REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
MOST PROBABLE VALUE (mpv)
-refers to a quantity which, based on available
data, has more chances of being correct than
has any other.
∑ 𝑋𝑛
𝑚𝑝𝑣 =
𝑛 limits thus set.
PROBLEMS:
1. A surveying instructor sent out six groups of
students to measure a distance between two
points marked on the ground. The students
came up with the following six different values:
250.25, 250.15, 249.90, 251.04, 250.50, 251.22
meters. Assuming values are equally reliable
and that variations result from accidental
errors, determine the most probable value of
the distance measured. (Ans.250.51m)
2. The observed interior angles of a triangle is A
= 35deg14min37sec, B = 96deg30min9sec, and
C = 48deg15min5sec. Determine the
discrepancy for the given observation and the
most probable value of each angle (Ans.
+03secs)
RESIDUAL
-sometimes referred to as the deviation, is
defined as the difference between any
measured value of a quantity and its most
probable value.
𝑣 = 𝑥 − 𝑚𝑝𝑣
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
PROBABLE ERROR 3. The following values were determined in a
series of tape measurements of a line: 1000.58,
-is a quantity which, when added to and 1000.40, 1000.38, 1000.40, and 1000.46
subtracted from the most probable value, meters. Determine the following:
defines a range within which there is a 50
percent chance that the true value of the a. Most probable value of the measured length
measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the (1000.45m)
b. Probable error of a single measurement and
PROBABLE ERROR OF ANY SINGLE probable error of the mean (±0.05𝑚, ±0.02𝑚)
MEASUREMENT OF A SERIES
c. Relative precision of the measurement
∑ 𝑣2 (1/20000, 1/50000)
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑠 = ±0.6745√
(𝑛 − 1) WEIGHTED OBSERVATIONS
PROBABLE ERROR OF THE MEAN PROBLEMS:
∑ 𝑣2 4. Four measurements of a distance were
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑚 = ±0.6745√ recorded as 284.18, 284.19, 284.22, and 284.20
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
meters and given weights of 1, 2, 3, and 4,
RELATIVE (ERROR) PRECISION respectively. Determine the weighted mean.
(284.20m)
-is expressed by a fraction having the
magnitude of the error in the numerator and 5. It is desired to determine the most probable
the magnitude of the measured quantity in the value of an angle which has been measured at
denominator. different times by different observers with
equal care. The values observed were as
1 follows: 74°39’45” (in two measurements),
𝑅. 𝑃. = 𝑚𝑝𝑣
74°39’27” (in four measurements), and
𝑃. 𝐸.
74°39’35” (in six measurements). (Ans.
74°39’34”)
6. Lines of levels to establish the elevation of a
point are run over four different routes. The
PROBLEMS:
 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

observed elevations of the point with probable of the sum and the most probable value of the TACHYMETRY-based on the instruments
errors are given below. Determine the most perimeter. (±0.07m) employed and is an indirect method of
probable value of the elevation of the point. measurement.
(Ans.219.847m) 8. The two sides of a rectangular lot were
measured with certain estimated probable a. STADIA METHOD – provides a rapid
LINE OBSERVED PROBABLE errors as follows: W = 253.36 ± 0.06m and L = means of determining horizontal distances with
ELEVATION ERROR 624.15 ± 0.08m. Determine the area of the lot RP of only between 1/300 to 1/1000
1 219.832 m ±0.006𝑚 and the probable error in the resulting
calculation. (±42.58sq.m.) b. SUBTENSE BAR METHOD – is
2 219.930 ±0.012𝑚
convenient and practical device used for quick
3 219.701 ±0.018𝑚
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES: and accurate measurement of horizontal
4 220.021 ±0.024𝑚
distances with RP of 1/3000
1. DISTANCE BY PACING
4. DISTANCE BY GRAPHICAL AND
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ERRORS PACING - consists of counting the number of MATHEMATICAL METHODS
steps or paces in a required distance.
1. SUMMATION OF ERRORS.
5. DISTANCE BY MECHANICAL DEVICES (eg.
PACE - is defined as the length of a step in Odometer, measuring wheel, optical
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑠 = ±√𝑃𝐸1 2 + 𝑃𝐸2 2 + 𝑃𝐸3 2 + ⋯ 𝑃𝐸𝑛 2 walking. rangefinder, etc)
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑠 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 STRIDE - equivalent to two paces or a double 6. DISTANCE BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY
2. PRODUCT OF ERRORS. step
PROBLEMS:
RP = 1/200
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑝 = ±√(𝑄1 𝑥 𝑃𝐸2 )2 + (𝑄2 𝑥 𝑃𝐸1 )2
9. A 45-m course, AB, on level ground was
PACE FACTOR-the length of one’s pace paced by a surveyor for the purpose of
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
determining his pace factor. The numbers of
2. DISTANCE BY TAPING
PROBLEMS: paces for each trial are 50, 53, 51, 53, 52, and
TAPING-consists of stretching a calibrated tape 53 paces.
7. The three sides of a triangular-shaped tract
between two points and reading the distance
of land is given by the following measurements REQUIREMENTS:
indicated in the tape.
and corresponding probable errors: a =
162.54±0.03m, b = 234.26±0.05m, and c = a. Determine his pace factor. (0.865m/pace)
RP = 1/1000 to 1/25000 or better
195.70±0.04m. Determine the probable error
b. If the surveyor then took 771, 770, 768, 770,
3. DISTANCE BY TACHYMETRY
772, and 769 paces in walking an unknown

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY


distance CD, what is the length of the line?
(666.1m)
c. Assuming that the tape length of line CD is
667.0m, determine the relative precision of the
measurement performed.(1/741)
10. A stadia rod held at a distance point B is
sighted by an instrument set up at A. The upper
and lower stadia hair reading were observed as
1.3000m and 0.900m, respectively. If the stadia
interval factor (K) is 100, and the instrument
constant (C) is zero, determine the length of line
AB. (40.0m)
11. The following subtended angles were read
on a 2-m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0°54’13”, 0°22’20”, 0°32’6”, and 0°19’46”.
Compute the horizontal distance from the
theodolite to each position of the bar.
(126.81m, 307.86m, 214.19m, 347.83m)
12. A subtense bar 2.000 meters long is set up
near the middle of a traverse line PQ. Using a
theodolite set up at P, the angle subtended
reads 0°20’14”. When the theodolite was
transferred and set up at Q, the corresponding
subtended angle was observed as 0°23’47”.
Determine the horizontal length of line PQ.
(628.90m)
TAPE CORRECTIONS
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
GENERAL RULE: 2. CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE, 𝑪𝒉
-when measuring, tape “too long”, ADD the A. GENTLE SLOPE (LESS THAN 20%)
correction; “tape too short”, SUBTRACT the
correction. ℎ2
𝐶ℎ =
2𝑠
-when laying-out, tape “too long”, SUBTRACT
B. STEEP SLOPES (BETWEEN 20% TO
the correction; “tape too short”, ADD the
30%)
correction.
ℎ2 ℎ4
1. CORRECTION DUE TO INCORRECT TAPE 𝐶ℎ = + 3
2𝑠 8𝑠
LENGTH
C. VERY STEEP SLOPES (GREATER
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑈𝐴𝐿 𝐿𝐸𝑁𝐺𝑇𝐻 − 𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝐿𝐸𝑁𝐺𝑇𝐻
THAN 30%)
13. The length of a line AB measured with a 50-
𝐶ℎ = 𝑠(1 − cos 𝜃)
m tape is 465.285m. When the tape is
compared with a standardized invar tape it is 3. CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE, 𝑪𝑻
found to be 0.016m too long in almost the same
conditions of support, tension, and 𝐶𝑡 = 𝛼𝐿(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑆 )
temperature that existed during measurement
of the line. Determine the correct length of AB. 4. CORRECTION DUE TO PULL/TENSION, 𝑪𝑷
(465.434m) (𝑃𝑀 − 𝑃𝑆 )𝐿
𝐶𝑃 =
𝐴𝐸
14. A rectangular lot was measured using a 50-
m steel tape which was found to be 0.025m too 5. CORRECTION DUE TO SAG, 𝑪𝑺
short. If the recorded length and width of the
lot are 180.455m and 127.062m, respectively, 𝑤 2 𝐿3 𝑊 2 𝐿
𝐶𝑆 = =
determine the following: 24𝑃2 24𝑃2
a. actual dimensions of the lot. (126.998m by
180.365m)
15. Slope distances AB and BC measures
b. error in area introduced due to the erroneous 330.49m and 660.97m, respectively. The
length of tape. (22.979sq.m.) differences in elevation are 12.22m for points A
and B, and 10.85m for points B and C. Using the

approximate slope correction formula for
gentle slopes, determine the horizontal length
of line ABC. Assume that the line AB has a rising
slope and BC a falling slope. (991.14m)
16. A steel tape with a coefficient of linear
expansion of 0.0000116/°Celsius is known to be
50m long at 20°C. The tape was used to
measure a line which was found to be 532.28
meters long when the temperature was 35°C.
Determine the following:
a. temperature correction per tape length.
(+0.0087m)
b. temperature correction for the measured
line. (+0.0926m)
c. correct length of the line. (532.37m)
17. A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.45kg is of
standard length under a pull of 5kg, supported
for a full length. The tape was used in
measuring a line 938.55m long on smooth level
ground under a steady pull of 10kg. Assuming E
= 2.0 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 and the unit weight of
steel to be 7.9 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3, determine the
following:
a. cross-sectional area of the tape. (0.06cm^2)
b. correction for increase in tension.
(+0.00125m)
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
c. correct length of the line measured. the measurement was made, the constant pull
(938.59m) applied was 8kg with the tape supported only
at its end points. Determine the correct length
18. A 50-m steel tape weighs 0.04kg/m and is of the line. (456.832m)
supported at its end points and at the 8-m and
25-m marks. If a pull of 6kg is applied,
determine the following:
a. correction due to sag between the 0-m and
8-m marks, 8-m and 25-m marks, and the 25-m
and 50-m marks. (0.0009m, 0.0091m, 0.0289m)
b. correction due to sag for one tape length.
(0.0389m)
c. correct distance between the ends of the
tape. (49.9611m)
19. A steel tape weighing 0.85kg has a cross-
sectional area of 0.05cm^2. The tape measures
exactly 30.00m when supported throughout its
entire length under a standard pull of 5.5kg. If
the modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 10^6
kg/cm^2, determine the tension required to
make the tape equal to its nominal length when
supported only at the end points. (16.75kg)
20. A 50-m steel tape is of standard length
under a pull of 5.5kg when supported
throughout its entire length. The tape weighs
0.05kg/m, has a cross-sectional area at
LEVELING
0.04sq.cm, and being made of steel, its modulus
of elasticity is 2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2. This tape It is the process of directly or indirectly
was used in the field to measure a distance that measuring vertical distances to determine the
was determined to be 458.650m. At the time
 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

elevation of points and their differences in 23. A woman standing on a beach can just see STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV,m
elevation. the top of a lighthouse 24.140km away. If her BM.a 0.95 125.50
eye height above sea level is 1.738m, determine 0+00 3.0
Leveling Methods: the height of the lighthouse above the sea level. +10 2.3
1. Direct or Spirit leveling TP1 3.13 0.64
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
0+22 2.7
2. Reciprocal leveling 𝐻𝐼 = 𝐸𝐿𝐸𝑉 𝐵𝑀1 + 𝐵𝑆 2.8
+30.5
3. Profile leveling 𝐸𝐿𝐸𝑉 𝑇𝑃1 = 𝐻𝐼 − 𝐹𝑆 3.1
4. Trigonometric leveling +34.2
24. Complete the differential level notes shown
0.5
below and perform the customary arithmetic
5. Stadia leveling +39.3
check.
0.8
6. Barometric leveling
STA BS HI FS ELEV +42.5
7. Cross-section leveling BM1 1.256 127.133 TP2 2.16 1.28
TP1 1.116 1.886 +45 0.9
8. Borrow-pit leveling TP2 1.228 1.527 1.2
BM2 1.189 2.246 +48.6
CURVATURE AND REFRACTION
BM3 1.070 2.017 +50 1.7
𝒉𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝑲𝟐 TP3 1.831 2.656 2.8
BM4 2.765 +53.7
21. Determine the combined effects of the 25. The accompanying schematic arrangement TP3 0.82 2.37
earth’s curvature and atmospheric refraction of lines portrays a differential level route. The TP4 1.35 3.50
on sight distances of 60m, 90m, 120m, 150m, values indicated represent backsight and +75 3.0
and 500m. foresight readings taken at different points as BM.b 1.99
labeled. Prepare and complete differential level
22. A man on the shore standing close to the
notes for the information shown and show the
sea’s water edge looks out toward the direction MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS
customary arithmetic check.
of the sea. If his eyes measure 1.72m above sea
level, determine how far out to the sea is his Conversion:
26. Complete the following set of profile level
visible horizon, neglecting the effect of waves. notes and show the customary arithmetic 1 Degree = 60 minutes = 360 seconds
check.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

360 Degrees = 400 Grads
1 Grad = 100 Centesimal Minutes
1Centesimal Minutes = 100Centesimal seconds
1 revolution = 6400 mils = 360°
2π radians = 360°
31. Convert 270° into its equivalent value in
grads, mils, and radians.
BEARING – (of the line) is the acute horizontal
angle between the reference meridian and the
line.
AZIMUTH – (of the line) is its direction is given
by the angle between the meridian and the line
measured in a clockwise direction from either
the north or south branch of the meridian.
MAGNETIC DECLINATION PROBLEMS:
32. The magnetic declination in a location is
2°30’ E. Determine the true bearing and true
azimuths reckoned from north and south of the
following lines whose magnetic bearings are
given:
a. AB, N 25°40’ E
b. AC, S 50°12’ E
c. AD, S 62°18’ W
33. In a compass traverse made fifty years ago TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
the observed magnetic bearing of a reference
line XY was S 50°18’ E when the magnetic LAT = Dcosα DEP = Dsinα
declination was 8°15’ east. Lately in 1986, a new
LINEAR ERROR OF CLOSURE
survey was made and the declination in the
same survey site changed to 12°10’ west.
Determine the following description of line XY: 𝑳𝑬𝑪 = √𝑪𝑳 𝟐 + 𝑪𝑫 𝟐
a. Its true bearing. −𝑪𝑫
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
−𝑪𝑳
b. The true azimuth from south.
CD − closure in departure or the algebraic
c. Its new magnetic bearing.
sum of the east and west departures
d. The magnetic azimuth from south in 1986.
CL − closure in latitude or the algebraic
INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE
sum of the north and south latitudes
34. The interior angle of a five-sided closed
traverse were measured as follows: RELATIVE PRECISION
LEC
A = 118°30’ RP =
D
B = 95°33’
35. Given in the accompanying tabulation are
C = not measured the observed data for a closed traverse
obtained from a transit – tape survey.
D = 134°10’ Determine the following quantities: latitude
and departure of each course, linear error of
E = 140°50’ closure, bearing of the side of error, and the
precision of the measurement. Tabulate
If all observed angles are assumed to be correct,
observed and computed values according to
determine the interior angle at C. Also
the usual format.
determine the bearing of each line if the
bearing of line AB is N 15°30’ E. Tabulate values LINE LENGTH AZIMUTH FROM
accordingly. (m) NORTH (α)

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

AB 233.10m 122°30’ BC 850.62 N 46°02’ E

BC 242.05 85°15’ CD 855.45 S 67°38’ E
CD 191.50 20°00’ DE 1020.87 S 12°25’ E
DE 234.46 333°35’ EF 1117.26 S 83°44’ W
EF 270.65 254°08’ FA 660.08 N 55°09’ W
FA 252.38 213°00’ *TRANSIT RULE

𝑳𝒂𝒕 (𝑪𝑳 ) 𝑫𝒆𝒑 (𝑪𝑫 )

𝒄𝒍 = 𝒄𝒅 =
TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENTS ∑ 𝑵𝑳 − ∑ 𝑺𝑳 ∑ 𝑬𝑫 − ∑ 𝑾𝑫

*COMPASS RULE (BOWDITCH RULE) 37. Given in the accompanying tabulation are
the observed data for a traverse obtained from
𝒅 𝒅 a transit – tape survey. Determine the latitudes
𝒄𝒍 = 𝑪𝑳 ( ) 𝒄𝒅 = 𝑪𝑫 ( )
𝑫 𝑫 and departures of each course and balance
these quantities by employing the compass
𝐂𝐋 = ∑ NL + ∑ SL ; 𝐂𝐃 = ∑ ED + ∑ WD
rule. Also determine the linear error of closure,
bearing of the side of error, and the relative
ADJUSTED LENGTHS AND DIRECTIONS
error of closure. Tabulate values accordingly.

L′ = √LAT′2 + DEP′2 COURSE DISTANCE BEARING

AB 495.85m N 05°30’ E
DEP′
tan 𝛼 = BC 850.62 N 46°02’ E
LAT′
CD 855.45 S 67°38’ E
36. Given in the accompanying tabulation are DE 1020.87 S 12°25’ E
the observed data for a traverse obtained from EF 1117.26 S 83°44’ W
a transit – tape survey. Determine the latitudes INTERVISIBILITY OF STATIONS
FA 660.08 N 55°09’ W
and departures of each course and balance
(OBSERVING TOWERS)
these quantities by employing the compass
rule. Also determine the linear error of closure, Two hills A and C have elevations of 600m and
bearing of the side of error, and the relative 800 m, respectively. In between A and C is
error of closure. Tabulate values accordingly. another hill B which has an elevation of 720 m
and is located at 12 km from A and 10 km from
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING
C.
AB 495.85m N 05°30’ E

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

1. Determine the height to be reduced so that a. 121.60 m b. 162.45 m Course Distance(m) Bearing
station C will be visible from A. c. 175.10 m d. 146.35 m 1-2 58.70 N 9.270E
2-3 27.30 S 88.430 E
a. 15.32 m b. 18.95 m 5. Compute the bearing of line AD.
3-4
c. 23.69 m d. 34.58 m a. S 69054’ E b. S 85040’ E 4-5 35.00 S 5.300E
c. S 88031’ E d. S 80025’ E 5-1 78.96 S 72.070 W
2. What height of tower must be constructed at 10. What is the length of course 3-4?
C so that it could be visible from A with the line 6. Compute the distance DE.
of sight having a clearance of 2 m above hill B? a. 39.32 m b. 37.58 m
a. 126.59 m b. 109.32 m c. 38.65 m d. 35.20 m
a. 44.12 m b. 56.23 m c. 95.68 m d. 120.61 m
A closed traverse has the following data:
c. 68.59 m d. 38.41 m The sides and bearing of a triangular lot are AB,
N 400 E, BC, S 200 E, and CA, N 800 W. A point D Course Distance (m) Bearing
3. What height of equal towers A and C that is marked on side BC such that line AB divided AB 24.22 S 15036’ W
could be constructed so that A, B and C will be the triangle into two parts with the area of ABD BC 15.92 S 69011’ E
intervisible with 2 m clearance at B. equal to 1/3 of the whole area of 14,400 m2. CD N 57058’ E
a. 20.95 m b. 10.58 m DA S 80°43’W
7. Determine the distance from C to D.
11. Find the distance DA.
c. 35.62 m d. 52.14 m a. 121.57 m b. 152.40 m
a. 73.21 m b. 77.46 m
c. 275.50 m d. 245.60 m
c. 75.01 m d. 79.80 m
8. Determine the length of line AD.
A closed traverse has the following data:
a. 180.41 m b. 160.83 m
PARTITION OF LAND Line Distance (m) Bearing
c. 170.59 m d. 150.70 m
AB 64.86 N 72010’ E
A lot is bounded by 3 straight sides, namely: AB,
9. Compute the bearing of line AD. BC 107.72 S 48013’ E
N 450, 160 m long, BC and CA both 190 m long
CD 44.37 S 35030’ W
in clockwise direction. From point E, 100 m a. N 47015’ E b. N 5101’ E DE 137.84
from A and on side AB, a dividing line runs to D c. N 5906’ E d. N 35010’ E EA 12.83
which is on side CA. The area of ADE is to be 2/5
12. Find the bearing of line DE?
of the total area of the lot. OMMITTED MEASUREMENTS

4. Determine the distance from A to D. A closed traverse has the following data:

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

a. N 56055’ W b. N 53041 W Given below are the corresponding data of a position of the sounding vessel which is to
c. N 50014’ W d. N 59022’ W computation for the area given with missing
data.
AREA COMPUTATIONS

Given the table shown below Course LAT DEP DMD 2A

1-2 +60 +16
Course Distance (m) Bearing 2-3 +70 -1,428
AB 668.15 N 58032’ W 3-4 +14 +186 -5,580
BC 670.32 S 35010’ W 4-5 -28
CD 610.68 5-1 +12 -46
DE 515.32 16. Compute the bearing of line 3-4.
EA 448.50 N 70040’ E
13. Calculate the bearing of line CD. a. S 30010’ E b. S 2501’ E
c. S 30010’ W d. S 2501’ W
a. N 42029’ E b. S 42029’ E be located. If b = 6925.50m, c = 6708.40m,
c. S 42029’ W d. N 42029’ W 17. Compute the DMD of line 4-5.
angle BAC = 112°45’25”, angle alpha =
14. Calculate the bearing of line DE. a. +254 b. +146 25°32’40”, and angle beta = 45°35’50”:

a. N 13020’ E b. N 13031’ E c. +110 d. +362 19. Compute the length of AP

c. N 12029’E d. N 13029’ W
18. Compute the area of the whole lot. (1 acre 20. Compute the length of BP
15. Calculate the area of the traverse. = 43, 560 ft2)
21. Compute the length of CP
a. 35.55 ha b. 38.27 ha a. 1.18 acres b. 2.37 acres
c. 42.89 ha d. 102.10 ha c. 3.27 acres d. 4.58 acres

THREE-POINT PROBLEM HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

In the accompanying figure, A, B, and C are The NAWASA engineers conducted a

three known control stations and P is the hydrographic survey on one of the

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY


reservoirs in order to determine the
capacity and to check out whether this
reservoir is capable of serving the water
needs of the adjacent municipalities.
Parallel ranges were established along the
reservoir and sounding was taken at certain
distances as shown below. What would be
the capacity of the reservoir by:
22. End – Area method
23. Prismoidal method
24. Determine the difference in capacity
between End-Area and Prismoidal method.
PROBLEM SET IN REVIEW IN SURVEYING
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING:
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
1. The measured length of airport runways in Determine the length of each property in
five major cities in the Philippines are: 1250.00, meters.
1375.50, 1410.75, 1550.25, and 1750.00
meters. Determine the equivalent length of 4. Following are the dimensions for length,
width, and depth of five excavated borrow pits
each runway in kilometers, decimeters, and
for a highway project:
centimeters. Tabulate values accordingly.
2. Given the dimensions of the following tracts a) 113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m
of land:
b) 50.08 m, 39.25 m, and 7.14 m
a) 108.75m by 76.82m
c) 243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m
b) 940.08m by 1296.73m
d) 42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m
c) 13.36m by 50.08m
e) 9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m
d) 1258.30m by 624.03m
Determine the volume of each pit in cubic
e) 8476.55m by 121.79m meters.
Determine the area of each tract in square 5. Given the approximate flat area and depth of
meters, square kilometers, ares, and hectares. excavation of the following borrow pits:
3. Given the area and width of the following a) 3750.0 sq m and 758.0 m
rectangular-shaped pieces of property:
b) 0.035 sq km and 180.0 m
a) 2.575 ha and 195.42 m
c) 15.6 ares and 495.0 m
b) 125.42 sq m and 545.0 cm
d) 9.250 ha and 250.0 m
c) 0.85 sq km and 925.09 m
e) 46750 sq m and 195.0 m
d) 50.0 ares and 100.0 m
Determine the volume of earth removed from
e) 42545.19 sq m and 346.72 m each pit in cubic meters.

6. Given the following numbers: 45.63, 5.700,
4010, 0.00037, 0.000940, 6.0090, 7.00, 9.5 x
10^8, 4.00 x 10^7, 2.604 x 10^18, and 3.00 x
10^-6. For each number, identify the significant
figures and state the number of significant
figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
7. Given the following numbers: 0.333333,
0.412342, 50.2155, 48.5455, and 16.3545.
Round off each number to three, four, and five
figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
8. The three angles of a triangle were measured
with the following results: A = 42°05’, B =
115°38’, and C = 22°08’. Determine the most
probable value of each angle.
9. The angles about a point have the following
observed values: 87°07’50”, 125°17’20”, and
147°35’20”. Determine the most probable
value of the three angles.
10. The interior angles of a quadrilateral were
observed to be: A = 100°35’40”, B = 118°44’15”,
C = 80°54’35”, and D = 59°45’50”. Determine
the most probable value of each of these
angles.
11. A quantity was measured ten times with the
following results: 34.630, 34.626, 34.634,
34.628, 34.629, 34.626, 34.627, 34.633, 34.625,
and 34.624 meters. Determine the probable
error of the mean and the relative precision of
the mean.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
12. A surveying instructor sent all the 40
students in his class out to measure a distance
between two points marked on a runway. The
students working in group of four came up with
10 different measurements as follows: 920.45,
921.05, 921.65, 920.25, 920.15, 921.85, 921.95,
920.45, 921.15, 921.35 meters. Assuming these
values are equally reliable and that variations
result only from accidental errors, determine
the relative precision of a single measurement
and the relative precision of the mean.
13. The following values were determined in a
series of rod readings made under identical
conditions: 3.312, 3.307, 3.304, 3.306, 3.309,
3.301, 3.311, 3.308, 3.312, 3.306, and 3.313
meters. Determine the following: most
probable value of the observed rod readings,
probable error of a single measurement and of
the mean, and the relative precision of a single
measurement and of the mean.
14. A line is measured on a windy day as 338.65
m. The same line measured 338.37 m on a calm
day. If the latter measurement is given four
times the reliability of the first, determine the
most probable value of the measured line.
15. A distance AB is measured five times as
610.03, 610.01, 610.05, 610.04, and 610.02
meters. The measurements were given weights
of 3, 2, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, by the head
tapeman. Determine the weighted mean for
distance AB. Also, determine what difference
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
results if later judgment revises the weights to
2, 3, 1, 3 and 2.
16. An angle ABC is measured at different times
using various instruments and procedures. The
results, which are assigned certain weights, are
as follows: 75°09’26”, weight of 4; 75°09’25”,
weight of 3; and 75°09’27”, weight of 1.
Determine the most probable value of the angle
measured.
17. In this problem the weight of an angle is
assumed to be proportional to the number of
times it has been measured in repetition. Five
angles in a pentagon were measured with the
following results: 134°44’35”, 167°02’05”,
86°15’20”, 75°48’50”, and 76°08’50”. If the
number of repetitions for each measurement
were 2, 6, 6, 8, and 4, respectively, determine
the adjusted values of the angles.
18. Two sides and the included angle of a
triangle were measured and the probable
errors of each value were computed as follows:
a = 267.55 m ± 0.05 m, b = 564.75 m ± 0.06 m,
and the angle C = 57°15’45”. Determine the
area of the triangle and the probable error of
the area.
19. Three sides of a triangle were measured
with the following results: a = 1431.20 m ± 0.02
m, b = 570.77 m ± 0.03 m, and c = 1767.15 m ±
0.04 m. Determine the angles in the triangle
together with the probable errors of the angles.

20. A line AE is divided into segments for
measurement with a tape. The results were AB
= 134.10 m ± 0.040 m, BC = 320. 63 m ± 0.055
m, CD = 173.73 m ± 0.056 m, and DE = 160.85 m
± 0.050 m. Determine the length of the line and
the probable error of the measured length.
21. The difference in elevation between two
ground points was measured by each of three
field parties using different kinds of leveling
instruments. The results are as follows: 1st
party, DE = 18.45 m ± 0.05 m; 2nd party, DE =
18.40 m ± 0.04 m; 3rd party, DE = 18.48 m ± 0.05
m. Determine the most probable difference in
elevation between the two ground points.
22. The four approximately equal sides of a
tract of land were measured and the
measurements included the following errors: ±
0.085 m, ± 0.014 m, ± 0.175 m, and ± 0.205 m,
respectively. Determine the probable for the
total length (or perimeter) of the tract.
23. The dimensions of a five-sided tract of land
are given by the following measurements and
corresponding probable errors: 221.63 m ±
0.004 m, 235.70 m ± 0.002 m, 196.05 m ± 0.005
m, 296.13 m ± 0.012 m, and 303.18 m ± 0.015
m. Determine the probable error of the sum of
the five measurements and the most probable
value of the perimeter.
24. Two sides of a rectangle were measured as
being 226.25 m ± 0.03 m and 307.28 m ± 0.04
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
m. Determine the area of the figure and the
probable error of the area.
25. The base and altitude of triangular-shaped
figure were measured with certain estimated
probable errors as follows: b = 425.67 m ± 0.07
m and h = 138.63 m ± 0.06 m. Determine the
area of the figure and the probable error in the
resulting calculations.
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES
1. In walking along a 75-m course, the pacer of
a field party counted 43.50, 44.00, 43.75, 44.50,
and 43.25 strides. Then 105.50, 106.00, 105.75,
and 106.25 strides were counted in walking
from one marker to another established along
a straight and level course. Determine the
distance between the two markers.
2. A student paces a 50-m length five times with
the following results: 57.00, 56.75, 56.50,
58.00, and 56.25 paces. Determine how many
paces must he step off in order to establish a
distance of 450 meters on level ground.
3. Determine the length of a line negotiated in
208 paces by a person whose pace is 0.76
meters long.
4. With the use of a 1-sec theodolite positioned
at the center of a six-sided lot, the following
readings were taken on a 2-m subtense bar set-
up at the corner: 0°26’16”, 0°15’05”, 0°22’29”,
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
0°30’45”, and 0°09’50”. Determine the distance
of each corner from the instrument position.
5. A 2-m long subtense bar was first set up at A
and subsequently at B, and the subtended
angles to the bar, as read from a theodolite
positioned somewhere along the middle of the
line AB, were recorded as 0°24’15” and
0°20’30”, respectively. Determine the length of
AB.
6. A traverse line was measured in three
sections: 295.85 m at slope 8°45’, 149.58 m at
slope 4°29’, and 373.48 m at slope 4°25’.
Determine the horizontal length of the line.
7. A slope measurement of 545.38 m is made
between points A and B. The elevation of A is
424.25 m and that of B is 459.06 m. Determine
the horizontal distance between the two
points.
8. The sides of a rectangular parcel of property
were measured and recorded as 249.50 m and
496.85 m. It was determined, however, that the
30-m tape used in measuring was actually 30.05
m long. Determine the correct area of the
rectangle in hectares.
9. A 30-m steel tape when compared with a
standard is actually 29.95 m long. Determine
the correct length of a line measured with this
tape and found to be 466.55 m.

10. A track and field coach wishes to lay out for
his team a 200-m straightway course. If he uses
a 50-m tape known to be 50.20 m long,
determine the measurements to be made so
that the course will have the correct length.
11. It is required to lay out a building 80 m by
100 m with a 30-m long metallic tape which was
found to be 0.15 m too short. Determine the
correct dimensions to be used in order that
building shall have the desired measurements.
12. A steel tape whose nominal length is
supposed to be 30 m long was found to be
30.02 m long when compared with an invar
tape during standardization. If the tape is to be
used in laying out 520 m by 850 m rectangular
parking lot, determine the actual dimensions to
be laid out.
13. A 30-m steel tape is of standard length at
20°C. If the coefficient of thermal expansion is
0.0000116/°C, determine the distance to be laid
out using this tape to establish two points
exactly 1235.65 m apart when the temperature
is 33°C.
14. A steel tape having a correct length at 22°C
was used to measure a baseline and the
recorded readings gave the total of 856.815 m.
If the average temperature during the
measurement was 18°C, determine the correct
length of the line.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
15. A heavy 30-m tape having a cross sectional
area of 0.05 cm^2 has been standardized at a
tension of 5 kg. If E = 2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2,
calculate the elongation of the tape for an
increase in tension from 5.5 kg to 20 kg.
16. A steel tape is 30.0 m – long under a pull of
6.0 kg when supported throughout. It has a
cross-sectional area of 0.035 cm^2 and is
applied fully supported with a 12-kg pull to
measure a line whose recorded length is 308.32
m. Determine the correct length of the line if E
= 2.1 x 10^6 kg/cm^2.
17. A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.75 kg is of
standard length under a pull of 4.55 kg,
supported for full length. This tape was used in
measuring a line (found to be 1371.50 m) on
smooth level ground under a steady pull of 8 kg.
Assuming E = 2.05 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 and that the
unit weight of steel is 7.9 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3,
determine the following: cross-sectional area of
the tape, correction for increase in tension for
the whole length measured, and the correct
length of the line.
18. A 30-m steel tape weighs 1.5 kg and is
supported at its end points and at the 5 and 15-
meter marks. If a pull of 8 kg is applied,
determine the correction due to sag between
supports and for one tape length.
19. A 30-m steel tape weighing 0.04 kg/cm is
constantly supported only at its end points, and
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
used to measure a line with a steady pull of 8.5
kg. If the measured length of the line is 2465.18
m, determine the correct length of the line.
20. Determine the normal tension required to
make a tape exactly 30.0 m between its ends
when used in an unsupported mode, if the tape
has a cross-sectional area of 0.045 cm^2 and
weighs 0.90 kg. Assume that the tape is exactly
30.0 m when supported throughout its entire
length under a standard pull of 6.0 kg, and its
modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2.
21. A 30-m steel tape supported at its ends
weighs 0.03 kg/m and is of standard length
under a pull of 6.5 kg. If the elastic modulus of
steel is 2.0 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 and its weight
density is 7.9 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3, determine the
tension at which the effect of sag will be
eliminated by the elongation of the tape due to
increased tension.
22. A 30-m tape weighs 12.5 g/m and has a
cross section of 0.022 cm^2. It measures
correctly when supported throughout under a
tension of 8.0 kg at a temperature of 20°C.
when used in the field, the tape is only
supported at its ends, under a pull of 9.0 kg, and
at an average temperature of 28°C. Determine
the distance between the zero and 30-m marks.
23. A line was found to be 2865.35 m long when
measured with a 30-m tape under a steady pull
of 6.5 kg at a mean temperature of 30°C.
 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

Determine the correct length of the line if the

tape used is of standard length at 20°C under a
pull of 5.5 kg. Assume the cross-sectional area
of tape to be 0.025 cm^2, elastic modulus as
2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2, and coefficient of thermal
expansion to be 0.0000116/°C.

24. The sides of a triangle measure 1063.55,

1840.33, and 1325.05 m. Determine the three
angles in the triangle.

25. In the accompanying sketch it is required to

determine the distance between points A and B
which spans a wide and deep river. Lines BD and
CE, which measure 385.75 m and 529.05 m,
respectively, are established perpendicular to
line ABC. If points D and E are lined up with A
and the length of BC = 210.38 m, determine the
required distance.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY