the offender acted without intent to kill, if the act
should bring a felonious and the consequence of that act the
victim died, then the crime may be consummated homicide,
murder or parricide
In a case where a victim is courting a lady, residing in different
vicinity, the young man in the neighborhood already
forewarned him that they will not allow any young man from
another vicinity to court a lady within that neighborhood. So
they told him to lay off, but out of his affection to the lady, he
kept on visiting her. And this brought about the anger on the
part of the young man in the same neighborhood. One
afternoon after the young man from the other vicinity courting
the young lady, came down the house of the lady, the
offenders who were 3, seized the fellow, tied him against the
tree, they tied up his arms around the tree, then they started
whipping him. When they stopped the fellow is already
unconscious and turned out that he is already dead. The issue
is whether the crime is murder or homicide?
The victim was tied, hence treachery, he is in no
position to defend or retaliate, he is totally
defenseless and that is the essence of treachery,
hence the crime is not homicide but murder. So even
without intent to kill the crime is murder because
treachery as a circumstance affecting criminal liability
pertains to the material execution of the crime.
Consummated stage – One thing that is commonly incurred AS
A MISTAKE by bar candidates, is to refer to the felony on the
basis of the acts of execution. There are no more acts to speak
of because in the frustrated stage which comes before the
consummated stage, the offender has already performed all
acts of execution. So what follow is no longer the act but the
elements.
Art 6 does not refer to acts of execution in the consummated
stage. The article refers to elements. Otherwise you will be
going back to the attempted stage.
'
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In determining the execution of a particular felony, you have to
consider the 3 criteria.
• The manner of executing the felony
• The elements of the particular felony involve
• The nature of the felony itself
All these are found in the law punishing the crime. These
stages are applied only in material felonies or those which are
susceptible of these. But there are felonies which do not admit
of these stages, they are referred to as formal felonies.
There are felonies which at once consummated. No neither
attempted nor frustrated
Example: slander or oral defamation, the moment it is uttered,
the defamatory utterance is consummated.
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There are crimes which do not admit attempted or
frustrated stages.
Example: Bribery (Direct or Indirect)
Indirect Bribery is always consummated. It does not
admit of the attempted or frustrated stages.
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If it is direct bribery, it admits of the attempted or
consummated stages, but not the frustrated stage.
So whether the bribery is Direct or indirect, there is no
frustrated stage.
Another example: Physical injuries
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Art. 7. When light felonies are punishable. — Light felonies are punishable only
when they have been consummated, with the exception of those committed
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Under the article 16, were the felony is only light felony, "
accessories are not criminally liable therefore, only principals <" '.2,)0-+':" (&0,*," 53(2" *5." .-" ?.-(" )(-,.2," '.?(" *." +2" +=-((?(2*" '.2'(-202=" *3("
and accomplices incurred liability in a light felony. But under '.??0,,0.2".6"+"6(4.2:"+21"1('01("*."'.??0*"0*#""
article 7, u are informed that even the principal and the "
accomplice will not incur criminal liability in a light felony, if the M3(-(" 0," )-.).,+4" 53(2" *3(" )(-,.2" 53." 3+," 1('01(1" *." '.??0*" +" 6(4.2:" )-.).,(," 0*,"
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light felony is not consummated. To this provision however, we
have another exception, that were the light felony would have !
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Proposal and Conspiracy to commit a felony
Proposal and conspiracy to commit a felony are mere
preparatory acts. So generally, they do not give rise to criminal
liability. The exception, where there is a positive law imposing
a penalty upon the mere proposal or mere conspiracy, there
such proposal or conspiracy is a crime. That is the exception
when an overt act will bring about a criminal liability.
General Rule: an overt act will bring about a criminal liability
Exception: where there is a positive law imposing a penalty
upon the mere proposal or mere conspiracy, there such
proposal or conspiracy is a crime
There are cases were a penal law does not punish the
proposal to commit the felony but punishes the conspiracy
such felony.
Example: Sedition. Proposal to commit sedition is not a crime.
Conspiracy to commit sedition is a crime. In cases where the
proposal does not constitute a crime whereas a conspiracy of
the same crime would bring about criminal liability, that a
proposal stays as a proposal only for as long as the party to
whom the proposal was made has not yet accepted or agreed
to the proposal. So in such a case, there is no criminal liability
yet. Once the party to whom the proposition was made agreed
to or accepted the same, what began as a proposal will ripen
into a conspiracy. Where the party to whom the proposal was
made agreed to the commission of the crime, so we have the
essence of conspiracy.
Example: Arson. Proposal to commit arson is not a crime but
conspiracy to commit arson is a crime. For as long as the other
party has not accepted the proposition to commit arson, there
is no criminal liability but once he agreed to commit the arson
proposed, a conspiracy arises.
Conspiracy – when 2 persons come to an agreement
concerning a commission of a crime and they decided to carry
it out.
The fact the crime agreed upon has not yet carried out, that
does not mean that there is no conspiracy. The execution was
the one held in abeyance but the agreement is there. So the
liability for conspiracy to commit sedition is already committed.
On the conspiracy to commit a crime, we have to determine
whether the conspiracy is express or implied.
The conspiracy is express when the conspirators actually met,
discuss how the crime is to be carried out and they arrived at
an agreement concerning the commission of the crime and a
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decision is reached to carry out. From the time that parties
involve have already agreed on the commission of the crime,
they are already co-conspirators even though the execution of
the crime will yet come some days later on. During all the while
that commission of the crime is still being awaited, the parties
are already co-conspirators because the conspiracy is express.
So if anyone of the co-conspirators found an opportunity to
execute the crime before the date agreed upon, all the others,
will incur criminal liability because they remain as co-
conspirators. If the conspiracy is express, it is not necessary
participate in the execution of the criminal act. Once there is a
conspiracy the act of one is the act of all. This is the legal effect
of that conspiracy. It is not necessary that each of them will
participate in the execution of the crime.
One who participates in an express conspiracy, may only avoid
criminal liability in either of 2 ways:
• By not appearing at the place where the crime is to be
committed on the date and time of the crime. It must
be a voluntary and spontaneous non-appearance.
The law regards this as indicative of desistance from
the conspiracy
• The conspirator appear at the place where the crime
is to be committed in which they agreed upon, but
there he exerted efforts to prevent and stop his co-
conspirators from carrying out the commission of the
crime.
Another other way that has met out the conspirator in the
execution of the crime, other than these 2, there is no other
way can negate the criminal liability of an express conspirator.
Once he is a party to an express conspiracy, he is bound by
the tides of that conspiracy unless he performs any of the
above mention 2 acts.
If the co-conspirator was absent at the place because he was
apprehended on the way to that place or he fled because he
notice that there was an indication that they will be arrested,
then this circumstances are against the idea of desistance. It is
one of flight. Flight is brought about external occurrence.
Implied conspiracy, the co-conspirators need not meet and
discuss how the crime is to be committed. Instead, they act
together at the place where the act is to be committed. In this
situation, the conspiracy will give rise from the conduct of the
implied conspirators, if they acted in concert (in a coordinated
or synchronized manner), an indication arises that they acting
to pursue a common criminal objective. That is why from that
circumstance the existence of the conspiracy will be implied.
The law would assume a meeting of the minds among those
who took part in the execution of the crime. In an implied
conspiracy, participation by the implied conspirators in the
execution of the criminal act is necessary. It is from there, that
the inference is deduced that he concurred in criminal
resolution to carry out the crime. So if the person is seen at the
place of the crime merely stood by and watched the others
while they are executing the crime, his passive presence will
not make him an implied conspirator because there is no basis
to infer his concurrence to the criminal acts. The basis of the
inference is his participation which is coordinated or
synchronized with the acts of the others demonstrating a
meeting of the minds toward a common criminal objective.
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The mere presence at the scene of the crime does not make
one co-conspirator. This ruled was laid down by the SC in a
case where the conspiracy is only implied. If the conspiracy is
express, the SC will not make that obiter dictum. Likewise the
SC said that mere acquiescence or approval to the execution
of the crime will not make one a co-conspirator. This is true for
an implied conspiracy.
If the conspiracy was express, the parties did not only to
execute the crime in a coordinated manner, they agreed on
how the crime will be committed, for as long as that agreement
has not yet been negated, all of them who have come into that
agreement are conspirators.
If the conspiracy was express, even though the conspirators
who were present at the scene of the crime did not act in the
execution of the crime, they are nevertheless criminally liable
because they are all co-conspirators already.
If the conspiracy was implied, the implication is drawn from
their criminal participation. So if there was no criminal
participation, there is no basis to imply that he is a co-
conspirator.
When the conspiracy is implied, one who is present at the
scene of the crime did not act in a ___ manner, he simply saw
his companions beating up the victim and he uttered “sige pa
bugbugin nyo pa” that alone will not render him a co-
conspirator if the conspiracy is only imply or inferred because
the inference can only be drawn out of a criminal participation.
That’s why in implied conspiracy, the participation must be in
concert. If the participation is successively, it is not indicative of
a conspiracy. Each one will be liable individually not
collectively.
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Art 10 refers to crimes mala prohibita, they are not governed by
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the RPC but the provisions of the RPC shall only be suppletory
9,0#1*%'J6'#2'03%'1./2%\"%/1%'.A'03%'*%4)*',%\"#,%B%/0'03)0'I."'3)F%'
in so far matters are not provided for in the special law. Where
0.' $#20#/4"#23' 03.2%' C"/#23%$' "/$%,' 2C%1#)*' *)D2' )/$' 03.2%' "/$%,' there is a deficiency in the special law, like when the special
03%' Y%F#2%$' :%/)*' (.$%G' V#03' ,%4),$' 0.' 9,0#1*%' J6E' .+2%,F%' 03%' law imposes punishment of a crime, the convict is insolvent to
$#20#/10#./G' pay for the crime but the special law does not provide for
' subsidiary imprisonment, applying the provision of the RPC in
</E'9,0#1*%'J6E'03%,%'#2')',%2%,F)0#./'`C,.F#2#./'.A'03%'Y%F#2%$':%/)*' Art. 39, that for the non-payment of the fine may be required to
(.$%' B)I' +%' )CC*#%$' 2"CC*%0.,#*I' 0.' 2C%1#)*' *)D2_G' b."' D#**' ./*I' undergo subsidiary imprisonment. That provision of the code
)CC*I'03%' C,.F#2#./2'.A'03%'Y%F#2%$':%/)*'(.$%')2')' 2"CC*%B%/0' 0.' will be applied by authority of article 10. What would amount to
03%' 2C%1#)*' *)DE' .,' 2#BC*I' 1.,,%*)0%' 03%' F#.*)0%$' 2C%1#)*' *)DE' #A' injustice, may be remedied by the provision of the RPC being
/%%$%$'0.')F.#$')/'#/S"20#1%G'<A'/.'e"20#1%'D."*$',%2"*0E'$.'/.0'4#F%' applied to a case governed by a special laws.
2"CC*%0.,I' )CC*#1)0#./' .A' 03%' Y%F#2%$' :%/)*' (.$%' 0.' 03)0' .A' 2C%1#)*'
*)DG' The more significant in respect of Art 10, is the ruling of the SC
in the case of people vs Martin-simon? although the crime is
'
malum prohibitum, if the special law adopted the nomenclature
-.,' %M)BC*%E' )' 2C%1#)*' *)D' C"/#23%2' 1%,0)#/' )10' )2' )' 1,#B%G' 83%' of penalties under the RPC using such designation like arresto
2C%1#)*' *)D' #2' 2#*%/0' )2' 0.' 03%' 1#F#*' *#)+#*#0I' .A' ./%' D3.' F#.*)0%2' 03%' mayor, prision correccional, etc… such provision in the special
2)B%G' T%,%' #2' )' C%,2./' D3.' F#.*)0%$' 03%' 2C%1#)*' *)D' )/$' 3%' D)2' law demonstrates the intention of the law makers to punish the
C,.2%1"0%$i'T#2'F#.*)0#./'1)"2%$'$)B)4%'.,'#/S",I'0.')'C,#F)0%'C),0IG' violation in the same manner that felonies are penalized under
Z$7# .-'# ,%5&.# 6&%*%5*,'# .-$.# -'# (0# ,(/(117# 1($<1'# .%# .-'# %""'*2'2# the RPC. Those provisions of the RPC in imposing the penalty
6$&.74#,%*0(2'&(*)#.-$.#.-'#06',($1#1$3#(0#0(1'*.#%*#.-(0#6%(*.8## as well as in the determination of the sentence, the provisions
b%2E'+%1)"2%'9,0#1*%'J66'.A'03%'Y%F#2%$':%/)*'(.$%'B)I'+%' of the RPC shall be followed. So mitigating and aggravating
4#F%/' 2"CC*%0.,I' )CC*#1)0#./' 0.' C,%F%/0' )/' </S"20#1%' A,.B' circumstances can be considered, the scale of penalties under
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art 71 which is applicable penalties under the RPC shall also
be considered adopted by the special law. Hence, when the
special law adopted this scale the penalties to be imposed can
be graduated by degree or by periods. The stages in the
execution of the crime may be considered when practicable
because the scale in art 71 will likewise be applied. This is the
far reaching consequence when the crime although a malum
prohibitum is treated in the same manner as felonies are
penalized under the RPC. Indeterminate sentence shall be
arrived at in the same manner that this is arrived at for felonies
under the RPC. The minimum of the indeterminate sentence
shall be within the range of a penalty one degree lower
because the scale in art 71 is deemed adopted also. Generally,
penalties in the special laws have no degrees or periods
because they don’t have scale.'
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Justifying vs Exempting
In justifying circumstance, it affects the act not the actor. The
reference is to the act not to the actor. The circumstance
renders the act not a crime, so there is no crime there is no
criminal.
While in exempting circumstance affects the actor not the act.
The actor acted without voluntariness. That is why there is a
crime but there is no criminal.
In justifying circumstances, there is no criminal liability as well
as civil liability because the act is done within legal bounds
hence, it is considered legitimate. Consequently, it may be said
that there is no crime, there is no criminal.
In exempting circumstance, it is only the actor but the act is a
crime only nobody deserves a punishment because nobody
acted voluntarily. He is only an instrument or tool of the crime.
But because there is a wrong committed, there is civil liability.
So in an exempting circumstance, there is civil liability but in a
justifying circumstance, there can be no civil liability.
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' aggression, the relationship between the accused and the
In Self-defense, defense of relatives and defense of stranger,
there is a common requirement:
• That the offended party must have acted in unlawful
aggression;
• That the crime committed was brought by a
reasonable necessity to prevent or repel the unlawful
aggression
The second requisite tells us the unlawful aggression on the
part of the offended party must still be continuing when the act
was committed by the accused by way of defense. 3;+# %># +(.#
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What is justifiable under these 3 justifying circumstances is
only an act of defense never an act of retaliation.
Example: the offended party hacked the accused. The accused
was wounded. The accused was carrying his hand gun,
thereupon he shot the unlawful aggressor on the chest, the
aggressor fell on the ground. The accused did not stop there,
he fired another shot on the head of the aggressor. Will the act
be justified?
No, the act of defense is only the first shot because of
that shot, the unlawful aggressor was already down.
The aggression is already ceases.
When the second shot was fired, there is no more
unlawful aggression. So, it is not an act of defense but
!"#$%&%*-%%
!
11, the justification is only as regards to the act of
defense under the second requisite – reasonable
necessity to prevent or repel the aggression.
In the example given, when the person who was hacked shot
the aggressor, that is justifiable just to stop the unlawful
aggression. When the unlawful aggressor was down on the
ground, no more unlawful aggression. For the offender to shoot
him again, the offender becomes the aggressor. So we have a
case where the accused and the offended party act in pari
delicto, both of them are equally liable. The accused cannot
invoke the justification. Nobody can claim justification. The fact
that he was hacked that made him to retaliate is only a
mitigating circumstance. There we will have a case of
incomplete self-defense. The act is not totally justified, it will
person who is hacked.
When a person challenges another person to a fight; the
means they will employ are equal, nobody between them can
invoke self-defense. Both of them are equally criminally liable.
Art. 11. Justifying circumstances. — The following do not incur any criminal
liability:
2. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of his spouse,
ascendants, descendants, or legitimate, natural or adopted brothers
or sisters, or his relatives by affinity in the same degrees and those
consanguinity within the fourth civil degree, provided that the first and
second requisites prescribed in the next preceding circumstance are
present, and the further requisite, in case the revocation was given by
the person attacked, that the one making defense had no part therein.
'
Aside from the legal contemplation of what is unlawful
person being defended by the accused is decisive.
Defense of relatives extends only up to first cousin, second
cousin is no longer cousin covered by defense of relatives,
although second cousin is still regarded as relatives. As far as
second cousin are concerned, what would be applicable is par
3 art 11, the second cousin is regarded only as a stranger and
therefore it will be par 3 on defense of stranger that shall
govern. This is important because the requisites to justify the
act are different.
If the relationship between the accused and the person being
defended by the accused is governed by the second par of art
rd
11, actually there are only 2 requisites there. The 3 requisite
is only conditional or contingent. The required conditions only
are:
• Unlawful aggression on the part of the offended party
• Reasonable necessity of the means employed to
repel or prevent that unlawful aggression
rd
• The 3 condition which is contingent: if provocation is
from the relative defended, it is required that the
person defending have no part therein. If no
provocation was initiated by the relative defended,
that requisite will not apply at all.
Art. 11. Justifying circumstances. — The following do not incur any criminal
liability:
3. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of a stranger,
provided that the first and second requisites mentioned in the first
circumstance of this Art. are present and that the person defending be
not induced by revenge, resentment, or other evil motive.
!
!
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' possible, the accused must be first convicted and the
If the accused acted under the circumstance of defense of
stranger, the requisites are different, although there was
unlawful aggression on the part of the offended party, although
there was reasonable necessity on the means employed to
prevent or repel such unlawful aggression, if however the
prosecution proved that the accused acted out of revenge,
resentment or some other evil motive in resorting to the
defense against the unlawful aggressor, this would deprive him
of the benefit of the justification because it would mean that the
act done by him is not a matter of defense anymore, it is an act
of retaliation brought about by the spirit of defense, resentment
or other evil motive. It will only mitigate the liability.'
' The basis of civil liability under the RPC is art 100, any person
Art. 11. Justifying circumstances. — The following do not incur any criminal
liability:
4. Any person who, in order to avoid an evil or injury, does not act which
causes damage to another, provided that the following requisites are
present;
First. That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists;
Second. That the injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it;
Third. That there be no other practical and less harmful means of
preventing it.
! EXCEPTION because the predicate is different. If it is not the
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' Illustration: in a street there are 5 houses, house 1 was on fire,
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' out of that incident.
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!
In some commentaries, they called attention to par 4 art 11, the
so-called state of necessity and it is ERRORNEOUSLY
impress, that this justifying circumstance is an exception where
there is civil liability. The impression is MISLEADING. In a
justifying circumstance, absolutely, there is no civil liability
because the act precisely legitimate.
The civil liability arising from the revised penal code is base on
criminal liability. If there is no criminal liability, there is no civil
liability to be recovered under the RPC. The recovery of the
civil liability may be under the civil code but not under the RPC.
Civil liability under the civil code may be recovered even the
case is pending appeal. In other words the judgment has not
yet become executory. But in a criminal case, that is not
conviction must become final and executory before any civil
liability may be recovered because the civil liability is
recoverable on the basis only of criminal liability.
The importance of distinguishing civil liability under the Civil
Code and under the RPC is that the recovery of civil liability
under the civil code is subject to the defense that the parties
subsidiary civilly liable has exercise the diligence of a good
father of a family in the selection or supervision of his
employees. But if the recovery is under the RPC, this defense
will not lie or not available in the criminal case.
criminally liable is civilly liable.
Art. 100. Civil liability of a person guilty of felony. — Every person criminally liable
for a felony is also civilly liable.
Going back to par 4 Art 11, the civil liability that may arise in a
state of necessity is based on the benefit derived out of respect
of necessity by the party who would be civilly liable. The basis
of the civil liability is not the act that was done to avert the state
of necessity. So IT CANNOT BE CONSIDERED AN
justifying circumstance that is the predicate, but it is the benefit
derived. The principle governing the basis of the liability are
different, in a justifying circumstance the man, ___ of the civil
liability is based on the principle that the act is legal, so it does
not bring about civil liability, but under the state of necessity,
where civil liability may arise, the legal basis or predicate is that
“no person shall be enrich at the expense of another”. The
basis is the rule of equity, whereas in the justifying
circumstance, the basis is the rule of law.
and the wind while blowing strong towards the direction of the
other houses. So the fire certainly may jump from house 1 to
house 2 to house 3 etc… the owner of house 3 took it upon
himself to demolish house 2, so that the fire will not burn his
house. The demolition of house 2 only slow down the fire, just
the same, the fire burned house 3. The owners of house 4 and
5 did not participate in the demolition of house 2. But because
the fire stops at house 3, houses 4 and 5 are spared.
Under the law, the owners of house 4 and 5 will
answer correspondingly to the value of the benefit
derived by them for the compensation of the owner of
house number 2. The owner of house 3, even though
he was the one who demolished house 2, will not
incur civil liability because he did not get any benefit
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This is justified under par 4 art 11 provided that there
is a greater evil if house 3 will be burned than that of
demolishing house 2. If house 2 is a mansion and
house 3 is a nipa hut, then the justification does not
exist. If the owner of house 3 took the effort of
demolishing house 2 to save his house, but that only
slow down the spread of the fire, but the house 3 is
also burned, it was house 4 and 5 that were spared
but the owners of house 4 and 5 did not participate in
the demolition of house 2, but they benefited out of
that demolition. Under the state of necessity, whoever
benefited out of the act done to avert the state of
necessity will be the one to shoulder the civil liability in
proportion to the benefit derived. The owner of house
3 did not benefit so he will not shoulder the civil
liability because the basis of the civil liability is not the
act but the benefit derived from the act. The basis is
equity and not the act done.
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Art. 11. Justifying circumstances. — The following do not incur any criminal
liability:
5. Any person who acts in the fulfillment of a duty or in the lawful
exercise of a right or office.
' In comparison with the civilian resorting to self defense,
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'
If the accused invoke self defense, defense of relative or
defense of stranger was a law enforcer or peace officer, it is
not the requisites under such defenses that we will consider in
requisite to the circumstance under par 5 of art 11 that we will
consider; that of having acted in fulfillment of a duty or in the
lawful exercise of a right or an office.
A peace officer or law enforcer has a duty to fulfill. He is not
only limited to repel an unlawful aggression, a law enforcer has
a duty to bring to the bar of justice the unlawful aggressor. So
he is required to resort to affirmative act to apprehend the
unlawful aggressor.
defense of relatives or defense of stranger, if the unlawful
aggressor already run away, a civilian who was the offended
party in the unlawful aggression is not authorized to run after
the unlawful aggression anymore because that means that the
unlawful aggression has already stopped. But if the person
defending or the person who acted in defense of relative or
stranger was a law enforcer or peace officer, even when the
unlawful aggressor started to flee, he has a duty to fulfill and he
is authorized to run after the unlawful aggressor and
apprehend him. If when doing so he incurred a felony, even
though the felony was committed while he was running after
was acting in fulfillment of a duty.
There are only 2 requisites under par 5:
• He must be acting in the lawful fulfillment of a duty or
in the lawful exercise of a right or office;
• The crime committed was the unavoidable
consequence of the due performance of the duty. That
means he did not act recklessly or imprudently.
It does not mean that if the unlawful aggressor had fled that he
may just simply shoot him, but if the necessity to stop the
unlawful aggressor to use his service firearm and he use it
discreetly and with prudence but somehow the unlawful
aggressor was hit fatally still there is no criminal liability.
'
'
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PG V3%03%,' .%' %/A.,1%' 03%' 1#F#*' *#)+#*#0I' #BC.2%$' #/'
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' determining the responsibility and treatment of a child in
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' economic, psychological or educational background without
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' not a formal judicial proceedings. So there will be conciliation
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' restorative justice, to bring the parties to their respective status
RA 9344 – AN ACT ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE
JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE SYSTEM, CREATING
THE JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE COUNCIL UNDER
THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Under this law, the age of absolute exemption from criminal
liability has been increased to 15 years old or less.
The child is exempt from criminal liability not from civil liability.
Although exempt from criminal liability, at this age, the child
shall be subject to so-called intervention program, a program of
activities that will correct the child from some wrong doing.
Where the child is already above 15 yrs old, we will have to
consider his discernment. If the crime was committed without
discernment, such child below 18 yrs old although above 15 yrs
old, shall also be exempt from criminal liability but not from civil
liability. Also such child is required to undergo the intervention
program applied to children who 15 years old or less.
"Intervention" refers to a series of activities which are designed
to address issues that caused the child to commit an offense. It
may take the form of an individualized treatment program
which may include counseling, skills training, education, and
other activities that will enhance his/her psychological,
emotional and psycho-social well-being. (RA 9344)
If the child although below 18 yrs old but above 15 yrs old
acted with discernment, he shall be considered a “child in
conflict with the law”. There will be criminal responsibility. But
instead of a formal judicial proceeding, such child shall be
subjected to the so-called diversion proceedings
"Child in Conflict with the Law" refers to a child who is alleged
as, accused of, or adjudged as, having committed an offense
under Philippine laws. (RA 9344)
Child in conflict with law – the term is used for a child below 18
who was found to have acted with discernment. When this term
is used, the implication is there is criminal responsibility.
!"#$%&%+(%%
!
"Diversion" refers to an alternative, child-appropriate process of
conflict with the law on the basis of his/her social, cultural,
resorting to formal court proceedings. (RA 9344)
"Diversion Program" refers to the program that the child in
conflict with the law is required to undergo after he/she is found
responsible for an offense without resorting to formal court
proceedings. (RA 9344)
Diversion proceedings are parallel to proceedings before the
baranggay under the so-called katarungan pambaranggay. It is
or mediation before the baranggay. This is only true in those
cases where the violation committed does not imprisonment
higher than 6 years or when there is no offended party
involved. If the violation carries a penalty higher than 6 years
imprisonment, the diversion proceedings will have to be
conducted in the level of the public prosecutor.
The purpose of the diversion proceeding is to bring about
quo before the crime was committed. If the prosecutor
conducting the proceedings, however, submits that diversion
could not be advisable because the child is incorrigible, then an
information will have to filed with the family court. But even
when the case is already filed in court, where the crime
committed carries a penalty not higher than 12 yrs
imprisonment, the court is required, under this law, not to
conduct an arraignment immediately, instead the court shall
endeavor to subject a child to diversion proceedings, and only
when the court finds that diversion is not an appropriate
remedy, may the court proceed with the trial.
Although the child may be found criminally responsible,
sentence shall not be pronounced on him. The sentence shall
be suspended and this is required even though the child has
already attained the age of majority at the time the sentence is
to be pronounced or promulgated. And the sentence shall
remain suspended until he attains 21 years of age.
Under RA 9344, the child, although found criminally
responsible, may be held in a youth rehabilitation center up to
the age of 21. If he reached the age of 21, the supervisor of the
youth rehabilitation center, will bring hand before the court or
inform the court whether further corrective measure will have to
be undertaken to correct the offender or the case will already
be dismissed and the offender will be discharged already.
If it is advisable to make the offender suffer the sentence, and
he is already 21 yrs old or more, then he shall be refer to an
agricultural camp, not to a penal institution. So the age, under
RA 9344, is only on the age of the offender at the time the
crime was committed. His age at the time he was found
responsible for the crime committed will not affect the
proceedings against him as long as at the time the violation is
committed, the child is still below 18 years old.
Under this law, even when the child is already an adult at the
time when the sentence for the crime committed to be
promulgated the sentence shall be suspended and under this
law, the suspension may either be up to the time the child
attains the age of 21.
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
!
The important aspect of this law:
• The so called status offenses have been
decriminalize. Those wrong doings which are penalize
when the offender is a child but not penalize when the
offender is an adult, in other words, discriminating
against the child, is now prohibited under this law.
"Status Offenses" refers to offenses which
discriminate only against a child, while an adult does
not suffer any penalty for committing similar acts.
These shall include:
• curfew violations;
• truancy,
• parental disobedience and the like. (RA
9344)
This ordinance or regulation curfew cannot be made
as a basis in imposing sanction upon child. Any such
ordinance or regulation is still allowed but only for
administrative purpose only, it cannot be made a
basis of any penal sanction because status offenses
are now prohibited.
• Under this law, there are crimes where, a child is
exempt from criminal prosecution, not just from
criminal liability. A case cannot be filed against him.
These crimes are:
1. Vagrancy
2. Prostitution
3. Mendicancy
4. Sniffing of rugby
Sec. 58. Offenses Not Applicable to Children. -
Persons below eighteen (18) years of age shall be
exempt from prosecution for the crime of vagrancy
and prostitution under Section 202 of the Revised
Penal Code, of mendicancy under Presidential
Decree No. 1563, and sniffing of rugby under
Presidential Decree No. 1619, such prosecution being
inconsistent with the United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child: Provided, That said persons
shall undergo appropriate counseling and treatment
program. (RA 9344)
• If the child would be found liable and therefore
sentence for him will be suspended, the implication is
that the child is found guilty of the wrong doing. As a
matter of procedure, the child is allowed to appeal
such finding of the court. Although the child may have
appeal the findings of the court that would bring about
the sentence except that the sentence is suspended,
that appeal will not disqualify such child from applying
for probation.
Under the probation decree, that where an accused
was convicted under the judgment of the trial court
appeals the judgment, that appeal will already
disqualify him from applying for probation. The
exception of this rule is provided for under section 42
of RA 9344, which allows the child who was
proceeded against under this law to apply for
probation at any time.
!"#$%&%+)%%
!
SEC. 42. Probation as an Alternative to Imprisonment.
- The court may, after it shall have convicted and
sentenced a child in conflict with the law, and upon
application at any time, place the child on probation in
lieu of service of his/her sentence taking into account
the best interest of the child. For this purpose, Section
4 of Presidential Decree No. 968, otherwise known as
the "Probation Law of 1976", is hereby amended
accordingly.
The provision in sec 4 of PD 968 shall be considered
as accordingly amended.
Relative to this, SC however, upheld the denial of
probation to a child who was apprehended while
illegally selling shabu. Specifically because section 24
of dangerous drug act of 2002 expressly provides that
those who are convicted for drug pushing or drug
trafficking are disqualified from applying for probation
even if the offender is a minor. Because the provision
in that law is without exception and unqualified, the
court cannot make an exception is a case of an
offender under 18. It is not the intention of the
lawmakers to exempt from sec 24 of such law a minor
who is below 18 but over 15 yrs old. If the intention
was to exempt a child from the effect of the conviction
and allow him to go on probation, it would have been
simple for the lawmakers to make an exemption.
• If a person have proceeded against RA 9344 either
being subject to an intervention program while he was
still young, or such person submitted to a diversion
proceeding. This law provides that any such person
who had been proceeded against under RA 9344
shall not be made liable for falsification,
misrepresentation, perjury or false testimony, should
he conceal or deny the proceedings against him under
this law because of some criminal violation.
So if a child has been brought under the operation of
RA 9344 and he studied law, and to take the bar
exam, in his application, although the applicant has
been prosecuted under RA 9344, this law expressly
provides that he can deny it without being liable for
falsification, misrepresentation, perjury or false
testimony. In short all proceedings under this law may
be concealed even under oath.
'
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of this exempting circumstance.
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In mitigating and aggravating circumstance, it implies that the The effect of this circumstance is to lower the prescribed
accused is guilty, it implies conviction because mitigating and penalty either by degree or by period only.
aggravating circumstances are relevant to the imposition of the
penalty. If the mitigating circumstance attending the crime, lowers the
' imposable penalty only by period, that mitigating circumstance
was what we call Ordinary Mitigating and it can be offset by a
H$,$9',$&9!!!!"$#04%-,'&06-''''),%''''03.2%'1#,1"B20)/1%2'03)0'3)F%'
generic aggravating circumstance.
03%' %AA%10'.A',%$"1#/4'03%' C%/)*0I'+%1)"2%'03%,%'#2')' $#B#/"0#./'.A'
)/I'.A'03%'%*%B%/02'.A'$.*.'.,'1"*C)E'D3#13'B)L%2'03%')10'F.*"/0),I' If the mitigating circumstance lowers the imposable penalty by
.,'+%1)"2%'.A'03%'*%22%,'C%,F%,2#0I'.A'03%'.AA%/$%,G' degree, we call this privilege mitigating circumstance. It is
JG </1.BC*%0%'S"20#AI#/4'1#,1"B20)/1%2i' called privilege mitigating circumstance, because the
5G K#/.,#0I'.,'2%/#*#0Ii' circumstance lowers the imposable penalty and the same
PG :,)%0%,'#/0%/0#./%Bi' cannot be offset by any aggravating circumstance.
RG ;"AA#1#%/0'C,.F.1)0#./'.,'03,%)0i'
fG <BB%$#)0%'F#/$#1)0#./'.A')'4,)F%'.AA%/2%i' The reason why privilege mitigating circumstance cannot be
ZG :)22#./')/$'.+A"21)0#./i' offset is because any circumstance which lowers the
7G a.*"/0),I'2",,%/$%,i' imposable penalty by degree is always covered by the
cG a.*"/0),I'C*%)'.A'4"#*0Ii' provision of the RPC, there is always a provision in the RPC
dG ]%)A')/$'$"B+E'+*#/$'.,'C3I2#1)*'$%A%10i' which lowers the penalty imposable by at least 1degree and
the provision states that penalty under certain circumstance will
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be lowered than what ordinarily is prescribed for the crime. In
JJG 9/)*.4."2'1#,1"B20)/1%2G' other words, the provision of the code may expressly states
' that the penalty is lower by one or 2 degrees or without saying
C$-,$&0,$1&-! /6,*66&! 1#7$&'#;! %$,$9',$&9! 0$#04%-,'&06-! ! ! '&7!!! so the provision of the code may simply state the penalty
3#$5$(6967!!!%$,$9',$&9!0$#04%-,'&06-! imposable when a certain mitigating circumstance attended the
JG 92'0.'03%'/)0",%'.A'03%'1#,1"B20)/1%2'>,$#/),I'B#0#4)0#/4' commission of the crime. If the penalty provided by specific
1#,1"B20)/1%2' 1)/' +%' .AA2%0' +I' ' ' )44,)F)0#/4''' provision of the RPC lowers the penalty by one degree or
1#,1"B20)/1%2G' ' ' :,#F#*%4%' B#0#4)0#/4' 1#,1"B20)/1%' 1)/' more, then we conclude that it is a privilege mitigating
/%F%,'+%'.AA2%0'+I')/I')44,)F)0#/4'1#,1"B20)/1%G' circumstance. And it cannot be offset by an aggravating
5G 92' 0.' %AA%10' >,$#/),I' B#0#4)0#/4' 1#,1"B20)/1%2E' #A' /.0' circumstance.
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Every Privilege mitigating circumstance is always covered by a shall be given the benefit of a privilege mitigating
law mandating that the same lowers the penalty by degree or circumstance in accordance with art. 69 of the RPC.
by one or more degrees.
Art. 69 provides that the penalty that the court may
In Art 333 of the RPC, punishing the crime of adultery impose when not all the requisites of justification or
exemption attended the commission on the crime,
Art. 333. Who are guilty of adultery. — Adultery is committed by any married may be lowered by one or two degrees depending on
woman who shall have sexual intercourse with a man not her husband and by the
man who has carnal knowledge of her knowing her to be married, even if the
the importance of the requisites that is present or
marriage be subsequently declared void. absent.
Adultery shall be punished by prision correccional in its medium and maximum Art. 69. Penalty to be imposed when the crime
periods.
committed is not wholly excusable. — A penalty lower
If the person guilty of adultery committed this offense while being abandoned by one or two degrees than that prescribed by law
without justification by the offended spouse, the penalty next lower in degree than shall be imposed if the deed is not wholly excusable
that provided in the next preceding paragraph shall be imposed.
by reason of the lack of some of the conditions
required to justify the same or to exempt from criminal
In the crime of infanticide
liability in the several cases mentioned in Article 11
Art. 255. Infanticide. — The penalty provided for parricide in Article 246 and for
and 12, provided that the majority of such conditions
murder in Article 248 shall be imposed upon any person who shall kill any child be present. The courts shall impose the penalty in the
less than three days of age. period which may be deemed proper, in view of the
number and nature of the conditions of exemption
If the crime penalized in this article be committed by the mother of the child for
the purpose of concealing her dishonor, she shall suffer the penalty of prision present or lacking.
correccional in its medium and maximum periods, and if said crime be committed
for the same purpose by the maternal grandparents or either of them, the penalty • When less than a majority of such requisites attended
shall be prision mayor.
the commission of the crime, the offender can be
The penalty in infanticide is reclusion temporal but if committed by the mother to entitled to the benefit only of an ordinary mitigating
conceal her dishonor the penalty will be prision correccional medium to circumstance, the same therefore can be offset by a
maximum. The penalty is lowered by more than 1 degree. It renders the
circumstance privilege.
generic aggravating circumstance.

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• When the requisites to justify the act or exempt from
criminal liability are only 2, the presence of one of
such requisites shall be considered as a majority
already and the offender shall be given the benefit of
a privilege mitigating circumstance under art 69 of the
RPC.
Under par 5 art 11, there are only 2 requisites there. If
one of the requisites is present, the law regarded it as
a majority to be lenient to the offender. The
interpretation is inconsonance with the doctrine of pro
reo. Instead of regarding it as ordinary mitigating, the
same is regarded as privilege.
Art. 11. Justifying circumstances. — The following do not incur any
criminal liability:
5. Any person who acts in the fulfillment of a duty or in the
lawful exercise of a right or office.

DC#)&.#,.H4..:#
• In self-defense, defense of relative or defense of
Incomplete Justification or Exemption stranger, there should always be an unlawful
aggression on the part of the offended party.
Art. 13. Mitigating circumstances. — The following are mitigating circumstances; Otherwise, there can be no complete or incomplete
1. Those mentioned in the preceding chapter, when NOT all the self defense, defense of relative or defense of
requisites necessary to justify or to exempt from criminal liability in the stranger. If only unlawful aggression on the part of the
respective cases are attendant.
offended party attended the commission of the crime,
the accused shall be entitled to an ordinary mitigating
It covers incomplete justification or exemption.
circumstance only and thus which can be offset by a
generic aggravating circumstance. But if aside from
The paragraph will apply when not all the requisites to justify
unlawful aggression, another requisite to justify the
the act or to exempt from criminal liability attended the
act or exempt from criminal liability attended the
commission of the crime. commission of the crime, but not all, the accused shall
be entitled to a privilege mitigating circumstance in
Rules:
accordance with article 69 of the RPC.
•
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When majority of the requisites to justify the act or
exempt from criminal liability are present, the accused
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j' There are 2 mitigating circumstances under par 7:
' • Voluntary surrender
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there is no aggravating circumstance, the penalty next lower in
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degree, shall be the one impose. From this paragraph, the
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attendance of 2 mitigating in the commission of the crime has
<A'03%'1)2%'#/F.*F%2')'2%,#%2'.A'A)102E'03%/'I."'1)/'C,%$#1)0%')/I'./%' the effect of a privilege mitigating circumstance. The prescribe
.A' 03%2%' 1#,1"B20)/1%2' ./' ./%' A)10' )/$' 03%' .03%,' ./' )/.03%,' A)10' penalty shall be lowered by one degree provided that there is
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83%' C)22#./' B"20' +%' *%4#0#B)0%G' 92' )' ,"*%E' #0' 1)//.0' +%' +)2%$' ./' As far as voluntary surrender is concerned, the surrender may
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#**#1#0' T.D%F%,E' 1./2#$%,' D3%03%,' C)22#./' .,' .+A"21)0#./' #2' voluntary surrender is mitigating. The surrender is only be
mitigating under the circumstance that would show that the
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apprehension but he instead chose to surrender and give
himself up to the authorities implying that he admits that he has
committed a wrong.
So the fact that the offender voluntarily went with the arresting
officer took him and arrest him for the crime committed, does
not mean that such surrender is voluntary and therefore
mitigating.
' offender’s act of saving the government expenses
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' The SC ruled that there is no surrender. Because the
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' Requisite 4 - So if the offender sent ___ that he will surrender
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'
In order that surrender may bring about mitigating
circumstance, these requisites must be present:
1. The surrender must be made with a person in
authority or at least to the agent of the person in
authority as provided under Art 152 of the RPC
2. The surrender must have been made before the
government has incurred so much expenses in its
agents tracking down the whereabouts of the
offender.
3. The offender must have surrendered with a view to
place himself at the disposal of the person in authority
or to the agent to whom he surrender.
4. The offender in surrendering must have acted
spontaneously demonstrating remorse or repentance
in so surrendering
Requisite 2 - In a case where the law enforcers tracking down
the whereabouts of the offender for 4 years and they were
unsuccessful because they have no leads, simply that they
tried to effect the apprehension of the offender, because they
cannot succeed during the period of 4 years, the offender
simply came out and appear before the police headquarters
and gave himself up. When the trial court found him guilty of
!"#$%&%+/%%
!
the crime charged, the trial court did not give him the benefit of
a voluntary surrender, so he questioned this before the SC.
The SC said the surrender is not mitigating because
the reason why the surrender is made mitigating
because by so surrendering the offender saves the
government from expenses otherwise to be incurred
in tracking down his whereabouts. So the mitigating
brought about by the surrender is a reward to the
otherwise to be incurred trying to track down the
whereabouts of the offender had he not given himself
up.
Requisite 3 - So where a police precinct commander was
involved in a crime, so he went to the police precinct having
jurisdiction over the place the crime was committed. Then he
surrenders to the sergeant of the precinct and then he informed
the police sergeant the if his present will be required, he will
investigation. Eventually, the case was filed in court, the
precinct commander was the accused and the case resulted to
his conviction. Upon being convicted the trial did not give him
the benefit of voluntary surrender as mitigating, so he
questions this before the SC.
surrender means the surrenderee submit himself to
the disposal of the authority to whom he surrendered.
But in this case, the offender is the superior of the
sergeant to whom he gave his service firearm. It is not
surrender, for surrender means, the offender must
submit himself to one occupying ascendancy over
him, so that he can be placed under the custody or
the authority to whom he surrendered.
but he demanded that he wanted celebrities to be around on
the place where he will surrender, he wanted photographers
and media coverage, that is not voluntary surrender, that is
more of a propaganda, he wanted to be famous.
The law does not reward that with a mitigating
circumstance. The surrender must be spontaneous
indicative that the offender is doing so as a sign of
remorse or repentance for the crime he had
committed otherwise, otherwise it cannot be mitigating
even though it may be considered as voluntary
surrender.
If the offender, after having committed a crime fled and hid in
the mountains, because of the cold weather, he developed a
respiratory disease. He came out of hiding. He went to the
police headquarters and requested that he be taken to the
station hospital to be treated for his pulmonary tuberculosis.
Such surrender is not a surrender that is not mitigating
because that is a surrender for convenience. He
surrender, otherwise, he will die. The SC said that, it
is not the kind of surrender that is spontaneous.
The surrender in the person in authority does not include a
teacher or head of schools. Although in art 152 of the RPC,
teachers and head of schools recognized by the government
are included in the term person in authority. The SC has
clarified that it is only true for purposes of the crime of direct
assault where the teacher or the head of the school is the
offended party but not for any other public purposes.
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
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So where a student who has a grudge against his classmate,
reached the point where they have encountered during classes
and one of them shot the other, killing the other. After that he
went to the teacher give the firearm, and give himself to the
teacher. The teacher brought him to the principal, the principal
called the police enforcers to whom he was delivered.
Eventually the offender was prosecuted and found guilty, no
mitigating circumstance was given. Hence, the accused raised
this point to the SC.
The SC said that the voluntary surrender must be
made before the person on authority or the agent of a
person in authority. Although a teacher or head of
school recognize by the government may be included
in the term person in authority as defined in article
152, that is only for purposes of direct assault where
the teacher or the school head is the offended party
but not for any other purposes.
In the same paragraph, we have there voluntary confession of
guilt before the presentation of evidence during the trial. This
mitigating circumstance contemplates no other than a plea of
guilty by an accused upon arraignment by a competent court,
the court which could impose a sentence upon the accused
entering a plea of guilty. So confession of guilt during custodial
investigation is not included. This is only available when the
accused arraigned and upon arraignment he entered a plea of
guilty.
'
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Art. 13. Mitigating circumstances. — The following are mitigating circumstances;
10. And, finally, any other circumstances of a similar nature and
analogous to those enumerated under art 13 of the RPC.
A general provision, any other circumstances of a similar
nature and analogous to those enumerated under art 13 of the
RPC, if after all, the accused is not really criminally perverse.
When the accused upon being arrested reenacted how he
committed a crime, SC ruled this is analogous to voluntary
surrender because by re-enacting on how he committed a
crime, the accused made it easier for the prosecution to
prosecute a crime against him.
Similarly, when an offender after being arrested voluntarily
brought the arresting officer to the place where he buried the
instruments and effects of the crime, the SC said that it is
analogous to voluntary surrender because by bringing out the
evidence in the commission of the crime, the accused made it
easier for the prosecution to prove the commission thereof.
Under this par 10, we do not have a similar provision in respect
of the aggravating circumstances under article 14 because
aggravating circumstances cannot be appreciated on the basis
on analogous character. Because also, the law requires that in
aggravating circumstance the same quantum of evidence
required to prove the crime itself. It must be proven beyond
reasonable doubt.
Par. 10 of Art. 12 does not have similar provision under Art. 13
because aggravating circumstances are never presumed. They
are never appreciated unless there is a law which provides that
the circumstance is aggravating.
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You do not just resort to this by analogy to increase the
This is only true to a mitigating circumstance.
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CF# M3+*" *3(" '-0?(" 9(" '.??0**(1" 9:" ?(+2," .6" 02>21+*0.27" 60-(7" ).0,.27" What makes the circumstance aggravating is the
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the crime because of the cover of darkness. But if,
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"
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The offenders deliberately agreed to rob the house
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"
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" the cover of darkness that facilitated the
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It must either be deliberate sought for, which
st
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Under this objective test, nocturnity should
03%'.AA%/$%,'
not be aggravating because the intended
' activity of committing the crime became
How are aggravating circumstances classified under criminal absent when the fire broke out and brightly
law? illumined that place from the fire that broke
These are classified into 4 categories and the out because the gas in the lamp which was
classification guides you in the appreciation of the bumped by one of the offenders fell on the
aggravating circumstance. floor and caused fire.
• Generic Aggravating
• Qualifying Circumstance 2. Qualifying circumstance – either:
• Specific or Special Aggravating circumstance
• Inherent aggravating circumstance • Changes the nature of the crime committed into a
more serious crime because of the circumstance
1. Generic Aggravating – those which generally applies to all qualifying the commission thereof.
crimes. That is why it is called generic.
Example: In a commission otherwise is
Example: Nocturnity or nighttime. homicide, if the same was carried out after
evident premeditation among the offenders,
When the offender deliberately sought the cover of the crime becomes murder. The penalty for
darkness to commit the crime. Generally whatever murder is higher than if the killing is only
may be the crime, that deliberate seeking of the cover homicide.
of the darkness will make aggravating nocturnity or
nighttime. • Qualifying circumstance will not change the nature of
the crime, but bring about the imposition of a penalty
Noctunity specifically covers the period from sunset to higher in degree than what should be prescribed for
sunrise, the crime must begun and finished within the crime committed if not qualified.
such interval- after sunset before sunrise.

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Example: The crime of theft. If the crime of
theft was committed with grave abuse of
confidence the crime becomes qualified
theft. Although it remains to be a crime of
theft, the circumstance of grave abuse of
confidence characterize the crime as
qualified theft. Under Art. 310 the penalty for
the crime will jump up by 2 degrees than the
penalty prescribed for the theft as simple
theft. So while the crime remains as theft,
penalty goes up more than the penalty for a
crime without the abuse of confidence. The
increase is beyond 2 degrees.
3. Specific aggravating or special aggravating
Those which are specifically brought about by provision of the
RPC
Specific aggravating is that which may only be appreciated in a
particular crime.
Example: Circumstance of Treachery.
This circumstance has been defined under the par. 16
of Art. 14. The definition in par. 16 points out that this
is feasible only in a crime against persons.
So there no treachery in a crime which is against
property or a crime which is not against persons.
Treachery therefore is specific in crimes against
persons. You cannot appreciate it in some other
crimes.
Considering that the crime of rape is now categorized
as a crime against persons, the circumstance of
treachery can now be appreciated in crime of rape.
But, this should only be true after Oct. 22, 1997 when
the crime has been transposed as a crime against
persons in Title XIII Book 2 of the Revised Penal
Code as Chapter 3 thereof.
Where the offender jumped upon the offended woman
in rape on behind, pinned her to the ground, taking
advantage of superior strength in perpetrating the
sexual attack, treachery may be appreciated because
the crime is now a crime against persons.
Although the classification of specific aggravating is
that of a special aggravating, the characteristics are
the same. They are both covered by specific
provisions of law increasing the penalty for the crime
committed without offsetting against an ordinary
mitigating circumstance.
Example: Habitual delinquency, Recidivism, Quasi-
recidivism. There are specific articles making the
circumstance aggravating which cannot be offset
against any ordinary mitigating circumstance.
4. Inherent aggravating circumstance – that which necessarily
accompanies a crime and therefore is not to be appreciated
anymore, because the law considers the same in imposing the
penalty for the crime committed.
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Example: Dwelling is aggravating.
Where a crime is committed in the dwelling of the
offended party that would indicate that the offender is
more criminally perverse because he was bold
enough to commit a crime in the very dwelling of the
offended party.
But if the crime was trespass to dwelling, dwelling
cannot be appreciated as aggravating any further
because dwelling is the essence of violation and it is
deemed to be already considered by the law in
imposing or in providing a penalty therefore.
So in the penalty of qualified trespass to dwelling
penalty is considered on the basis of the aggravating
circumstance of dwelling. It is not appreciated
anymore as aggravating to dwelling because it is
inherent to the crime of qualified trespass to dwelling.
In those crimes which cannot be committed except upon a
female such is inherent. So the aggravating circumstance that
the crime was committed without regard to the respect due to
the offended party by reason of sex is not aggravating anymore
because the crime cannot be committed if the offended party is
not a female.
Example: Crime of seduction.
Although employing the ways of committing the crime
the offender may have displayed lack of respect to the
offended party who is a female, that fact that the
victim is a female cannot be aggravating anymore,
because the crime of seduction cannot be committed
except upon a female.
So in cases where the crime cannot be committed
except upon a female the aggravating circumstance of
the offender committing a crime in disregard of the
sex of the offended party is not appreciated because
this is inherent in the crime committed. Without that
the crime cannot be committed.
Basic Principles that now attend the circumstance where it
affects the commission of a crime.
Aggravating circumstances cannot be presumed. The
aggravating circumstance to be appreciated to be appreciated
must be proven by the same quantum of evidence required to
prove the crime itself. In short, the crime must be proved
beyond reasonable doubt.
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Revised Rules of Criminal Procedures Sections 8 and 9 of Rule
110 requires that aggravating circumstance, whether generic or
qualifying, must be alleged in the information and proven
during the trial.
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If not alleged in the information although proven during the trial,
the circumstance should not be appreciated against the
accused.
The aggravating, whether generic or qualifying may be
appreciated only when alleged in the information and proven
during the trial.
Sec. 8. Designation of the offense.
The complaint or information shall state the designation of the
offense given by the statute, aver the acts or omissions
constituting the offense, and specify its qualifying and
aggravating circumstances. If there is no designation of the
offense, reference shall be made to the section or subsections
of the statute.
Sec. 9. Cause of the accusation.
The acts or omissions complained of as constituting the
offense and the qualifying and aggravating circumstance must
be stated in ordinary and concise language and not necessarily
in the language used in the statute but in terms sufficient to
enable a person of common understanding to know what
offense is being charged as well as its qualifying and
aggravating circumstance and for the court to pronounce
judgment.
Before the amendment to the Rules of Criminal Procedures,
when the circumstance which was not alleged in the
information but proven during the trial is a qualifying
circumstance the same shall not be appreciated as qualifying
anymore, but should only be appreciated as generic
aggravating if proven during the trial. This rule is no longer true
in the light of the new provision of Sec 8 and 9 of Rule 110 of
the Rules of Criminal Procedure.
Now, there are two requirements.
• Firstly, the aggravating circumstance must be alleged
in the information:
o both as to the designation of the of the crime
committed and
o as to the act or omission constituting the
crime committed.
You have sections 8 and 9 explaining this.
So unless alleged in the information and proven during the trial,
the same may not be appreciated anymore. This is a new rule.
These circumstances require proof beyond reasonable doubt.
So these cannot just be appreciated.
An offsetting between generic aggravating and ordinary
mitigating can now apply only when the aggravating
circumstance is expressly alleged both in the designation of the
crime committed and the act or omission constituting the
offense. This is covered by sections 8 and 9 of the Rules of
Criminal Procedure.
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! recidivist, because the 3 convictions do not involve crimes
About these aggravating circumstances, the most important in
the Revised Penal Code are those where the offender had
already a previous conviction against them. There are 4 of
these in the RPC.
• Recidivism
• Quasi-recidivism
• Reiteracion or Repetition
• Habitual Deliquency
You must know the characteristics of each.
1. Recidivism (Par. 9 of Art. 14)
this is a generic aggravating circumstance which can
be offset by a an ordinary mitigating circumstance.
Art. 14. Aggravating circumstances. — The following are aggravating
circumstances:
9. That the accused is a recidivist.
A recidivist is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have
been previously convicted by final judgment of another crime
embraced in the same title of this Code.
2. Quasi-recidivism (Art. 160 of the RPC) this is a special
aggravating circumstance and therefore cannot be offset by
any ordinary mitigating circumstance.
Art. 160. Commission of another crime during service of penalty imposed for
another offense; Penalty. — Besides the provisions of Rule 5 of Article 62, any
person who shall commit a felony after having been convicted by final judgment,
before beginning to serve such sentence, or while serving the same, shall be
punished by the maximum period of the penalty prescribed by law for the new
felony.
Any convict of the class referred to in this article, who is not a habitual criminal,
shall be pardoned at the age of seventy years if he shall have already served out
his original sentence, or when he shall complete it after reaching the said age,
unless by reason of his conduct or other circumstances he shall not be worthy of
such clemency.
3. Reiteracion or Repetition (Par. 10 of Art. 14)
Art. 14. Aggravating circumstances. — The following are aggravating
circumstances:
10. That the offender has been previously punished by an offense
to which the law attaches an equal or greater penalty or for two
or more crimes to which it attaches a lighter penalty.
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4. Habituality - Where the offender had a previous conviction of
3 times or more, this is aggravating circumstance is referred to
no longer as repetition but as habituality.
Similar to habitual deliquency but habituality does not specify
the felonies for which the accused must be convicted unlike in
habitual delinquency where the felonies of which the accused
should be convicted are specified and limited to:
• serious physical injuries
• less serious physical injuries
• theft
• robbery
• swindling or estafa
• falsification
Take note the felonies for which habitual delinquency may
arise as classified under 3 different titles of RPC.
So it is possible that the accused is a habitual delinquent
having been convicted for 3 times or more and yet he is not a
embraced in the same title of the RPC.
rd
Where the convictions are for a 3 time, still it is possible that
each of the felonies in which the habitual delinquent was
convicted are not classified under the same title of the code so
no recidivism.
rd
But because that is the 3 conviction for the specified crime
and convictions must come at intervals of not more than 10
years, the offender after 3 convictions will be a habitual
delinquent and yet not he is not a recidivist, because no 3
convictions involved felonies embraced in the same title of the
code.
The crimes less serious and serious physical injuries are
crimes against persons.
The crimes of theft, robbery, and swindling are crimes against
property.
The crime of falsification is a crime against public interest.
So if the offender was convicted and already served sentence
for one felony under each title of the code, no 2 convictions in
both crimes under the same title, he cannot be recidivist. But
because the convictions for these crimes are specified in par. 2
rd
or in par. 5 of Art 62 the accused upon a 3 conviction will be
habitual delinquent without being a recidivist because no 2
convictions are embraced in the same title of the RPC.
It does not follow that the offender who is a habitual delinquent
is necessarily a recidivist.
In recidivism 2 convictions will suffice, while in habitual
delinquency 3 convictions are required. But then in recidivism
the convictions must be embraced under the same title of the
RPC. If this is not present recidivism will not apply to the
rd
offender who is convicted even for the 3 and no convictions
involved crimes embraced in the same title of the code. This is
rd
possible only on the 3 conviction. Beyond that no more. It
cannot be avoided that the offender who is a habitual
delinquent is a unavoidably recidivist also.
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Pay attention to the basis of each of these aggravating
circumstances where the convicts having been convicted
before, such conviction will be taken as aggravating.
In recidivism it is required that conviction must be embraced in
the same title of the code and it must be that the convictions of
the same accused must come in the order that the crimes are
committed by him.
st
So recidivism contemplates 2 convictions only. If the 1
conviction was for a crime committed later than the crime for
nd
which the accused was convicted in the 2 prosecution. Since
st
the 1 conviction was for a crime that was committed after the
nd nd
2 crime was committed at the time the 2 conviction came
there was no conviction for any prior crime. So there is no
recidivism.
Recidivism arises if the crimes are committed in the order in
which the convictions also came.
So if one crime is theft committed in 2009, the other crime was
for robbery committed 2005. If the conviction for the robbery
which was committed ahead of theft came later than for the
conviction of the crime of theft, the offender cannot be
nd
considered a recidivist because at the time the 2 conviction
came there was yet no crime committed by the offender.
You take it simply that for the offender having found guilty of
crimes embraced in the same title of the RPC as liable as a
recidivist, the convictions must come in the order or chronology
those felonies have been committed. It should not be that the
nd
felony for which the 2 conviction came was committed before
st
the 1 conviction came ahead of the latter, because at the time
nd
the 2 conviction came there is yet no crime committed by the
same accused. It must be in the order of the commission of the
crime, the conviction should also come in that same order.
Recidivism is taken as aggravating precisely because the
penal law deemed that the offender who have been convicted
for a crime embraced in the code was “specializing” in that
crime or crimes. That is why there is no prescriptive period
st nd
when the 1 conviction came, when the 2 conviction came.
Rather it is the fact that the convictions in both crimes classified
by the RPC under the same title. That is a sign the offender is
specializing on that kind of crime. So to discourage the
offender from specializing in any kind of crimes making it
difficult for the law enforcer to discover the culprit, every time
that a person gets convicted for a certain kind of crime would
again be convicted for a crime embraced in the same title of
code as that of the first conviction recidivism will be
aggravating.
Repetition or Reiteracion
st
The convict must have served already the penalty for the 1
conviction.
If after serving the same, he again committed the crime where
the penalty is higher than the crime for which he was
sentenced and for which he had served the implication is that
the offender did not suffer enough under the sentence that he
had served. The penalty is not enough to correct his criminal
perversity.
So this time when he committed another crime penalty of which
is equal or higher than the one he had served, the fact that it
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nd
will be a 2 conviction, regardless of which crime it is, the
same is aggravating.
On the other hand, if the convict after release committed a
crime where the penalty is lesser than the one he had served,
the implication is that the convict was partially reformed
because although he committed another crime yet he
committed a crime of a lesser severity than the crime for which
he was sentenced before.
So it is said the reiteracion or repetition is not always
aggravating. It will only be aggravating if the crime for which
has was subsequently convicted carries the penalty higher or
equal to the penalty he had already served as the sentence for
the felony for which he was first convicted. That means the
penalty imposed on that is not severe enough to correct him.
So this time a more severe penalty will have to be imposed.
But if the felony committed after having served sentence carry
the penalty lesser than the sentence he had served, the law
considers that somehow he is reformed although he have not
forgotten his criminality he committed a crime of lesser penalty
than the one he already suffered.
rd
But if it would be a 3 conviction already or more than 3, the
circumstance is known as “habituality” similar to habitual
delinquency. It is always aggravating.
What is referred to as habituality in a matter of repeated
convictions for a crime should not be equated with
circumstance of habitual delinquency. They are different.
In habitual delinquency the felonies are limited to those in par 5
of Art. 62 where there is 10 year period between conviction or
from the date of last release.
If the circumstance would have been habitual delinquency, but
the conditions for this circumstance do not obtain, like felonies
rd
involved in the 3 conviction or more, are not limited to those
specified in the article, the moment that there is a crime that is
rd
foreign to what is stated there, if that would be a 3 conviction
only, the habitual delinquency will collapse, because it must be
that the conviction must be shall be limited to those what were
specified to par. 5 of Art. 62.
So the moment that there is another felony there, i.e. homicide
which is not among those enumerated, the circumstance of
habitual delinquency will not stand instead it will be habituality.
Although the felonies are those specified under par. 5 of Art.
62, if the interval between the convictions exceeded 10 years
the offender cannot be considered as a habitual delinquent.
But, that does not mean that there will be no aggravating. What
will be aggravating will be habituality under par. 10 of Art. 14.
!
In case of recidivism, it is possible only for crimes which are
penalized under the RPC. The offender has a previous
conviction against him for a felony and subsequently he has
been prosecuted for a felony. Where the 2 felonies are
embraced in the same title of the Code, recidivism will be
aggravating. To be aggravating, the conviction should come in
the same order that the crime was committed. If the crime
which was committed later was a subject of an earlier
conviction then there will be no recidivism when there are 2
convictions because the first conviction came when there is no
conviction yet even though at the time the second conviction
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comes, the conviction for the later crime has already become
final and executory and that is because at the time the second
crime was committed, the first conviction has not yet come.
The felonies will give rise to recidivism as aggravating must be
a subject of conviction in the chronology in which the convict
had committed then, the earlier crime committed must bring
about the earlier conviction, and the subsequent crime
committed must bring about the subsequent conviction. If it is
the reverse, no recidivism.
When the convictions are already 3, this is habituality.
In Habitual delinquency, the law makes it aggravating when
the convictions are for felonies embrace in the same title of the
code because the law considers that the convict is specializing
on that line of crime. If earlier, he was convicted by final
judgment for a crime against property and subsequently he
was convicted for a crime against property, the law takes it as
specializing in that line of crime. To discourage that, a higher
penalty will be imposed for the second conviction.
And there is no prescriptive period, in considering recidivism.
No matter how long it goes the first conviction came, as long as
the subject conviction will be for a crime subsequently
committed, the conviction for the second crime at the time
when the conviction for the first crime was already final and
executory, will bring about the aggravating circumstance of
recidivism in imposing the penalty for the second conviction.
In the case of repetition or reiteracion, the offender had been
convicted for any crime whether a felony or special violation, he
must have serve the sentence for the crime for which he was
convicted. The idea here is that the law considers that the
convict who had served sentence had already experienced the
hardships of undergoing the punishment for a crime. If upon
discharged from such sentence, the same convict would again
commit a crime where the penalty is equal to or higher than the
one he had already served, the law considers that the penalty
for the earlier conviction is not really grave enough to influence
the offender to give up his criminal tendency.
In reiteracion, it must be that the second conviction must be for
a crime which carries a higher penalty or at least a penalty
equal to the one he had already served and suffered.
If the convict committed a felony after his discharge, while the
penalty is lighter or less than the one he had already served,
the law takes it that somehow the convict was partially
reformed. Such that, although he cannot get away from his
criminality, he committed a crime with a lesser penalty. This
are true however when there are 2 convictions, if there are
already 3 convictions, it is immaterial, whether the subsequent
crime carries a penalty higher or lesser penalty. If there are
already 3 convictions, that is the known as habituality.
Habituality and Habitual delinquency are not the same.
Habituality vs Habitual delinquency
The difference is that the third conviction will not make the
convict a habitual delinquent either because the convictions
are all crimes which are not those mentioned article 62 par 5.
There are only specific felonies, conviction for which the
accused will be regarded as habitual delinquent if that would
be a third time or more and thereby an added penalty will have
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!
to be imposed over and above the penalty for the felony for
rd
which the offender was tried and convicted for a 3 time or
more.
Although the crime mentioned specifically under par 5, art 62, if
the 10-year period between the first and the second conviction,
nd rd rd
2 and 3 conviction or 3 and subsequent conviction, the
convict is not a habitual delinquent. Habitual delinquency is
premised on the convictions coming within an interval of not
more than 10 years. If the 10-year period exceeded, the law
does not consider habitual delinquency anymore.
Where however the convict has already been discharged
before the second conviction came, the 10-year period is
based not on the date of conviction but on the date when he
was discharged.
rd
If the accused had already been convicted for a 3 time or
more, but the interval for habitual delinquency has not been
rd
complied with, 3 conviction will make the offender suffer the
aggravating circumstance of habituality.
Habituality is a generic aggravating circumstance.
As regards with Quasi recidivism, which is subject of Article
160, the accused must convicted for a felony committed by him
when he was already sentenced by final judgment for another
felony or crime committed before he started serving the
sentence or while he was serving sentence for an earlier
conviction. The crime committed by the convict serving
sentence must be a felony. If what was committed by the
convict before serving sentence or while serving sentence is
not a felony but a statutory offense having committed there
while he was serving sentence, quasi recidivism does not apply
to him.
Not any convicted offender who would commit a crime while he
was already serving sentence shall be affected by this special
aggravating circumstance. It will only be so of the crime
committed by the convict while serving sentence or about to
serve sentence is a felony.
It may happen that a convict who committed a crime while
serving sentence or about to serve sentence had previously
committed a crime embraced in the same title of the RPC. He
is a recidivist and at the same time, because of the occasion
when he committed the subsequent felony, he is a quasi
recidivist.
For instance, a person thus convicted for a crime of homicide.
Conviction became final and executory, so the convict will have
to serve sentence. While serving sentence, the convict
quarreled with another prisoner inside the penal institution. And
he inflicted serious physical injuries, upon the latter.
Prosecuted for the serious physical injuries, he was found
guilty and convicted. Is he a quasi-recidivist?
No, he is a recidivist. Between recidivism and quasi-
recidivism, recidivism is favorable or lenient to the
offender than quasi-recidivism. Since the
circumstance, may bring about recidivism or quasi-
recidivism, you cannot just choose which one, the
doctrine of pro reo, tells u to adopt that one which is
lenient or liberal to the offender. Between recidivism
and quasi-recidivism, recidivism is more lenient to the
offender because this is a generic aggravating
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
!
circumstance, while quasi-recidivism is a special
aggravating circumstance.
If the accused upon arraignment would plead guilty,
the plea of guilty will be offset by the recidivism, as of
there is no aggravating circumstance of recidivism.
Appreciating aggravating circumstance
For aggravating circumstance to be appreciated, there
must be a specific provision of law to that effect
because aggravating circumstance cannot be
presumed, it must always be sanctioned a law and the
same must be established according to the requisites
laid down by the law.
Under article 62, there are aggravating circumstances that
were introduced to that article as an amendatory provision of
article 62.
In paragraph of article 14, the fact the offender is a public
officer and he took advantage of his official position. This is
only regarded as generic aggravating circumstance. But under
the amendment, when advantage was taken by the offender of
his public position, the penalty must be imposed in the
maximum regardless of any mitigating circumstance. That
means that the penalty affected by the aggravating
circumstance cannot be lowered at all. The amendment made
the aggravating circumstance as qualifying.
Same is true in organized or syndicated crime group, it is also
introduced to article 62 as an amendment to heinous crimes
law.
Under the RPC, the reference to the aggravating circumstance
is identical to the reference to a felon who is selling anything
___ by 2 or more persons, because under the definition in
article 62, there is an organized or syndicated crime group
when 2 or more persons confederated or collaborated, mutually
helped one another in the commission of the crime for
purposes of gain. The definition would merely bring about
conspiracy. It is in essence a conspiracy between or among the
offenders and this organized crime group transcends the
conspiracy, so it is not proper to understand the definition here,
higher than conspiracy, whereas the essence is the same in
conspiracy, so the SC said, “it is not enough that 2 or more
persons shall confederate or collaborate, mutually helped one
another in the commission of the crime, otherwise this will be
only a form of conspiracy and not all conspiracy will amount to
a syndicated crime. So the SC in interpreting this particular
aggravating circumstance said that to consider the participation
of 2 or more persons as an organized or syndicated crime
group, it must first be established that there is a group
purposely formed or organized to undertake the commission of
a particular crime. Otherwise, not because 2 or more crimes
mutually collaborated or confederated, to carry out the
commission of the crime, syndicated or organized crime group
would be aggravating, that is more fitting to be considered as
indicative of conspiracy. And the liability will be that of principal
for both of the offenders, the circumstance is not only
aggravating, it increases the liability of the participants. The
language of the provision, that the penalties to be imposed
regardless of any mitigating circumstance may attend the
commission of the crime, that means no offsetting. If there is no
offsetting, then it is more serious than the other aggravating
circumstances which can be offset.
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The organized crime group contemplated in the rulings of the
SC is similar of that of the Koratong Baleleng.
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83%,%'#2')'$%1#2#./'+I'03%'(.",0'.A'9CC%)*2'03)0')'B.0.,#W%$'+#1I1*%' ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCE
#2' )' B.0.,' F%3#1*%' %F%/' #A' 03%' .AA%/$%,' "2%$' ./*I' 03%' A..0' C%$)*' Circumstances which the court may appreciate as
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This should not be applied if the purpose of the law is not
B.0.,' F%3#1*%' #2' "2%$' ./*I' #/' 03%' %21)C%' .A' 03%' .AA%/$%,E' B.0.,' complied with. It does not follow that if any of these
F%3#1*%'#2'/.0')44,)F)0#/4G'8.'+%')44,)F)0#/4E'#0'B"20'3)F%'+%%/'"2%$' circumstances are not mitigating, that the court should
0.' A)1#*#0)0%' 03%' 1.BB#22#./' .A' 03%' 1,#B%G' <0' <2' 944,)F)0#/4' D3%/' )' appreciate it as aggravating or if the court did not appreciate it
B.0.,#W%$'0,#1I1*%'D)2'"2%$'0.'1.BB#0'03%'1,#B%G' as aggravating, it should be appreciated as mitigating. It is
' alternative only in the sense that, in the situation given
' circumstance may be mitigating or aggravating, it must affect
' the influence of the crime.
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Although the crime is attended by intoxication, if the reason for
the law does not exist, do not apply the circumstance.
Under the provision of ____, the first alternative circumstance
will be appreciated only according to the nature and effect of
the crime committed or the circumstances surrounding the
same. A lawyer may have committed a crime of rape, being a
lawyer is not aggravating because that does not make him a
better offender, than the one who did not study law.
The circumstance, whether to be taken by the court as
mitigating or aggravating, must influence the commission of the
crime.
In the case of intoxication, even where the offender had taken
of 2 cases of beer, when he and the other laborer who was
enjoying at the time when they are drinking beer, the SC ruled
that is not make the intoxication mitigating because there are
persons who the more they drink, the more they become alert,
the more they can understand what is right and wrong. Being
intoxicated does not necessarily means that one is not aware
of what he is doing. Whether that the offender is aware of what
he is doing should be gleaned from the circumstances
surrounding the crime.
In a case for instance, the accused had a disagreement with
his friend while they were drinking beer. The other fellow
stabbed the other 7 times then he fled. The act of fleeing
suggest that he knew what he had done is a crime. That is why
he fled. On top of that, after fleeing, he called a tricycle and
directed the driver thereof where to take him. All of these are all
indication that he is aware of what he has done. He can still
recognize his direction. The SC said that the intoxication is not
mitigating. The basis of the criteria is not the quantity of the
liquor but the effect of the drink taken.
If the intoxication is intentional or deliberate, then this means
that the offender deliberately drink the liquor to ____ himself to
the commission of the crime. It will be aggravating, parallel to a
case of premeditation. Intoxication is mitigating only if it was
not habitual or intentional and at the time the offender
committed a crime, he was no longer conscious of what he was
doing.
When an offender is a habitual drinker and at the time he
committed a crime, he has partaken of alcoholic drink, even
though with the quantity of the alcoholic drink he took, he is not
really intoxicated, the circumstance is already aggravating. So
the treatment is different when the intoxication is habitual than
if it merely casual or incidental to the commission of the crime,
this is the attitude of the SC because it is regarded that
alcoholic people or habitual drinkers are troublemakers, that
they are the source of trouble.
Degree of instruction is the attainment of the offender himself
while education refers to the family, or community or the place
where resided and bred. The SC said considering that the
accused had 3 brothers who are lawyers, 2 sisters who are
physicians, even though he only attain second grade in the
elementary school, he is educated because he came from a
family who are learned of what is right and wrong.
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ABOLUTORY CAUSES
Aside from these circumstances covered by Articles 11 to 15,
elsewhere in the provision of the code, there are circumstances
specifically mentioned in felonies defined and punished
thereunder, the effect may be one exempting or mitigating.
Those which would exempt from criminal liability like the
exceptional circumstance under article 247, this has been held
as Absolutory. Also that instigation as differentiated from
entrapment, also absolutory.
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Similarly, those situations where in punishing the crimes, the
law had appreciated certain circumstances which lowers the
The effect is identical to a mitigating circumstance. These
circumstances are specifically identified in certain felonies and
not in Art 13.
that a married woman committed adultery while she was
one degree than the ordinary penalty upon the woman who
The fact that he is abandoned by his husband, that is
mitigating, we call that extenuating.
A mother who shall kill her new born, in order to conceal her
dishonor commit a crime of infanticide, when the infant is less
than 3 days old when killed. Under the provision of art 265, the
circumstance is the reason behind the commission of
infanticide and the offender is the mother, the penalty goes
down to more than 1 degree. In effect privilege mitigating.
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"/$%,'9,0'R6E'+"0'03%'1./F#10'23)**'/.0'+%'C),$./%$')A0%,'R6'I%),2G' INDETERMINATE SENTENCE LAW
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83%'F#%D'.A'e"20#1%'9*+%,0'D)2'B)$%'D3%/',%1*"2#./'C%,C%0")'3)2'/.' The system of Parole which one of the causes of the partial
A#M%$' $",)0#./' I%0G' 90' 03)0' 0#B%E' 03%' C,.F#2#./' .A' 9,0' 57' 2#BC*I' extinction of criminal liability of a convict.
C,.F#$%' 03)0' )' C%,2./' 2%/0%/1%$' 0.' ,%1*"2#./' C%,C%0")' B)I' +%'
C),$./%$' )A0%,' 2%,F#/4' P6' I%),2E' "/*%22' 3%' #2' /.0' $%2%,F#/4' .A' 03%' The system of Parole is brought about the indeterminate
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Q"0'/.DE',%1*"2#./' C%,C%0")' 3)2')'A#M%$' $",)0#./'"C'0.'R6'I%),2G'<0' The convict will not get the benefit of parole if the indeterminate
1)//.0'+%'B.,%'03)/'R6'I%),2G'' sentence law does not also apply to his case.
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' The objective of this law is to avoid an unnecessary prolonged
imprisonment of a convicted offender.
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' constructive or corrective to him. The longer the convict will be
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' other convicted offenders who are not really criminally minded.
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Under the ISLAW, the moment the convict proved to be
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reformed, he should be taken out from the prison walls and
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allow to serve the remaining deprivation imposed under the
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' There are conditions that he had to comply with while he is
Q%1)"2%' .A' 03#2' 9,0' 7RE' )' \"%20#./' D)2' )2L%$' +%A.,%&' 3-$.# (0# .-'# allowed to join the mainstream of society as long as it is shown
6'*$1.7# -()-'&# .-$*# &',150(%*# 6'&6'.5$# <5.# 1%3'&# .-$*# .-'# 2'$.-# that he will not be a menace to the law abiding members of
6'*$1.78' society.
'
<A'I."'D."*$'4.'.F%,'03%'4,)$")0%$'21)*%'</'9,0G'7JE'I."'D#**'/.0'2%%' ISLAW is applied only when the sentence imposes a prison
)' C%/)*0I' 3#43%,' 03)/' ,%1*"2#./' C%,C%0")' +"0' *.D%,' 03)/' 03%' $%)03' term. If the sentence does not impose imprisonment, then
C%/)*0IG' Q"0' +%1)"2%' .A' 03%' C,.F#2#./' .A' 9,0G' 7RE' I."' 3)F%' 03)0' ISLAW does not apply.
C%/)*0IG'''V3%,%'03%'$%)03'C%/)*0I'D3#13'#2'03%'C%/)*0I'3#43%,'03)/'
If the sentence for the crime committed was destierro, ISLAW
,%1*"2#./' C%,C%0")' 1)//.0' +%' #BC.2%$E' 03%' C%/)*0I' 03)0' D#**' +%'
does not apply
<BC.2%$'D#**'+%',%1*"2#./'
C%,C%0")'C*"2'03%')11%22.,I'C%/)*0#%2'"/$%,'9,0'R6E'+"0'03%'1./F#10' Although the sentence imposed by the court may be
1)//.0'+%'C),$./%$'"/0#*')A0%,'R6'I%),2G' imprisonment, if the duration or term of imprisonment does not
' exceed 1 year then ISLAW is not applied anymore. The convict
Q"0'03)0'#2'0.'0)L%'03%'C*)1%'.A'03%'$%)03'C%/)*0I'+%1)"2%'03%'$%)03' is not given the benefit of parole anymore because 1 year is
C%/)*0I'1)//.0'+%'#BC.2%$G' regarded as too short to reform a convicted offender.
'
L2&'1*"2)&#'9#P#M&#+(.#'-/.#)>#?.)?<.#6/#-<>4.,)#7)&G#%&#-#'4%=.#)># If the prison term prescribed by law for a crime committed does
/%=?<.# 4-?.G# +(.# ?.&-<+C# %/# 4.'<;/%)&# ?.4?.+;-:# M># +(.4.# 7-/# -&# not exceed 1 year, the sentence will be a straight penalty of 1
-'')=?<%'.# %&6)<6.,G# +(.# ?.&-<+C# 7%<<# D.# 4.'<;/%)&# +.=?)4-<# _)&.#
year or less. When we say “it is a straight penalty”, it implies
that the ISLAW does not apply.
,.H4..#<)7.4#+(-&#4.'<;/%)&#?.4?.+;-`:#M>#%+#7-/#F;-<%>%.,#4-?.G#+(.#

!"#$%&%'0,%%
!
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
!
If ISLAW applies, the courts are required to pronounce a
sentence that reflects a MINIMUM term and MAXIMUM term.
This is the indication of whether ISLAW was applied or not.
If the sentence imposes a penalty that would show a minimum
and a maximum, the implication is the court in rendering the
judgment applied ISLAW
If ISLAW is not applicable, the sentence should only impose a
straight penalty.
If ISLAW is applicable, but the court imposed sentence without
a minimum or maximum, the judgment is patently wrong
because if ISLAW is applicable the sentence that the court
should impose should unavoidably reflect a minimum term or a
maximum term.
NOTE:
• we are not referring to the penalty; we are referring to
the sentence.
• The words “minimum” and “maximum” do not add the
word “period”. When we say, in criminal law,
“minimum period” or “Maximum period” we are
referring to the penalty not the sentence.
The benefit of ISLAW applies whether the offender was
convicted for a crime punished in the RPC or under a penal law
outside the RPC. Except in those cases where the law itself
specifies when the ISLAW does not apply
The MAXIMUM reflected in the sentence is the penalty
The MINIMUM reflected in the sentence is not the penalty, but
it is only a grace period to fix when the convict becomes
illegible for parole.
So the court reflects a minimum term in the sentence, to give
notice to the prison authorities particularly the board of pardon
and parole, that convict should not be given the benefit of
parole before he has completed the minimum term of the
sentence.
Even though the convict may have appeared to be reformed
already before the minimum term of the sentence is completed,
he is not eligible for parole yet. It the court that will determine
the minimum and whatever minimum is stated in the sentence
must be fully served by the convict.
It is after the convict has completed the minimum term of the
sentence that the sentence in reality becomes indeterminate
because after the convict had completed the minimum term of
the sentence whether he will continue serving sentence for a
longer period or for a shorter period depends already on how
he conducts himself. If he conducted himself in a way indicative
that he is not reformed, then he will continue to serve his
sentence up to the maximum term fix in the sentence.
So after completing the minimum term of the sentence, the
convict will then be on his own, that is why we say the
sentence is already indeterminate. The convict will be the one
to show whether he deserves to stay there longer or shorter as
the case may be.
!"#$%&%'0-%%
!
When the crime is punished under the RPC, the maximum of
the indeterminate sentence is arrived at by taking into account
mitigating and aggravating circumstances.
If the crime is punished under a special law or outside the
RPC, there are no mitigating or aggravating circumstances to
appreciate.
So the manner of determining the maximum of indeterminate
sentence differs from the crime punished under the RPC and a
crime punished under a special law.
An exception to this is that although the crime is punished
under a special law, if the special law adopted the
nomenclature of penalties under the RPC, the crime shall be
penalized in the same manner that crimes under the RPC are
penalized. So accordingly, the same application of the ISLAW
shall be followed.
The minimum of the sentence for the crime punished under the
RPC shall be fixed within the penalty 1 degree lower than the
penalty prescribed by the RPC. It is the law that mandates that
the minimum of the indeterminate sentence for a crime
punished under the RPC shall be within the ranged of the
penalty I degree lower than what the code prescribes for the
crime committed.
If the crime is punished under a special law, since, special laws
do not for degree of penalty or period of penalty unless the
scale in art 71 of the RPC is adopted, then the ISLAW requires
that the court shall fix the minimum term or the maximum term
of the indeterminate sentence within the penalty prescribe by
the special law as long as the maximum term of the sentence
imposed by the court does not go beyond the penalty prescribe
by the special law and the minimum term of the sentence does
not go below the penalty prescribe by the special law. Within
the penalty therefore prescribed by the special law, the courts
have the discretion to determine the minimum term and the
maximum term of a sentence. There is no lowering of the
minimum term of the sentence by any degree when the crime
is punished under a special law.
Instances where ISLAW is not applicable
Sec. 2. This Act shall not apply:
• to persons convicted of offenses punished with death
penalty or life-imprisonment;
• to those convicted of treason, conspiracy or proposal
to commit treason;
• to those convicted of misprision of treason, rebellion,
sedition or espionage;
• to those convicted of piracy;
• to those who are habitual delinquents;
• to those who have escaped from confinement or
evaded sentence;
• to those who having been granted conditional pardon
by the Chief Executive shall have violated the terms
thereof;
• to those whose maximum term of imprisonment does
not exceed one year,
• to those already sentenced by final judgment at the
time of approval of this Act, except as provided in
Section 5 hereof.
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
!
Mechanics of the ISLAW
Example: Homicide (Art 249)
Penalty: Reclusion Temporal
MAXIMUM of the sentence:
It must be within Reclusion temporal
If the penalty is divisible, it is never imposed as a
whole. The reason why it is made divisible is because
it should be divided into 3 periods (art 76). So divisible
penalties should be imposed in the proper period.
Whether minimum, medium or maximum period, for
that purpose, reference is Art. 64
So, either Reclusion Temporal Minimum, Reclusion
Temporal Medium or Reclusion Temporal Maximum.
If the homicide committed is without any mitigating nor
aggravating circumstances, pursuant to art 64, the
penalty that should be imposed should be in the
medium period.
If the homicide is attended with aggravating
circumstances, the penalty shall be imposed in the
maximum period
If the homicide is attended with one mitigating, none
aggravating, the penalty shall be imposed in the
minimum period
If the homicide is attended with mitigating and
aggravating, an offsetting will have to be effected.
If there are 2 or more mitigating provided there is no
aggravating circumstances or whatsoever, the penalty
next lower in degree than the prescribe penalty
(Reclusion Temporal) shall be imposed
Let’s say, the crime of homicide is not attended with
any mitigating or aggravating circumstance, so the
penalty is Reclusion Temporal Medium.
Reclusion Temporal Medium – 14yrs, 8mos and 1day
to 17yrs and 4mos
This means to say that the court can impose a
sentence, the maximum of which should not be lower
than 14 years14yrs, 8mos and 1day nor higher than
17yrs and 4mos
MINIMUM of the sentence
The MINIMUM of the indeterminate sentence is not
the penalty but the grace period. The court specifies
the minimum by way of giving notice to the prison
authorities particularly the Board of pardon and
parole, that convict should not be given the benefit of
parole until he had completely served the MINIMUM
of the sentence.
Under the ISLAW, if a crime is punished under the
RPC, the minimum term of the indeterminate
sentence may be fixed by the court within the range of
the penalty one degree lower than the penalty
prescribed by the code for the crime committed.
!"#$%&%'0.%%
!
Since, in the example, the penalty prescribed for
homicide by the RPC is reclusion temporal, one
degree lower from the Minimum will be prision mayor
Prision Mayor: 6yrs and 1day to 12yrs
In determining the MINIMUM, we do not apply art. 64,
because this is not the penalty.
The minimum of the indeterminate sentence law is not
a penalty, it only specifies when the convict may be
given the benefit of parole.
So the court may fix the minimum of the indeterminate
sentence for 6yrs and 1day or 6yrs and so many
months, for as long as it will not be lower than 6yrs
and 1day or higher than 12yrs.
Therefore:
If the court would fixed a sentence of “6 years and 1
day to 14 years, 8 months and 1 day” that means the
convict must complete serving the imprisonment for 6
years and 1 day before the board of pardon and
parole would consider him eligible for parole. It does
not follow that if the court fixes the minimum of 6
years and 1 day, that after such term, the convict will
be given parole. Parole is conditioned to his good
behavior
The maximum of the sentence which the court fixed at
14 years, 8 months and 1 day, will be the limit of the
imprisonment that the convict may suffer. That means
no matter for incorrigible the convict maybe, prison
authorities cannot keep him behind bar for a period
more than 14 years, 8 months and 1 day, otherwise
this prison authorities would be committing the crime
of arbitrary detention.
If the felony was attended by a privilege mitigating
circumstance, before anything else, LOWER THE PRESCRIBE
PENALTY to the proper degree that would lowered by the
attendant privilege mitigating circumstance.
Let’s say the privilege mitigating circumstance is Minority,
BEFORE APPLYING ISLAW, lower the penalty of reclusion
temporal by 1 degree or 2 degrees as the case may be.
If the penalty is lowered by 2 degrees, the Maximum of the
indeterminate sentence will be at prision correccional, and if we
would adhere to the provisions of the ISLAW, that the minimum
term of the sentence shall be within the range of the penalty 1
degree lower (the penalty 1 degree lower is prision mayor). So
if we would fix the minimum within the range of prision mayor
whereas the maximum is within the range of prision
correccional, we will arrive at a situation where the maximum of
the sentence is lower than the minimum of the sentence, that is
absurd. So if the penalty is lowered to prision correccional, so
that in computing the indeterminate sentence that will be the
penalty we will reckon from, so that there will be no mistake to
the proper minimum term or maximum term of the
indeterminate sentence.
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
!
ISLAW is not applicable if the sentence is life imprisonment or
death. The law does not mention reclusion perpetua. It does
not follow that because the law did not mentioned reclusion
perpetua, that even when the sentence has a prison term of
reclusion perpetua that we will apply ISLAW.
ISLAW does not apply when the penalty of imprisonment is
indivisible. It applied only when the prison term prescribes for
the crime is divisible.
We have to differentiate a situation where the penalty is simply
“reclusion perpetua” that means that is the prescribe penalty,
so we will not apply ISLAW for that case, from a situation
where penalty is “reclusion temporal maximum to reclusion
perpetua”. The Reclusion perpetua there is not the penalty, the
reclusion perpetua is only a period of a penalty. So we
differentiate where reclusion perpetua is the penalty itself from
a situation where reclusion perpetua is only a period of the
penalty prescribed.
If the reclusion perpetua is only a period for the penalty
prescribed, then ISLAW will still apply.
Example: Malversation (Art 217)
Penalty: reclusion temporal maximum to reclusion
perpetua (if the amount misappropriated is 22k)
The reclusion perpetua is the maximum followed by a divisible
penalty which is reclusion temporal maximum.
So this should be divide into 3, the first 1/3 shall comprise the
minimum, the next higher 1/3 is the medium and the highest
1/3 is the maximum period.
Reclusion perpetua shall be Maximum period of the penalty
Computing the Medium and minimum period
Reclusion temporal Maximum - 17yrs, 4mos and 1day to 20
years
In computing, disregard the “1day”
Get the interval between 17yrs, 4mos to 20yrs
So: 20 yrs – (minus) 17 yrs and 4mos = 2yrs and 8mos
Divide 2yrs and 8mos by 2
So: 2yrs and 8mos ÷ 2 = 1yr and 4 mos
Therefore: the minimum period of the penalty is
17yrs, 4mos and 1 day to 18yrs and 8mos
(we arrive at 18yrs and 8mos by adding 17yrs and 4mos to 1yr
and 4mos [17yrs and 4mos + 1yr and 4mos = 18yrs and 8mos])
Medium period of the penalty
We begin with 18yrs, 8mos and 1day. So
18yrs, 8mos and 1day to 20yrs
(we arrive at 20yrs by adding 18yrs and 8mos to 1yr
and 4mos [18yrs and 8mos + 1yr and 4mos = 19yrs
and 12 months or 20yrs])
!"#$%&%'0/%%
!
So, if the malversation is attended with a mitigating
circumstance and no aggravating, the court will have to impose
a sentence with a penalty of not lower than 17yrs, 4mos and
1day to 18yrs and 8mos.
If the malversation is attended without a mitigating
circumstance and aggravating, the court will have to impose a
sentence with a penalty of not lower than 18yrs, 8mos and
1day to 20yrs
If the malversation is attended with an aggravating
circumstance, the penalty is reclusion perpetua.
Applying ISLAW to malversation
Minimum Term is Prision Mayor maximum to
Reclusion Temporal Medium
Maximum Term is Reclusion Perpetua
Incremental penalty in relation to ISLAW
Incremental penalty arises where the RPC prescribes a fix
penalty for a crime committed but if the amount involved is
higher than what the law has figured to be covered by the
penalty, the RPC prescribes additional penalty of 1 year
imprisonment based on the amount as it increases.
Example: Swindling (Estafa)
If the amount swindled exceeds 12k but does not exceed 22k,
pealty is prision correccional maximum to prision mayor
minimum. The RPC imposes that penalty only up to 22k. If the
amount swindled exceeds 22k, this penalty of prision
correccional max to prision mayor min shall be imposed in the
maximum period plus imprisonment of 1 year per every 10k. So
everytime the amount increase by 22k there will be an added 1
year imprisonment but in no case it shall go beyond reclusion
temporal.
prision correccional maximum to prision mayor minimum :
4yrs, 2mos and 1day to 6yrs TO 6yrs and 1day to 8yrs
The amount swindled is 72k, hence there will be added 5yrs to
the imprisonment
One group of magistrates contends that the starting point of the
penalty prescribe which is prision correccional maximum
should not be affected by the incremental penalty because the
incremental penalty arises only when the amount swindled
exceeds already the maximum of the amount where the
penalty prescribe is prision correccional maximum to prision
mayor minimum. The view is to consider the incremental
penalty in the nature of a special aggravating circumstance that
will increase only the maximum of the sentence, but should not
affect the minimum of the sentence for purposes of parole.
Another group of penalties contends that the incremental
penalty should be taken to affect the penalty as prescribe for
the crime both minimum and maximum
Between the 2 views, we adopt the first view pursuant to the
doctrine of pro reo. Penal laws should be construed in favor or
lenient to the convict.
 !"#$#%&'('&)(#(*(+,-,(%./01(2(+,--(345(506708(9:;4/01(3<($45=(2(9>?(+,,@(?&A>#(%B?C>(((
!
ISLAW with incremental penalty of 5 yrs C,#2./' )"03.,#0#%2' D%,%' )*,%)$I' #/' 03%#,' ,%2C%10#F%' C*)1%2G' 83%'
%M%1"0#./%,'#2')*,%)$I'03%,%'0.'C"**'$.D/'03%'2D#013'0.'03%'%*%10,#1'
Minimum term will start at arresto mayor maximum to prision 13)#,G' 90' 03)0' 0#B%E' 03%' $%)03' 2%/0%/1%' #2' 0.' +%' 1),,#%$' ."0' +I'
correccional medium %*%10,.1"0#./G' 83%' 1./F#10' D)2' 20,)CC%$' 0.' 03%' %*%10,#1' 13)#,G' =.D'
D3%/'03%'2#4/)*'0.'C"**'$.D/'03%'2D#013'.,'+%A.,%'03%'2#4/)*'0.'C"**'
Maximum term is prision mayor minimum (as provided by law) $.D/' 03%' 2D#013' 1."*$' +%' 4#F%/E' 03%,%' D)2' )' C.D%,' A)#*",%'
+ 5 years (incremental penalty) = 13 yrs
03,."43."0'03%'W./%G';.'03%'$%)03'C%/)*0I'1."*$'/.0'+%'1),,#%$'."0'
Therefore, the incremental penalty will only affect the maximum 83%'C,#2./'2"C%,#/0%/$%/0'#2')D),%'03)0'03%'$%)03'1./F#10'B"20'+%'
of the indeterminate sentence. The penalty 1 degree lower, for C"0'0.'$%)03'+%A.,%'2"/2%0G';.'3%'13.2%'2#M'%*#0%'C,#2./'4"),$2')/$'
purposes of parole, will still be based on the penalty as 3%' $#,%10%$' 03%B' 0.' +,#/4' 03%' 1./F#10' 0.' 03%' C,#2./' I),$E' C"0' 3#B'
originally prescribed by the code. The incremental penalty will )4)#/20'03%'D)**E'%M%1"0%'3#B'+I'B"2L%0,IG'
therefore be treated as a special aggravating circumstance that '
would affect only the maximum of the indeterminate sentence. =.D'03%'\"%20#./')2L%$E'(0#.-'&'#$#,&(+'#,%++(..'28'
'
ISLAW in relation to Special law =.D'+)2%$'./'03)0'9,0'7cE'/.'C%/)*0I'1)/'+%'1),,#%$'."0'.,'%M%1"0%$'
#/')'B)//%,'/.0'C,.F#$%$'+I'*)DG'
The offender was convicted for violation of the special law '
which provides a penalty of 5 years to 10 years imprisonment. ;.'2#/1%'03%'*)D'C,.F#$%2'A.,'%*%10,.1"0#./E'/.'.03%,'D)I'D."*$'+%'
*%4)*'0.'C"0'03%'1./F#10'0.'$%)03G'
Neither mitigating nor aggravating will have to be appreciated if
'
the crime is punished under the special penal law provided that
the special law did not adopt the scale of penalties under the <' D./$%,E' #0' D)2' 2)#$' 03)0' D3%/' 03#2' A%**.D' ?13%4),)I' 1.BB#00%$'
RPC. ,)C%E'03%'*%03)*'#/S%10#./'*)D'D)2'/.0'I%0'#/'%AA%10G'83%'$%)03'C%/)*0I'
03%/' D)2' 20#**' 0.' +%' 1),,#%$' ."0' +I' %*%10,.1"0#./G' Q"0' 03%' %*%10,#1'
The sentence reflecting the minimum and the maximum shall 13)#,' #/' 03%' $%)03' 13)B+%,' D)2' +",/%$G' 9/$' 03%' %20#B)0%' .A' 03%'
be within the penalty prescribe by special law as long as the 4.F%,/B%/0E'#0'D#**',%\"#,%':ZK'0.',%20.,%'03%'$%)03'13)B+%,G'b."'
minimum will not go below the penalty prescribed by the law D./$%,'D3)0'L#/$'.A'13)#,'03)0'#2'03)0'D#**'1.20':ZKG';.'03%'%*%10,#1'
and the maximum will not go beyond the penalty prescribed 13)#,'D)2'/%F%,',%20.,%$G'</20%)$E'03%'*%03)*'</S%10#./G''
provided that the minimum is lower than the maximum '
<A' 03#2' D)2' /.0' 03%' C%/)*0I' D3%/' 03%' 2%/0%/1%' D)2' #BC.2%$E' B.,%'
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the maximum term of which shall not exceed the maximum
1,#B%'D)2'1.BB#00%$'B"20'+%'03%'C%/)*0I'0.'+%'#BC.2%$G'9/$'"/$%,'
fixed by said law and the minimum shall not be less than the
9,0'7cE'03)0'C%/)*0I'1)//.0'+%'%M%1"0%$'#/')'B)//%,'$#AA%,%/0'A,.B'
minimum term prescribed by the same.
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