11
Trigonometric Equations
11.1 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF
TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS
The following formulae are used in solving trigono-
metrical equations:
1. If sin q = sin a, then q = np + (– 1)n a (n ∈ I)
2. If cos q = cos a, then q = 2np ± a (n ∈ I)
3. If tan q = tan a, then q = np + a (n ∈ I)
4. If sin q = sin a, cos q = cos a,
then q = 2np + a (n ∈ I)
Illustration 1
If sin q = 1/2, then sin q = sin (p/6) so that
q = np + (– 1)n p/6 (n ∈ I)
In solving trigonometrical equations, the general values
of the angle should be given, unless the solution is required
11.2 PRINCIPAL VALUE
Since all the trigonometrical ratios are periodic functions,
an equation of the form sin q = k, cos q = k or tan q = k etc.
of all such values is called general value of q.
Numerically least value in this set is called Principal
Value.
Illustration 2
If sin q = 1/ 2 , the general value of q is np + (– 1)n p/4
and the principal value is p/4.
Method for Finding Principal Value
(i) First note the quadrant in which the angle lies.
(ii) For 1st and 2nd quadrants consider anticlockwise
direction and for 3rd and 4th clockwise direction.
(iii) Find the angles in the Ist rotation.
(iv) Select the numerically least angle among these two
values. The angle thus found will be the principal
value.
Illustration 3
If tan q = – 1, q lies in 2nd or 4th quadrant.
For 2nd quadrant we will select anticlockwise and for
4th quadrant we will select clockwise direction. So we get
two values 3p/4 and – p/4, of which – p/4 is numerically
least angle. Hence principal value is – p/4.
Similarly for sin q = – 1/2, the principal value of q is
–p/6 and for cos q = 1/2, the principal value of q is
p/3. [Note cos q is positive in 1st and 4th quadrant, so we
get two values – p/3 and p/3 of q satisfying the relation.
In such case, we select the angle with positive sign as
principal value].
SOLVED EXAMPLES
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER
TYPE QUESTIONS
Example 1 The complete solution of the equation
2
7 cos x + sin x cos x – 3 = 0 is given by
(a) np + p 2 (n ∈ I)
(b) np – p 4 (n ∈ I)
(c) np + tan–1 ( 4 3) (n ∈ I)
(d) np + 3p/4, kp + tan–1 ( 4 3) (n, k ∈ I)
Ans. (d)
Solution: The given equation is equivalent to
7 cos2 x + sin x cos x – 3 (sin2 x + cos2 x) = 0
or 3 sin2 x – sin x cos x – 4 cos2 x = 0
Since cos x = 0 does not satisfy the given equation we
divide throughout by cos2 x and get
3 tan2 x – tan x – 4 = 0
fi (3 tan x – 4) (tan x + 1) = 0
fi tan x = 4 3 or tan x = –1. That is, x = kp + tan–1 ( 4 3 )
or x = np + 3p 4 (n, k ∈ I). It should be noted that the
solutions given by (b) or (c) are not complete; the general
solution is given by (d) only.
11.2 Comprehensive Mathematics—JEE Advanced

Example 2 The number of solutions of the equation = (1 – 2 a cos x + a2) sin x = 0

if sin x = 0 or cos x = (1 + a2)/2a
sin 5x cos 3x = sin 6x cos 2x
i.e. if x = np, n ∈ I.
in the interval [0, p] are
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6. sin 3a
Example 5 < 0 if a lies in
Ans. (c) cos 2a
Solution: The given equation can be written as (a) (13p/48, 14p/48)
fi (1/2) (sin 8x + sin 2x) = (1/2) (sin 8x + sin 4x) (b) (14p/48, 18p/48)
fi sin 2x – sin 4x = 0 fi – 2 sin x cos 3x = 0 (c) (18p/48, 23p/48)
fi sin x = 0 or cos 3x = 0. That is, x = np (n ∈ I), or
(d) any of these intervals
3x = kp + p 2 (k ∈ I). Therefore, since x ∈ [0, p], the given
x = 0, p, p 6, p 2 or 5p 6 . Ans. (a)
sin 3a
Example 3 Number of solutions of the equation Solution: <0 if sin3a > 0 and cos2a < 0
cos 2 a
tan x + sec x = 2 cos x or sin3a < 0 and cos2a > 0
lying in the interval [0, 2p] is
i.e. if 3a ∈ (0, p) and 2a ∈ (p/2, 3p/2)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
or 3a ∈ (p, 2p) and 2a ∈ (–p/2, p/2)
Ans. (c)
Solution: The given equation can be written as i.e. if a ∈ (0, p/3) and a ∈ (p/4, 3p/4)
1 + sin x or a ∈ (p/3, 2p/3) and a ∈(–p/4, p/4)
= 2 cos x i.e. if a ∈ (p/4, p/3)
cos x
fi 1 + sin x = 2 cos2 x = 2(1 – sin2 x) since (13p/48, 14p/48) Ã (p/4, p/3), (a) is correct
fi 2
2 sin x + sin x – 1 =0 sin 2 q cos 2 q x
fi (1 + sin x)(2 sin x – 1) =0
If f(x) = cos q sin 2 q
2
Example 6 x
fi sin x = – 1 or 1 2
x sin 2 q cos 2 q
Now sin x = –1 fi x = 3p 2 for which the given
equation is not meaningful. q ∈ (0, p/2) then roots of f(x) = 0 are
and sin x = 1/2 fi x = p 6 or 5p 6 . (a) 1/2, – 1 (b) 1/2, – 1, 0
\ The required number of solutions is 2. (c) – 1/2, 1, 0 (d) – 1/2, – 1, 0
Example 4 The value of the determinant Ans. (a)
1 a a2 1 cos 2 q x
cos (n - 1) x cos n x cos (n + 1) x Solution: f(x) = (sin2 q + cos2 q + x) 1 x sin 2 q
sin (n - 1) x sin n x sin (n + 1) x 1 sin 2 q cos 2 q
is zero if
1 cos 2 q x
(a) x = np (b) x = np/2
= (x + 1) 0 x - cos 2 q sin 2 q - x
1 + a2
(c) x = (2n + 1) p/2 (d) x = n∈I 0 sin 2 q - cos 2 q cos 2 q - x
2a
Ans. (a) = (x + 1) [(x – cos2 q) (cos2 q – x)
Solution: Applying C1 Æ C1 – 2 cos x C2 + C3 to the – (sin2 q – cos2 q) (sin2 q – x)]
given determinant, we get
= (x + 1) [– x2 – cos4 q + 2x cos2 q
1 - 2a cos x + a 2
a a 2
– x cos2 q + x sin2 q – sin4 q + sin2 q cos2 q]
0 cos n x cos (n + 1) x
= (– 1/2) (x + 1) [(x – sin2 q)2
0 sin n x sin (n + 1) x
+ (x – cos2 q)2 + (sin2 q – cos2 q)2]
 Trigonometric Equations 11.3

So f(x) = 0 if x = – 1 or x = sin2 q = cos2 q So the required values of x are

sin2 q = cos2 q fi q = p/4 fi x = 1/2 p/8, 3p/8, 5p/8, 7p/8
Hence x = – 1, 1/2. which form an A.P. with common difference p/4.
Example 7 The arithmetic mean of the roots of the Example 10 The equation (cos p – 1)x2 + (cos p)x
equation 4 cos3 x – 4 cos2 x – cos (p + x) – 1 = 0 in the + sin p = 0 where x is a variable, has real roots if p lies in
interval (0, 315) is equal to the interval
(a) 49 p (b) 50 p (c) 51 p (d) 100 p (a) (0, 2p) (b) (– p, 0)
Ans. (c) (c) (– p/2, p/2) (d) (0, p)
Solution: The given equation can be written as Ans. (d)
(4 cos2 x + 1) (cos x – 1) = 0 Solution: The equation has real roots if
fi cos x = 1 cos2 p – 4(cos p – 1) sin p ≥ 0
or cos2 p – 4 cos p sin p + 4 sin p ≥ 0
fi x = 2p, 4p, 100 p
or (cos p – 2 sin p)2 – 4 sin2 p + 4 sin p ≥ 0
as 100 p < 315 < 101 p
or (cos p – 2 sin p)2 + 4 sin p (1 – sin p) ≥ 0
So the required arithmetic mean since (cos p – 2 sin p)2 ≥ 0, 1 – sin p ≥ 0 for all values of
2 (p + 2p + + 50p ) p, and for p ∈ (0, p), sin p ≥ 0 so that the discriminant is
=
50 non-negative.
2 ¥ 50 ¥ 51
= p = 51p. Example 11 The solution of (secq + 1) = (2 + 3 )tanq
2 ¥ 50 (0 < q < 2p) are
Example 8 ( )
If 2 sin2 (p /2) cos x = 1 – cos (p sin 2x),
2 (a) p/6, p
(c) p/6, 2p/3
(b) p/3, p/4
(d) none of these
x π (2n + 1) p/2, n ∈ I, then cos 2x is equal to Ans. (a)
(a) 1/5 (b) 3/5 (c) 4/5 (d) 1 Solution: (secq + 1) = (2 + 3 )tanq
Ans. (b) fi (1 + cosq) = (2 + 3 )sinq
Solution: The given equation is equivalent to
fi 2
2cos (q/2) = (2 + 3 ) ¥ 2sin(q/2)cos(q/2)
2 sin2 ((p/2) cos2 x) = 2 sin2 ((p/2) sin 2x)
fi cos(q/2)[cos(q/2) – (2 + 3 )sin(q/2)] = 0
fi cos2 x = sin 2x
fi Either cos(q/2) = 0 fi q = (2n + 1)p, n ∈ I …(i)
fi cos x (cos x – 2 sin x) = 0
fi 1 – 2 tan x = 0 as cos x π 0, or cosq – (2 + 3 )sin(q/2) = 0
x π (2n + 1)p/2 1 Êp ˆ
fi tan x = 1/2 fi tan(q/2) = =2– 3 = tan Á ˜
2+ 3 Ë 12 ¯
1 - tan 2 x
3
fi cos 2x = = . q p
1 + tan x
2
5 fi = mp + fi q = 2mp + p/6,
2 12
Example 9 The values of x between 0 and 2p which m∈I …(ii)
2 Since 0 < q < 2p, From (i) q = p
satisfy the equation sin x 8cos x = 1 are in A.P. The
and From (ii) q = p/6
common difference of the A.P. is
(a) p/8 (b) p/4 (c) 3p/8 (d) 5p/8 Example 12 The smallest positive number p for
which the equation cos(p sinx) = sin(p cosx) has a solution
Ans. (b)
x ∈ [0, 2p]
Solution: From the given equation we have
(a) 2 (b) p 2 /4
2 sin x |cos x| = 1/ 2 fi sin 2x = 1/ 2 if cos x > 0 (c) p/2 (d) none of these
and sin2 x = –1/ 2 if cos x < 0 Ans. (b)
\ When cos x > 0, sin 2x = 1/ 2 fi x = p/8, 3p/8 Êp ˆ
Solution: We have cos(p sinx) = cos Á - p cos x˜
Ë2 ¯
when cos x < 0, sin 2x = – 1/ 2 fi x = 5p/8, 7p/8.
11.4 Comprehensive Mathematics—JEE Advanced

p sin x
fi – p cos x = 2np ± p sin x, n ∈ I Solution. |sin x| > 0 fi <1
2 1 + sin x
p sin x
fi p(cos x ± sin x) = – 2np fi 1– >0
2 + sin x |
p
fi cos x ± sin x = (1 – 4n) So the given equation becomes
2p
sin x 2
1– >
Since – 2 £ cosx ± sinx £ 2 1+ | sin x | 3
p 1 | sin x | 1
– 2 £ (1 – 4n) £ 2 fi ≥ fi | sin x | £
2p 3 | + | sin x | 2
p 1 1 È 1 1˘
fi | p | > |(1 – 4n)| fi - £ sinx £ fi sinx ∈ Í - , ˙
2 2 2 2 Î 2 2˚
p p 2 Example 16 Number of solutions of the equation
The smallest positive value of p is =
2 2 4
cos(p x ) ◊ cos (p x - 4) = 1 are
Example 13 Number of solutions of pair x, y of the (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
equation sin x sin y = min{–1, a2 – 4a + 5}, a ∈ R (where Ans. (a)
0 < x < p, –p < y < 0) is Solution: (
cos p x – 4 ) x>4

Ans. (a) ( )
cos p x cos p x – 4 = 1 ( )
Solution a2 – 4a + 5 = (a – 2)2 + 1 > 1
So min {–1, a2 – 4a + 5} = – 1 fi ( )
cos p x = 1, cos p x – 4 = 1 ( )
and sin x sin y = – 1
fi sin x = 1, siny = – 1 or sinx = –1, siny = 1 fi p x = 2mp, p x – 4 = 2np (m, n ∈ I)
fi x = p/2, y = – p/2 or x = – p/2, y = p/2 fi x = 4m2, x – 4 = 4n2
So there is only one pair – p/2 & p/2 satisfying the given fi m – n2 = 1 fi m = 1, n = 0 fi x = 4
2

equation. So x = 4 is the only solution of the equation

Example 14 The number of solutions of the equation
2 10
tan x – sec x + 1 = 0 in (0, 10) is Note
(a) 3
Ans. (a)
(b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 0
( )
If we take cos p x = –1, cos p x – 4 = –1 ( )
Solution: sec2x – sec10x = 0 2
We will get (2m + 1) – (2n + 1) = 4 2

fi sec2x (1 – sec8x) = 0 fi (m + n + 1)(m – n) = 1

fi 1 – sec8x = 0 as sec2x > 1 which does not give any integral solution of m & n.
fi sec8x = 1 fi cos8x = 1 fi cosx = ±1
fi x = np, n ∈ I
fi x = {p, 2p, 3p} ∈ (0, 10) Example 17 Let a b ∈[– p p] be such that
So the required number is 3. cos (a – b) = 1 and cos(a + b) = 1/e. The number of pairs
sin x 2 of a, b satisfying the above system of equations is
Example 15 If 1 – > , then sin x lies in (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
| + | sin x 3
Ans. (d)
Ê - 1˘ È 1 ˆ Ê 1 1ˆ Solution: – p £ a, b £ p fi – 2p £ a – b £ 2p
(a) Á – •, » , •˜ (b) Á - , ˜ So cos(a – b) = 1 fi a – b = – 2p, 0. 2p
Ë 2 ˙˚ ÍÎ 2 ¯ Ë 2 2¯
fi b = a – 2p, a, a + 2p
È 1 1˘ As cos(a + b) = 1/e, cos2a = 1/e
(c) Í - , ˙ (d) none of these
Î 2 2˚ As – 2p £ 2a £ 2p or – p £ a £ p
Ans. (c) And cos2a = 1/e, there are four values a and hence at least
four pairs (a, b).
 Trigonometric Equations 11.5

Example 18 The number of solutions of the pair of Ï p¸

Example 20 Let S = Ì x Œ (-p , p ) : x π 0, ± ˝ , the
equations 2sin2q – cos2q = 0 and 2cos2q – 3sinq = 0 in the Ó 2˛
interval [0, 2p] is sum of all distinct solutions of the equation
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 3 sec x + cosec x + 2 (tan x – cot x) = 0 in the set S is
Ans. (c) equal to
Solution: 2sin2q – cos2q = 0 7p 2p 5p
fi 2sin2q – (1 – 2sin2q) = 0 (a) - (b) - (c) 0 (d)
9 9 9
fi 4sin2q = 1 fi sinq = ±1/2 Ans. (c)
and 2cos2q – 3sinq = 0 Solution: 3 sec x + cosec x + 2(tan x – cot x) = 0
fi 2(1 – sin2q) – 3sinq = 0 3 1 1 1 sin x cos x
fi 2(1 – sin2q) – 3sinq = 0 fi + + - =0
2 cos x 2 sin x cos x sin x
fi 2sin2q + 3sinq – 2= 0
1 3
-3±5 fi cos x + sin x = cos2 x – sin2 x
fi sinq = - 3 ± 9 + 16 = 2 2
4 4 pˆ
Ê
fi cos Á x - ˜ = cos 2x
fi sinq = 1/2 as –1 £ sinq £ 1 Ë 3¯
So sinq
Ê pˆ
p fi 2x = 2np ± Á x - ˜ , n Œ I
fi q= , as q Œ [0, 2p] Ë 3¯
6
giving two values of q. Taking positive sign, we get,
p
Example 19 For x Π(0, p), the equation x = 2np - , n ΠI
3
sin x + 2 sin 2x – sin 3x = 3 has
p
As x Œ (–p, p), x = -
3
(b) three solutions
Taking negative sign, we get
(c) one solution
Ê pˆ
(d) no solution 2x = 2np - Á x - ˜ , n Œ I
Ë 3¯
Ans. (d)
Solution: sin x + 2 sin 2x – sin 3x = 3 (1) 2 1
fi x= np + p , n ΠI
Note that x = p/2 does not satisfy (1). 3 9
Therefore, we may assume that 0 < x < p, x π p/2. As x Œ (–p, p), we get
We write (1) as
sin x + 4 sin x cos x – (3 sin x – 4 sin3 x) = 3 2 1 1 2 1
x = - np + p , p , p + p
fi 4 sin x cos x + 4 sin3 x – 2 sin x = 3 3 9 9 3 9
3 \ Sum of solutions is
fi 4 cos x + 4(1 – cos2 x) – 2 = p Ê 2 1 ˆ 1 Ê2 1 ˆ
sin x - + Á- p + p˜ + p + Á p + p˜
3 Ë 3 9 ¯ 9 Ë3 9 ¯
Ê 1 ˆ
fi 4 cos2 x – 4 cos x + 1 = 3 Á1 -
Ë sin x ˜¯ = 0.

Ê 1 ˆ MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS

fi (2 cos x – 1)2 = 3 Á1 -
Ë sin x ˜¯
(2)
TYPE QUESTIONS
As 0 < x < p, x π p/2, 0 < sin x < 1
Example 21 2 sin x cos 2x = sin x if
1
fi 1- <0 (a) x = np + p 6 (b) x = np – p 6
sin x
\ RHS of (2) < 0 (c) x = np (d) x = np + p 2 (n ∈ I).
and LHS of (2) ≥ 0. Ans. (a), (b) and (c)
This not possible. Thus, (1) has no solution in (0, p) Solution: The given equation can be written as
sin x (2 cos 2x – 1) = 0. That is, either sin x = 0 or
11.6 Comprehensive Mathematics—JEE Advanced

cos 2x = 1 2 = cos ( p 3 ). Hence x = np q

2
or tan
Solution: (1 – tan q) (1 + tan q) sec2 q + 2 =0
2x = 2np ± ( p 3 ), i.e., x = np ± p 6 . fi (1 – tan4 q) + 2 tan2 q = 0
The equation 3 sin2 x + 10 cos x – 6 = 0 fi 2t = t2 – 1 (where t = tan2 q)
Example 22
is satisfied if
(a) x = np + cos–1 (1 3) y = 2t and y = t2 – 1 intersect in t = 3.
(b) x = np – cos–1 (1 3) fi tan2 q = 3 fi tan q = ± 3
(c) x = 2np + cos–1 (1 3) fi q = ± p 3 (Fig. 11.1)
(d) x = 2np – cos–1 (1 3) (n ∈ I).
Ans. (c) and (d)
8
Solution: The given equation is equivalent to
2t
3(1 – cos2 x) + 10 cos x – 6 = 0 y=
1
1 = t2 -
fi 3 cos2 x – 10 cos x + 3 = 0 y
fi (3 cos x – 1) (cos x – 3) = 0 0 1 3 t
Therefore cos x = 1 3 (because cos x π 3). Fig. 11.1
Hence x = 2np ± cos–1 (1 3) . 2 2
sin x cos x
Example 25 The equation 81 + 81 = 30 has
Example 23 The equation
two roots in the
x x
2 sin cos x - 2sin sin x = cos x - sin x
2 2 2 2
(a) I quadrant (b) II quadrant
2 2
(c) III quadrant (d) IV quadrant
has a root for which
Ans. (a), (b), (c) and (d)
(a) sin 2x = 1 (b) sin 2x = –1 2 2 2
Solution: Let 81sin x = y. Then 81cos x = 811 – sin x
(c) cos x = 1 2 (d) cos 2x = – 1 2
= 81 ◊ y–1, so that the given equation is equivalent to
Ans. (a), (b), (c) and (d)
y + 81 y– 1 = 30 or y2 – 30y + 81 = 0
Solution: The given equation can be written as 2 2

2 sin (x/2) (cos2 x – sin2 x) = cos2 x – sin2 x fi y = 3 or y = 27 fi 81sin x

= 3 or 81sin x
= 27

( 2sin ( x / 2 ) - 1)
2 2
fi cos 2x = 0 fi 34sin x
= 3 or 34sin x = 33
1 3
Hence cos 2x = 0 or sin (x/2) = 1 2 . fi sin2 x = or sin2 x =
4 4
That is, 2x = np + p 2 or
1 3
x/2 = kp + (–1)k (p/6) (n, k ∈ I). In other words, fi sin x = ± or sin x = ±
2 2
x = np/2 + p/4 or x = 2kp + (–1)k p/3 which gives two solutions of the given equation in
If x = np/2 + p/4, then sin 2x = ± 1, and if x = 2kp each quadrant.
+ (–1) k p/3, cos x = cos (p/3) = 1/2 and a2 sin 2 x + a 2 - 2
cos 2x = cos (2p/3) = – 1/2. Example 26 = has a
1 - tan 2 x cos 2 x
Example 24 A solution of the equation solution if
tan2 q (a) a £ –1 (b) a > 1
(1 – tan q ) (1 + tan q) sec2 q + 2 =0
(c) a = 1/2 (d) a is any real number
where q lies in the interval (–p/2, p/2) is given by. Ans. (a), (b)
(a) q = 0 (b) q = p 3
a2 (sin 2 x + a 2 - 2)(1 + tan 2 x)
Solution: =
(c) q = – p 3 (d) q = p 6 1 - tan 2 x 1 – tan 2 x
Ans. (b) and (c)
fi a2cos2x = sin2x + a2 – 2
 Trigonometric Equations 11.7

fi 2 = sin2x (1 + a2) 1 p
3. cos2x – 3 sin2x π 0 fi tan x π fi xπ±
2
2 3 6
fi sin2x = 2 2
1+a2 As 2cos 2x – 1 = 2(cos x – sin x) – 1
2 = 2 (cos2x – sin2x) – (cos2x + sin2x)
fi 0£ £1 = cos2x – 3 sin2x
1+a 2
So the given equation can be written as
fi a2 > 1 fi a £ – 1 or a > 1
b sin x = b + sin x
Example 27 The equation 4sin(x + p/3)cos(x – p/6) b
fi sin x =
= a2 + 3 sin2x – cos2x has a solution if the value of b -1
b
a is Which is possible if -1 £ £1
b -1
(a) – 2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) a,aŒ]–2, 2[
2b - 1 1
Ans. (a), (b), (c), (d) fi ≥ 0 and £0
Solution: 4[sin x cos p/3 + cos x sin p/3] ¥ [cos x cos p/6 b -1 b -1
+ sin x sin p/6] fi 2b – 1 £ 0 fi b £
1
= a2 + 3 sin 2x – cos 2x 2
1 p
È1 3 ˘ È 3 1 ˘ But for b = , sin x = –1 which is not possible as x π - .
fi 4 Í sin x + cos x ˙ Í cos x sin x˙ 2 2
Î2 2 ˚ Î 2 2 ˚ 1
Hence equation has a solution if b < .
2
= a2 + 3 sin 2x – cos 2x
Example 29 Let q, f Π[0, 2p] be such that
fi 3 sin 2x + 3cos2x + sin2x = a2 + 3 sin 2x – cos 2x
2 Ê q qˆ
fi cos 2x + 2 = a – cos 2x
2 2 cos q (1 – sin f) = sin q Á tan + cot ˜ cos f - 1 ,
Ë 2 2¯
a2 – 2 3
fi cos 2x = tan (2p – q) > 0 and -1 < sinq < - , then f cannot
2 2
a2 – 2 satisfy
fi –1£ £1 p p 4p
2 (a) 0 < f < (b) <f <
fi 0 £ a2 £ 4 fi –2 £ a £ 2. 2 2 3
4p 3p 3p
all values of a given in (a), (b), (c), (d) satisfy this relation. (c) <f < (d) < f < 2p
3 2 2
b cos x Ans. (a), (c), (d)
Example 28 The equation
2 cos 2 x - 1 3
Solution: As -1 < sinq < - , tan (2p Рq) > 0, q Π(0, 2p)
b + sin x 2
= possess a solution if
(cos x - 3 sin 2 x) tan x
2 3p 5p
We must have <q < .
2 3
1 1
(a) b < (b) 0 < b < Now,
2 2
2 Ê q qˆ
1 2cos q (1 – sin f) = sin q Á tan + cot ˜ cos f - 1
(c) b < 0 (d) b = Ë 2 2¯
2
2 È tan (q / 2) + 1˘
2
Ans. (a), (b), (c) = 2 sin q Í ˙ cos f - 1
Solution: The conditions for the existence of a solution Î 2 tan(q / 2) ˚
are
1
= 2 sin q cos f - 1
2
1 p sin q
1. 2 cos 2x – 1 π 0 fi cos 2x π fi 2x π
2 6 fi 2cos q = 2 [sin f cos q + sin q cos f] – 1
p fi 2cos q = 2 sin (f + q) – 1
2. tan x π 0 fi x π ±
2 3p 5p
As <q < , we get
2 2
11.8 Comprehensive Mathematics—JEE Advanced

0 < cos q < 1/2 The curves y = tan (px) and y = –px intersect exactly once
fi 0 < 2 sin (q + f) – 1 < 1 in each of the intervals (1/2, 1), (3/2, 2), (5/2, 3)… i.e.
1 exactly once in each of the interval (n + 1/2, n + 1).
fi < sin(q + f ) < 1 (1) Also, exactly once in each of the interval (n, n + 1).
2

As f Π[0, 2p] and

3p
<q <
5p
,
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
2 3
Example 31
Ê 3p 11p ˆ
q + f ŒÁ , Column 1 Column 2
Ë 2 3 ˜¯
(a) cos x = – 1/2 (p) x = 7p/3
Ê 13p 17p ˆ (b) sin x = 3 2 (q) x = 19p/6
Thus, q + f ŒÁ , ˜ [using (1)]
Ë 6 6 ¯
(c) tan x = 1 3 (r) x = 8p/3
13p 17p (d) cot x = –1 (s) x = 11p/4
fi <q +f <
6 6 Ans. p q r s
5p 3p a p q r s
Also, <q <
3 2 b p q r s
p 4 c
fi <f < p p q r s
2 3
d p q r s
Therefore, f cannot lie in (0, p/2), (4p/3, 3p/2) and (3p/2,
2p). Solution: cos x = – 1/2 = cos (2p/3) fi x = 2np ± (2p/3),
Example 30 Let f(x) = x sin px, x > 0. Then for all n∈I
fi x = 8p/3 for n = 1
natural number n, f ¢(x) vanishas at
sin x = 3 2 = sin (p/3) fi x = np + (– 1)n p/3, n ∈ I.
Ê 1ˆ
(a) A unique point in the interval Á n, n + ˜ fi x = 7p/3 for n = 2
Ë 2¯
tan x = 1 3 = tan (p/6) fi x = np + p/6, n ∈I
Ê 1 ˆ
(b) A unique point in the interval Á n + , n + 1˜ fi x = 19p/6 for n = 3.
Ë 2 ¯
cot x = – 1 = cot (3p/4)
(c) A unique point in the interval (n, n + 1) fi x = np + 3p/4 n ∈ I
(d) two points in the interval (n, n + 1) fi x = 11 p/4 for n = 2
Ans. (b), (c) Example 32
Solution: f(x) = x sin (p x), x > 0
Column 1 Column 2
fi f ¢(x) = sin (p x) + p x cos (p x), x > 0 (a) (2 sin x – cos x) (p) sin x = 1/2
Now, f ¢(x) = 0 fi tan (p x) = –p x (1 + cos x) = sin2 x
y = tan (px)
(b) 1 + sin2x = (q) tan x = – 1
cos x + sin x
(c) 4x4 + x6 + sin2 5x = 0 (r) x = 0
(d) sin x + sin 2x = 0 (s) cos x = –1/2
y = -px
Ans.
1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2

Fig. 11.2
 Trigonometric Equations 11.9

Solution: (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2 x Example 34

fi 2 sin x (1 + cos x) – cos x – cos2 x – sin2 x = 0
Column 1 Column 2
fi (1 + cos x) (2 sin x – 1) = 0
which holds if sin x = 1/2 (a) sin2 q = 1/4 (p) q = np ± p/3
1 + sin 2x = cos x + sin x (b) cos q = 1/4
2
(q) q = np ± p/4
fi (cos x + sin x)2 = cos x + sin x (c) tan q = 1
2
(r) q = np ± p/6
x = 0 or tan x = – 1
(d) tan q = 0
2
(s) q = np
4x4 + x6 + sin2 5x = 0 if x = 0
Ans. p q r s
sin x + sin 2x = sin x (1 + 2cosx) = 0
a p q r s
Example 33
Column 1 Column 2 b p q r s
2 2 –1
(a) 4 sin x + sin 2x = 3 (p) x = tan 1 c p q r s
2 2 –1
(b) 4 cos 2x + 8 cos x = 7 (q) x = sin (– 1)
d p q r s
(c) 3 (1 + sin x) = 1 + cos 2x (r) x = tan–1 1/ 3 ( )
(d) 4 sin3x – 2 sin2 x – 2 (s) x = sin–1 (1/2) Solution
sin x + 1 = 0 sin2 q = 1/4 fi sin q = ±(1/2) fi q = np ± p/6
cos2 q = 1/4 fi cos 2q = – 1/2
Ans. p q r s
fi 2q = 2np ± 2p/3 fi q = np ± p/3
a p q r s tan2 q = 1 fi tan q = ± 1 fi q = np ± p/4
tan q = 0 fi q = np
b p q r s
Example 35 If 0 £ x £ 2p, then number of solutions of
c p q r s
Column 1 Column 2
d p q r s (a) sin2 x – cos x = 1/4 (p) 6
Solution: 4 sin2 x + 4 sin2 x cos2 x = 3 (sin2 x + cos2 x) (b) sin 2x = cos 3x (q) 4
fi sin2 x + 4 sin2 x cos2 x – 3 cos2 x = 0 (c) tan2 x + cot2 x = 2 (r) 2
fi tan2 x (1 + tan2 x) + 4 tan2 x – 3 (1 + tan2 x) = 0 (d) sin x = 1/2, cos x = 1 ( 3 ) (s) 1
fi 4
tan x + 2 tan x – 3 = 02 Ans. p q r s

fi 2
(tan x – 1) (tan x + 3) = 0 2 a p q r s
x = tan–1 1, b p q r s
2 2
Next, 4 cos 2x + 8 cos x = 7 c p q r s
fi 2 2
4 (cos x – sin x) + 8 cos x = 7 2 2
d p q r s
fi 4 (1 – tan2 x)2 + 8 (1 + tan2 x) = 7 (1 + tan2 x)2
fi 3 tan4 x + 14 tan2 x – 5 = 0 Solution: sin2 x – cos x = 1/4
fi 1 – cos2 x – cos x = 1/4
fi (3 tan2 x – 1) (tan2 x + 5) = 0
fi 4 cos2 x + 4 cos x – 3 = 0
x = tan–1 1 ( 3 ) fi (2 cos x + 3) (2 cos x – 1) = 0
3 (1 + sin x) = 1 + cos 2x = 1 + 1 – 2 sin2 x fi cos x = 1/2 [cos x π – 3/2]
fi 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x + 1 = 0 fi x = p/3, 5p/3 as 0 £ x £ 2p
fi (sin x + 1) (2 sin x + 1) = 0 so number of solutions 2.
sin 2x = cos 3x
x = sin–1 (– 1)
Êp ˆ
4 sin3 x – 2 sin2x – 2 sinx + 1 fi cos Á - 2 x˜ = cos 3x
Ë2 ¯
= (2 sin x – 1) (2 sin2 x – 1)
(2 sin x – 1) (sin2 x – cos2 x) Êp ˆ
= fi 3x = 2np ± Á - 2 x˜
Ë2 ¯
= 0 if sin x = 1/2 or tan x = 1
11.10 Comprehensive Mathematics—JEE Advanced

fi x = 2np – p/2 or 5x = 2np + p/2 fi 3 sin2 x + sin x cos x – 1 = 0

p 5 p 9 p 13p 17 p p 3p fi 2 sin2 x + sin x cos x – cos2 x = 0
fi ,
x= , , , , ,
10 10 10 10 10 2 2 fi 2 tan2 x + tan x – 1 = 0 if cos x π 0
Total number of solutions is 6. fi (2 tan x – 1) (tan x + 1) = 0
tan2 x + cot2 x = 2 fi tan x = – 1 or tan x = 1/2 fi cos 2x = 3/5
fi tan4 x – 2 tan2 x + 1 = 0 fi tan2 x = 1 fi tan x = ±1 Example 37
fi x = p/4, 3p/4, 5p/4, 7p/4 and the number of solutions A root of the equation (0 < q < p) is given by
is 4
Column 1 Column 2
sin x = 1/2, cos x = 3 2 fi x = p/6 only one
(a) 2 sin q |cos q| = 1/ 2 (p) q = 3p/8
solution
(b) 2 cos 2q cos 4q (q) q = 7p/8
Example 36
+ 2 cos2 2q – 1 = 0
R.H.S (c) 8 cos2 q sin q – 4 cos2 q (r) q = 2p/3
Column 1 Column 2
– 2 sin q + 1 = 0
(a) 7 cos2 x + (p) tan x = 4/3 (d) sin 4q = ± 1, (s) q = p/6
sin x cos x – 3 = 0 p q r s
Ans.
(b) 2 sin2 ((p/2) cos2 x) (q) tan x = –1 a p q r s
= 1 – cos (p sin 2x)
b p q r s
(c) 6 sec2 x – 11 tan x (r) tan x = 1/2
– 2=0 c p q r s
(d) 2 cos 2x – sin 2x (s) cos 2x = 3/5 d p q r s
= 2 sin2 x
p q r s Solution:
Ans.
a p q r s (a) 2 sinq cos q = 1/ 2 if cos q > 0
b p q r s fi sin 2q = 1/ 2 fi q = p/8 or 3p/8
c p q r s sin 2q = – 1/ 2 if cos q < 0
d p q r s fi q = 5p/8 or 7p/8
(b) 2 cos 2q cos 4q + cos 4q = 0
Solution fi (2 cos 2q + 1) cos 4q = 0
(a) 3 sin2 x – sin x cos x – 4 cos2 x = 0 (if cos x π 0) p 3p 5p 7p
fi 3 tan2 x – tan x – 4 = 0 Either cos 4q = 0 fi q = , , ,
8 8 8 8
fi (3 tan x – 4) (tan x + 1) = 0
or cos 2q = – 1/2 fi q = p/3 or 2p/3
fi tan x = 4/3 or tan x = –1
(c) (4 cos2 q – 1) (2 sin q – 1) = 0
Êp 2 ˆ Êp ˆ
(b) 2 sin2 ÁË cos x˜¯ = 2 sin2 ÁË sin 2 x˜¯ fi cos2 q = 1/4 fi cos q = ± 1/2
2 2
fi q = p/3, 2p/3
fi cos2 x = sin 2x
or sin q = 1/2 fi q = p/6
fi cos x (cos x – 2 sin x) = 0
fi cos x = 0 or tan x = 1/2 fi cos 2x = 3/5 p 3p 5p 7p
(d) If sin 4q = ± 1, q = , , ,
8 8 8 8
(c) 6 (tan2 x + 1) – 11 tan x – 2 = 0
fi 6 tan2 x – 11 tan x + 4 = 0 ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
fi (3 tanx – 4) (2 tan x – 1) = 0
Example 38 Statement-1: If 2 sin 2x – cos 2x = 1,
fi tan x = 4/3 or tan x = 1/2 fi cos 2x = 3/5
x π (2n + 1) p/2, n is an integer, then sin 2x + cos 2x is
(d) 1 – 2 sin2 x – sin x cos x = sin2 x
equal to 1/5.
 Trigonometric Equations 11.7

fi 2 = sin2x (1 + a2) 1 p
3. cos2x – 3 sin2x π 0 fi tan x π fi xπ±
2
2 3 6
fi sin2x = 2 2
1+a2 As 2cos 2x – 1 = 2(cos x – sin x) – 1
2 = 2 (cos2x – sin2x) – (cos2x + sin2x)
fi 0£ £1 = cos2x – 3 sin2x
1+a 2
So the given equation can be written as
fi a2 > 1 fi a £ – 1 or a > 1
b sin x = b + sin x
Example 27 The equation 4sin(x + p/3)cos(x – p/6) b
fi sin x =
= a2 + 3 sin2x – cos2x has a solution if the value of b -1
b
a is Which is possible if -1 £ £1
b -1
(a) – 2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) a,aŒ]–2, 2[
2b - 1 1
Ans. (a), (b), (c), (d) fi ≥ 0 and £0
Solution: 4[sin x cos p/3 + cos x sin p/3] ¥ [cos x cos p/6 b -1 b -1
+ sin x sin p/6] fi 2b – 1 £ 0 fi b £
1
= a2 + 3 sin 2x – cos 2x 2
1 p
È1 3 ˘ È 3 1 ˘ But for b = , sin x = –1 which is not possible as x π - .
fi 4 Í sin x + cos x ˙ Í cos x sin x˙ 2 2
Î2 2 ˚ Î 2 2 ˚ 1
Hence equation has a solution if b < .
2
= a2 + 3 sin 2x – cos 2x
Example 29 Let q, f Π[0, 2p] be such that
fi 3 sin 2x + 3cos2x + sin2x = a2 + 3 sin 2x – cos 2x
2 Ê q qˆ
fi cos 2x + 2 = a – cos 2x
2 2 cos q (1 – sin f) = sin q Á tan + cot ˜ cos f - 1 ,
Ë 2 2¯
a2 – 2 3
fi cos 2x = tan (2p – q) > 0 and -1 < sinq < - , then f cannot
2 2
a2 – 2 satisfy
fi –1£ £1 p p 4p
2 (a) 0 < f < (b) <f <
fi 0 £ a2 £ 4 fi –2 £ a £ 2. 2 2 3
4p 3p 3p
all values of a given in (a), (b), (c), (d) satisfy this relation. (c) <f < (d) < f < 2p
3 2 2
b cos x Ans. (a), (c), (d)
Example 28 The equation
2 cos 2 x - 1 3
Solution: As -1 < sinq < - , tan (2p Рq) > 0, q Π(0, 2p)
b + sin x 2
= possess a solution if
(cos x - 3 sin 2 x) tan x
2 3p 5p
We must have <q < .
2 3
1 1
(a) b < (b) 0 < b < Now,
2 2
2 Ê q qˆ
1 2cos q (1 – sin f) = sin q Á tan + cot ˜ cos f - 1
(c) b < 0 (d) b = Ë 2 2¯
2
2 È tan (q / 2) + 1˘
2
Ans. (a), (b), (c) = 2 sin q Í ˙ cos f - 1
Solution: The conditions for the existence of a solution Î 2 tan(q / 2) ˚
are
1
= 2 sin q cos f - 1
2
1 p sin q
1. 2 cos 2x – 1 π 0 fi cos 2x π fi 2x π
2 6 fi 2cos q = 2 [sin f cos q + sin q cos f] – 1
p fi 2cos q = 2 sin (f + q) – 1
2. tan x π 0 fi x π ±
2 3p 5p
As <q < , we get
2 2
11.8 Comprehensive Mathematics—JEE Advanced

0 < cos q < 1/2 The curves y = tan (px) and y = –px intersect exactly once
fi 0 < 2 sin (q + f) – 1 < 1 in each of the intervals (1/2, 1), (3/2, 2), (5/2, 3)… i.e.
1 exactly once in each of the interval (n + 1/2, n + 1).
fi < sin(q + f ) < 1 (1) Also, exactly once in each of the interval (n, n + 1).
2

As f Π[0, 2p] and

3p
<q <
5p
,
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
2 3
Example 31
Ê 3p 11p ˆ
q + f ŒÁ , Column 1 Column 2
Ë 2 3 ˜¯
(a) cos x = – 1/2 (p) x = 7p/3
Ê 13p 17p ˆ (b) sin x = 3 2 (q) x = 19p/6
Thus, q + f ŒÁ , ˜ [using (1)]
Ë 6 6 ¯
(c) tan x = 1 3 (r) x = 8p/3
13p 17p (d) cot x = –1 (s) x = 11p/4
fi <q +f <
6 6 Ans. p q r s
5p 3p a p q r s
Also, <q <
3 2 b p q r s
p 4 c
fi <f < p p q r s
2 3
d p q r s
Therefore, f cannot lie in (0, p/2), (4p/3, 3p/2) and (3p/2,
2p). Solution: cos x = – 1/2 = cos (2p/3) fi x = 2np ± (2p/3),
Example 30 Let f(x) = x sin px, x > 0. Then for all n∈I
fi x = 8p/3 for n = 1
natural number n, f ¢(x) vanishas at
sin x = 3 2 = sin (p/3) fi x = np + (– 1)n p/3, n ∈ I.
Ê 1ˆ
(a) A unique point in the interval Á n, n + ˜ fi x = 7p/3 for n = 2
Ë 2¯
tan x = 1 3 = tan (p/6) fi x = np + p/6, n ∈I
Ê 1 ˆ
(b) A unique point in the interval Á n + , n + 1˜ fi x = 19p/6 for n = 3.
Ë 2 ¯
cot x = – 1 = cot (3p/4)
(c) A unique point in the interval (n, n + 1) fi x = np + 3p/4 n ∈ I
(d) two points in the interval (n, n + 1) fi x = 11 p/4 for n = 2
Ans. (b), (c) Example 32
Solution: f(x) = x sin (p x), x > 0
Column 1 Column 2
fi f ¢(x) = sin (p x) + p x cos (p x), x > 0 (a) (2 sin x – cos x) (p) sin x = 1/2
Now, f ¢(x) = 0 fi tan (p x) = –p x (1 + cos x) = sin2 x
y = tan (px)
(b) 1 + sin2x = (q) tan x = – 1
cos x + sin x
(c) 4x4 + x6 + sin2 5x = 0 (r) x = 0
(d) sin x + sin 2x = 0 (s) cos x = –1/2
y = -px
Ans.
1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2

Fig. 11.2
 Trigonometric Equations 11.13

sin a + sin b + sin g can be equal to

1 - tan 2 q 1 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 fi = fi tan2 q =
+ + or + +0 1 + tan q 2
3 2
2 3 2 2 3 So from 32 tan8 q = 2 cos2 a – 3 cos, a we get
3 2 + 14 3+4 2 2 = 2 cos2 a – 3 cos a fi cos a = –1/2 as cos a π 2.
i.e. or
6 2 6 a = 2p/3, a root of the given equation.
and sin (a – b) is equal to
INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
sin a cos b – cos a sin b
Example 50 If 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 5, then the value of
1 1 3 2 2 1- 2 6
= ¥ - ¥ = . 2
90 tan (x/2) – 60 tan (x/2) + 15 is equal to
2 3 2 3 6
Paragraph for Question Nos. 47 to 49 Ans. 5
Solution: From the given equation we have
cos q cos 2q cos 3q = 1/4 (0 £ q £ p)
2 tan ( x / 2) 1 - tan 2 ( x / 2)
Example 47 Sum of the roots of this equation is 3 +4 =5
1 + tan 2 ( x / 2) 1 + tan 2 ( x / 2)
(a) p (b) 2p (c) 3p (d) 4p
fi 6 tan (x/2) + 4 – 4 tan2 (x/2) = 5 + 5 tan2 (x/2)
Example 48 If a is a root of this equation, 2 cos a is
fi 9 tan2 (x/2) – 6 tan (x/2) + 1 = 0
a root of the equation fi 90 tan2 (x/2) – 60 tan (x/2) = – 10.
(a) x2 – 1 = 0 (b) x2 + 1 = 0 Example 51 If tan (p cos q) = cot (p sin q) then
(c) x4 – 4x2 + 2 = 0 (d) x4 – 4x2 + 3 = 0
72 cos (q – p/4) is equal to
2

Example 49 One of the roots a

Ans. 9
the system of equations
Solution: tan (p cos q) = tan (p/2 – p sin q)
32 tan8 q = 2 cos2 a – 3 cos a and 3 cos 2 q = 1; true or
fi p cos q = np + p/2 – p sin q (n ∈ I)
false.
fi p (sin q + cos q) = (2n + 1) p/2
Ans. 47. (c), 48. (a), (c), 49. true
2n + 1
Solution: We have 2 cos 2q (cos 4q + cos 2q) = 1 fi sin q + cos q =
2
fi 2 cos 2q cos 4q + 2 cos2 2q – 1 = 0 2n +1
fi cos 4q (2 cos 2q + 1) = 0 fi cos (p/4 – q) =
2 2
fi Either cos 4q = 0 or cos 2q = – 1/2
Since – 1 £ cos (p/4 – q) £ 1
cos 4q = 0 fi q = (2n + 1) p/8 n ΠI.
2n +1
p 3p 5p 7p fi –1£ £1
fi q = , , , as 0 £ q £ p and 2 2
8 8 8 8
cos 2q = – 1/2 fi n = 0 or – 1 as n is an integer
fi q = p/3 and 2p/3 again as 0 £ q £ p
So the sum of the roots = 3p
fi cos (p/4 – q) = ± 1 2 2 ( )
Next, Let x = 2 cos a where a is a root of the equation fi 8 cos (p/4 – q) = 1
2

i.e. either cos 4a = 0 or cos 2a = – 1/2. fi 72 cos2 (p/4 – q) = 9

so x2 = 4 cos2 a = 2 ( 1 + cos 2a ) = 1 if cos 2a = – 1/2 Example 52 If x and y are the solutions of the
fi 2 cos a is a root of the equation x2 – 1 = 0 equation 12 sin x + 5 cos x = 2y2 – 8y + 21, the value of
or x2 – 2 = 2 cos 2a. 12 cot (xy/2) is
fi (x2 – 2)2 = 4 cos2 2a = 2 (1 + cos 4a) = 2 if Ans. 5
cos 4a = 0
Solution: We can write
fi x – 4x + 2 = 0 fi 2 cos a is a root of the equation
4 2

x4 – 4x2 + 2 = 0. r sin (x + a) = 2y2 – 8y + 21 where r = 144 + 25 = 13

Now 3 cos 2q = 1 fi cos 2q = 1/3 and tan a = 5/12
L.H.S £ 13 and R.H.S = 2(y – 2)2 + 13 ≥ 13
 Trigonometric Equations 11.9

Solution: (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2 x Example 34

fi 2 sin x (1 + cos x) – cos x – cos2 x – sin2 x = 0
Column 1 Column 2
fi (1 + cos x) (2 sin x – 1) = 0
which holds if sin x = 1/2 (a) sin2 q = 1/4 (p) q = np ± p/3
1 + sin 2x = cos x + sin x (b) cos q = 1/4
2
(q) q = np ± p/4
fi (cos x + sin x)2 = cos x + sin x (c) tan q = 1
2
(r) q = np ± p/6
x = 0 or tan x = – 1
(d) tan q = 0
2
(s) q = np
4x4 + x6 + sin2 5x = 0 if x = 0
Ans. p q r s
sin x + sin 2x = sin x (1 + 2cosx) = 0
a p q r s
Example 33
Column 1 Column 2 b p q r s
2 2 –1
(a) 4 sin x + sin 2x = 3 (p) x = tan 1 c p q r s
2 2 –1
(b) 4 cos 2x + 8 cos x = 7 (q) x = sin (– 1)
d p q r s
(c) 3 (1 + sin x) = 1 + cos 2x (r) x = tan–1 1/ 3 ( )
(d) 4 sin3x – 2 sin2 x – 2 (s) x = sin–1 (1/2) Solution
sin x + 1 = 0 sin2 q = 1/4 fi sin q = ±(1/2) fi q = np ± p/6
cos2 q = 1/4 fi cos 2q = – 1/2
Ans. p q r s
fi 2q = 2np ± 2p/3 fi q = np ± p/3
a p q r s tan2 q = 1 fi tan q = ± 1 fi q = np ± p/4
tan q = 0 fi q = np
b p q r s
Example 35 If 0 £ x £ 2p, then number of solutions of
c p q r s
Column 1 Column 2
d p q r s (a) sin2 x – cos x = 1/4 (p) 6
Solution: 4 sin2 x + 4 sin2 x cos2 x = 3 (sin2 x + cos2 x) (b) sin 2x = cos 3x (q) 4
fi sin2 x + 4 sin2 x cos2 x – 3 cos2 x = 0 (c) tan2 x + cot2 x = 2 (r) 2
fi tan2 x (1 + tan2 x) + 4 tan2 x – 3 (1 + tan2 x) = 0 (d) sin x = 1/2, cos x = 1 ( 3 ) (s) 1
fi 4
tan x + 2 tan x – 3 = 02 Ans. p q r s

fi 2
(tan x – 1) (tan x + 3) = 0 2 a p q r s
x = tan–1 1, b p q r s
2 2
Next, 4 cos 2x + 8 cos x = 7 c p q r s
fi 2 2
4 (cos x – sin x) + 8 cos x = 7 2 2
d p q r s
fi 4 (1 – tan2 x)2 + 8 (1 + tan2 x) = 7 (1 + tan2 x)2
fi 3 tan4 x + 14 tan2 x – 5 = 0 Solution: sin2 x – cos x = 1/4
fi 1 – cos2 x – cos x = 1/4
fi (3 tan2 x – 1) (tan2 x + 5) = 0
fi 4 cos2 x + 4 cos x – 3 = 0
x = tan–1 1 ( 3 ) fi (2 cos x + 3) (2 cos x – 1) = 0
3 (1 + sin x) = 1 + cos 2x = 1 + 1 – 2 sin2 x fi cos x = 1/2 [cos x π – 3/2]
fi 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x + 1 = 0 fi x = p/3, 5p/3 as 0 £ x £ 2p
fi (sin x + 1) (2 sin x + 1) = 0 so number of solutions 2.
sin 2x = cos 3x
x = sin–1 (– 1)
Êp ˆ
4 sin3 x – 2 sin2x – 2 sinx + 1 fi cos Á - 2 x˜ = cos 3x
Ë2 ¯
= (2 sin x – 1) (2 sin2 x – 1)
(2 sin x – 1) (sin2 x – cos2 x) Êp ˆ
= fi 3x = 2np ± Á - 2 x˜
Ë2 ¯
= 0 if sin x = 1/2 or tan x = 1
 Trigonometric Equations 11.15

2. A solution (x, y) of the system of equations

-2 + 19
x – y = 1/3 and cos2 (px) – sin2 (py) = 1/2 is given (c) 6 cos 2x + 2 cos2 (x/2) (r) cos x =
5
by + 2 sin2 x = 0
(a) (2/3, 1/3) (b) (7/6, 1/6) (d) 2 sin 2x + 1 = (s) cos x = 1/2
(c) (13/6, 11/6) (d) (1/6, 5/6)
2 (sin x + cos x)
3. If sin x = cos y, 6 sin y = tan z and 2 sin z = 10.
3 cos x; u, v, w denote respectively sin2 x, sin2 y, Column 1 Column 2
sin2 z, then the value of the triplet (u, v, w) is (a) cos2 x – 2 cos x (p) cot x – tan x = 2
= 4 sin x – sin 2x
(a) (1, 0, 0) (b) (0, 1, 0)
(c) (1/2, 1/2, 3/4) (d) (1/2, 3/4, 1/2) (b) 1 - 2 tan x – (q) cot x – tan x = 2 3
4. The least difference between the roots of the equa- 1 + 2 cot x = 2
tion
4 cos x (2 – 3 sin2 x) + (cos 2x + 1) = 0 (0 £ x £ p/2) (c) 5 - 2sin x (r) cot x – tan x = – 3/2
is = 6 sin x – 1
(a) p/6 (b) p/4 (c) p/3 (d) p/2 (d) tan2 x + 4 tan x – 1 (s) cot x – tan x = 4
5. The sum of the roots of the equation =0
4 cos3 (p + x) – 4 cos2 (p – x) + cos (p + x) – 1 = 0
in the interval [0, 320] is pp where p is equal to ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) 2500 (b) 2601 11. Statement-1: If exp{(sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + inf)
(c) 2600 (d) 2651 loge x2 – 9x + 8 = 0, then the
cos x 3 –1
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS value of
cos x + sin x
is
2
. (0 < x < p/2)
TYPE QUESTIONS
Statement-2: sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + inf
2
6. cos x – 2 cos x = 4 sin x – sin 2x if = sec2x
(a) tan (x/2) = – 1/2 (b) tan x = – 1/2 12. Statement-1: cos7x + sin4x = 1 has only two non-
(c) tan (x/2) = 2 + 5 (d) tan (x/2) = 2 – 5 zero solutions in the interval – p < x < p
7. sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x cos x, if Statement-2: cos5x + cos2x – 2 = 0 is possible only
when cos x = 1
(a) sin (x + p/4) = 1 2
(b) sin (x – p/4) = 1 2 COMPREHENSION-TYPE QUESTIONS
(c) cos (x + p/4) = 1 2 Paragraph for Question Nos. 13 to 15
(d) cos (x – p/4) = 1 2 Consider the equations
8. If x + y + z = p, tan x tan y = 2, tan x + tan y + tan z 5sin2 x + 3 sin x cos x – 3 cos2 x = 2 (1)
= 6 then sin2 x – cos 2x = 2 – sin 2x (2)
(a) x = mp + p/4
13. If a is a root of (1) and b is a root of (2) then
(b) y = np + tan–1 2 tan a + tan b can be equal to
(c) z = lp + tan–1 3
(a) 1 + 69 6 (b) 1 – 69 6
(d) all are correct (l, m, n ΠI)
-3 + 69 -3 - 69
(c) (d)
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS 6 3
14. If tan a, tan b satisfy (1) and cos g, cos d satisfy (2)
9. then tan a tan b + cos g + cos d can be equal to
Column 1 Column 2 5 2
2
(a) 2 cos x + 4 cos x (p) sin x = 1/2 (a) –1 (b) - +
3 13
= 3 sin2 x 5 2 5 2
(b) tan x + sec x = 2 cos x (q) cos x = – 3/5 (c) - (d) - -
3 13 3 13
11.16 Comprehensive Mathematics—JEE Advanced

15. The number of solutions common to (1) and (2) is MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) 0 (b) 1
Column 1 Column 2
9. (a) sin2 x + 2 sin x (p) tan x = -1 3
INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS cos x – 3 cos x = 0 2

16. cos 5q = 0 if 64 cos q – 80 cos q + 25 is equal to

4 2
(b) 5 sin2 x + 3 sin x (q) tan x = 4/3
2
17. If 3 tan 2x – 4 tan 3x = tan 3x tan 2x then cos x + 6 cos x = 5 2

tan 3x + 3 tan x + 3 is equal to (c) sin x + 7 cos x = 5 (r) tan x = –3

2
LEVEL 2 (d) 4 sin x + 15 sin x cos x (s) tan x = –3/4
2
+ 9 cos x
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER 10. If 0 < x < 2p
TYPE QUESTIONS Column 1 Column 2
1. The number of solutions of the equation (a) sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x (p) 3
sin4 2x + cos4 2x + 3 sin2 x cos2 x = 0 is = cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (b) sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = 0 (q) 6
2
x (c) sin x – cos 2x = 2 – sin 2x (r) 4
2. The equation Ú (t2 – 8t + 13) dt = x sin (a/x) has a
0
(d) 3 sin 2x + 4 sinx – 3 cosx = 2 (s) 5
solution if sin (a/6) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) 2/3 ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
3. A solution (x, y) of x2 + 2x sin xy + 1 = 0 is
11. Statement-1: If 2 sin2x + 3 sin x – 2 > 0 and
(a) (1, 0) (b) (1, 7p/2)
x2 – x – 2 < 0, then – 1 < x < 2
(c) (– 1, 7p/2) (d) (– 1, 0)
Statement-2: x2 – x – 2 < 0 if – 1 < x < 2
4. The number of pairs (x, y) satisfying the equation
sin x + sin y = sin (x + y) and |x| + |y| = 1 is Ê px ˆ
12. Statement-1: sin Á = x2 – 2 3 x + 4 has only
Ë 2 3 ˜¯
one solution
5. The least positive value of x satisfying
Statement-2: The smallest positive value of x in
sin 2 2 x + 4sin 4 x - 4sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 degrees, for which tan (x + 100°) = tan (x + 50°)
= is
4 - sin 2 x - 4sin x
2 2
9 tan x tan (x – 50°) is 30°.
(a) p/3 (b) p/6 (c) 2p/3 (d) 5p/6
COMPREHESION-TYPE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS Paragraph for Question Nos. 13 to 15
TYPE QUESTIONS
Consider cosn x – sinn x = 1, where n is a natural number
6. sin 2x = 2 cos x if and – p < x £ p
(a) x = np + p/2 (b) x = 2np + p/4 13. When n = 1, the sum of the values of x satisfying the
(c) x = 2np Рp/4 (d) x = np Рp/2 (n ΠI) equation is
7. A value of q in the interval (– p/2, p/2) satisfying the (a) – p/2 (b) 0 (c) p/4 (d) p/2
equation
14. When n is an even natural number then the value of
(1 – tan q) (1 + tan q) sec2 q + 2 tan2 q = 0 is x is
(a) – p/6 (b) – p/3 (c) p/6 (d) p/3 (a) 0 (b) p/2 (c) 2p/3 (d) p
8. In a right angled triangle the hypotenuse is four 15. When n is an odd natural number other than 1, then
times the length of the perpendicular drawn from the value of x is
the opposite vertex on the hypotenuse, then one of
the other angle is (a) – p/2 (b) 0 (c) p (d) 3p
1 1
(a) 15° (b) 75° (c) 22 ° (d) 67 °
2 2
 Trigonometric Equations 11.17

INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
16. If cos 2q + 9 sin 2q – 6 sin q + 54 cos q = 1 then the
value of 100 tan2 q + 9 tan q is equal to 909 k, then
k is equal to
17. Four times the sum of the roots of the equation
sin 2x + 5 sin x + 5 cos x + 1 = 0 in the interval.
[0, 50p] is pp where p is equal to 1010 a, where a
is equal to

PAST YEARS’ IIT QUESTIONS

SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER n
9. Let n be an odd integer. If sin (nq) = Â br sinr q, for
TYPE QUESTIONS r=0

1. The general solution of the trigonometric equation each value of q, then:

sin x + cos x = 1 is given by (a) b0 = 1, b1 = 3
(a) x = 2np ; n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, .... (b) b0 = 0, b1 = n
(b) x = 2np + p/2; n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, .... (c) b0 = –1, b1 = n
(c) x = np + (–1)n p/4; n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, .... (d) b0 = 0, b1 = n2 – 3n + 3 [1998]
(d) none of these [1981] 10. The number of values of k for which the equation
2. The smallest positive root of the equation tan x – x = 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 has a solution is
0 lies in
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
(a) (0, p/2) (b) (p/2, p)
(c) (p, 3p/2) (d) (3p/2, 2p) [2002]
[1987] 11. Let a, b ∈ [– p, p] be such that cos (a – b) = 1 and cos
3. The general solution of (a + b) = 1/e. The number of pairs of a, b satisfying
sin x – 3 sin 2x + sin 3x = cos x – 3 cos 2x + cos 3x is the above system of equations is
(a) np + p/8 (b) np/2 + p/8 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 [2005]
(c) (–1)n np/2 + p/8 (d) 2np + cos–1 (2/3) 12. If 0 £ q £ 2p, 2 sin q – 5 sin q + 2 > 0, then the range
2

where n ∈ I. [1989] of q is
4. In a triangle ABC, angle A is greater than angle B. If (a) (0, p/6) » (5p/6, 2p)
the measures of angles A and B satisfy the equation (b) (0, 5p/6) » (p, 2p)
3 sin x – 4 sin3 x – k = 0, 0 < k < 1, then the measure (c) (0, p/6) » (p, 2p)
of angle C is
(d) none of these [2006]
(a) p/3 (b) p/2 (c) 2p/3 (d) 5p/6 13. The number of solutions of the pair of equations
[1990] 2 sin2 q – cos 2q = 0 and 2 cos2 q – 3 sin q = 0 in the
5. Number of solutions of the equation interval [0, 2p] is
tan x + sec x = 2 cos x
lying in the interval [0, 2p] is: (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 [2007]
14. For x ∈ (0, p), the equation sin x + 2 sin 2x – sin 3x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 = 3 has
[1993]
6. Let n be a positive integer such that
(b) three solutions
Êp ˆ Êp ˆ n (c) one solution
sin Á ˜ + cos Á ˜ = . Then
Ë ¯
2 n Ë 2n¯ 2 (d) no solution [2014]
(a) 6 £ n £ 8 (b) 4 < n £ 8 Ï p¸
(c) 4 £ n £ 8 (d) 4 < n < 8 [1994] 15. Let S = Ì x Œ (-p , p ) : x π 0, ± ˝ , the sum of all dis-
Ó 2˛
7. Let 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x – 2 > 0 and x2 – x – 2 < 0 (x is
measured in radians). Then x lies in the interval tinct solutions of the equation 3 sec x + cosec x +
(a) (p/6, 5p/6) (b) (–1, 5p/6) 2 (tan x – cot x) = 0 in the set S is equal to
(c) (–1, 2) (d) (p/6, 2) [1994] 7p 2p
8. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 5p] (a) - (b) -
9 9
satisfying the equation 3 sin2 x – 7 sin x + 2 = 0 is
5p
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 10 (c) 0 (d) - [2016]
9
[1998]
11.18 Comprehensive Mathematics—JEE Advanced

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS Column I Column II

TYPE QUESTIONS (a) The minimum value (p) 0
x2 + 2 x + 4
p of is
1. For 0 < q < , the solution(s) of x+2
2
(b) Let A and B be 3 × 3 (q) 1
6 Ê ( m – 1) p ˆ cosec Êq + mp ˆ = 4 2
 cosec ÁËq + ˜¯ ÁË ˜ matrices of real numbers,
m =1 4 4 ¯ where A is symmetric,
is(are) B is skew-symmetric, and
p p (A + B) (A – B)
(a) (b)
4 6 = (A – B) (A + B).
p 5p If (AB)¢ = (–1)k AB,
(c) (d) [2009] where (AB)¢ is the transpose of
12 12
the matrix AB, then the possible
2. Let q, f ∈ [ 0, 2p] be such that
values of k are
Ê q qˆ (c) Let a = log3 log3 2. (r) 2
2 cos q (1 – sin f) = sin2q Á tan + cot ˜ cos f – 1,
Ë 2 2¯ An integer k satisfying
3 1 < 2(–k + 3–a) < 2,
tan (2p – q) > 0 and – 1 < sin q < – . must be less than
2
(d) If sin q = cos j, then (s) 3
Then f cannot satisfy
the possible values of
p p 4p 1 Ê pˆ
(a) 0 < f < (b) <f<
2 2 3 ÁËq ± j - ˜¯ are [2008]
p 2
4p 3p 3p
(c) <f< (d) < f < 2p INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
3 2 2
[2012] 1. The number of all possible values of q, where 0 < q
3. Let f (x) = x sin p x. x > 0. Then for all natural < p, for which the system of equations
numbers n, f ¢(x) vanishes at (y + z) cos 3q = (xyz) sin 3q
Ê 1ˆ 2 cos 3q 2sin 3q
(a) A unique point in the interval Á n, n + ˜ +
Ë 2¯ x sin 3q =
y z
Ê 1 ˆ (xyz) sin 3q = (y + 2z) cos 3q + y sin 3q
(b) A unique point in the interval Á n + , n + 1˜
Ë 2 ¯
have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0 z0 π 0, is [2010]
(c) A unique point in the interval (n, n + 1) Ê p pˆ
2. The number of values of q in the interval Á - , ˜
(d) Two points in the interval (n, n + 1) Ë 2 2¯
[2013] np
such that q π for n = 0, ±1, ±2 and tan q = cot 5q
5
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
as well as sin 2q = cos 4q is [2010]
sin 3a
1. 3. The number of distinct solutions of the equation
cos 2a
5
Column I Column II cos 2 2 x + cos 4 x + sin 4 x + cos6 x + sin 6 x = 2 in
4
(a) positive (p)
(13p/48, 14p/48)
the interval [0, 2p] is [2016]
(b) negative (q)
(14p/48, 18p/48)
(r)
(18p/48, 23p/48) FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS
(0, p/2)
(s) 1. The larger of cos (log q) and log (cos q) if e–p/2 < q <
[1992] p/2, is ________. [1983]
2. Match the Statements/Expressions in Column I 2. The solution set of x + y = 2p/3, cos x + cos y = 3/2,
with the Statement/Expressions in Column II. where x and y are real is ________. [1986]
 Trigonometric Equations 11.19

3. The set of all x in the interval [0, p] for which MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS
2 sin2 x – 3 sin x + 1 ≥ 0 is ________. [1987] TYPE QUESTIONS
4. General value of q satisfying the equation tan2 q +
sec 2q = 1 is ________. [1997] 6. (a), (c), (d), 7. (a), (d)
7 4 8. (a), (b), (c), (d)
5. The real roots of the equation cos x + sin x = 1 in
the interval (– p, p) are ________ and ________.
[1997] MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
p q r s
9.
TRUE/FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS a p q r s
1. There exists a value of q between 0 and 2p which
b p q r s
4
q – 2 sin2 q – 1 = 0.
[1984] c p q r s

SUBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS d p q r s

1. Solve for x, (– p £ x £ p), the equation 10. p q r s

2(cos x + cos 2x) + sin (2x) (1 + 2 cos x) = 2 sin x a p q r s
[1978]
b p q r s
2. For all q in [0, p/2], show that
c p q r s
cos (sin q) ≥ sin (cos q) [1981]
3. Find the point of intersection of the curves: d p q r s
y = cos x, y = sin 3x, if – p/2 £ x £ p/2 [1982]
4. Find all solutions of ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
4 cos2 x sin x – 2 sin2 x = 3 sin x [1983] 11. (c) 12. (a)
5. Determine the smallest positive value of x (in
degrees) for which COMPREHENSION-TYPE QUESTIONS
tan (x + 100°) = tan (x + 50°) tan x tan (x – 50°) 13. (a), (b) 14. (b), (d) 15. (a)
[1993]
6. Find the smallest positive value of p for which the INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
equation
16. 5 17. 3
cos (p sin x) = sin (p cos x) has a solution x ∈ [0,
2p] [1995]
LEVEL 2
7. Find all values of q in the interval (–p/2, p/2)
satisfying the equation
q
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER
2
tan
(1 – tan q) (1 + tan q) sec2 q + 2 =0 [1996]
8. Find the value of t ∈ [– p/2, p/2] so that TYPE QUESTIONS
2 sin t =
5 x2 - 2 x + 1
3x - 2x -1
2 , x ∈ R – 1,{ } -1
3
[2005]
1. (a)
5. (b)
2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c)

Answers MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS

TYPE QUESTIONS
LEVEL 1 6. (a), (b), (d) 7. (b), (d)
8. (a), (b)
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER
TYPE QUESTIONS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a)
5. (b)
 Trigonometric Equations 11.11

and the statement-1 is true.

1 + 2 tan x - tan 2 x
Statement-2: sin 2x + cos 2x = 1 cos x cos a
1 + tan 2 x
In statement-2, (sin x + 2cos x) 1 sin x cos x = 0
Ans. (d) 1 cos x sin x
2 tan x 1 - tan 2 x
Solution: sin 2x = , cos 2x = fi (sin x + 2 cos x) (cos x – sin x)2 = 0
1 + tan 2 x 1 + tan 2 x
fi (sin x + 2 cos x) (cos x – sin x)2 = 0
fi Statement-2 is correct.
which does not hod for any value of x as – p/4 < x < p/4.
In statement-1 we have q
cos2 x = sin 2x Example 41 Statement-1: If 2sin = 1 + sin q +
2
fi cos x (cos x – 2 sin x) = 0 fi tan x = 1/2 as cos x π 0 q
1 - sinq then lies between 2np + p/4 and 2np + 3p/4.
From statement-2 we get 2
1 + 1 - 1/4 7 q p 3p q
sin 2x + cos 2x = = Statement-1 is false. Statement-2: If runs from to , then sin > 0.
1 + 1/4 5 2 4 4 2
Ans. (b)
Example 39 Statement-1: The number of solutions of
q
the pair of equations Solution. 2sin = 1 + sin q + 1 - sin q
2 sin2q – cos2q = 0 2
2 cos2q – 3 sinq = 0 fi 1 + sin q = [cos (q /2) + sin(q /2)]2
in the interval [0, 2p] is two. = cos(q/2) + sin(q/2)
Statement-2: If 2 cos2q – 3 sinq = 0, then q can not lie in
III or IV quadrant. and 1 - sin q = [cos (q /2) - sin(q /2)]2
Ans. (a) = sin(q/2) – cos(q/2)
Solution: 2sin2q – cos2q = 0 fi sin(q/2) – cos(q/2) > 0
fi 4 sin2q = 1 fi sinq = ± (1/2) fi sin(q/2) > cos(q/2)
fi 2np + p/4 < q/2 < 2np + 3p/4
Statement-2 is correct as sin q can not be negative.
Showing that statement-1 is true.
So sinq = 1/2 fi q = p/6 or 5p/6
p q 3p
which also satisfy 2 cos2q – 3 sinq = 0 In statement-2, < <
4 2 4
and the number of solutions is two showing that statement-1
is also correct. fi sin(q/2) > 0 as q/
quadrant and sine in both the quadrants is positive.
Example 40 Statement-1: The system of linear
Example 42 Let q Π(p/4, p/2), then statement-1:
equations
x + (sin a) y + (cos a) z = 0 (cosq)sinq < (cosq)cosq < (sinq)cosq
x + (cos a) y + (sin a) z = 0 Statement-2 The equation esinq – e–sinq = 4 has a unique
– x + (sin a) y – (cos a) z = 0 solution.
has a non trivial solution for only one value of a lying Ans. (c)
between 0 and p. Solution: For (p/4, p/2), 0 < cosq <
1
< sinq < 1
sin x cos x cos x 2
So (cosq)cosq < (sinq)cosq
Statement-2: cos x sin x cos x = 0
and (cosq)sinq < (cosq)cosq
cos x cos x sin x fi (cosq)sinq < (cosq)cosq < (sinq)cosq
has no solution in the interval – p/4 < x < p/4. Showing that statement-1 is true.
Ans. (b) In statement-2, let esinq = t
1 sin a cos a Then t2 – 4t – 1 = 0
Solution: In statement, 1 cos a sin a = 0 4 ± 16 + 4
fi t= =2± 5
–1 sin a – cos a 2

fi either sin a = 0 or tan a = 1 fi esinq = 2 ± 5

fi a = p/4 (as 0 < a < p) fi (
sinq = log 2 ± 5 )