uRkÃpni -------------------------------------------------------------------

uRkÃpni
(Hypothesis)

an&k\m(Nki
1 uRkÃpnini[ Si(¾dk aY< 1
2 Äyi²yi 2
3 uRkÃpnini p\kir 4
4 s>Si[Fn uRkÃpni (Research hypothesis or 5
Working hypothesis)
5 S*ºy uRkÃpni (Null hypothesis) 5
6 v]k(Ãpk uRkÃpni (Alternative hypothesis) 6
7 sid) uRkÃpni (simple hypothesis) 6
8 s>k&l uRkÃpni (Complex hypothesis) 6
9 a>kSiA#i)y uRkÃpni (Statistical hypothesis) 6
10 kirN uRkÃpni (Causal hypothesis) 6
11 (dSis*ck uRkÃpni (Directional hypothesis) 6
12 (bn-(dSis*ck uRkÃpni (non-Directional 6
hypothesis)
13 uRkÃpni Si miT[ rcv) ji[ea[? 7
14 uRkÃpni rcvi miT[ni s*cni[ 7
15 uRkÃpnin) ckisN) ke r)t[ krvimi> aiv[? 7
16 siY<ktin) a[kp&µC) ksi[T). 8
17 siY<ktin) (Úp&(µC) ksi[T). 8
18 S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN)mi> Yt) B*li[ 8
19 p\Åni[ 9

M.Ed. Semester –I Introduction to Educational Research Methodology by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane

Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT
Page 1 of 9
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uRkÃpni
(Hypothesis)

M.Ed. Semester –I
Introduction to Educational Research Methodology
by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane
Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT

uRkÃpnini[ Si(¾dk aY<

uRkÃpnini[ a>g\[J S¾d hypothesis m*L g\)k S¾d Hypo an[ thesis
prY) utr) aiÄyi[ C[. Hypo ni[ aY< Yiy C[ kimcliu (tentative)
tpisni[ (vPy an[ thesis ni[ aY< Yiy C[ smAyin&> smiFin

aºy a[ aY< m&jb hypo a[Tl[ a>dr an[ tithemi a[TL[ AYL k[ j³yi
uRkÃpni
hypo + thesis

Hypo + Thesis

Less than Established fact

ni krti> utrt&> p\AYi(pt hk)kt

= p\AYi(pt hk)kt krti> utrt&> a[Tl[ uRkÃpni

Äyi²yi
Definition by Bailey (1978)
A hypothesis is a proposition in testable form and predicts
a particular relationship between two or more variables. If
a researcher thinks that a relationship exists, he should first
state it as a hypothesis and then test the hypothesis in the
field.

M.Ed. Semester –I Introduction to Educational Research Methodology by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane

Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT
Page 2 of 9
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uRkÃpni a[ pr)xNxm Av$pmi> a[k p\Ativ C[. t[ b[ aYvi vF& cli[ vµc[ni
ci[kks s>b>Fn) aigih) kr[ C[. ji[ s>Si[Fk (vcir[ k[ s>b>F a(At_vmi> C[, ti[
t[n[ ph[li p*v<FirNi tr)k[ dSi<vv&> ji[ea[ an[ pC) uRkÃpnin[ x[#imi> ckisv&>
ji[ea[.
b]l[ {1978}

Definition by Grinnell (1988) Hypothesis is written in

such a way that it can be proven or disproven by valid and
reliable data.
p*v<FirNi a[ a[v) r)t[ lKiy[l) hi[y k[ j[ miºy an[ (vVsn)y mi(ht) oiri
Av)kZt aYvi aAv)kZt Ye Sk[.
g\)n[l {1988}
A hypothesis may be defined as a tentative theory or
supposition set up and adopted provisionally as a basis of
explaining certain facts or relationships and as a guide in
the further investigation of other facts or relationships
(Crisp,Richard D, Marketing Research, New York:
McGraw Hill Book Co., 1957 )
uRkÃpnin[ kimcliu (Yar) aYvi ApOT r)t[ Äyi²yi(yt kr) Skiy C[ k[ j[
ci[kks hk)kti[ aYvi s>b>Fi[n[ smjivvi an[ aºy hk)kti[ aYvi s>b>Fi[n)
vF& tpismi> mig<d(S<ki tr)k[ AYiy) $p[ apnivvimi> aiv[ C[.
k\)Ap {1957}

A tentative statement about something, the validity of

which is usually unknown (Black, James A & Dean J
Champion, Method and Issues in Social Research, New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1976)‰
k>ek (vS[n&> kimcliu (vFin j[n) miºyti simiºy r)t[ aXit hi[y.

M.Ed. Semester –I Introduction to Educational Research Methodology by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane

Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT
Page 3 of 9
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Hypothesis is proposition, condition or principle which is

assumed, perhaps without belief, in order to draw its
logical consequences and by this method to test its accord
with facts which are known or may be determined
(Webster’s New International Dictionary of English).‰
uRkÃpni a[ p\Ativ, Srt aYvi (sÛi>t C[. j[ kdic miºyti (vni t[ni
tk<s>gt p(rNimi[ di[rvi an[ ai pÛ(t oiri t[ni t¸yi[n[ p(r(ct krvi miT[
jiN)t) hk)kti[ aYvi nkk) kr) Skiy t[vi[ (sÛi>t C[.
A testable statement of a potential relationship between two or
more variables
is called hypothesis- Macgugan: Experimental Psychology. 1990
b[ k[ vFir[ cli[ vµc[ rh[li s>b>Fi[ni ckisN) (vFinn[ uRkÃpni kh[ C[.
- m[kg&gn {1990}

A hypothesis is conjectural statement of the relation between two

or more variables. Hypotheses are always in declarative
sentences from and they relate
either generally or specifically variables to variables- Kerlinger :
Fondations
of Behavioural Research, 1986

uRkÃpni a[ b[ k[ vF& cli[ vµc[ni s>b>Fi[n&> an&mi(nt (vFin C[. t[ h>m[Si

Gi[PNiRmk vikyi[mi> hi[y C[ an[ t[ simiºy k[ (v(SOT r)t[ cli[ siY[ s>b>(Ft
hi[y C[.
-k(l<>gr{1986}
uRkÃpnini p\kir
bi[g< an[ gl {1983} ni mt[ S]x(Nk s>Si[Fnn) m&²y b[ uRkÃpniai[ C[: 1.
S*ºy uRkÃpni an[ 2. s>Si[Fn uRkÃpni. uRkÃpnin) p\kZ(tn[ len[ s>Si[Fki[
t[n[ b)ji pN k[Tlik p\kiri[mi> vg)<kZt kr[ C[. ji[ k[ ain[ p\kiri[ nh)> pN
vg)<krN tr)k[ ai[LKv&> vFir[ yi[³y rh[. ah), a[ p\kiri[n[ aivr) l[vini[
p\yRn krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.

M.Ed. Semester –I Introduction to Educational Research Methodology by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane

Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT
Page 4 of 9
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ai vg)<krNn[ n)c[ m&jb dSi<v) Skiy.

1. s>Si[Fn uRkÃpni (Research hypothesis or Working

hypothesis)
2. S*ºy uRkÃpni (Null hypothesis)
3. v]k(Ãpk uRkÃpni (Alternative hypothesis)
4. sid) uRkÃpni (simple hypothesis)
5. s>k&l uRkÃpni (Complex hypothesis)
6. a>kSiA#i)y uRkÃpni (Statistical hypothesis)
7. kirN uRkÃpni (Causal hypothesis)
8. (dSis*ck uRkÃpni (Directional hypothesis)
9. (bn-(dSis*ck uRkÃpni (non-Directional hypothesis)

hv[ ai vg)<krNn[ (vgt[ ji[ea[.

1. s>Si[Fn uRkÃpni (Research hypothesis or Working

hypothesis)
s>Si[Fn uRkÃpnimi> GTni k[ t¸yni miT[ bnivvimi> aiv[l ki[e (v(SOT
(sÛi>t (specific theory) ni tirNY) bnivvimi> aiv[l hi[y.
s>Si[Fk a[ (vVis siY[ aigL vF[ C[ k[ ai uRkÃpni yYiY<
(accurate) C[ k[mk[ t[ ki[e (sÛi>t pr aiFi(rt C[. s>Si[Fk ai
uRkÃpnin[ tpis[ C[. ai uRkÃpnin[ H1 tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.
di.t., ai>trs&z a[ S)Kvini[ a[k mh_vni[ (sÛi>t C[. aini aiFir[
s>Si[Fk uRkÃpni bniv[ C[:
(vwiY)< ai>trs&z oiri p\yRn an[ B*l krti> jÃd) S)K[ C[.
2. S*ºy uRkÃpni (Null hypothesis)
ai uRkÃpnin[ “ tfivt nh)>” k[ “(nrikrN)y” uRkÃpni tr)k[ pN
ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[. ah)>, b[ cli[ vµc[ ki[e tfivt nh)> k[ s>b>F nh)>
hi[y t[v&> an&min kriy C[.ai uRkÃpnin[ H0 tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.

di.t., k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûmi> tfivt nh)> hi[y.

M.Ed. Semester –I Introduction to Educational Research Methodology by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane

Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT
Page 5 of 9
uRkÃpni -------------------------------------------------------------------

3. v]k(Ãpk uRkÃpni (Alternative hypothesis)

ai p\kirn) uRkÃpnin[ (nv[dniRmk uRkÃpni tr)k[ pN ai[LKvimi>
aiv[ C[. ah)>, s>Si[Fk ap[(xt tfivtn) aigih) kr[ C[.
4. sid) uRkÃpni (simple hypothesis)
ai p\kien) uRkÃpnimi> mi#i b[ cli[- Avt>#i an[ prt>#i cl- vµc[ni[
s>b>F j dSi<v[ C[.
di.t., (vwiY)<n) b&(Û an[ S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ Fn shs>b>F C[.
5. s>k&l uRkÃpni (Complex hypothesis)
ai p\kirmi> b[Y) vF& cli[ vµc[ni s>b>Fni[ a¿yis krvimi> aiv[ C[.
dit., Sh[rni uµc simi(jk-ai(Y<k (AY(tni (vwiY)< krti> g\i(mN
(vAtirni m¹ym simi(jk ai(Y<k (AY(tni (vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk
(s(Ûmi> tfivt hS[.
6. a>kSiA#i)y uRkÃpni (Statistical hypothesis)
j[ uRkÃpnimi> a>kSiA#i)y mipnn) (vgti[ dSi<vvimi> aiv) hi[y t[v)
uRkÃpnin[ a>kSiA#i)y uRkÃpni kh[vimi> aiv[ C[.
di.t., d[sie BiPiS(kt ksi[T) pr m[Lv[li p\i¼ti>ki[ni s>dB<mi> k&mir
an[ kºyini p\i¼ti>ki[n) srisr) vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y.
7. kirN uRkÃpni (Causal hypothesis)
Äyvhirmi> kirNi[n[ (ny>(#it krvi tYi a[n) Äyi²yi krvini h[t&Y)
s>Si[Fk kirN uRkÃpnin) rcni kr[ C[. ai p\kirmi> Äyvhirmi> pDniri
(v(SOT p\Bivn) Äyiyi krvimi> aiv[ C[.
di.t., (vwiY)<n) n)c) S[x(Nk (s(Ûn&> kirN a(ny(mt vicn C[.

8. (dSis*ck uRkÃpni (Directional hypothesis)

ai p\kirn) uRkÃpnimi> ap[(xt tfivt k[ s>b>F a>g[n) (dSi ApOT
kr) hi[y C[.
di.t., k&miri[ krti> kºyiai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Û U>c) hS[.
9. (bn-(dSis*ck uRkÃpni (non-Directional hypothesis)
ai p\kirn) uRkÃpnimi> ap[(xt tfivt k[ s>b>F a>g[n) (dSi ApOT nY)
hi[t).
di.t., k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûmi> tfivt hS[.

M.Ed. Semester –I Introduction to Educational Research Methodology by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane

Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT
Page 6 of 9
uRkÃpni -------------------------------------------------------------------

uRkÃpni Si miT[ rcv) ji[ea[?

1. s>Si[Fnn[ (dSi mL[
2. s>Si[Fkni ¹yink[\ºW)krN miT[
3. s>Si[Fn p\y&(ktni (nmi<N miT[
4. s>Si[Fn a>FRvY) bcvi miT[
5. ci[ksie an[ (v(SOTti miT[
6. s\i[ti[n) bct miT[- smy, S(kt an[ Kc<
uRkÃpni rcvi miT[ni s*cni[

 s>b>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi kr)n[ j uRkÃpni rcv).

 a¿yisni h[t&ai[[n[ an&$p j uRkÃpni rcv).
 bn[ Ryi> s&F) (vFin Av$pmi> j uRkÃpni rcv).
 ckis) Skiy t[v&> Av$p hi[v&> ji[ea[.
 a[k uRkÃpnimi> a[k an[ mi#i a[k j vit hi[v) ji[ea[.
 a[k krti vFir[ uRkÃpni t]yir krv) ji[ea[.
 srL S¾di[mi> hi[v) ji[ea[.

uRkÃpnin) ckisN) ke r)t[ krvimi> aiv[?

siY<kti kxi
S*ºy uRkÃpni ckisti ph[li s>Si[Fk s>Bvkxi nkk) kr[ C[, j[ siY<kti kxi
tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.
simiºy r)t[ siY<ktin) b[ kxiai[ hi[y C[. siY<ktikxi tr)k[ 0.05 {5%} an[
0.01 {1%} n[ nkk) krvimi> aiv[ C[. siY<ktikxi uRkÃpnnin) ckisN) miT[
pN upyi[gmi> l[vimi> aiv[ C[. S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ Av)kir k[ aAv)kir krvi[ a[
siY<ktikxin[ aiFir[ nkk) krvimi> aiv[ C[.
0.05 siY<kti kxi s*cv[ C[...
1. S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ Ki[T) r)t[ aAv)kir krvin&> ji[Km 5% k[ t[Y) ai[C&> C[.
2. H0 ni[ Av)kir krvini (nN<ymi> s>Si[Fk Ki[Ti[ hi[y t[vi[ ciºs 5% C[.

M.Ed. Semester –I Introduction to Educational Research Methodology by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane

Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT
Page 7 of 9
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3. s>Si[Fkn[ 95% (vVis C[ k[ H0 ni[ aAv)kir krvini[ t[ni[ (nN<y sici[

C[.
4. 100 mi>Y) vF&mi> vF& pi>c vKt s>Si[Fk sic) H0 ni[ aAv)kir krvin&>
ji[Km uqiv[ C[.ai j p\miN[ 0.01 n[ pN smjiv) Skiy.
Aim siY<kti kxi S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir krvini an[ s>Si[Fn
uRkÃpnin[ T[ki[ aipvini (nN<ymi> smiy[l) B*lni p\miNn[ Äyi²yi(yt kr[
C[.

siY<ktin) a[kp&µC) an[ (Úp&(µC) ksi[T) (one tailed and two tailed
test of significance)

siY<ktin) a[kp&µC) ksi[T).

ap[(xt tfivtn) (dSi ApOT kr) hi[y t[v) S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[
upyi[gmi> l[vit) ksi[T)n [siY<ktin) a[kp&µC) ksi[T) kh[viy C[. a[Tl[ k[
(dSis*ck p\kirn) uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ ai p\kirn) ksi[T) upyi[gmi> l[viy
C[.
siY<ktin) (Úp&(µC) ksi[T).
ap[(xt tfivtn) (dSi ApOT kr) n hi[y t[v) { tfivt Fn k[ äN aiv[ t[v)}
S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ upyi[gmi> l[vit) ksi[T)n[ siY<ktin) (Úp&µC)
ksi[T) kh[viy C[. a[Tl[ k[ (bn-(dSis*ck p\kirn) uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ ai
p\kirn) ksi[T) upyi[gmi> l[viy C[.
S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN)mi> Yt) B*li[
aiÃfi B*l. S*ºy uRkÃpni sic) hi[vi Cti> t[ni[ aAv)kir krvimi> aiv[ Ryir[
Yt) B*ln[ p\kir-1 n) B*l aYvi α- aiÃfi B*l tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[.
b)Ti B*l. S*ºy uRkÃpni sic) hi[vi Cti> t[ni[ Av)kir krvimi> aiv[ {aAv)kir
n krvimi> aiv[} Ryir[ Yt) B*ln[ p\kir-2 n) B*l aYvi B- b)Ti B*l tr)k[
ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[.

M.Ed. Semester –I Introduction to Educational Research Methodology by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane

Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT
Page 8 of 9
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p\Åni[
1. uRkÃpnini[ Si(¾dk aY< jNivi[.
2. uRkÃpnin) ki[e pN b[ Äyi²yi jNivi[
3. uRkÃpni Si miT[ rcv) ji[ea[?
4. s>Si[Fn uRkÃpni (Research hypothesis or Working
hypothesis) ki[n[ kh[viy?
5. S*ºy uRkÃpni (Null hypothesis) ki[n[ kh[viy?
6. v]k(Ãpk uRkÃpni (Alternative hypothesis) ki[n[ kh[viy?
7. sid) uRkÃpni (simple hypothesis) ki[n[ kh[viy?
8. s>k&l uRkÃpni (Complex hypothesis) ki[n[ kh[viy?
9. a>kSiA#i)y uRkÃpni (Statistical hypothesis) ki[n[
kh[viy?
10. kirN uRkÃpni (Causal hypothesis) ki[n[ kh[viy?
11. (dSis*ck uRkÃpni (Directional hypothesis) ki[n[ kh[viy?
12. (bn-(dSis*ck uRkÃpni (Non-Directional hypothesis)
ki[n[ kh[viy?
13. sir) uRkÃpni rcvi miT[ni s*cni[ jNivi[.
14. siY<ktikxi a[Tl[ S&>?
15. simiºy r)t[ siY<ktin) k[Tl) kxiai[ nkk) krvimi> aiv[ C[?
16. 0.05 siY<ktikxi S&> s*cv[ C[?
17. siY<ktin) a[kp&µC) ksi[T) a[Tl[ S&?
18. siY<ktin) (Úp&µC) ksi[T) a[Tl[ S&?
19. S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN)mi> Yt) B*li[ jNivi[.
20. aiÃfi B*l a[Tl[ S&?
21. b)Ti B*l a[Tl[ S&?

M.Ed. Semester –I Introduction to Educational Research Methodology by Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Sonwane

Department of Education, M K Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, GUJARAT
Page 9 of 9