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Smart Disaster Detection and Response System for Smart Cities

Conference Paper · June 2018

DOI: 10.1109/ISCC.2018.8538356

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 Smart Disaster Detection and Response
System for Smart Cities
Azzedine Boukerche and Rodolfo W. L. Coutinho
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS)
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Email: boukerch@site.uottawa.ca, rodolfo.coutinho@uottawa.ca
Abstract—Every year, natural and human-induced disasters
result in infrastructural damages, monetary costs, distresses,
injuries and deaths. Unfortunately, climate change is strength-
ening the destructive power of natural disasters. In this context,
Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based disaster detection and response
systems have been proposed to cope with disasters and emergen-
cies by improving the disaster detection and search and rescue
missions during disaster response. Accordingly, IoT devices are
used to collect data and help to identify hazards after disasters
and to localize injured people. However, a solely IoT-based
detection and response system will not be totally suitable for
emergency response in smart cities, as the lack of connectivity
with IoT devices might occur, due to breakages in communication
infrastructures or network congestions. Therefore, we propose
a novel architecture for smart disaster detection and response
system for smart cities. We discuss the main building blocks of
our envisioned smart system, as well as the critical challenges
that will be faced ahead to implement our smart system.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Natural disasters are unexpected events that concern world-
wide nations. Every year, extreme weather conditions, hur-
ricanes, earthquake, droughts, floods, and heatwave cause
considerable damages, monetary costs, mass evacuations, dis-
tresses, injuries and deaths. For instance, the tsunami that hit
Japan in March 2011, destroyed more than 120,000 buildings,
occasioned an estimated financial damage of about $199
billion dollars, and caused 15,894 deaths [1]. In Canada, the
Fort McMurray wildfire forced over 88,000 people to leave
their town, caused an estimated C$3.6 billion of insurance
costs, destroyed about 10% of all structures in the town, and
provoked chaos with people leaving their home with whatever
they could take [2].
Unfortunately, the frequency and intensity of natural dis-
asters are increasing due to climate change [3], [4]. When
a natural disaster happens, search and rescue missions must
take place immediately, in order to maximize the chance of
rescuing survivors. Indeed, the first 72 h after the occurrence
of a natural disaster is critical for rescuing survivors [5]. While
an impromptu response must occur after the occurrence of a
disaster, the performance of a search and rescue mission may
be diminished by the lack of suitable situational awareness
and communication capabilities. Furthermore, the immediate
response can threaten first responders’ lives if not properly
planned, coordinated and executed.
Traditionally, search and rescue missions are performed by
well-trained government teams, which follow a well-defined
and established international protocol. Accordingly, a com-
mand post is placed in a safe area, which is responsible
for centralizing the information and coordinating search and
rescue teams. The teams, in turn, are divided between scouts
and rescuers. Scout teams are responsible for searching the
impacted area and reporting trapped victims, live or dead,
to the command post. Rescuer teams rely on information
available at the command post for recovering the trapped
victims. The communication between teams and the command
post is often performed by internationally-defined annotation
marks and VHF/UHF radio systems [6].
In recent years, Internet-of-Things (IoT) has also been pro-
posed to improve situational awareness for disaster response.
The use of a large number of already deployed physical
objects, accessed through the Internet, can supply command
posts with more precise situational information. The improved
situational awareness would them help to monitor the affected
area and predict the occurrence of new disasters. However,
IoT does not cope with the need for reliable and secure
communication during search and rescue missions. Moreover,
IoT devices might become inaccessible during disasters, as
network infrastructures get clogged.
In this paper, we propose a novel architecture for smart
disaster prediction, discovery, and response system for smart
cities. The proposed architecture relies on the following five
main building blocks: (i) smart sensing for data acquisition,
ii)smart processing for knowledge discovery and disaster de-
tection and prediction, (iii) smart response to support timely,
coordinately and effective search and rescue missions, (iv)
wireless ad hoc networking of everything for data exchange
among entities in the proposed smart system, and (v) privacy
and security for empowering a reliable and secure system,
which will ensure data integrity, privacy and users’ anonymity.
The main contributions of this paper are threefold:
• A review of the state-of-the-art of solutions for disaster
discovery and response;
• The design of an innovative smart system for disaster
prediction, discovery and response for smart cities;
• A thorough discussion of the fundamental challenges that
must be tackled in order to enable our envisioned smart
system.
The remaining of this paper is organized as follows. Sec-
tion II discusses the related work. Section III presents our
proposed smart system for disaster prediction, detection, and
response for smart cities. Section IV discusses some of the
fundamental challenges needed to be tackled in order to
implement the proposed system. Finally, Section V presents
our conclusion and future work.
II. R ELATED W ORK
In this section, we discuss representative works related to
our proposed smart system for disaster prediction, detection,
and response.
Lee et al. [7] proposed a ubiquitous healthcare system
for monitoring ECG and blood glucose of elderly patients.
Accordingly, patients were provided with ZigBee built-in
blood glucometer and mobile phones, which were used for
data collection and transmission for clinicians.
Leijdekkers et al. [8] developed a heart attack self-test
application aimed to reduce the diagnostic delay and the
number of false alarms. The developed application employs a
small wearable ECG sensor and mobile phone that allow the
user to perform a self-test whenever he/she feels something.
The self-test is a combination of yes/no question and ECG
measurements that are fused in order to decide whether or not
an ambulance must be sent immediately to the given location
of the user.
In recent years, Internet-of-things has been proposed for
disaster management. Ray et al. [9] discuss the state-of-the-art
of the use of IoT for such applications. They highlighted the
potentials and challenges of IoT for the warning, notification,
data analytics, remote monitoring and victim localization
operations during disasters.
Chenji et al. [10] proposed the DistressNet in order to
automate and optimize traditional search and rescue missions.
The DistressNet is aimed to integrate portable devices into
a secure framework. It also concerned with the optimal
deployment of networked components in a “cloud” manner,
which would improve data storage and retrieval during disaster
management.
Erdelj et al. [11] proposed the use of multi-UAVs to in-
terconnect devices of wireless sensor networks during natural
disaster management. Accordingly, UAVs were used as data
ferries to transport collected data from sensor networks to first
responders and command posts.
In contrast to related work, this paper proposes an end-
to-end smart system for disaster detection, prediction, and
response for smart cities. The proposed smart system will
rely on smart sensing for constant data collection for event
detection and prediction, and the Internet of everything for
disaster management and response.
III. T HE P ROPOSED S MART S YSTEM
In this section, we propose a smart system for disaster
prediction, detection and response for smart cities. Our envi-
sioned smart system, as illustrated in Fig. 1, relies on five main
building blocks, which are briefly discussed in the following:
• The smart sensing component will handle the challenges
and enable people-centric and IoT-centric opportunistic
and participatory sensing for data collection related to
disaster and emergency events;
• The processing component will address the challenges
towards efficient and timely knowledge discovery from
multimedia mobile big data, in order to detect and predict
disasters and estimate their consequences;
• The smart response component will provide the techno-
logical foundations for the prompt, safer and collaborative
disaster response;
• The mobile wireless ad hoc networking of everything
component will supply the need for ubiquitous connec-
tivity and communications demanded for the efficient
interaction among the smart sensing, processing, and
smart response components, as well as the collaboration
between search and rescue teams;
• Finally, the privacy and security component will pro-
vide the mechanisms to ensure data integrity, data and
network security and the anonymity of involved users
in all the stages of a disaster prediction and response
mission.
In the following sections, we detailed discuss the aforemen-
tioned components of our proposed smart system for disaster
prediction, detection, and response in smart cities.
A. Smart sensing for disaster monitoring
Data collection for disaster prediction and detection is a
daunting task. Traditionally, environment-related data is ac-
quired from video cameras, meteorological sensors (e.g., de-
vices to measure precipitation, wind speed, solar radiation, air
temperature, humidity, pressure, and evaporation), magnetic
sensors, acoustic detectors, passive infrared and radars. Col-
lected data are then used to detect incoming natural disasters
(e.g., hurricanes), estimate the destructive power of such events
and, more importantly, alert and plan crowd evacuation when
needed.
In these systems, an emerging approach is the data acqui-
sition from online social networks (OSNs). In this approach,
data collection from OSN is explored for real-time situational
awareness of ongoing disasters and emergencies [12], that is,
to observe how a disaster or emergency is developing and how
it is affecting people or a given area. Data from Twitter, for
instance, has been used to predict flu trends [13] and monitor
Dengue epidemics [14]. The use of OSN enables real-time dis-
aster monitoring and serves as a channel for issuing warnings,
alerts and orientations from police, and other municipalities,
to civilians. However, data filtering, information credibility
check, data indexing and semantic analysis are examples of
the critical challenges that must be addressed when using OSN
for disaster monitoring.
Our proposed smart sensing component for disaster predic-
tion, detection and response not only include the aforemen-
tioned approaches but it proposes the exploration of people-
centric (participatory and opportunistic sensing) and IoT-
centric sensing. People-centric sensing takes advantage of
in-built sensors of users’ smartphones [15], [16], such as
microphones, video cameras, accelerometer, compass, and
 Fig. 1. The proposed smart system for disaster prediction, discovery and response for smart cities.
1 Request information 2 Recruit devices
People-centric system
4 Provide report 3 Send collected data
Fig. 2. Generic people-centric sensing architecture.
gyroscope, to collect sensed data from specific issued queries
of variables of interest. A typical work-flow of a people-
centric campaign is illustrated in Fig. 2. Conversely, IoT-
centric sensing takes advantage of the proliferation of IoT
devices to collect data of interest. In the following, we provide
more details about these considered approaches.
a) Participatory sensing: This approach consists of sens-
ing campaigns where mobile users are recruited for large-
scale monitoring. Citywide monitoring would not be possible
with traditional wireless sensor networking technologies. This
is due to the challenges for such wide coverage need. In
contrast, mobile participatory sensing overcomes the necessity
of deploying millions of heterogeneous sensors for citywide-
scale monitoring. Accordingly, recruited mobile users use their
portable devices (smartphones) to sense variables of interest,
while obeying spatial and temporal requirements. After the
sensing phase, these devices report collected data to the service
provider. Challenges in people-centric participatory sensing
include the proposal of incentive mechanisms, user selection
based on the requirements of the sensing application, resource
management of the users’ smart devices and low cost and
efficient communication for data delivery.
b) Opportunistic sensing: This approach resembles the
above mentioned participatory sensing approach in the sense
that it also relies on the use of mobile users’ smart devices for
collecting data on variables of interest. However, opportunistic
Fig. 3. Generic IoT-centric sensing architecture.
sensing does not incur in the active participation of the device
custodian. Accordingly, the mobile device will autonomously
collect data of a given event, when its state meets the appli-
cations’ requirement (e.g., geographic location) and it has the
permission of the custodian to autonomously attend sensing
requests. Moreover, additional constraints may take place, for
instance, resource utilization and energy level. As soon devices
collect data from the variables of interest, they report the
collected data to the service provider.
c) IoT-centric sensing: This approach consists in the
use IoT devices to collect data from variables of interest.
An overall architecture, based on the works [17], [18], is
illustrated in Fig. 3. The proliferation of IoT devices and
the advances in machine-to-machine communication and cloud
infrastructure have empowered IoT-centric sensing infrastruc-
tures and Sensing-as-a-Service (SaaS) systems. Accordingly,
data collected from IoT devices are periodically reported, upon
the permission of IoT devices’ owners, for a sensing service
provider. The sensing service provider is then responsible
for receiving and processing collected data, and supply the
demand of data consumers.
B. Processing
Multimedia data processing is the next big challenge for
empowering our envisioned smart system for disaster predic-
tion, detection, and response for smart cities. The importance
of this component goes beyond the disaster detection and
prediction. The proper processing of and knowledge extraction
from multimedia big data will be used for providing improved
information for civilians and search and rescue teams [6], to
assist the preparation of disaster recovery plans [19], and to
better assess the socio-spatial impact of disasters [20].
The processing component of our propose smart system
must be able of detecting and predicting events of interests,
from multimedia noisy unstructured data. As discussed in
the previous section, online social networks (OSNs) will
represent a primary source of data for disaster detection and
prediction. Hence, the processing component of our system
will implement web crawlers for the acquisition of streaming
data from OSNs. This procedure will also implement indexing
mechanism to facilitate further data storage and knowledge
discovery processes. Moreover, anonymity and privacy will
be implemented to guarantee the use and leak of users’ data
independently of these data being publicly shared in OSNs.
In addition, statistical tools will be used for data pre-
processing. The data pre-processing will consist of data filter-
ing and removal of noisy data, as well as in the summarization
of multimedia big data collected from smart sensing in smart
cities. This step is fundamental for reducing the large volume
of collected data, without diminishing their significance of
course, for a further fast and efficient processing of them.
Furthermore, machine learning algorithms will be applied
for disaster detection. Supervised learning algorithms will be
used to timely detect the occurrence of disasters. To do so,
data from pre-disasters and post-disasters, as well as data
reported during a disaster occurrence, will be used for training
supervised learning algorithms. Moreover, data from weather,
traffic, human mobility, popular hashtags and trends in OSN,
as well as sentiment analysis, will be used to boost the models
and machine learning algorithms aimed to promptly detect
disasters. The timely detection of natural events is demanding
for efficient evacuation and search and rescue plans, in order
to minimize damages and maximize live rescue victims after
disasters.
Finally, disaster prediction will have a fundamental role
in the processing component of our proposed smart system.
Multimedia big data collected from OSN and sensors in the
city will be used for accurately predicting the occurrence of
disasters.
C. Smart Response
In our smart system, the smart response component will
encompass the technological apparatus to aid first responders
during search and rescue (SAR) missions. Traditionally, SAR
missions are performed by specialized teams from the gov-
ernment (e.g., firefighters). These teams act following well-
defined and rigid protocols. They use VHF/UHF radio systems
for coordination and information exchange. This approach is
disadvantageous in the sense that it does not (i) naturally sup-
port collaborative missions with the assistance of civilians and
(ii) ensure efficient communication among teams during post-
Fig. 4. Mobile wireless ad hoc networking of everything.
disaster missions, and (iii) guarantee the safety of involved
people in SAR missions.
In this regard, we propose to use wearable sensors and au-
tonomous devices for improving monitoring, communication,
collaboration, and actuation of first responders and civilians
in SAR missions. In our smart system, first responders will
be equipped with smart glasses, smart watches and other
wearable smart devices that will allow them to efficiently
interact with smart buildings and smart environments. This
interaction will improve situational awareness, localization,
and tracking, hazard alerts, and victims search and rescue.
The wearable devices will also constantly collect data not
only from the area but also from actuation of the responder.
This data will be used for improving SAR and evacuation
plans, collaboration among rescuers and later, for training and
preparedness.
Moreover, wearable devices will also be used for guaran-
teeing the safety of first responders and civilians. Through
body-worn sensors, command post will be aware of impacts
on first responders. Biometric sensors will be considered for
health tracking of first responders. These sensors will be
used, for instance, to monitor body temperature, heartbeat, and
respiration. Data constantly collected from these sensors will
be used to assess first responders safety, and warn and rescue
them when hazard situations happen.
Finally, the smart response will be empowered by mobile
wireless ad hoc networking of everything (Fig. 4). Upon the
occurrence of a disaster, communication infrastructure can be
unresponsive due to damages or congestions. To tackle this
challenge, we propose wireless ad hoc networks of everything.
Accordingly, IoT devices, wearable sensors and vehicular
communication technologies and remaining working city mon-
itoring sensors will connect in a city-wide wireless ad hoc
network. Flow information in this network will be supported
by communication infrastructure, when it is operational, and
mobile base stations provided by drones [21].
IV. O N THE C HALLENGES OF THE P ROPOSED S YSTEM
In this section, we discuss some of the several critical
challenges that must be addressed in order to implement
the foundations of our envisioned smart system for disaster
detection and prediction in smart cities.
A. Smart Sensing
As already mentioned, people-centric and IoT-centric sens-
ing will be the foundations for data collection in our proposed
smart system. However, there are several critical challenges
that must be tackled to empower efficient people-centric and
IoT-centric data collection for smart disaster detection and
response.
In people- and IoT-centric sensing, the first critical challenge
concerns with security and privacy of mobile users devices
and data. The fear of potential leak of personal and sensitive
information may lead mobile users and IoT devices owners
unwilling to share their devices for smart sensing.
Moreover, incentive mechanisms must be proposed to en-
gage users in sharing their devices. Although our envisioned
system has a critical mass of community appeal, this fact by
itself may not be enough to engage as much as voluntary
data collectors as needed. Unfortunately, traditional incentive
mechanisms for crowdsensing [22] (e.g., money) may not be
feasible because of the high volume of data that needs to be
collected.
Sensing coverage is another critical challenge when using
people-centric and IoT-centric sensing approaches. In people-
centric sensing applications, sensing coverage is determined by
the spatiotemporal location of mobile users’ devices, which in
turn is influenced by human mobility, as well as other peculiar
factors, such as routine [23] and the return and explorer [24]
behaviors.
Finally, the use of people-centric and IoT-centric sensing
will demand efficient resource management of mobile users’
and IoT devices. It is worth to mention that smart sensing
must not burden these third-party devices and deplete their
resources (e.g., energy and data transfer limits) as sensing is
not the main task of these devices. Therefore, it is demanding
the development not only of energy-efficient sensing and
storage solutions for mobile resource-constrained devices but
also algorithms and protocols for data fusion, device-to-device
(D2D) and fog-aided networking.
B. Processing
Challenges that must be tackled by the proposed processing
component of our smart system will span in different areas.
First, it will be necessary the development of data filtering
techniques for removing meaningless data that are highly
flooded in OSNs. Second, efficient indexing mechanism should
be proposed in order to create up-to-date indexes of collected
content in a way that will allow a real-time search.
In addition, tools for disaster-related knowledge extraction
from image and video must be investigated. Images and videos
are commonly shared in OSNs. To explore this fact, Cai et
al. [25] recently considered visual features to study social
event detection from tweet images. This approach showed not
only effective for social event detection but also for tracking
by liking detected events on adjacent days.
Another critical challenging is regarding data processing
according to the credibility ranking of the entities that provided
them. As already mentioned, collected big data in our system
must be pre-processed and summarized in order to boost its
processing. During this process, it is important to consider
that not all considered content are trustworthy [26]. Thus,
supervised machine learning algorithms must be considered
by the processing component of our system to prioritize the
use of highly credibility ranked data sources.
Furthermore, a processing component of the magnitude
of our proposed smart system demands the development
of distributed processing techniques in order to handle the
massive volume of considered data. Fog computing will be
considered for multimedia big data analytics on the edge of the
system [27]. This approach will reduce the network traffic re-
garding data communication from mobile devices and sensors
to centralized servers, which will save networking resources,
reduce costs and avoid a centralized point of failures.
C. Smart Response
In order to realize the smart response component of our pro-
posed smart system, daunting challenges in terms of sensing,
actuation and communication technologies for smart response
must be addressed.
During a disaster, communication infrastructures may be
unresponsive. This can happen either due to damages in the
infrastructure or networking congestions. Therefore, during a
disaster a wireless ad hoc network of everything must take
place to supply the demand for communication.
In this regard, the first challenge is regarding the enable
of interoperable communication among heterogeneous mobile
things. One appealing solution is the use of information-
centric networking (ICN), which is a networking architecture
proposed for Future Internet [28]. This architecture proposes a
significant paradigm change for content delivery. ICN proposes
to use the content name, instead of server locations, for content
delivery among communicating entities. This approach seam-
lessly handles several challenges present in infrastructured and
ad hoc networks, such as mobility, disconnections, content
search, and delivery. The in-networking cache property of ICN
is useful to boost content delivery as well. Thanks to its poten-
tial, ICN has been proposed for different networking scenarios,
such as the challenge ones of vehicular networks [29], [30].
Despite the potentials of ICN for interoperable commu-
nication, several arising challenges must be addressed when
this architecture is applied in resource-constrained devices.
First, content naming will be critical in IoT devices with
constrained memory capacity. Second, it is demanding the
study of the impact of ICN tables for the performance of the
applications and resource usage. Third, push and pull based
content delivery solutions must be proposed. Moreover, new
cache policies for our considered scenario must be designed.
Another critical challenge is the provisioning of networking
capabilities when communication infrastructures fail. One ap-
proach is the use of aerial autonomous vehicles (e.g., drones)
to extend the networking coverage [31]. In this regard, there
are daunting challenges in terms of channel characterization
and throughput estimation, energy management in drones, mo-
bility coordination, deployment locations and resource sharing.
 Finally, in our smart system, drones will not only be used
for extending networking coverage and enable wireless ad hoc
networking of IoT devices, but also for the transport of medical
equipment, such as defibrillator [32].
V. C ONCLUSION
This paper proposed a smart system for disaster detection,
prediction, and response for smart cities. It designed the main
five building blocks of the envisioned system, as well as high-
lighted the main technologies to be considered in each building
block. In addition, the motivation for the interaction between
the components of our system was highlighted, as well as how
these interactions will happen. Finally, we discussed some of
the main challenges that will be addressed in the future works,
towards the implementing the proposed smart system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is partially supported by NSERC Strategic
OpContent Project, NSERC CREATE TRANSIT Program,
NSERC Strategic DIVA Network Research Program and
Canada Research Chairs Program.
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